Fiduciary - Knowledge

1268:, and the Generation Foundation, aims to end the debate on whether fiduciary duty is a legitimate barrier to the integration of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in investment practice and decision-making. This followed the 2015 publication of "Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century" which concluded that "failing to consider all long-term investment value drivers, including ESG issues, is a failure of fiduciary duty". Founded on the realization that there is a general lack of legal clarity globally about the relationship between sustainability and investors’ fiduciary duty, the programme engaged with and interviewed over 400 policymakers and investors to raise awareness of the importance of ESG issues to the fiduciary duties of investors. The programme also published roadmaps which set out recommendations to fully embed the consideration of ESG factors in the fiduciary duties of investors across more than eight capital markets. Drawing upon findings from Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century, the European Commission High-Level Expert Group (HLEG) recommended in its 2018 final report that the EU Commission clarify investor duties to better embrace long-term horizon and sustainability preferences. 38: 296:

when they take actions for improper purposes or, in certain circumstances, when their actions have grossly inequitable results. The duty to act in good faith is an obligation not only to make decisions free from self-interest, but also free of any interest that diverts the control persons from acting in the best interest of the company. The duty to act in good faith may be measured by an individual's particular knowledge and expertise. The higher the level of expertise, the more accountable that person will be (e.g., a finance expert may be held to a more exacting standard than others in accepting a third party valuation).

744:... within a particular contractual relationship there are specific contractual obligations which the employee has undertaken which have placed him in a situation where equity imposes these rigorous duties in addition to the contractual obligations. Although terminologies like duty of good faith, or loyalty, or the mutual duty of trust and confidence are frequently used to describe employment relationships, such concepts usually denote situations where "a party merely has to take into consideration the interests of another, but does not have to act in the interests of that other. 195:. In Australia, it has been found that there is no comprehensive list of criteria by which to establish a fiduciary relationship. Courts have so far refused to define the concept of a fiduciary, instead preferring to develop the law on a case-by-case basis and by way of analogy. Fiduciary relationships are of different types and carry different obligations so that a test appropriate to determine whether a fiduciary relationship exists for one purpose might be inappropriate for another: 303: 122:") such that there must be no conflict of duty between fiduciary and principal, and the fiduciary must not profit from their position as a fiduciary, unless the principal consents. The nature of fiduciary obligations differs among jurisdictions. In Australia, only proscriptive or negative fiduciary obligations are recognised, whereas in Canada, fiduciaries can come under both proscriptive (negative) and prescriptive (positive) fiduciary obligations. 325:. Scholarly literature has defined this as a "tripartite fiduciary duty", composed of (1) an overarching duty to the corporation, which contains two component duties — (2) a duty to protect shareholder interests from harm, and (3) a procedural duty of "fair treatment" for relevant stakeholder interests. This tripartite structure encapsulates the duty of directors to act in the "best interests of the corporation, viewed as a good corporate citizen". 1247:', trustees have started to exercise more forcefully their governance prerogatives across the boardrooms of Britain, Benelux and America: coming together through the establishment of engaged pressure groups." However, in the United States, there are questions whether a pension's decision to consider factors such as how investments impact contributors' continued employment violate a fiduciary duty to maximize the retirement fund's returns. 356:, may be held to a fiduciary duty similar in some respects to that of a trustee. This happens when, for example, the directors of a bank are trustees for the depositors, the directors of a corporation are trustees for the stockholders or a guardian is trustee of their ward's property. A person in a sensitive position sometimes protects themselves from possible conflict of interest charges by setting up a 288:

critical eye and do not unquestionably accept the information and conclusions provided to them. Under normal circumstances, their actions are accorded the protection of the business judgment rule, which presumes that control persons acted properly, provided that they act on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company.

1090:. Similarly, the fiduciary, who received the bribe, has committed a crime. Fiduciary duties are an aspect of equity and, in accordance with the equitable principles, or maxims, equity serves those with clean hands. Therefore, the bribe is held on constructive trust for the principal, the only innocent party. 1198:

is another potential remedy. It is usually used where the breach of duty was ongoing or when the gain is hard to identify. The idea of an account of profits is that the fiduciary profited unconscionably by virtue of the fiduciary position, so any profit made should be transferred to the principal. It

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planned to order a 180-delay of implementation of the rule, sometimes known as the 'fiduciary rule'. The rule would require "brokers offering retirement investment advice to put their clients' interest first". The Trump Administration later rescinded the fiduciary rule on July 20, 2018. Prior to its

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or fiduciary contract), involving essentially a sale to a person coupled with an agreement that the purchaser should sell the property back upon the fulfillment of certain conditions. Such contracts were used in the emancipation of children, in connection with testamentary gifts and in pledges. Under

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Australian courts also do not recognise parents and their children to be in fiduciary relationships. In contrast, the Supreme Court of Canada allowed a child to sue her father for damages for breach of his fiduciary duties, opening the door in Canada for allowing fiduciary obligations between parent

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The duty of good faith requires control persons to exercise care and prudence in making business decisions—that is, the care that a reasonably prudent person in a similar position would use under similar circumstances. Control persons fail to act in good faith, even if their actions are not illegal,

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is the most influential in the United States, as more than 50% of publicly traded companies in the United States, including 64% of the Fortune 500, have chosen to incorporate in that state. Under Delaware law, officers, directors and other control persons of corporations and other entities owe three

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which, although unrelated to the fiduciary position, came about because of an opportunity that the fiduciary position afforded. It is unnecessary that the principal would have been unable to make the profit; if the fiduciary makes a profit, by virtue of his role as fiduciary for the principal, then

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are also available. Accounts of profits can be hard remedies to establish, therefore, a plaintiff will often seek compensation (damages) instead. Courts of equity initially had no power to award compensatory damages, which traditionally were a remedy at common law, but legislation and case law has

806:, of a band currently under contract with one another (or with some other tangible, existing relationship that creates a legal duty) record songs together. Let us imagine it is a serious, successful band and that a court would declare that the two members are equal partners in a business. One day, 291:

The duty of loyalty requires control persons to look to the interests of the company and its other owners and not to their personal interests. In general, they cannot use their positions of trust, confidence and inside knowledge to further their own private interests or approve an action that will

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Constructive trusts pop up in many aspects of equity, not just in a remedial sense, but, in this sense, what is meant by a constructive trust is that the court has created and imposed a duty on the fiduciary to hold the money in safekeeping until it can be rightfully transferred to the principal.

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Therefore, it is said the fiduciary has a duty not to be in a situation where personal interests and fiduciary duty conflict, a duty not to be in a situation where his fiduciary duty conflicts with another fiduciary duty, and not to profit from his fiduciary position without express knowledge and

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The duty of care requires control persons to act on an informed basis after due consideration of all information. The duty includes a requirement that such persons reasonably inform themselves of alternatives. In doing so, they may rely on employees and other advisers so long as they do so with a

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in common law. The fiduciary has a duty not to be in a situation where personal interests and fiduciary duty conflict, not to be in a situation where their fiduciary duty conflicts with another fiduciary duty, and a duty not to profit from their fiduciary position without knowledge and consent. A

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noted that the "informed consent" on behalf of the beneficiary to breaches of either the no-profit and no-conflict rule will allow the fiduciary to get around these rules. Furthermore, it highlighted that a contract may include a clause that allows individuals to avoid all fiduciary obligations

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conclusion that a fiduciary cannot make the principal's interests a top priority if he has two principals and their interests are diametrically opposed; he must balance the interests, which is not acceptable to equity. Therefore, the conflict of duty and duty rule is really an extension of the

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In 2011, in an insider trading case, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission brought charges against a boyfriend of a Disney intern, alleging he had a fiduciary duty to his girlfriend and breached it. The boyfriend, Toby Scammell, allegedly received and used insider information on Disney's

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Remedies will differ according to the type of damage or benefit. They are usually distinguished between proprietary remedies, dealing with property, and personal remedies, dealing with pecuniary (monetary) compensation. Where concurrent contractual and fiduciary relationships exist, remedies

1154:, when an insider or a related party makes trades in a corporation's securities based on material non-public information obtained during the performance of the insider's duties at the corporation. Breach of fiduciary duty by a lawyer with regard to a client, if negligent, may be a form of 240:

To say that a man is a fiduciary only begins the analysis; it gives direction to further inquiry. To whom is he a fiduciary? What obligations does he owe as a fiduciary? In what respect has he failed to discharge these obligations? And what are the consequences of his deviation from his

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when it is based on acts, omissions or concealments considered fraudulent and that gives one an advantage against the other because such conduct—though not actually fraudulent, dishonest or deceitful—demands redress for reasons of public policy. Breach of fiduciary duty may occur in

733:, the High Court viewed the doctor's responsibilities over their patients as lacking the representative capacity of the trustee in fiduciary relationships. Moreover, the existence of remedies in contract and tort made the Court reluctant in recognising the fiduciary relationship. 78:, and asset managers, including managers of pension plans, endowments, and other tax-exempt assets, are considered fiduciaries under applicable statutes and laws. In a fiduciary relationship, one person, in a position of vulnerability, justifiably vests confidence, 1174:

available to the plaintiff beneficiary is dependent upon the duty of care owed by the defendant and the specific breach of duty allowing for remedy/damages. The courts will clearly distinguish the relationship and determine the nature in which the breach occurred.

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and the principal may miss out on recovery because other creditors were more secured. If the bribe is treated as held on a constructive trust then it will remain in the possession of the fiduciary, despite bankruptcy, until such time as the principal recovers it.

1079:, then the fiduciary may keep the benefit and be absolved of any liability for what would be a breach of fiduciary duty. If this requirement is not met then the property is deemed by the court to be held by the fiduciary on constructive trust for the principal. 1119:

within the course of dealings, and thereby continue to make a personal profit or deal with other parties- tasks that may otherwise have been in conflict with what would have been a fiduciary duty had it not been for this clause. In the Australian case of

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When a court desires to hold the offending party to a transaction responsible so as to prevent unjust enrichment, the judge can declare that a fiduciary relation exists between the parties, as though the offender were in fact a trustee for the partner.

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The law expressed here follows the general body of elementary fiduciary law found in most common law jurisdictions; for in-depth analysis of particular jurisdictional idiosyncrasies please consult primary authorities within the relevant jurisdiction.

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for another person. One party, for example, a corporate trust company or the trust department of a bank, acts in a fiduciary capacity to another party, who, for example, has entrusted funds to the fiduciary for safekeeping or investment. Likewise,

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on the side and has run up quite a lot of profits over a period of time, profits which he wouldn't have been able to make otherwise. The fiduciary in breach may however receive an allowance for effort and ingenuity expended in making the profit.

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The state of Texas in the United States sets out the duties of a fiduciary in its Estates Code, chapter 751, as follows (the bracketed references to TPC refer to the Texas Probate Code superseded by the Estates Code, effective January 1, 2014):

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Where a principal can establish both a fiduciary duty and a breach of that duty, through violation of the above rules, the court will find that the benefit gained by the fiduciary should be returned to the principal because it would be

1385: 1000:(3) a complete account of receipts, disbursements, and other actions of the attorney in fact or agent that includes the source and nature of each receipt, disbursement, or action, with receipts of principal and income shown separately; 82:, reliance, and trust in another whose aid, advice, or protection is sought in some matter. In such a relation, good conscience requires the fiduciary to act at all times for the sole benefit and interest of the one who trusts. 748:

If fiduciary relationships are to arise between employers and employees, it is necessary to ascertain that the employee has placed himself in a position where he must act solely in the interests of his employer. In the case of

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an exception was noted to be the fiduciary's obligation of good faith; liability for breach of fiduciary duty by way of fraud or dishonesty cannot be avoided through an exclusion clause in a contract. The decision in

1170:. This will be the case, unless the fiduciary can show there was full disclosure of the conflict of interest or profit and that the principal fully accepted and freely consented to the fiduciary's course of action. 167:. It has been said that fiduciaries must conduct themselves "at a level higher than that trodden by the crowd" and that "he distinguishing or overriding duty of a fiduciary is the obligation of undivided loyalty". 721:

to but can give rise to fiduciary duties, should the appropriate circumstances arise. These are usually circumstances where the contract specifies a degree of trust and loyalty or it can be inferred by the court.

1123:, however, Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Callinan, Heydon and Crennan JJ observed that the sufficiency of disclosure may depend on the sophistication and intelligence of the persons to whom the disclosure must be made. 1182:

Where the unconscionable gain by the fiduciary is in an easily identifiable form, such as the recording contract discussed above, the usual remedy will be the already discussed constructive trust.

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At one time, courts seemed to view the duty of good faith as an independent obligation. However, more recently, courts have treated the duty of good faith as a component of the duty of loyalty.

1022:(7) any other information and facts known to the attorney in fact or agent as necessary for a full and definite understanding of the exact condition of the property belonging to the principal. 1235:

have started to reassert their fiduciary prerogatives more strongly after 2008 – notably following the heavy losses or reduced returns incurred by many retirement schemes in the wake of the

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a fiduciary has obligations to the employer even after the employment relationship is terminated, whereas in the United States the employment and fiduciary relationships terminate together.

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reviewed the fiduciary duties of investment intermediaries, looking particularly at the duties on pension trustees. They commented that the term "fiduciary" is used in many different ways.

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hold fiduciary duties to each other, which means they must subdue their own interests in favor of the duo's collective interest. By signing an individual contract and taking all the money,

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by the fiduciary to the principal. This approach has been overruled; the bribe is now classified as a constructive trust. The change is due to pragmatic reasons, especially in regard to a

345:; however, the trustee is bound by equity to suppress their own interests and administer the property only for the benefit of the beneficiary. In this way, the beneficiary obtains the 884:, who supported Mesa's attempt. Fiduciary duty, however, required Habacht to seek the maximum possible return on the investment he managed by offering Weiss's Mesa shares to Cities's 3143: 1740: 228: 1086:, also come under the no profit rule. The bribe shall be held in constructive trust for the principal. The person who made the bribe cannot recover it, since he has committed a 86:

A fiduciary is someone who has undertaken to act for and on behalf of another in a particular matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence.

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will be reluctant to find a fiduciary duty, but if the joint venture is carried out more in the manner of a partnership then fiduciary relationships can and often will arise.

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to carry a fiduciary duty; however, this is a matter of degree. If a joint venture is conducted at commercial arm's length and both parties are on an equal footing then the

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fiduciary. If a fiduciary takes a bribe and that bribe is considered a debt then if the fiduciary goes bankrupt the debt will be left in his pool of assets to be paid to

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In Canada, directors of corporations owe a fiduciary duty. A debate exists as to the nature and extent of this duty following a controversial landmark judgment from the

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issued a proposed rule that if finalized would extend the fiduciary duty relationship to investment advisors and some brokers including insurance brokers. In 2017, the

1028:(c) Unless directed otherwise by the principal, the attorney in fact or agent shall also provide to the principal all documentation regarding the principal’s property. 717:

to be in a fiduciary relationship in many jurisdictions; however, this may be easily established. Similarly, ordinary commercial transactions in themselves are not

1261: 341:. The trustee to whom property is legally committed is the legal—i.e., common law—owner of all such property. The beneficiary, at law, has no legal title to the 107:

in a financial sense exist to ensure that those who manage other people's money act in their beneficiaries' interests, rather than serving their own interests.

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A fiduciary's duty must not conflict with another fiduciary duty. Conflicts between one fiduciary duty and another fiduciary duty arise most often when a

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ideas: "Clearly, there is a mounting demand for CEOs (equity issuers) and governments (sovereign bond issuers) to be more 'accountable' ... No longer ‘

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LI Rotman "Fiduciary Law's 'Holy Grail': Reconciling Theory and Practice in Fiduciary Jurisprudence" (2011) 91 Boston University Law Review 921–971.

981:(b) The attorney in fact or agent shall maintain all records until delivered to the principal, released by the principal, or discharged by a court. 972:(b) Failure of an attorney in fact or agent to timely inform, as to third parties, does not invalidate any action of the attorney in fact or agent. 873: 3591:

MN Firzli, ‘Beyond SDGs: Can Fiduciary Capitalism and Bolder, Better Boards Jumpstart Economic Growth?’ (2016) 61 Revue Analyse Financière 65–67.

1671: 1240: 1049:, represent more than one client, and the interests of those clients conflict. This would occur when a lawyer attempts to represent both the 1718: 3050: 916:

of the tangible or intangible property of the estate, describing the items or classes of property and usually placing a valuation on them.

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A fiduciary will be liable to account if proven to have acquired a profit, benefit or gain from the relationship by one of three means:

3697:, 1993, 36 J.L. & Econ. 425; etc. Berkman Center, Harvard Law School: Trust and Non-Trust in Law, Business, and Behavioral Science. 1447: 96: 374: 292:

provide them with a personal benefit (such as continued employment) that does not primarily benefit the company or its other owners.

362:, placing their financial affairs in the hands of a fiduciary and giving up all right to know about or intervene in their handling. 3410: 2337: 2132: 1862: 378: 3453: 963:

An attorney in fact or agent is a fiduciary and has a duty to inform and to account for actions taken under the power of attorney.

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The question of who is a fiduciary is a "notoriously intractable" question and this was the first of many questions. In

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are increasingly making their voices heard to call out irresponsible practices in the businesses in which they invest

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A bank or other fiduciary having legal title to a mortgage may sell fractional shares to investors, thereby creating a

215: 199: 3649: 2426: 969:(a) The attorney in fact or agent shall timely inform the principal of each action taken under the power of attorney. 787: 778: 321: 2481: 2372: 2218: 1541: 912:, to guarantee faithful performance of his duties. One of those duties may be to prepare, generally under oath, an 755:, it was held that a senior employee is much more likely to be found to owe fiduciary duties towards his employer. 594: 3693:, Winter 1995, 74 Or. L. Rev. 1209; "Contract and Fiduciary Duty", by Frank H. Easterbrook and Daniel R. Fischel, 2575: 880:

in 1982, Cities Service attempted to take over the smaller Mesa instead. Pickens was friends with Alan Habacht of

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When a fiduciary duty is imposed, equity requires a different, stricter standard of behavior than the comparable

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may receive property subject to passing it to another on fulfilment of certain conditions; the gift is called a

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Relationships which routinely attract by law a fiduciary duty between certain classes of persons include these:

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in equity or law. A fiduciary is expected to be extremely loyal to the person to whom he owes the duty (the "

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Official Receiver (Appellant) v. Wadge Rapps & Hunt (a firm) and another ("Re Pantmaenog Timber Co Ltd")

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takes some demos made cooperatively by the duo to a recording label, where an executive expresses interest.

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Bribes were initially considered not to be held on constructive trust, but were considered to be held as a

1016:(5) the cash balance on hand and the name and location of the depository at which the cash balance is kept; 1003:(4) a listing of all property over which the attorney in fact or agent has exercised control that includes: 386: 91: 2119: 1664:

Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets Australia Pty Limited (No. 4)

148:) with the courts of common law, and as a result the concept of fiduciary duty also became applicable in 3606:

LI Rotman "Fiduciary Doctrine: A Concept in Need of Understanding" (1996) 34 Alberta Law Review 821–852.

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PD Finn, 'The Fiduciary Principle' in TG Youdan (ed) 'Equity, Fiduciaries and Trusts' (1989) Carswell.

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Comparing Apples and Oranges: The Fiduciary Principle in Australia and Canada after Breen v Williams

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M Conaglen, ‘The Nature and Function of Fiduciary Loyalty’ (2005) 121 Law Quarterly Review 452–480.

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DA De Mott, 'Beyond Metaphor: An Analysis of Fiduciary Obligation' (1988) 5 Duke Law Journal 879.

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Australian courts have also not accepted doctor-patient relationships as fiduciary in nature. In

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changed the situation so compensatory damages may now be awarded for a purely equitable action.

990:(b) Unless otherwise directed by the principal, an accounting under Subsection (a) must include: 1254: 921: 881: 441: 2814: 1704: 210:’, molding themselves flexibly around other legal structures, and sometimes filling the gaps. 3735: 3148: 2846: 2457: 2453: 2381: 1971: 1901: 1749: 1570: 1497: 1297: 206:

Fiduciary duties cannot be understood in isolation. Instead they are better viewed as ‘legal

3484: 3425:"Beyond SDGs: Can Fiduciary Capitalism and Bolder, Better Boards Jumpstart Economic Growth?" 3263: 3212: 3126: 2477: 1667: 1469: 132:, the fiduciary relation is an important concept within a part of the legal system known as 65:(person or group of persons). Typically, a fiduciary prudently takes care of money or other 3375: 3331: 3307: 2702: 2658: 2627: 2603: 2246: 2153: 2023: 1947: 1924: 1546: 1426: 1390: 1287: 1282: 1219: 949: 782: 353: 164: 3600:

EJ Weinrib, ‘The Fiduciary Obligation’ (1975) 25(1) University of Toronto Law Journal 1–22

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or guardian of an estate, may be legally required to file with a probate court or judge a

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the fiduciary must report the profit to the principal. If the principal provides fully

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A fiduciary must not profit from the fiduciary position. This includes any benefits or

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Gaius; Poste, Edward; Whittuck, E. A; Greenidge, A. H. J; De Zulueta, Francis (1904).

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to allow the fiduciary to retain the benefit by employing his strict common law legal

1010:(B) the asset’s current value, if the value is known to the attorney in fact or agent; 837:

has put personal interest above the fiduciary duty. Therefore, a court will find that

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Generally, the employment relationship is not regarded as fiduciary, but may be so if

3645: 3634: 3359: 2397: 2061: 1849: 1700: 1637: 1344:, concerning the extension of fiduciary like remedies to a breach of contract context 1244: 1155: 1046: 759: 452: 233: 145: 75: 71: 42: 3355: 2682: 2329: 571: 3183: 2124: 1854: 1488: 1307: 1076: 869: 575: 567: 547: 262: 115: 31: 3078: 3036: 3515: 3449: 3407: 2205: 1765: 1302: 1236: 1151: 842: 665: 410: 382: 370: 277: 207: 141: 137: 3575:‘Questioning the Trust Law Duty of Loyalty’ (2005) 114 Yale Law Journal 929–990. 179:, for example, has developed a more expansive view of fiduciary obligation than 1691:

Rojas, Claudio R. (2014). "An Indeterminate Theory of Canadian Corporate Law".

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Frankel, Tamar, 'Legal Duries of Fiduciaries' (2012) Fathom Publishing Company

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In circumstances of conflict of duty to one person and duty to another person;

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Diagram illustrating fiduciary duty, placing good faith within duty of loyalty

3724: 3701: 3663: 3529: 2747: 2540: 2350: 2041:"Tyrrell v The Bank Of London And Sir J v Shelley And Others; HL 27 Feb 1862" 513: 491: 366: 191:

have developed more conservative approaches than either the United States or

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This article is about the legal term. For optical field-of-view markers, see

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Chodos, Rafael, 'The Law of Fiduciary Duties' (2001) Blackthorne Legal Press

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An account of profits is the appropriate remedy when, for example, a senior

987:(a) The principal may demand an accounting by the attorney in fact or agent. 333:

The most common circumstance where a fiduciary duty will arise is between a

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The fiduciary functions of trusts and agencies are commonly performed by a

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DR Paling ‘Trustees Duties of Skill and Care’ (1973) 37 Conveyancer 48–59

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is unaware of the encounter until reading it in the paper the next week.

499: 487: 480: 426:, attorney in fact usually from written grant of authority by principal, 423: 358: 342: 338: 302: 62: 3676:

The U.S. Department of Labor: Employee Benefits Security Administration.

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Dart Industries Inc v Decor Corporation Pty Ltd ("Lettuce Crisper case")

997:(2) each action taken or decision made by the attorney in fact or agent; 645:

In Australia, the categories of fiduciary relationships are not closed.

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in order to change her guardian or gain legal capacity to make a will.

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Some experts have argued that, in the context of pension governance,

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Different jurisdictions regard fiduciary duties in different lights.

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Wingecarribee Shire Council v Lehman Brothers Australia Ltd (in liq)

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has taken advantage of his fiduciary position by conducting his own

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Fiduciary principles may be applied in a variety of legal contexts.

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This is especially true in the area of Labor and Employment law. In

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Mothew (t/a Stapley & Co) v Bristol & West Building Society

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Frankel, Tamar, 'Fiduciary Law' (2008) Fathom Publishing Company

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This situation represents a conflict of interest and duty. Both

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Frankel, Tamar, 'Fiduciary Law' (2010) Oxford University Press

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Arklow Investments Ltd and Another v. I.D. Maclean and Others

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The Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century Programme, led by the

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may sound like a constructive trust at first, but it is not.

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Rotman, Leonard I., 'Fiduciary Law' (2005) Thomson/Carswell

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T Frankel, 'Fiduciary Law' (1983) California Law Review 795.

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will not be punished or totally denied of the benefit; both

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Roman law a woman could arrange a fictitious sale called a

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Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Electronic Library.

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Finn, P.D., 'Fiduciary Obligations' (1977) The Law Book Co

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Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation

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and one that receives property from a fiduciary heir is a

465:/client; A solicitor is presumed to have a fiduciary duty. 3578:

A Hicks, ‘The Trustee Act 2000 and the Modern Meaning of

3527:

UNEP FI, the PRI, UNEP Inquiry, & UN Global Compact.

1057:

in the same matter, for example. The rule comes from the

865:

will receive a half share in the contract and the money.

648:

Roman and civil law recognized a type of contract called

54: 27:

Person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust

2976:"Trump Administration Ends Flawed and Costly Labor Rule" 2283:

Green & Clara Pty Ltd v Bestobell Industries Pty Ltd

1585: 1583: 1226: 373:, organized for that purpose. In the United States, the 2699:

John Alexander's Clubs Pty Ltd v White City Tennis Club

1262:

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative

3048: 2958:"The DOL's Fiduciary Rule Funeral Means Trust Is Dead" 1567:

Westpac Banking Corporation v The Bell Group (In Liq)

1319:

Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc.

814:

pretends it is all his work and receives an exclusive

1580: 1470:"Breach of Fiduciary Duty Law & Legal Definition" 3683:

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law

2932:"John Oliver Returns: 'I'm Not a Complete Nihilist'" 1844: 1842: 1840: 1686: 1684: 1632: 1630: 2098:

Peoples Department Stores Inc. (Trustee of) v. Wise

1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 3416: 3228: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1109: 937:In circumstances of conflict of duty and interest; 2310:"Fiduciary duty proposal: Disruptors at the gate" 1837: 1681: 1627: 3722: 3613:(Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2013)ch 10. 3530:"Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century 2015 report" 3260:Australian Super Developments Pty Ltd v Marriner 3099:Consul Development Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Pty Ltd 2600:United Dominions Corporation Ltd v Brian Pty Ltd 2445: 2443: 2183: 1893: 1891: 1644: 1158:; if intentional, it may be remedied in equity. 1138: 3617:The following books cover the field in detail: 3507:PRI, UNEP FI, & The Generation Foundation. 1801:"Fiduciary Duties: Minority Shareholder Rights" 1719:"Fiduciary Duties of Investment Intermediaries" 1476: 966:Sec. 751.102. Duty to Timely Inform Principal. 349:of property without being its technical owner. 2542:Gai Institutiones, or, Institutes of Roman law 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2145: 2143: 2141: 1916: 1914: 1610:BLB Corp of Australia Establishment v Jacobsen 1007:(A) an adequate description of each asset; and 943:By taking advantage of the fiduciary position. 2882:"Insurers: Retirement plans look less golden" 2834: 2832: 2752:"The Importance of the Fiduciary Undertaking" 2655:Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2440: 2299:, No. 02-01329 WHA (N.D. Cal. July. 26, 2002) 1939: 1937: 1888: 1770:The Official Website of the State of Delaware 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1121:Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd 786:repeal, the rule was also dealt blows by the 257:Fiduciary duties under Delaware corporate law 219:Fiduciary Duties of Investment Intermediaries 170: 3716:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3005: 2595: 2593: 1968:ABN AMRO Bank NV v Bathurst Regional Council 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 3582:’ (2001) 15 (4) Trust Law International 203 2995:"It's official: DOL fiduciary rule is dead" 2474:Trevorrow v State of South Australia (No 5) 2267:Fraser Edmiston Pty Ltd v AGT (Qld) Pty Ltd 2225: 2138: 1911: 1472:. Legal Definitions Legal Terms Dictionary. 849:holds both the contract and the money in a 3037:Fiduciary Bond Law & Legal Definition. 2829: 2725:"Fiduciary Law and Non-Economic Interests" 2641: 2270: 1934: 1827:"Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362 - Casetext" 1527: 97:Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew 3039:Legal Definitions Legal Terms Dictionary. 2590: 1693:University of British Columbia Law Review 1404: 1367: 690: 676:. The fiduciary of a fideicommissum is a 375:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 3700: 3680:Excerpts from texts on fiduciary duties. 3674:Meeting Your Fiduciary Responsibilities. 3162:The Attorney General of Hong Kong v Reid 3075:Farrington v Rowe McBride & Partners 2929: 2900: 2898: 896:A fiduciary, such as the administrator, 379:United States Department of the Treasury 311:Fiduciary duty in Canadian corporate law 301: 36: 3482: 2992: 2793:"SEC charges Disney intern's boyfriend" 2746: 2517: 2418: 1214: 14: 3723: 3454:"The Use and Abuse of Labor's Capital" 3448: 3423:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (October 2016). 3422: 3011: 2955: 1921:Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Smith 1496:, (1726) 2 Eq Cas Abr 741, 25 ER 223, 1177: 975:Sec. 751.103. Maintenance of Records. 3503: 3501: 3123:Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL (No 2) 2895: 2795:. The Financial Times. 12 August 2011 2722: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1690: 1266:Principles for Responsible Investment 1227:Fiduciary duty and pension governance 1189: 1143:Conduct by a fiduciary may be deemed 1062:conflict of interest and duty rules. 1032: 841:has breached his fiduciary duty. The 3250:, 428 Mass. 339, 345 (1998) (dicta). 2860:Canadian Aero Service Ltd v O'Malley 2105:, 3 SCR 461 (29 October 2004), 1944:Daly v The Sydney Stock Exchange Ltd 1524: (on appeal from NSW, Australia) 752:Canadian Aero Service Ltd v O'Malley 3485:"Pension Funds Investing in Change" 2930:Itzikoff, Dave (February 7, 2017). 2076:In Plus Group Ltd. & Ors v Pyke 948:consent. A fiduciary cannot have a 891: 163:fiduciary ideally would not have a 24: 3557: 3509:Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century 3498: 2993:Schoeff, Mark Jr. (21 June 2018). 2020:Maher v Millennium Markets Pty Ltd 1783: 774:establishing this to be the case. 544:/ company and related subscribers; 337:, whether real or juristic, and a 272:primary fiduciary duties, (1) the 216:Law Commission (England and Wales) 200:Law Commission (England and Wales) 25: 3752: 3656: 3483:Farrand, Louise (December 2016). 3173: (on appeal from New Zealand) 2845:, RPC 22 (19 January 2000), 2689: (on appeal from New Zealand) 2624:Howard v Commissioner of Taxation 2573: 2405:, 2 SCR 226 (18 June 1992), 2358:, 1 SCR 1075 (31 May 1990), 2219:Re Saul D Harrison & Sons plc 1135:has been applied in Australian . 1114:The landmark Australian decision 1065: 928: 788:US Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals 779:United States Department of Labor 322:BCE Inc. v. 1976 Debentureholders 144:(historically based in England's 3695:The Journal of Law and Economics 3611:Equity & Trusts in Australia 3534: 2843:[2000] EWHC 221 (QB) 2437:(1996) 8(2) Bond Law Review 158. 2373:Seminole Nation v. United States 2150:Maguire & Tansey v Makaronis 1542:Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (in liq) 1494:[1726] EWHC J76 (Ch) 1364:, Chapter 1 (Thomson West, 2013) 1126:However, in the English case of 960:Sec. 751.101. Fiduciary Duties. 766:may owe fiduciary duties to the 595:Seminole Nation v. United States 328: 3542: 3521: 3476: 3442: 3389: 3365: 3345: 3321: 3297: 3273: 3253: 3241: 3222: 3202: 3176: 3154: 3136: 3116: 3092: 3068: 3042: 3030: 3012:Nocera, Joseph (October 1982). 2986: 2968: 2949: 2923: 2874: 2867:, SCR 592 (29 June 1973), 2852: 2807: 2785: 2761: 2740: 2716: 2692: 2672: 2617: 2567: 2549: 2532: 2524:. New Haven Law Book. pp. 2511: 2499: 2487: 2467: 2412: 2390: 2365: 2343: 2319: 2302: 2288: 2276: 2260: 2211: 2195: 2167: 2120:Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver 2112: 2090: 2068: 2054: 2033: 2013: 2001: 1981: 1961: 1868: 1819: 1758: 1733: 1711: 1603: 1110:Avoiding these accountabilities 528:plan administrators (including 451:Confidential advisor including 385:of the fiduciary activities of 3458:New York University Law Review 3051:"Choosing the Right Fiduciary" 2839:Nottingham University v Fishel 2817:. The U.S. SEC. 11 August 2011 1560: 1503: 1462: 1440: 1354: 1241:ESG and Responsible Investment 607:- in Canada, not in Australia; 532:plans) / retirees and workers; 13: 1: 2521:Roman law in the modern world 2065:, 5 A. 2d 503 (Del. Ch. 1939) 2010:, 213 P.3d 77, 93 (Cal. 2009) 1799:Lopez, Erik (June 27, 2015). 1510:Queensland Mines Ltd v Hudson 1423:(Medical records access case) 1348: 1139:Breaches of duty and remedies 1019:(6) each known liability; and 136:. In the United Kingdom, the 3189:[1997] EWCA Civ 1279 3049:Guertin & Guertin, LLC. 3014:""It's Time To Make a Deal"" 2735:Monash University Law Review 2729:Monash University Law Review 2508:, 814 So.2d 370 (Fla. 2002). 2131:134 (20 February 1942), 1988:Sims v Craig Bell & Bond 1455:, Ch 1 (24 July 1996), 1335:Uniform Prudent Investor Act 726:and child to be recognised. 387:federal savings associations 7: 2557:"What is a fideicommissum?" 2081:[2002] EWCA Civ 370 1453:[1996] EWCA Civ 533 1271: 793: 737:takeover of Marvel Comics. 713:Husbands and wives are not 536:Retirement account advisors 498:and officers / company and 57:or ethical relationship of 10: 3757: 3352:Featherstonhaugh v Fenwick 3131:Federal Court (Full Court) 2545:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2419:Dorsett, Griffith (1996), 1976:Federal Court (Full Court) 1879:[1927] VicLawRp 19 1741:SEC v. Chenery Corporation 1397:41 (25 October 1984), 984:Sec. 751.104. Accounting. 798:For example, two members, 522:Senior employee / company; 352:Others, such as corporate 260: 229:SEC v. Chenery Corporation 171:In different jurisdictions 29: 3231:"Brief on fiduciary duty" 1641:(1928) 164 NE 545 at 546. 698:, as opposed to business 3609:Bryan, M.W and V.J Vann 3356:[1810] EngR 194 3169: (1 November 1993), 2685: (1 December 1999), 2336:158 (31 July 2003), 2296:Vivien v. WorldCom, Inc. 1571:[2012] WASCA 157 1362:ERISA for Money Managers 1341:Attorney General v Blake 882:Weiss, Peck & Greer 790:in March and June 2018. 377:(OCC), an agency of the 53:is a person who holds a 3713:Encyclopædia Britannica 3551:(PDF). 31 January 2018. 3397:Nocton v Lord Ashburton 3229:Wolfram Law Firm, P.C. 3191:, Ch 241 at 253-4 per 2723:Joyce, Richard (2002). 2478:[2007] SASC 285 2454:[1998] FCA 1711 2222:, 1 BCLC 14, BCC 475. 1972:[2014] FCAFC 65 1902:[2012] FCA 1028 1805:The M&A Lawyer Blog 1255:institutional investors 1239:and the progression of 1082:Secret commissions, or 876:attempted to take over 770:, although there is no 560:/ their depositors and 558:investment corporations 317:Supreme Court of Canada 221:Law Com 350, para 3.11 61:with one or more other 3376:[1993] HCA 54 3308:[1999] HCA 10 3264:[2014] VSC 464 3213:[1998] VSC 180 3167:[1993] UKPC 36 3127:[2012] FCAFC 6 3079:[1985] NZCA 21 2999:www.investmentnews.com 2683:[1999] UKPC 51 2518:Sherman, C.P. (1922). 2330:[2003] UKHL 49 2202:Woolworths Ltd v Kelly 2083: (21 March 2002), 1668:[2007] FCA 963 922:participating mortgage 746: 691:Possible relationships 572:trustees in bankruptcy 307: 243: 224: 102: 46: 3687:California Law Review 3362:(England and Wales)). 3332:[1985] HCA 78 3270:(Vic, Australia). 3219:(Vic, Australia). 2703:[2010] HCA 19 2659:[2007] HCA 22 2628:[2014] HCA 21 2604:[1985] HCA 49 2247:[1984] HCA 36 2154:[1997] HCA 23 2125:[1942] UKHL 1 2030:(Vic, Australia). 2024:[2004] VSC 82 1948:[1986] HCA 25 1925:[1991] FCA 73 1885:(Vic, Australia). 1855:[1966] UKHL 2 1590:McInerney v MacDonald 1547:[2001] HCA 31 1514:[1978] UKPC 2 1427:[1996] HCA 57 1391:[1984] HCA 64 1298:Corporate opportunity 742: 305: 267:The corporate law of 238: 204: 84: 40: 3284:[1997] HCA 9 3199:(England and Wales). 3151:(England and Wales). 3103:[1975] HCA 8 2496:(2000) 98-CP-10-613. 2494:Glover v Porter-Gaud 2484:(SA, Australia). 2178:[1936] HCA 3 1577:(WA, Australia). 1459:(England and Wales). 1288:Compensatory damages 1220:Compensatory damages 1215:Compensatory damages 950:conflict of interest 783:Trump Administration 682:fideicommissary heir 554:Mutual savings banks 459:/ advisee or client; 165:conflict of interest 3304:Giumelli v Giumelli 2956:Menickella, Brian. 2849:(England and Wales) 2450:Paramasivam v Flynn 2087:(England and Wales) 1875:McKenzie v McDonald 1500:(England and Wales) 1178:Constructive trusts 853:for the duo. Note, 659:fiduciary coemption 654:contractus fiduciae 3662:Iman Anabtawi and 3514:2018-02-20 at the 3429:Analyse Financière 3406:2017-08-24 at the 3328:Muschinski v Dodds 3147:(1890) 45 Ch D 1, 2912:. February 3, 2017 2585:Alabama Law Review 2574:Rosen, Kenneth M. 2174:Furs Ltd v Tomkies 2008:People v. Martinez 1807:. Jasso Lopez PLLC 1293:Constructive trust 1245:absentee landlords 1196:account of profits 1190:Account of profits 1146:constructive fraud 1033:Conflict of duties 851:constructive trust 845:here will be that 590:indigenous peoples 506:Board of directors 457:investment advisor 446:real estate broker 308: 282:duty of good faith 76:financial planners 72:financial advisers 47: 3741:Legal professions 3707:"Fiduciary" 3691:Oregon Law Review 3452:(December 2014). 3360:Court of Chancery 2398:Norberg v. Wynrib 2062:Guth v. Loft Inc. 1850:Boardman v Phipps 1638:Meinhard v Salmon 1283:Directors' duties 1156:legal malpractice 1047:real estate agent 678:fideicommissioner 453:financial adviser 381:, is the primary 146:Court of Chancery 43:Court of Chancery 16:(Redirected from 3748: 3717: 3709: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3525: 3519: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3450:Webber, David H. 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3413:(United Kingdom) 3393: 3387: 3369: 3363: 3349: 3343: 3325: 3319: 3301: 3295: 3277: 3271: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3233:. Archived from 3226: 3220: 3206: 3200: 3184:Armitage v Nurse 3180: 3174: 3158: 3152: 3140: 3134: 3120: 3114: 3096: 3090: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3053:. Archived from 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2878: 2872: 2856: 2850: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2720: 2714: 2696: 2690: 2676: 2670: 2652: 2639: 2621: 2615: 2597: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2471: 2465: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2425:, archived from 2416: 2410: 2394: 2388: 2369: 2363: 2347: 2341: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2258: 2240: 2223: 2215: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2185: 2171: 2165: 2147: 2136: 2116: 2110: 2094: 2088: 2072: 2066: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1985: 1979: 1965: 1959: 1941: 1932: 1918: 1909: 1895: 1886: 1872: 1866: 1846: 1835: 1834: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1796: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1762: 1756: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1725:. Archived from 1715: 1709: 1708: 1688: 1679: 1661: 1642: 1634: 1625: 1607: 1601: 1587: 1578: 1564: 1558: 1538: 1525: 1507: 1501: 1489:Keech v Sandford 1485: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1460: 1444: 1438: 1421:Breen v Williams 1417: 1402: 1382: 1365: 1360:Lemke and Lins, 1358: 1308:Equitable remedy 1253:and other large 1133:Armitage v Nurse 1128:Armitage v Nurse 1116:ASIC v Citigroup 1077:informed consent 892:Elements of duty 870:T. Boone Pickens 731:Breen v Williams 519:Partner/partner; 448:) / buyer client 263:US corporate law 222: 142:courts of equity 116:standard of care 105:Fiduciary duties 100: 32:Fiduciary marker 21: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3721: 3720: 3659: 3560: 3558:Further reading 3555: 3547: 3543: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3516:Wayback Machine 3506: 3499: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3421: 3417: 3408:Wayback Machine 3394: 3390: 3370: 3366: 3350: 3346: 3326: 3322: 3302: 3298: 3278: 3274: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3197:Court of Appeal 3181: 3177: 3159: 3155: 3144:Lister v Stubbs 3141: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3097: 3093: 3087:Court of Appeal 3073: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2982:. 24 July 2018. 2980:economics21.org 2974: 2973: 2969: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2857: 2853: 2837: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2721: 2717: 2697: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2653: 2642: 2622: 2618: 2598: 2591: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2561:Ghostdigest.com 2555: 2554: 2550: 2537: 2533: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2472: 2468: 2448: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2417: 2413: 2395: 2391: 2370: 2366: 2356:1990 CanLII 104 2348: 2344: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2265: 2261: 2243:Chan v Zacharia 2241: 2226: 2216: 2212: 2200: 2196: 2172: 2168: 2148: 2139: 2117: 2113: 2095: 2091: 2085:Court of Appeal 2073: 2069: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1986: 1982: 1966: 1962: 1942: 1935: 1919: 1912: 1896: 1889: 1873: 1869: 1847: 1838: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1797: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1738: 1734: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1689: 1682: 1662: 1645: 1635: 1628: 1622:LawCite Records 1608: 1604: 1588: 1581: 1575:Court of Appeal 1565: 1561: 1539: 1528: 1508: 1504: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1457:Court of Appeal 1445: 1441: 1418: 1405: 1383: 1368: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1303:Court of equity 1274: 1237:Great Recession 1229: 1217: 1192: 1180: 1152:insider trading 1141: 1112: 1068: 1035: 1025: 1013: 931: 894: 843:judicial remedy 796: 693: 666:Roman Dutch law 492:joint venturers 415:legal guardians 371:commercial bank 331: 313: 278:duty of loyalty 265: 259: 223: 214: 173: 138:Judicature Acts 114:is the highest 101: 90: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3754: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3719: 3718: 3704:, ed. (1911). 3702:Chisholm, Hugh 3698: 3677: 3671: 3658: 3657:External links 3655: 3654: 3653: 3642: 3639:978-0195391565 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3541: 3520: 3497: 3475: 3441: 3415: 3411:House of Lords 3388: 3364: 3344: 3320: 3296: 3280:Hill v Van Erp 3272: 3252: 3240: 3237:on 2008-07-20. 3221: 3209:Reader v Fried 3201: 3175: 3153: 3135: 3115: 3091: 3089:(New Zealand). 3067: 3041: 3029: 3004: 2985: 2967: 2948: 2936:New York Times 2922: 2894: 2873: 2865:1973 CanLII 23 2851: 2828: 2806: 2784: 2772:1992 CanLII 31 2760: 2748:Edelman, James 2739: 2715: 2691: 2671: 2640: 2616: 2589: 2566: 2548: 2531: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2466: 2439: 2411: 2403:1992 CanLII 65 2389: 2364: 2342: 2338:House of Lords 2318: 2301: 2287: 2275: 2259: 2224: 2210: 2194: 2166: 2137: 2133:House of Lords 2111: 2089: 2067: 2053: 2032: 2012: 2000: 1998:(New Zealand). 1980: 1960: 1933: 1910: 1887: 1867: 1863:House of Lords 1836: 1818: 1782: 1766:"About Agency" 1757: 1732: 1729:on 2014-09-24. 1723:Law Commission 1710: 1680: 1643: 1626: 1602: 1596:, 2 SCR 138, 1594:1992 CanLII 57 1579: 1559: 1526: 1502: 1475: 1461: 1439: 1403: 1366: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1228: 1225: 1216: 1213: 1191: 1188: 1179: 1176: 1164:unconscionable 1140: 1137: 1111: 1108: 1067: 1066:No-profit rule 1064: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 945: 944: 941: 938: 930: 929:Accountability 927: 906:fiduciary bond 893: 890: 878:Cities Service 874:Mesa Petroleum 818:and $ 50,000. 795: 792: 696:Joint ventures 692: 689: 674:fideicommissum 670:fiduciary heir 643: 642: 628: 618: 608: 598: 588:Governments / 586: 565: 551: 545: 539: 533: 523: 520: 517: 503: 484: 473:administrators 466: 460: 449: 439: 421: 408: 330: 327: 312: 309: 258: 255: 212: 185:Australian law 172: 169: 112:fiduciary duty 88: 26: 18:Fiduciary duty 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3753: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3715: 3714: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3664:Lynn A. Stout 3661: 3660: 3651: 3650:0-459-24249-0 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3381: 3378:, (1993) 179 3377: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3289: 3286:, (1997) 188 3285: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3268:Supreme Court 3265: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3217:Supreme Court 3214: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3171:Privy Council 3168: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3108: 3105:, (1975) 132 3104: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3057:on 2008-11-20 3056: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3019: 3018:Texas Monthly 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2869:Supreme Court 2866: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2816: 2810: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2780:Supreme Court 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2705:, (2010) 241 2704: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2687:Privy Council 2684: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2664: 2661:, (2007) 230 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2630:, (2014) 253 2629: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2606:, (1985) 157 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2577: 2576:"Fiduciaries" 2570: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2482:Supreme Court 2479: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2462:Federal Court 2459: 2456:, (1998) 90 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2429:on 2018-10-02 2428: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2407:Supreme Court 2404: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2360:Supreme Court 2357: 2353: 2352: 2351:R. v. Sparrow 2346: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2249:, (1984) 154 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2156:, (1997) 188 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2107:Supreme Court 2104: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2028:Supreme Court 2025: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1953: 1950:, (1986) 160 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1929:Federal Court 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1906:Federal Court 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1883:Supreme Court 1880: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1699:(1): 59–128. 1698: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1677: 1676:Federal Court 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1623: 1620:(Australia). 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1599: 1598:Supreme Court 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1552: 1549:, (2001) 207 1548: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1523: 1522:Privy Council 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1436: 1432: 1429:, (1996) 186 1428: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1393:, (1984) 156 1392: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1251:Pension funds 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1221: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 958: 957: 953: 951: 942: 939: 936: 935: 934: 926: 924: 923: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 791: 789: 784: 780: 777:In 2015, the 775: 773: 769: 768:beneficiaries 765: 761: 756: 754: 753: 745: 741: 738: 734: 732: 727: 723: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 688: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 655: 651: 646: 640: 636: 632: 629: 626: 622: 619: 616: 612: 609: 606: 602: 599: 597: 596: 591: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566: 563: 559: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 511: 510:Legal persons 507: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 482: 478: 474: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 454: 450: 447: 443: 440: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 420: 416: 412: 409: 406: 402: 399: 398: 397: 394: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367:trust company 363: 361: 360: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 329:Relationships 326: 324: 323: 318: 304: 300: 297: 293: 289: 285: 283: 279: 275: 270: 264: 254: 252: 247: 242: 237: 235: 234:Frankfurter J 231: 230: 220: 217: 211: 209: 203: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 168: 166: 161: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 123: 121: 117: 113: 108: 106: 99: 98: 93: 87: 83: 81: 77: 73: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 44: 39: 33: 19: 3736:Equity (law) 3711: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3616: 3610: 3579: 3544: 3523: 3492:Pensions Age 3491: 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3461: 3457: 3444: 3432:. Retrieved 3428: 3418: 3395: 3391: 3386:(Australia). 3371: 3367: 3351: 3347: 3342:(Australia). 3327: 3323: 3318:(Australia). 3303: 3299: 3294:(Australia). 3279: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3248:Clark v Rowe 3247: 3243: 3235:the original 3224: 3208: 3204: 3182: 3178: 3160: 3156: 3142: 3138: 3133:(Australia). 3122: 3118: 3113:(Australia). 3098: 3094: 3074: 3070: 3059:. Retrieved 3055:the original 3044: 3032: 3021:. Retrieved 3017: 3007: 2998: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2951: 2939:. Retrieved 2935: 2925: 2914:. Retrieved 2909: 2888: 2876: 2858: 2854: 2838: 2819:. Retrieved 2809: 2797:. 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