1600:(QPSK). Presently beacons that use this scheme are termed "second generation" beacons. It allows the use of battery-saving lower-power transmissions, improves the accuracy of the determination of the beacon location by the Cospas-Sarsat System, and avoids the need for discrete channelization in the assigned 406.0 to 406.1 MHz band (e.g., avoiding the need for periodic closing and opening of channels by Cospas-Sarsat for use by beacon manufacturers based on narrowband channel loading). Second-generation beacons have a longer transmission period of one second, with 250 transmitted bits, 202 of those being message bits. Additionally, the information sent in the message bits from one transmission to the next can be changed on a rotating transmission schedule ("rotating message fields") to allow significantly more information to be communicated over the course of a series of transmission bursts. Deployment of this technology in ELT(DT)s may begin in January 2024. Cospas-Sarsat readiness for deployment of the technology in other types of beacons is expected later in 2024.
1565:). Whereas conventional ELTs are designed to activate on impact or by manual activation by the flight crew, ELT(DT)s activate autonomously when an aircraft enters threatening flight configurations that have been predetermined by expert agencies. In this way, ELT(DT)s allow a plane in distress to be tracked in-flight, prior to any crash, without human intervention aboard the aircraft. ELT(DT)s have been specified using both the existing beacon transmission method (narrowband BPSK) and the second-generation (spread-spectrum QPSK) modulation schemes (see transmission technologies below). Cospas-Sarsat capability for receiving and processing distress messages from ELT(DT)s using the narrowband BPSK transmission method was declared operational effective 1 January 2023. In October 2023 capability for receiving and processing distress messages from ELT(DT)s using the spread-spectrum QPSK modulation method was declared with an effective date of 1 January 2024.
1723:, that used a digital messaging scheme, for detection by the system. The EPIRB was seen as a key advancement in SAR technology in the perilous maritime environment. The digital message allowed the beacon and its associated vessel to be uniquely identified. Early in its history, the Cospas-Sarsat system was engineered to detect beacon-alerts transmitted at 406 MHz, 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz. Because of a large number of false alerts, and the inability to uniquely identify such beacons because of their old, analogue technology (that provided no message, only a tone indicating distress), the Cospas-Sarsat system beginning in 2009 stopped receiving alerts from beacons operating at 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz, and now only receives and processes alerts from modern, digital 406-MHz beacons.
1749:). Such beacons determine their location using the internal GNSS receiver (or a connection to an external navigation source) and transmit in their distress message highly accurate position reports. This provides a second method for Cospas-Sarsat to know the location of the distress, in addition to the calculations independently done by Cospas-Sarsat LUTs to determine the location. The distress alert received by the satellites and the beacon location contained in the message and/or calculated from the distress signal are forwarded almost instantly to SAR agencies by Cospas-Sarsat's extensive international data-distribution network. This two-tiered reliability and global coverage of the system has inspired the current motto of SAR agencies: "Taking the 'Search' out of Search and Rescue."
5548:
1660:"Cooperation will be achieved through effecting interoperability between the SARSAT project and the COSPAS project at 121.5MHz, 243MHz and in the 406.0 β 406.1 MHz band and conducting of tests, mutual exchange of test results and preparation of a joint report. The objective of this cooperation is to demonstrate that equipment carried on low-altitude, near polar-orbiting satellites can facilitate the detection and location of distress signals by relaying information from aircraft and ships in distress to ground stations, where the information processing is completed and passed to rescue services."
1207:). Sometimes PLBs are carried aboard aircraft or vessels, but whether this satisfies safety requirements depends on local regulations. A Cospas-Sarsat beacon does not transmit until it is activated in an emergency (or when certain testing features are activated by the user). Some beacons are designed to be manually activated by a person pressing a button, and some others are designed for automatic activation in certain circumstances (e.g., ELTs may be automatically activated by a physical shock, such as in a crash, and EPIRBs may be automatically activated by contact with water). There are
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1348:" SARR modules. The satellite can pass over a remote area of the Earth and receive a distress message, and then forward that data later when it passes into view of a ground station (that typically are located in less remote areas). The five satellites in the LEOSAR constellation have approximately 100 minute orbits. Because of their polar orbits the latency between satellite passes overhead is smallest at the poles and higher latitudes.
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221:
109:
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207:
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412:
274:
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1581:(BPSK), with two allowed bit-string lengths: 112 (with 87 bits of message information) and 144 (with 119 bits of message information). Several message protocols are allowed in the available message-bit string to accommodate different kinds of beacons (ELTs, EPIRBs and PLBs), different vessel/aircraft identifiers, and different national requirements. The time length of these transmissions is approximately one-half second. These
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5909:
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1089:(so-called SOLAS-class vessels), commercial fishing vessels, and all passenger ships in international waters. Similarly, ICAO requires Cospas-Sarsat beacons aboard aircraft on international flights, as well as the ability to track such aircraft when in distress (see "Beacons" under "System architecture" below). National administrations often impose requirements in addition to the international requirements of those agencies.
467:
179:
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261:
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1684:(DREO). The Canadians calculated the position of the small aircraft, which was 90 km (56 mi) off course, and within hours the crash survivors were rescued via airlift. These were the first persons rescued with the assistance of Cospas-Sarsat, and authorities judged that pilot Jonathan Ziegelheim would likely have died of his injuries if not for the swift rescue made possible by satellite detection.
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29:
6083:
1340:" of visibility of any particular part of the Earth at any given time), there are intervals of time when a LEOSAR satellite may not be over a particular geographic location. So there can be a delay in receiving an alert signal, and a delay in relaying that signal to the ground. For this reason, LEOSAR satellites are equipped with the "
1716:
the beacon and the receiving satellite. The former Soviet Union was responsible for the design and construction of the first satellite to be launched. Engineers from all four countries met in Moscow in
February 1982 to successfully test the operational functionality of all of the equipment together in the same laboratory.
1715:
receiver capable of locking onto the downlink from the satellites. France and Canada were responsible for the data generation and decoding. They designed the computer that determined the approximate position of the beacon from the
Doppler shift of the beacon's signal caused by the relative motion of
1552:
band that allows the beacon to be easily tracked from nearby vessels. Recent PLB models designed for attachment to marine life vests transmit an AIS signal to act as a maritime survivor locating system, also known as a man overboard (MOB) system, that activates alarms on nearby vessels and allows the
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Because their geostationary orbit does not provide a relative motion between a distress beacon and a GEOSAR satellite, there is no opportunity to use the
Doppler effect to calculate the location of a beacon. Therefore, the GEOSAR satellites only can relay a beacon's distress message. If the beacon is
1256:
attached to those satellites as an adjunct to the primary satellite mission. A SARR instrument retransmits a beacon distress signal to a satellite ground station in real time. A SARP instrument records the data from the distress signal so that the information can later be gathered by a ground station
1539:
Most Cospas-Sarsat-compatible 406-MHz beacons also transmit distress or tracking signals on additional frequencies. Most commonly, Cospas-Sarsat beacons have a 121.5-MHz transmitter to provide a signal that can be received by local search crews (airborne, on ground or at sea) using direction-finding
1687:
Prior to the founding of Cospas-Sarsat, the civilian aviation community had already been using the 121.5 MHz frequency for distress, while the military aviation community utilized 243.0 MHz as the primary distress frequency with the 121.5 MHz frequency as an alternate. In each case,
1406:
augmentation for Cospas-Sarsat is MEOSAR. MEOSAR blends the advantages of the LEOSAR and GEOSAR systems, while avoiding their drawbacks. The MEOSAR system is becoming the dominant capability of Cospas-Sarsat. In addition to the large number of satellites, the MEOSAR system benefits from relatively
958:
Between
September 1982 and December 2022 the Cospas-Sarsat System provided assistance in rescuing at least 60,636 people in 18,807 SAR events. In 2022 Cospas-Sarsat on average assisted in the rescue of almost ten persons each day. In 2020, 2021 and 2022 (the latest year for which statistics have
1192:
406-MHz radio transmitter that can be activated in a life-threatening emergency to summon assistance from government authorities. Beacons are manufactured and sold by dozens of vendors. They are classified in three main types. A beacon designed for use aboard an aircraft is known as an emergency
1325:
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receiver) then that location is relayed to SAR authorities. While the inability to independently locate a beacon is a drawback of GEOSAR satellites, those satellites have an advantage in that the present constellation well covers the entire Earth in real time, except for the polar regions.
1679:
on June 29, 1982. Cospas-Sarsat began tracking the two original types of distress beacons, EPIRBs and ELTs, in
September 1982. While the satellite's operation was being verified on September 9, COSPAS-1 detected an ELT signal in British Columbia and relayed the information to a
1455:
on 13 December 2016. Following continued testing and adjustment, a declaration of initial operational capability (IOC) was made by the Cospas-Sarsat
Council effective from 25 April 2023. The MEOSAR system advances the ability to provide near-instantaneous detection, identification, and
1560:
In response to recent commercial aviation disasters and subsequent ICAO requirements for autonomous tracking of aircraft in distress, Cospas-Sarsat established specifications for ELTs for distress tracking (ELT(DT)s) to meet the ICAO requirements (amended Annex 6, Part I of the
1213:
subscription or other costs imposed by Cospas-Sarsat for beacon ownership or use. (Some countries may impose licensing and/or registration charges for beacon ownership, and some jurisdictions may assess costs for rescue operations.) See below for recent beacon innovations.
1411:
and sufficient satellite motion relative to a point on the ground to allow the use of
Doppler measurements as part of the method of calculating a distress beacon's location. MEOSAR consists of SARR transponders aboard the following navigation-satellite constellations: the
1556:
Beacons with such combinations of signals simultaneously allow for global alerting through the 406-MHz transmission to satellites and the swiftest local response from the 121.5-MHz and AIS transmissions (particularly in the maritime environment by nearby vessels).
1077:(ITU), among other international organizations, to ensure the compatibility of the Cospas-Sarsat distress alerting services with the needs, the standards and the applicable recommendations of the global community. Cospas-Sarsat is an element of the IMO's
4910:
4916:
847:
activated by persons, aircraft or vessels in distress, and forwarding this alert information to authorities that can take action for rescue. Member countries support the distribution of distress alerts using a constellation of around 65
1367:
with respect to the satellite. The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the received frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the Earth. This allows a computer
1046:
These statistics under-count the number of events where Cospas-Sarsat assisted, because they only include cases when an accurate report from SAR personnel is provided back through reporting channels to the Cospas-Sarsat
Secretariat.
4110:
1625:(CRC) began investigating whether an ELT could be detected and located from space. They realized that this could be accomplished through the Doppler shift of an ELT signal received by an orbiting satellite. CRC contacted
7582:
5048:
4833:
946:
Cospas-Sarsat is best known as the system that detects and locates emergency beacons activated by aircraft, ships and people engaged in recreational activities in remote areas, and then sends these distress alerts to
1293:
message of the beacon, which contains information such as the identity of the vessel/aircraft and, for beacons equipped with the feature, the location of the beacon derived from a local navigation source (such as a
1103:
on 121.5 MHz or 243 MHz rely on being received only by nearby aircraft or rescue personnel. For satellite reception of alerts by Cospas-Sarsat the beacon must be a model that transmits at 406 MHz.
1518:
As of
December 2022 the LEOSAR satellites are tracked and monitored by 55 commissioned LEOLUT (low-altitude Earth-orbit local user terminals) antennas, the GEOSAR satellites by 27 commissioned GEOLUT antennas
1273:. LUTs are installed by individual national administrations or agencies. The distress messages received by a LUT are transferred to an associated mission control centre which uses a detailed set of computer
6297:
1738:. Typically PLBs are used by people engaged in recreational activities in remote areas, and by small-aircraft pilots and mariners as an adjunct to (or, when permitted, a substitute for) an ELT or EPIRB.
1633:
amateur radio satellite, through which they located an ELT modified to the satellite's uplink frequency. NASA contacted CRC over its success and the United States later agreed to a joint project.
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3485:
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Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
4388:
1308:
The SARR and/or SARP instrument typically is attached to a satellite that is being launched primarily for another purpose. The primary mission of all of the LEOSAR and GEOSAR satellites is
7227:
1464:-induced variations), and/or the time-difference-of-arrival of a beacon's radio signal due to the differences in distance between the beacon and each MEOSAR satellite that may be in view.
6815:
3468:
955:
capable of being detected by the Cospas-Sarsat System (currently 406-MHz beacons) are available from several manufacturers and vendor chains. Cospas-Sarsat does not make or sell beacons.
3394:
1359:-induced frequency shift received by the satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency. From the mathematical calculations, it is possible to determine both
1510:
by encoding "Return Link
Service" messages into the Galileo navigation data stream. It can be used to activate an indicator on the beacon to confirm receipt of the distress message.
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4086:
8854:
1336:
architecture. The complementary LEOSAR-satellite orbits provide periodic coverage of the entire Earth. Because of their relatively low altitude (and therefore, relatively small "
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5995:
4288:
4283:
3676:
8933:
4155:
2132:
2058:
1380:. When the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the Earth's rotation, the Doppler shift induced by that motion also can be used in the calculation.
6869:
3005:
1522:
and the MEOSAR satellites by 26 commissioned MEOLUT stations, each having multiple antennas. The data from these earth stations is transferred to and distributed by 32 MCCs
1456:
location-determination of 406-MHz beacons. Prior to the operational introduction of MEOSAR, MEOSAR data was successfully used to assist in determining the crash location of
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4753:
2493:
7587:
4838:
2106:
4150:
5616:
3543:
7169:
6987:
3384:
1726:
In the early 2000s (in 2003 in the USA) a new type of distress beacon, the personal locator beacon (PLB), became available for use by individuals who cannot contact
5887:
1526:, 14 of which are commissioned to process data from all three constellation types. (See infobox for the countries and agencies that are ground-segment providers.)
7592:
7572:
6810:
6584:
4963:
4952:
4843:
4823:
3463:
1305:
The Cospas-Sarsat system is the only satellite distress alerting system that is capable of this dual, redundant means of locating an activated distress beacon.
5810:
3916:
3422:
3081:
1086:
1695:
Each of the four founding Party States took responsibility for one of the major tasks in the project. The United States (with project leadership from NASA's
1301:
performs a mathematical analysis of the signal to calculate the location of the beacon, even if the beacon's location is not reported in the distress message.
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5842:
5715:
4858:
2325:
2187:
1460:
in the Mediterranean Sea. The location of a distress beacon is calculated by the receiving LUT by analyzing the frequency-difference-of-arrival (related to
8081:
3512:
2605:
1081:(GMDSS), and is a component of ICAO's Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety System (GADSS). The IMO requires automatic-activating Cospas-Sarsat beacons (
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5255:
4210:
7442:
6937:
6903:
6760:
6302:
5722:
3502:
3480:
3343:
2603:
International Astronautical Federation, "The History and Experience of the International Cospas-Sarsat Programme for Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue"
2017:
1562:
3970:
8923:
6667:
5311:
4315:
4076:
3627:
3370:
2686:
1507:
1139:
952:
7567:
6332:
5901:
4818:
4758:
2731:
2431:
Cospas-Sarsat website, "The History and Experience of the International Cospas-Sarsat Programme for Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue", at page 20
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4220:
3289:
2043:
8908:
7011:
6849:
6722:
6460:
6140:
5925:
3713:
3703:
3015:
2971:
7735:
7638:
7530:
6949:
6854:
5006:
4781:
4736:
4320:
3570:
3354:
2976:
4005:
3809:
3772:
8789:
8761:
8756:
7781:
6389:
6351:
6181:
3906:
3889:
3661:
3027:
3829:
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detection of the distress signal relied on reception by aircraft passing nearby, and localization of the signal was done with Earth-based
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6327:
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5197:
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1871:
2577:
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7602:
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6307:
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5803:
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5011:
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4335:
4200:
3617:
2940:
2726:
2619:
8918:
7535:
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6087:
6014:
5913:
5016:
4940:
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4726:
4305:
4268:
2559:
1672:
1066:
3338:
2966:
2230:
2136:
2084:
2062:
7181:
5552:
5462:
5105:
4140:
2863:
1972:
1645:
concerning cooperation in a joint experimental satellite-aided search and rescue project" was signed in Leningrad, USSR, among the
2429:
2212:
1054:
that have accepted responsibility for SAR in various geographic regions of the world (typically the same geographic area as their
7030:
3444:
2932:
2405:
4597:
4575:
8783:
7685:
6806:
6741:
6176:
5742:
4325:
4115:
4091:
3693:
3459:
3071:
1162:
1078:
2706:
2110:
1954:
1832:
1265:
The satellites are monitored by receiving ground stations (LUTs) equipped to track (point at and follow) the satellites using
8778:
8768:
8748:
8550:
7545:
6975:
6703:
6145:
5796:
5737:
5031:
4958:
4796:
4703:
4547:
4425:
4037:
3389:
3214:
3066:
2679:
2270:
1741:
The design of distress beacons as a whole has evolved significantly since 1982. The newest 406-MHz beacons often incorporate
1681:
1622:
1376:
the position of the beacon. A faster change in the received frequency indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's
1074:
1520:
7673:
7365:
7016:
6631:
6111:
5732:
2954:
2645:
2327:
ICAO Update on the Global Aeronautical Distress and safety System (GADSS) Global Aircraft Tracking Initiatives (March 2016)
1856:
7915:
2515:
8840:
8773:
8619:
6292:
5937:
5621:
4591:
3936:
1070:
762:
50:(Date definitive agreement was signed; preceding memorandums of understanding signed 23 November 1979 and 5 October 1984)
2909:
2343:
2159:
1355:
processing. LUTs detecting distress signals relayed by LEOSAR satellites perform mathematical calculations based on the
8545:
6832:
6655:
6572:
6472:
6406:
6269:
5486:
5306:
4190:
3735:
3533:
3454:
3294:
3138:
1441:
1436:(GPS). In November 2022, China became the newest MEOSAR space-segment provider, with Cospas-Sarsat SAR payloads aboard
860:
capable of locating an emergency beacon anywhere on Earth transmitting on the Cospas-Sarsat frequency of 406 MHz.
2625:
8639:
7242:
6774:
6312:
6026:
5819:
5685:
5373:
5117:
4746:
4651:
4340:
4330:
4300:
4180:
3946:
3652:
3103:
3076:
2903:
2413:
2870:
8898:
8424:
7972:
7774:
7411:
7406:
6879:
6864:
6778:
6250:
5747:
5529:
4570:
4531:
4022:
3605:
3032:
2993:
2672:
2376:
2358:
4160:
2307:
1936:
8893:
8535:
6963:
6874:
5127:
4996:
4096:
3332:
3021:
2378:
Cospas-Sarsat website, "Specification for Second-Generation Cospas-Sarsat 406-MHz Distress Beacons", at section 2
2191:
1545:
2602:
1813:
8530:
7562:
6487:
6401:
6062:
5727:
5690:
5038:
4813:
4310:
4263:
4205:
4185:
4120:
3844:
3360:
3318:
2914:
2175:
1503:
1417:
874:
at no cost to beacon owners or the receiving government agencies. Cospas-Sarsat was conceived and initiated by
836:
58:
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7661:
7456:
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6908:
6684:
6643:
5481:
3588:
3507:
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1612:
COSPAS-SARSAT international satellite system, search for ships and aircraft in distress. Stamp of USSR, 1987.
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698:
2023:
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8591:
8488:
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5337:
4991:
4431:
4105:
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3980:
3926:
3639:
3490:
1244:
with MEOSAR (medium-altitude Earth orbit search-and-rescue) payloads (seven others in preparation for use).
7318:
1577:
method used by Cospas-Sarsat 406-MHz digital beacons since their inception more than 30 years ago, binary
1523:
8820:
8327:
7767:
7557:
7540:
7306:
6050:
5576:
5409:
5361:
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5043:
5021:
4808:
4791:
4676:
4536:
4027:
3798:
3729:
3449:
2815:
1696:
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equipment. Satellites made it possible to expand this "local" search paradigm into a global capability.
1642:
1491:
SAR payloads provided by Canada, with launches beginning around 2026. The GPS SAR system is known as the
1051:
1197:). One designed for use aboard a marine vessel is called an emergency position-indicating radio beacon (
1111:'s Space Technology Hall of Fame for space technologies improving the quality of life for all humanity.
8679:
8601:
8540:
8247:
7090:
6164:
5757:
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5279:
5219:
4986:
4904:
3284:
3190:
3010:
2981:
2798:
2751:
2292:
1795:
1663:"This joint Project will permit the Parties to make recommendations on follow-on global applications."
1452:
1237:
with GEOSAR (geostationary Earth orbit search-and-rescue) payloads (two others in preparation for use),
1172:
1166:
1987:
8451:
8412:
8257:
8157:
8086:
8019:
7846:
6859:
6099:
6038:
5700:
5457:
5267:
4698:
4235:
2988:
2766:
2756:
1746:
1592:
Cospas-Sarsat has recently specified a new, additional beacon modulation and message scheme based on
1445:
1437:
1433:
1230:
with LEOSAR (low-altitude Earth orbit search-and-rescue) payloads (one other in preparation for use),
1175:(RCCs) that facilitate coordination of the SAR agency and personnel response to a distress situation.
1055:
1222:
The Cospas-Sarsat system operational space segment consists of SARR and/or SARP instruments aboard:
1099:
that transmit on 406 MHz (so-called 406 beacons). Older beacons that transmit using the legacy
8810:
8052:
7987:
7940:
7900:
7514:
7193:
6000:
5653:
5243:
5093:
5026:
4693:
4666:
4293:
4195:
4051:
3955:
2845:
2716:
844:
1203:). And one that is designed to be carried by an individual is known as a personal locator beacon (
890:
in 1979. The first rescue using the technology of Cospas-Sarsat occurred on 10 September 1982
8649:
8634:
8478:
8429:
8352:
8252:
7930:
7816:
7811:
7495:
7157:
7109:
6560:
5767:
5752:
5188:
5081:
5061:
4922:
4886:
4646:
4542:
4273:
4032:
3622:
3560:
3399:
3164:
2998:
2695:
5547:
4969:
4016:
2646:"Lay Person Explanation of the Satellite System: COSPAS-SARSAT: 14,000 Lives Saved and Counting"
1912:
843:
cooperative of 45 nations and agencies (see infobox). It is dedicated to detecting and locating
8571:
8357:
8172:
8117:
8112:
7925:
7890:
7205:
7133:
6922:
6548:
6135:
5695:
5596:
4671:
4656:
4641:
4230:
3995:
3990:
3921:
3495:
3375:
3326:
3049:
2896:
2805:
2360:
Cospas-Sarsat website, "Specification for Cospas-Sarsat 406 MHz Distress Beacons", at section 2
1107:
Cospas-Sarsat has received many honors for its humanitarian work, including induction into the
832:
2398:
1699:
in Greenbelt, MD, USA) directed Datron Systems in Chatsworth, CA, USA to design and build LUT
8473:
8277:
8242:
8162:
8142:
8064:
7952:
7873:
7268:
7121:
7066:
6999:
6844:
6123:
5971:
5882:
5870:
5777:
5611:
5606:
5001:
4382:
4250:
4130:
4125:
4061:
3931:
3849:
3538:
3274:
2960:
2857:
2851:
2835:
2743:
2581:
2160:"New York Times article, "Black Box from Missing EgyptAir Flight 804 is Said to be Detected""
1408:
1337:
1050:
Cospas-Sarsat does not undertake search-and-rescue operations. This is the responsibility of
7806:
8387:
8347:
8317:
8074:
8009:
7831:
7741:
7709:
7437:
7377:
7292:
7145:
7095:
6755:
6679:
6501:
6255:
5517:
5505:
5421:
5397:
5169:
4776:
4686:
4661:
4363:
3747:
3688:
3594:
3365:
3178:
3159:
3151:
2738:
1765:
1742:
1654:
1360:
1313:
650:
2563:
8:
8397:
8337:
8096:
8058:
7856:
7841:
7217:
6891:
6736:
6698:
6482:
6437:
6365:
5633:
5231:
5159:
5149:
5122:
4165:
3985:
3762:
3740:
3671:
3528:
3404:
3264:
3197:
3144:
3044:
2780:
2448:
1780:
1676:
1457:
1234:
8624:
8581:
8512:
8382:
8312:
8287:
8222:
8069:
7790:
7425:
7042:
6717:
6477:
5648:
5541:
5385:
4981:
4928:
4892:
4454:
4170:
3819:
3304:
2216:
1727:
1597:
1578:
1241:
8664:
8586:
8500:
8483:
8446:
8292:
8122:
8091:
7957:
7851:
5433:
5325:
5139:
4437:
3633:
3439:
3299:
3227:
2825:
2494:"COSPAS-S&RSAT (International Satellite System for Search & Rescue Services)"
2409:
1689:
1341:
1309:
1249:
1189:
1093:
948:
857:
824:
8332:
1312:(gathering of weather data). The primary mission of all of the MEOSAR satellites is
8669:
8629:
8609:
8576:
8505:
8463:
8377:
8232:
8217:
8192:
8167:
8127:
7977:
7836:
7821:
6317:
5772:
5762:
5291:
5144:
4898:
4484:
4466:
4419:
3874:
3718:
3113:
2886:
2876:
2820:
1549:
1108:
916:
747:
739:
704:
2471:
8903:
8297:
8152:
7920:
7895:
7883:
7468:
5643:
5445:
5176:
5164:
4975:
4478:
4406:
4240:
3782:
3752:
3611:
3576:
3233:
2946:
2609:
1712:
1700:
1593:
1253:
1227:
1156:
913:
902:
840:
743:
2649:
934:), meaning "Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress", and SARSAT, an
8495:
8367:
8342:
8302:
8272:
8147:
7982:
7935:
7910:
7868:
7256:
6918:
5788:
5677:
5559:
5440:
5100:
5069:
4411:
4278:
3879:
3792:
3787:
3723:
3548:
3095:
2793:
1484:
1480:
1461:
1413:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1266:
1128:
1062:
863:
719:
664:
2002:
722:, through its Galileo Programme, is a Space- and Ground-Segment Provider, and
8887:
8869:
8856:
8644:
8417:
8407:
8322:
8212:
8207:
8197:
8182:
8004:
7863:
5663:
5588:
5571:
5493:
5452:
5134:
5112:
4245:
4175:
3259:
3250:
3055:
2176:
GPS World (January 2011) : The Distress Alerting Satellite System (DASS)
1476:
1472:
1429:
1403:
1373:
1333:
1169:
distress alert data (particularly beacon location data) generated by the LUTs
1132:
1100:
1096:
883:
678:
1608:
8522:
8362:
8307:
8237:
8202:
8137:
8036:
8026:
7878:
7597:
5710:
5705:
5638:
5601:
4848:
3941:
3599:
2721:
2711:
2629:
1708:
1506:
component of the MEOSAR system is able to download information back to the
1377:
1270:
1185:
925:
887:
541:
500:
2664:
1782:
Cospas-Sarsat website, Formally associated Participant states and agencies
1589:
in a channelized scheme across the assigned 406.0 to 406.1 MHz band.
1119:
8722:
8372:
8282:
8267:
8227:
8187:
8046:
7747:
7721:
6827:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5207:
5154:
4934:
4460:
4066:
3960:
3757:
3582:
3434:
3239:
3086:
2231:"First Galileo personal emergency beacon coming to 19 European countries"
1290:
853:
582:
390:
377:
1815:
Cospas-Sarsat website, "International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement"
901:. The definitive agreement of the organization was signed by those four
8727:
8434:
8132:
8041:
7997:
7967:
7945:
5658:
3486:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
3169:
2788:
2761:
1938:
Cospas-Sarsat website, "Cospas-Sarsat System Data No.48, December 2022"
1582:
1574:
1146:
2045:
Cospas-Sarsat Website, "Current Space Segment Status and SAR Payloads"
1389:
a model with a feature to report its location (e.g., from an on-board
8712:
8177:
7992:
7759:
7401:
7389:
7353:
7054:
6619:
6245:
6233:
5214:
4878:
4741:
4602:
4516:
3839:
3427:
2810:
1956:
Cospas-Sarsat website, "Cospas-Sarsat Strategic Plan", at section 2.1
1448:
was launched on 19 September 2018, and the last on 23 November 2019.
1369:
1274:
871:
849:
820:
527:
307:
142:
128:
28:
3469:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
1873:
Space Foundation's Space Technology Hall of Fame inducted technology
1711:, and Jeffrey Pawlan designed the downconverter and the specialized
1145:
SAR signal repeaters (SARR) and SAR signal processors (SARP) aboard
8707:
8697:
8614:
8439:
8262:
5416:
5380:
5262:
4610:
3395:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
3184:
3108:
2920:
1704:
1364:
1324:
1152:
723:
595:
431:
363:
76:
2019:
Cospas-Sarsat Website, "Handbook of (National) Beacon Regulations"
1797:
International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement β UN Treaty Series
1657:
of Canada. Under Article 3 of the memorandum, it was stated that:
8702:
8687:
7905:
6884:
6513:
5476:
5286:
4615:
3683:
3118:
3037:
1707:
from the satellites. At Datron, a team designed a LUT with five
1425:
959:
been compiled), Cospas-Sarsat assistance included the following:
935:
909:
867:
692:
623:
404:
266:
239:
226:
114:
2560:"NASA Search and Rescue Mission Office : Emergency Beacons"
1483:
satellites are used operationally by the Cospas-Sarsat System.
1277:
to route the messages to rescue coordination centres worldwide.
807:
784:
8732:
8692:
8014:
5500:
5428:
5392:
5320:
5274:
5238:
5226:
5088:
3854:
3279:
2597:
2061:. European GNSS Service Centre. 4 December 2021. Archived from
1858:
Cospas-Sarsat website, "What is a Cospas-Sarsat 406 MHz Beacon"
1488:
1468:
1421:
1285:
When a distress beacon is activated, the Cospas-Sarsat system:
879:
875:
828:
636:
569:
514:
486:
459:
417:
279:
252:
212:
170:
156:
84:
80:
2598:
Official Website for the International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
705:
International Telecommunication Development Company (Taiwan)**
8717:
8654:
7962:
7614:
7500:
5524:
5512:
5404:
5332:
5250:
5076:
4731:
4472:
3571:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
3269:
3006:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
2614:
2345:
European Commission Proposal for Council Decision (June 2022)
1735:
1731:
1720:
1630:
1626:
1541:
1199:
1082:
555:
472:
349:
335:
321:
293:
198:
184:
2620:
Official Website for NASA's Search-and-Rescue Mission Office
1451:
Operational distribution of MEOSAR alert data began at 1300
8659:
7078:
6820:
6346:
5983:
5536:
5298:
4839:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
3473:
1650:
1646:
1496:
1085:, see below) on all vessels subject to requirements of the
1058:). Cospas-Sarsat provides alert data to those authorities.
609:
445:
16:
International satellite-aided search and rescue initiative
4501:
3385:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
1390:
1295:
1123:
The components and operation of the Cospas-Sarsat system
908:
The term Cospas-Sarsat derives from COSPAS (ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ‘), an
4953:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
4844:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
3464:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
1719:
The Party States led development of the 406-MHz marine
3423:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
1730:
through normal telephone-originated services, such as
1487:
satellites are planned to have dedicated, operational
1087:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
794:
8934:
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
5716:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
4859:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
2399:
The History of Defence Science in the Canadian Arctic
2188:"NASA - Taking the 'Search' out of Search and Rescue"
1351:
The Cospas-Sarsat LEOSAR system was made possible by
709:*Party State, and Space- and Ground-Segment Provider
3513:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1298:
receiver incorporated into the beacon's design), and
2517:
Cospas-Sarsat Website, Information Bulletin, page 2
1913:"About the Programme - International COSPAS-SARSAT"
1831:"Strategic Goals for the Cospas-Sarsat Programme",
1568:
1553:beacon to be tracked by properly equipped vessels.
718:Additionally, although not State Participants, the
5723:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
4834:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
3503:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
3481:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
2626:"Detailed SARSAT and COSPAS satellite information"
2309:Cospas-Sarsat Website, "Cospas-Sarsat System Data"
2263:
1647:U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1467:With respect to GPS-hosted payloads, experimental
938:for "Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking".
905:as the "Parties" to the agreement on 1 July 1988.
4964:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
4824:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
1585:transmissions occupy approximately 3 kHz of
8885:
5818:
4819:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
2578:"Taking the "Search" Out of "Search-and-Rescue""
2271:"Galileo now replying to SOS messages worldwide"
2004:Space Technology Hall of Fame induction ceremony
866:are detected, located and forwarded to over 200
4947:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
3474:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
3348:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004β2010)
2547:The Hartford Courant, 25 November 1982, page A6
2534:The Washington Post, 30 September 1982, page A3
2485:
2253:"Galileo Search and Rescue Service β Navipedia"
1900:The Hartford Courant, 25 November 1982, page A6
1887:The Washington Post, 30 September 1982, page A3
1616:
1142:to be activated in a life-threatening emergency
4231:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
3016:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
2972:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
2463:
2392:
2390:
2135:. European GNSS Service Centre. Archived from
2109:. European GNSS Service Centre. Archived from
1621:In the early 1970s, the Space System Group at
1534:
931:"Cosmicheskaya Sistema Poiska Avariynyh Sudov"
7775:
7736:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
5804:
4782:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
4754:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
3589:Creation of the British National Space Centre
2977:European Space Research and Technology Centre
2887:
2877:
2680:
2615:Official Website for the USA's Sarsat Program
2446:
2294:Cospas-Sarsat Website, "Cospas-Sarsat System"
929:
919:
3028:European Space Security and Education Centre
2397:Verrall, Ronald I.; Heard, Garry J. (2022).
2396:
2223:
2157:
2125:
2099:
2077:
2051:
1649:, the USSR Ministry of Merchant Marine, the
1092:Cospas-Sarsat only monitors for alerts from
921:"ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
Π‘ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²"
8790:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
4869:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
4829:International Mobile Satellite Organization
4709:Politics of the International Space Station
3344:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
2694:
2387:
2213:"Distress Alerting Satellite System (DASS)"
2085:"Search and Rescue (SAR) / Galileo Service"
99:45 Formally associated "Participant" states
8826:
7782:
7768:
5811:
5797:
4864:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
4854:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
4201:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
3618:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
2941:European Launcher Development Organisation
2687:
2673:
2440:
2158:Clark, Nicola; Youssef, Nour (June 2016),
1563:Convention on International Civil Aviation
27:
4941:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
4787:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
4727:International Civil Aviation Organization
4269:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
4166:Launch of the Space Launch System program
4161:Cancellation of the Constellation program
1743:global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
1067:International Civil Aviation Organization
4321:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
1851:
1849:
1847:
1671:The first system satellite, "COSPAS-1" (
1636:
1607:
1323:
1118:
806:
4970:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
4092:2002 National missile defense directive
3445:Council of European Aerospace Societies
3327:Western European Union Satellite Centre
2087:. European Union Space Programme Agency
1767:Galileo's Contribution to Cospas-Sarsat
1444:(BDS) navigation spacecraft. The first
827:(SAR) initiative. It is organized as a
8886:
7789:
5743:International Astronautical Federation
4524:
4052:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
3460:European Committee for Standardization
3072:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
1332:LEOSAR was the original Cospas-Sarsat
1280:
1079:Global Maritime Distress Safety System
8909:Soviet and Russian space institutions
7763:
5792:
5738:International Academy of Astronautics
4959:International Docking System Standard
4804:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
4797:International Planetary Data Alliance
4704:International Space Station programme
4426:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
4336:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
3628:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
3390:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
3067:Space Situational Awareness Programme
2668:
1844:
1682:Defence Research Establishment Ottawa
1623:Communications Research Centre Canada
1479:satellites, and four payloads aboard
1075:International Telecommunication Union
817:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
715:***Space- and Ground-Segment Provider
8924:Soviet UnionβUnited States relations
8836:
5733:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
3748:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
2955:European Space Research Organisation
2133:"SAR/Galileo Satellites Information"
2059:"SAR/Galileo Satellites Information"
1974:AIN Online, "New ELT Rules from ICAO
1680:then-experimental ground station at
1540:equipment. Additionally, the latest
1257:when the satellite passes overhead.
4592:United Rocket and Space Corporation
4246:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
4126:Launch of the Constellation program
3850:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
1513:
1328:Example of LEOSAR signal footprint.
1114:
1071:International Maritime Organization
699:Hong Kong, China, Marine Department
22:International Cospas-Sarsat Program
13:
5686:Air & Space Forces Association
4326:Antennas & Propagation Society
3534:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
3455:European Civil Aviation Conference
2491:
1651:Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales
1493:Distress Alerting Satellite System
1159:called LUTs (local user terminals)
1065:-affiliated agencies, such as the
14:
8945:
4759:General Assembly Fourth Committee
4747:Space Generation Advisory Council
4181:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
3355:EU Agency for the Space Programme
3104:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
3077:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
2904:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
2846:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
2591:
2562:. 20 October 2007. Archived from
2469:
1260:
8919:International telecommunications
8835:
8825:
8816:
8815:
8804:
8425:Free-space optical communication
7715:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7667:
7655:
7632:
7620:
7608:
7508:
7489:
7462:
7450:
7431:
7419:
7395:
7383:
7371:
7359:
7347:
7324:
7312:
7300:
7286:
7274:
7262:
7250:
7211:
7199:
7187:
7175:
7163:
7151:
7139:
7127:
7115:
7103:
7084:
7072:
7060:
7048:
7036:
7024:
7005:
6993:
6981:
6969:
6957:
6943:
6931:
6838:
6768:
6749:
6730:
6711:
6692:
6673:
6661:
6649:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6590:
6578:
6566:
6554:
6542:
6530:
6507:
6495:
6466:
6454:
6431:
6419:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6340:
6286:
6263:
6239:
6227:
6170:
6158:
6129:
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5989:
5977:
5965:
5931:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5876:
5864:
5748:International Astronomical Union
5570:
5558:
5546:
5535:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5475:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5379:
5367:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5213:
5111:
5099:
5087:
5075:
4571:Medvedev modernisation programme
4274:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
3942:1985 anti-satellite missile test
3606:Space Innovation and Growth Team
3351:European GNSS Agency (2010β2021)
3033:European Space Operations Centre
2994:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
1573:There has been one transmission
1569:Beacon Transmission Technologies
1217:
1155:receiving and signal processing
685:
671:
657:
643:
629:
616:
602:
588:
575:
562:
548:
534:
520:
507:
493:
479:
465:
452:
438:
424:
410:
397:
383:
370:
356:
342:
328:
314:
300:
286:
272:
259:
245:
232:
219:
205:
191:
177:
163:
149:
135:
121:
107:
4997:Astronomical naming conventions
3922:Strategy of Technology doctrine
3694:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
3612:Creation of the UK Space Agency
3062:European Space Policy Institute
3022:European Space Astronomy Centre
2580:. 14 March 2016. Archived from
2570:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2508:
2422:
2369:
2351:
2336:
2318:
2300:
2285:
2245:
2205:
2180:
2169:
2151:
2036:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1965:
1947:
1929:
1905:
1745:receivers (such as those using
1546:automatic identification system
1344:" SARP modules in addition to "
1248:A SARR or SARP instrument is a
852:orbiting the Earth which carry
845:emergency locator radio beacons
5728:British Interplanetary Society
5691:Alliance for Space Development
4814:Global Standards Collaboration
4737:Office for Outer Space Affairs
4264:China exclusion policy of NASA
3932:Space Station Freedom proposal
3845:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
2915:Planetary Exploration of China
2739:Planetary protection principle
2406:Department of National Defence
1892:
1879:
1864:
1824:
1806:
1788:
1773:
1758:
1666:
1061:Cospas-Sarsat cooperates with
59:Intergovernmental organization
1:
8929:FranceβSoviet Union relations
8914:CanadaβSoviet Union relations
4911:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
4241:Launch of the Artemis program
4171:Redesign of the Orion program
4087:Aerospace Industry Commission
3783:Launch of the Mariner program
3508:European Southern Observatory
3208:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995β2015)
2107:"SAR Payload Characteristics"
1752:
941:
8811:Telecommunication portal
8592:Telecommunications equipment
5820:Public-sector space agencies
4992:Extraterrestrial real estate
4532:GoreβChernomyrdin Commission
4432:Soviet crewed lunar programs
4341:Vehicular Technology Society
4331:Broadcast Technology Society
4106:Vision for Space Exploration
4023:GoreβChernomyrdin Commission
3981:Space Exploration Initiative
3927:Strategic Defense Initiative
3880:Launch of the Viking program
3793:Launch of the Apollo program
3788:Launch of the Gemini project
3640:Defence in a Competitive Age
3577:Start of the Ariel programme
3491:European Patent Organisation
2233:. GPS World. 26 October 2020
1834:Cospas-Sarsat Strategic Plan
1655:Department of Communications
1617:Conception and demonstration
1529:
726:is a Space-Segment Provider
7:
8328:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
4809:Group on Earth Observations
4792:Committee on Space Research
4236:Creation of the Space Force
4156:Kennedy Space Center speech
3799:We choose to go to the Moon
3730:Introduction to Outer Space
3450:European Broadcasting Union
2451:. Colorado State University
1697:Goddard Space Flight Center
1643:memorandum of understanding
1596:technology with quadrature
1535:Current Beacon Technologies
1446:SAR-equipped BDS spacecraft
1242:medium-altitude Earth orbit
1173:Rescue coordination centres
1167:rescue coordination centres
930:
10:
8950:
8032:Telecommunications history
5758:Space Exploration Alliance
4987:Common heritage of mankind
4905:Space Liability Convention
4677:North Korean space program
4603:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
4067:Launch of the X-37 program
3917:Citizens' Advisory Council
3011:European Data Relay System
2982:Concurrent Design Facility
2727:Space Debris Working Group
2447:Hillger, Don; Garry Toth.
2404:(Report). Ottawa, Canada:
1629:and was granted use of an
1603:
1179:
1165:(MCCs) that distribute to
712:**Ground-Segment Provider
8799:
8741:
8678:
8640:Public Switched Telephone
8600:
8564:
8521:
8462:
8452:telecommunication circuit
8413:Fiber-optic communication
8396:
8158:Francis Blake (telephone)
8105:
7953:Optical telecommunication
7797:
7730:
7647:
7523:
7481:
7339:
6917:
6799:
6792:
6605:
6522:
6446:
6278:
6219:
6203:
6196:
6071:
5957:
5950:
5856:
5833:
5826:
5701:Space Frontier Foundation
5676:
5587:
5196:
5187:
5128:Launch market competition
5060:
4877:
4767:
4719:
4699:Ugandan space initiatives
4634:
4584:
4563:
4515:
4494:
4447:
4399:
4375:
4362:
4355:
4259:
4219:
4139:
4075:
4004:
3969:
3905:
3888:
3863:
3828:
3808:
3771:
3753:Launch of Project Mercury
3702:
3660:
3651:
3559:
3521:
3413:
3317:
3249:
3207:
3131:
3050:Ariane launcher programme
2989:European Astronaut Centre
2947:Europa launcher programme
2931:
2888:
2878:
2834:
2779:
2767:The Spaceguard Foundation
2702:
2449:"COSPAS / SARSAT Program"
1548:(AIS) transmitter in the
1434:Global Positioning System
1397:
1383:
1319:
1235:geostationary Earth orbit
1226:Five satellites in polar
1127:The system consists of a
1056:flight information region
920:
779:
769:
753:
733:
90:
72:
64:
54:
35:
26:
8551:Orbital angular-momentum
7988:Satellite communications
7827:Communications satellite
5654:Reconnaissance satellite
5027:International Designator
4694:Philippine space program
4642:Australian space program
4294:Office of Space Commerce
4284:House Committee on Space
4196:Space Shuttle retirement
4151:2009 Augustine Committee
3986:1990 Augustine Committee
3132:Horizon 2000 (1985β1995)
2717:Space traffic management
1989:Space Foundation Website
1641:On 23 November 1979, a "
1228:low-altitude Earth orbit
1052:national administrations
771:Council Chair (rotating)
8899:Emergency communication
8430:Molecular communication
8253:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
8082:Undersea telegraph line
7817:Cable protection system
5768:Space Force Association
5753:Lunar Explorers Society
4923:Registration Convention
4887:Partial Test Ban Treaty
4768:Other intergovernmental
4682:Pakistani space program
4647:Brazilian space program
4017:Faster, better, cheaper
3820:1967 Outer Space Treaty
3623:Space Industry Act 2018
3400:European Defence Agency
3056:Vega launcher programme
2999:Living Planet Programme
2722:Space debris management
2696:Politics of outer space
1163:Mission control centres
811:Logo as used until 1992
8894:Maritime communication
8572:Communication protocol
8358:Charles Sumner Tainter
8173:Walter Houser Brattain
8118:Edwin Howard Armstrong
7926:Information revolution
5696:National Space Society
5597:Space domain awareness
4770:or inter-agency bodies
4672:Lebanese space program
4657:Japanese space program
4598:2014 Military doctrine
4576:2010 Military doctrine
3996:National Space Council
3991:Hubble Space Telescope
3763:Launch of X-15 program
3684:Aerobee rocket program
3634:2021 Integrated Review
3496:European Patent Office
3416:initiatives and bodies
2806:Billionaire space race
2732:Space Debris Committee
1613:
1329:
1140:Distress radio-beacons
1124:
892:; 42 years ago
812:
41:; 36 years ago
8870:41.13444Β°N 16.83444Β°E
8546:Polarization-division
8278:Narinder Singh Kapany
8243:Erna Schneider Hoover
8163:Jagadish Chandra Bose
8143:Alexander Graham Bell
7874:online video platform
5778:The Planetary Society
5607:Anti-satellite weapon
5002:ITU Radio Regulations
4652:Emirati space program
4383:Operation Osoaviakhim
4251:Executive Order 13959
4131:Operation Burnt Frost
4062:Decadal Planning Team
3544:Indian ASAT programme
3539:Space Activities Bill
2961:European Space Agency
2933:ESA Science Programme
2744:Post-detection policy
1917:www.cospas-sarsat.int
1675:), was launched from
1637:First legal framework
1611:
1508:distress radio-beacon
1327:
1271:phased antenna arrays
1233:Twelve satellites in
1193:locator transmitter (
1122:
810:
775:Henrik Smith (Canada)
8388:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8348:Almon Brown Strowger
8318:Charles Grafton Page
7973:Prepaid mobile phone
7901:Electrical telegraph
7742:Soviet space program
5200:units and formations
5170:Project Harvest Moon
4917:Satellite Convention
4777:African Space Agency
4687:Space programme 2040
4667:Kenyan space program
4662:Kazakh space program
3595:Outer Space Act 1986
3583:Black Arrow launcher
3366:Copernicus programme
3339:EU/ESA Space Council
2967:EU/ESA Space Council
2858:Chinese ASAT program
2470:Krebs, Gunter Dirk.
1524:established globally
651:United Arab Emirates
8866: /
8338:Johann Philipp Reis
8097:Wireless revolution
8059:The Telephone Cases
7916:Hydraulic telegraph
6892:Guiana Space Centre
5634:Kinetic bombardment
5160:Space manufacturing
5150:Space-based economy
5123:Private spaceflight
4543:ShuttleβMir program
4111:Aldridge Commission
4033:ShuttleβMir program
3741:Space Act Agreement
3672:Operation Paperclip
3529:Department of Space
3522:Indian space policy
3405:Europe by Satellite
3333:EU Satellite Centre
3045:Guiana Space Centre
2789:Cold War space race
2707:Spacefaring nations
2652:on January 13, 2015
2566:on 20 October 2007.
2492:Kramer, Herbert J.
2113:on 19 December 2021
1677:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
1653:of France, and the
1471:payloads aboard 18
1458:EgyptAir flight 804
1281:System architecture
951:(SAR) authorities.
735:Official languages
23:
8875:41.13444; 16.83444
8536:Frequency-division
8513:Telephone exchange
8383:Charles Wheatstone
8313:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
8288:Innocenzo Manzetti
8223:Reginald Fessenden
7958:Optical telegraphy
7791:Telecommunications
5649:Military satellite
5487:Ranks and insignia
4982:Space jurisdiction
4929:Bogota Declaration
4893:Outer Space Treaty
4389:list of scientists
3677:list of scientists
3319:EU Space Programme
2632:on August 15, 2015
2608:2017-02-11 at the
2408:. pp. 41β42.
2273:. 30 November 2021
2164:The New York Times
2139:on 4 December 2021
2065:on 4 December 2021
1728:emergency services
1614:
1598:phase-shift keying
1579:phase-shift keying
1502:Additionally, the
1330:
1125:
813:
21:
8849:
8848:
8587:Store and forward
8582:Data transmission
8496:Network switching
8447:Transmission line
8293:Guglielmo Marconi
8258:Internet pioneers
8123:Mohamed M. Atalla
8092:Whistled language
7757:
7756:
7477:
7476:
6788:
6787:
6192:
6191:
6074:and the Caribbean
5946:
5945:
5786:
5785:
5672:
5671:
5664:Satellite jamming
5140:Space advertising
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4511:
4510:
4351:
4350:
3971:George H. W. Bush
3440:Council of Europe
3361:Galileo programme
3313:
3312:
3300:Comet Interceptor
2826:Space competition
2584:on 14 March 2016.
1690:direction finding
1342:store-and-forward
1250:secondary payload
1240:48 satellites in
1044:
1043:
949:search-and-rescue
886:, and the former
858:signal processors
837:intergovernmental
825:search and rescue
805:
804:
8941:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8839:
8838:
8829:
8828:
8819:
8818:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8680:Notable networks
8670:Wireless network
8610:Cellular network
8602:Types of network
8577:Computer network
8464:Network topology
8378:Thomas A. Watson
8233:Oliver Heaviside
8218:Philo Farnsworth
8193:Daniel Davis Jr.
8168:Charles Bourseul
8128:John Logie Baird
7837:Data compression
7832:Computer network
7784:
7777:
7770:
7761:
7760:
7740:Preceded by the
7720:
7719:
7718:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7010:
7009:
7008:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6797:
6796:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6201:
6200:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6013:
6012:
6011:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5955:
5954:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5831:
5830:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5773:Space Foundation
5763:Space Fellowship
5575:
5574:
5563:
5562:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5528:
5527:
5516:
5515:
5504:
5503:
5480:
5479:
5456:
5455:
5444:
5443:
5432:
5431:
5420:
5419:
5408:
5407:
5396:
5395:
5384:
5383:
5372:
5371:
5360:
5359:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5335:
5324:
5323:
5302:
5301:
5290:
5289:
5278:
5277:
5266:
5265:
5254:
5253:
5242:
5241:
5230:
5229:
5218:
5217:
5194:
5193:
5145:Space technology
5116:
5115:
5104:
5103:
5092:
5091:
5080:
5079:
5022:COSPAR standards
4899:Rescue Agreement
4522:
4521:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4359:
3719:Project Vanguard
3658:
3657:
3129:
3128:
3114:Aurora programme
3100:Mars and beyond
2891:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2852:Shuguang program
2821:Space propaganda
2748:Asteroid impact
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2648:. Archived from
2641:
2639:
2637:
2628:. Archived from
2586:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2219:on 11 June 2016.
2215:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2190:. Archived from
2184:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2022:, archived from
2014:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1407:large satellite
1402:The most recent
1267:satellite dishes
1184:A Cospas-Sarsat
1115:System operation
1109:Space Foundation
1097:distress beacons
962:
961:
953:Distress beacons
933:
923:
922:
900:
898:
893:
801:
798:
796:
791:
788:
786:
690:
689:
688:
676:
675:
674:
662:
661:
660:
648:
647:
646:
634:
633:
632:
621:
620:
619:
607:
606:
605:
593:
592:
591:
580:
579:
578:
567:
566:
565:
553:
552:
551:
539:
538:
537:
525:
524:
523:
512:
511:
510:
498:
497:
496:
484:
483:
482:
470:
469:
468:
457:
456:
455:
443:
442:
441:
429:
428:
427:
415:
414:
413:
402:
401:
400:
388:
387:
386:
375:
374:
373:
361:
360:
359:
347:
346:
345:
333:
332:
331:
319:
318:
317:
305:
304:
303:
291:
290:
289:
277:
276:
275:
264:
263:
262:
250:
249:
248:
237:
236:
235:
224:
223:
222:
210:
209:
208:
196:
195:
194:
182:
181:
180:
168:
167:
166:
154:
153:
152:
140:
139:
138:
126:
125:
124:
112:
111:
110:
49:
47:
42:
39:1 July 1988
31:
24:
20:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8884:
8883:
8874:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8845:
8805:
8803:
8795:
8737:
8674:
8596:
8560:
8517:
8466:
8458:
8399:
8392:
8298:Robert Metcalfe
8153:Tim Berners-Lee
8101:
7921:Information Age
7793:
7788:
7758:
7753:
7726:
7716:
7714:
7704:
7702:
7692:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7668:
7666:
7656:
7654:
7643:
7633:
7631:
7621:
7619:
7609:
7607:
7519:
7509:
7507:
7490:
7488:
7473:
7463:
7461:
7451:
7449:
7432:
7430:
7420:
7418:
7396:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7372:
7370:
7360:
7358:
7348:
7346:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7313:
7311:
7301:
7299:
7287:
7285:
7275:
7273:
7263:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7212:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7188:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7128:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7085:
7083:
7073:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7049:
7047:
7037:
7035:
7025:
7023:
7006:
7004:
6994:
6992:
6982:
6980:
6970:
6968:
6958:
6956:
6944:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6913:
6839:
6837:
6784:
6769:
6767:
6750:
6748:
6731:
6729:
6712:
6710:
6693:
6691:
6674:
6672:
6662:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6638:
6636:
6626:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6543:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6518:
6508:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6467:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6420:
6418:
6396:
6394:
6384:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6360:
6358:
6341:
6339:
6287:
6285:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6240:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6215:
6188:
6171:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6130:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6073:
6067:
6057:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5990:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5896:
5894:
5877:
5875:
5865:
5863:
5852:
5835:
5822:
5817:
5787:
5782:
5668:
5644:Missile defense
5583:
5569:
5557:
5534:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5474:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5296:
5284:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5199:
5183:
5177:Asteroid mining
5165:Lunar resources
5110:
5098:
5086:
5074:
5056:
5049:ISECG standards
5012:ODCWG standards
5007:CCSDS standards
4976:Artemis Accords
4873:
4769:
4763:
4715:
4622:
4580:
4559:
4507:
4490:
4443:
4438:Voskhod program
4407:Sputnik program
4395:
4367:
4365:
4356:USSR and Russia
4347:
4255:
4222:
4215:
4142:
4135:
4078:
4071:
4007:
4000:
3972:
3965:
3908:
3901:
3891:
3884:
3866:
3859:
3831:
3824:
3811:
3804:
3774:
3767:
3705:
3698:
3663:
3653:US space policy
3647:
3563:space programme
3562:
3555:
3517:
3415:
3409:
3376:EUSST programme
3371:EGNOS programme
3309:
3245:
3234:LISA Pathfinder
3203:
3145:CassiniβHuygens
3127:
3038:ESTRACK network
2927:
2910:Mars and beyond
2837:
2830:
2775:
2698:
2693:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2610:Wayback Machine
2594:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1840:, Cospas-Sarsat
1837:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1703:to receive the
1701:ground stations
1669:
1639:
1619:
1606:
1594:spread-spectrum
1571:
1537:
1532:
1516:
1400:
1386:
1322:
1283:
1263:
1252:and associated
1220:
1186:distress beacon
1182:
1157:ground stations
1117:
1073:(IMO), and the
968:People Rescued
944:
896:
894:
891:
864:Distress alerts
793:
792:
783:
772:
760:
756:
746:
742:
736:
729:
717:
716:
686:
684:
672:
670:
658:
656:
644:
642:
630:
628:
617:
615:
603:
601:
589:
587:
576:
574:
563:
561:
549:
547:
535:
533:
521:
519:
508:
506:
494:
492:
480:
478:
466:
464:
453:
451:
439:
437:
425:
423:
411:
409:
398:
396:
384:
382:
371:
369:
357:
355:
343:
341:
329:
327:
315:
313:
301:
299:
287:
285:
273:
271:
260:
258:
246:
244:
233:
231:
220:
218:
206:
204:
192:
190:
178:
176:
164:
162:
150:
148:
136:
134:
122:
120:
108:
106:
103:
102:
100:
93:
45:
43:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8947:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8833:
8823:
8813:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8751:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8531:Space-division
8527:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8481:
8476:
8470:
8468:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8444:
8443:
8442:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8368:Camille Tissot
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8343:Claude Shannon
8340:
8335:
8333:Tivadar PuskΓ‘s
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8303:Antonio Meucci
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8273:Charles K. Kao
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8248:Harold Hopkins
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8148:Emile Berliner
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8087:Videotelephony
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8062:
8055:
8050:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7990:
7985:
7983:Radiotelephone
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7869:Internet video
7861:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7803:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7787:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7764:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7744:
7738:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7712:
7700:
7688:
7676:
7664:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7629:
7617:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7538:
7533:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7459:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7428:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7392:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7321:
7309:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7208:
7196:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7081:
7069:
7057:
7045:
7033:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7002:
6990:
6978:
6966:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6927:
6925:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6587:
6575:
6563:
6551:
6539:
6526:
6524:
6523:Southeast Asia
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6463:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6428:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6392:
6380:
6368:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6300:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6236:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6167:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6126:
6114:
6102:
6090:
6077:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6053:
6041:
6029:
6017:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5986:
5974:
5961:
5959:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5928:
5916:
5904:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5873:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5678:Space advocacy
5674:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5567:
5565:United Kingdom
5555:
5544:
5532:
5520:
5508:
5494:Space commands
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5448:
5446:United Kingdom
5436:
5424:
5412:
5400:
5388:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5294:
5282:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5204:
5202:
5191:
5189:Militarisation
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5108:
5106:United Kingdom
5096:
5084:
5070:Space industry
5066:
5064:
5062:Commercial use
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5032:IPDA standards
5029:
5019:
5017:CEOS standards
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4720:United Nations
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4635:Other policies
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4611:MARS-500 study
4605:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4467:Salyut program
4464:
4458:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4420:Vostok program
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:Sputnik crisis
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4377:
4370:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4279:Budget of NASA
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4211:2015 Space Act
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:Space Shuttle
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:George W. Bush
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:1998 Space Act
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4012:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:Space Shuttle
3944:
3939:
3937:1984 Space Act
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3790:
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3724:Sputnik crisis
3721:
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3549:Mission Shakti
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3414:Other European
3411:
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3141:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
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3116:
3111:
3109:MARS-500 study
3106:
3098:
3096:ESA Television
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3064:
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2926:
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2921:MARS-500 study
2918:
2907:
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2900:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2849:
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2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
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2808:
2803:
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2801:
2796:
2794:Sputnik crisis
2785:
2783:
2777:
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2774:
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2770:
2769:
2759:
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2684:
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2669:
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2642:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2600:
2593:
2592:External links
2590:
2588:
2587:
2569:
2551:
2538:
2525:
2507:
2484:
2462:
2439:
2421:
2414:
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2222:
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2179:
2168:
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2009:
1994:
1979:
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1946:
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1536:
1533:
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1515:
1514:Ground segment
1512:
1485:GPS Block IIIF
1481:GPS Block IIIA
1414:European Union
1399:
1396:
1385:
1382:
1321:
1318:
1310:meteorological
1303:
1302:
1299:
1282:
1279:
1262:
1261:Ground segment
1259:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1219:
1216:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1135:that include:
1129:ground segment
1116:
1113:
1063:United Nations
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
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992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
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975:
972:
969:
966:
943:
940:
914:transliterated
803:
802:
787:.cospas-sarsat
781:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
759:Shefali Juneja
757:
754:
751:
750:
737:
734:
731:
730:
728:
727:
720:European Union
713:
710:
707:
702:
696:
682:
668:
665:United Kingdom
654:
640:
626:
613:
599:
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572:
559:
545:
531:
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490:
476:
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118:
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66:
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56:
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51:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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8935:
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8641:
8638:
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8628:
8626:
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8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8599:
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8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8557:
8556:Code-division
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8541:Time-division
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8514:
8511:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8498:
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8494:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8467:and switching
8465:
8461:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8419:
8418:optical fiber
8416:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8408:Coaxial cable
8406:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8323:Radia Perlman
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8213:Lee de Forest
8211:
8209:
8208:Thomas Edison
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8198:Donald Davies
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8183:Claude Chappe
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
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8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8098:
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8093:
8090:
8088:
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8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8066:
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8061:
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8056:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8027:Smoke signals
8025:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8005:Semiconductor
8003:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
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7902:
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7889:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7864:Digital media
7862:
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7853:
7850:
7848:
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7843:
7840:
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7800:
7796:
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7780:
7778:
7773:
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7766:
7765:
7762:
7750:participation
7749:
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7737:
7733:
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7723:
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7699:
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7579:
7576:
7574:
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7569:
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7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7553:Cospas-Sarsat
7551:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7506:
7502:
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7480:
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7460:
7458:
7448:
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7441:
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7417:
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7408:
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7403:
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7345:
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7322:
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7310:
7308:
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7294:
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7270:
7260:
7258:
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7229:
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7221:
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7209:
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7111:
7101:
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7082:
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7068:
7058:
7056:
7046:
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7022:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7003:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6979:
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6951:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6929:
6928:
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6907:
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6882:
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6866:
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6861:
6858:
6856:
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6851:
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6847:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6819:
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6817:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6747:
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6740:
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6728:
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6721:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6635:
6633:
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6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6552:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6464:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6429:
6427:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6166:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:Latin America
6070:
6064:
6054:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5975:
5973:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:North America
5956:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5917:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5802:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5627:United States
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5589:Space warfare
5586:
5578:
5577:United States
5573:
5568:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:United States
5454:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5198:Space forces,
5195:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Space tourism
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:United States
5114:
5109:
5107:
5102:
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4479:Buran program
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4206:2014 NASA Act
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4186:2010 NASA Act
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4176:Flexible path
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4121:2005 NASA Act
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4038:ISS programme
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3956:Rogers Report
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3736:1958 NASA Act
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3260:Solar Orbiter
3258:
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3251:Cosmic Vision
3248:
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3241:
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3215:ISS programme
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2897:Space station
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2838:space program
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2667:
2656:September 23,
2651:
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2208:
2194:on 2020-11-09
2193:
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2172:
2165:
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2138:
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2128:
2112:
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2064:
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2054:
2047:
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2039:
2026:on 2017-01-28
2025:
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2006:
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1477:GPS Block IIF
1474:
1473:GPS Block IIR
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
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1431:
1430:United States
1427:
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1404:space segment
1395:
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1334:space segment
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1218:Space segment
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1133:space segment
1130:
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1101:analog signal
1098:
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971:SAR Events β
970:
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884:United States
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679:United States
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63:
60:
57:
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38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
8851:
8523:Multiplexing
8398:Transmission
8363:Nikola Tesla
8353:Henry Sutton
8308:Samuel Morse
8238:Robert Hooke
8203:Amos Dolbear
8138:John Bardeen
8057:
8037:Telautograph
7941:Mobile phone
7896:Edholm's law
7879:social media
7812:Broadcasting
7746:Preceded by
7598:Intersputnik
7552:
7443:TΓBΔ°TAK UZAY
6904:EUTELSAT IGO
6800:Pan-European
6761:TΓBΔ°TAK UZAY
6220:Central Asia
5836:and pan-Arab
5711:Moon Society
5706:Mars Society
5639:Kill vehicle
5602:Space weapon
5208:Space forces
4946:
4849:Intersputnik
4803:
4485:ApolloβSoyuz
4223:space policy
4143:space policy
4098:
4079:space policy
4015:
4008:space policy
3973:space policy
3948:
3909:space policy
3892:space policy
3875:ApolloβSoyuz
3867:space policy
3840:Moon landing
3832:space policy
3812:space policy
3775:space policy
3728:
3706:space policy
3664:space policy
3638:
3600:Project Juno
3238:
3226:
3196:
3189:
3177:
3171:
3150:
3143:
2943:(1960β1975)
2712:Space policy
2654:. Retrieved
2650:the original
2636:September 8,
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2582:the original
2572:
2564:the original
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2516:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2442:
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2377:
2371:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2265:
2257:gssc.esa.int
2256:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2225:
2217:the original
2207:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:the original
2182:
2171:
2163:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:the original
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2053:
2044:
2038:
2028:, retrieved
2024:the original
2018:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1973:
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1937:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
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1501:
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1450:
1401:
1387:
1378:ground track
1350:
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1291:binary coded
1289:decodes the
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1264:
1247:
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1209:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1126:
1106:
1091:
1069:(ICAO), the
1060:
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1045:
957:
945:
926:Latin script
907:
888:Soviet Union
862:
854:transponders
841:humanitarian
816:
814:
542:South Africa
501:Saudi Arabia
101:and agencies
92:Membership
73:Headquarters
65:Legal status
18:
8873: /
8723:NPL network
8435:Radio waves
8373:Alfred Vail
8283:Hedy Lamarr
8268:Dawon Kahng
8228:Elisha Gray
8188:Yogen Dalal
8113:Nasir Ahmed
8047:Teleprinter
7911:Heliographs
7748:Interkosmos
7722:Interkosmos
6828:Eurocontrol
6478:Antrix Corp
5834:Pan-African
5374:North Korea
5362:New Zealand
5350:Netherlands
5155:Space trade
4935:Moon Treaty
4594:(2013β2015)
4504:(1986β2001)
4481:(1974β1993)
4475:(1973β1977)
4469:(1971β1986)
4463:(1967β1991)
4461:Interkosmos
4440:(1964β1966)
4434:(1961β1976)
4428:(1960β1982)
4422:(1960β1963)
3961:Ride Report
3758:Missile gap
3630:(2018β2020)
3608:(2009β2010)
3585:(1964β1971)
3435:Eurocontrol
3329:(1992β2002)
3253:(2015β2025)
3240:BepiColombo
3087:Space Rider
3018:(1983β2010)
2957:(1964β1975)
2949:(1962β1973)
2871:Project 921
2854:(1966β1972)
2848:(1966β1976)
2781:Space races
2277:30 November
2143:19 December
2117:19 December
2091:19 December
1673:Kosmos 1383
1667:Development
1544:include an
1374:trilaterate
872:territories
763:Secretariat
583:Switzerland
391:New Zealand
378:Netherlands
36:Established
8888:Categories
8861:16Β°50β²04β³E
8858:41Β°08β²04β³N
8769:Antarctica
8728:Toasternet
8650:Television
8133:Paul Baran
8065:Television
8049:(teletype)
8042:Telegraphy
8020:transistor
7998:Phryctoria
7968:Photophone
7946:Smartphone
7936:Mass media
7734:See also:
6447:South Asia
6051:USSPACECOM
5659:Spaceplane
4400:Khrushchev
3949:Challenger
3704:Eisenhower
3165:Cluster II
2762:Spaceguard
2752:Prediction
2496:. eoportal
2472:"Nadezhda"
2237:2 December
2198:2018-08-07
2069:4 December
2030:2017-02-03
1922:2022-12-21
1753:References
1583:narrowband
1575:modulation
1550:marine VHF
1495:(DASS) by
1428:, and the
1409:footprints
1314:navigation
1275:algorithms
1151:Satellite
1147:satellites
942:Background
897:1982-09-10
850:satellites
46:1988-07-01
8753:Americas
8742:Locations
8713:Internet2
8474:Bandwidth
8178:Vint Cerf
8075:streaming
8053:Telephone
7993:Semaphore
7884:streaming
7402:Roscosmos
7390:KazCosmos
7354:ArmCosmos
7055:DTU Space
7017:BIRA-IASB
6964:EU SatCen
6723:KACST-SRI
6620:ArmCosmos
6606:West Asia
6279:East Asia
6246:Roscosmos
6234:KazCosmos
6204:Pan-Asian
5468:Structure
5220:Australia
4879:Space law
4742:UN-SPIDER
4517:Roscosmos
4495:Gorbachev
3428:Eurospace
2864:2007 test
2811:Mars race
2757:Avoidance
2477:6 October
2455:6 October
1713:monopulse
1587:bandwidth
1370:algorithm
1346:real-time
1338:footprint
980:Maritime
974:Aviation
912:from the
868:countries
833:nonprofit
821:satellite
761:(Head of
528:Singapore
308:Indonesia
143:Australia
129:Argentina
8821:Category
8708:Internet
8698:CYCLADES
8615:Ethernet
8565:Concepts
8489:terminal
8440:wireless
8263:Bob Kahn
8106:Pioneers
7931:Internet
7822:Cable TV
7627:UNCOPUOS
6938:DG DEFIS
6899:EUMETSAT
5951:Americas
5857:National
5422:Thailand
5386:Pakistan
5268:Colombia
4564:Medvedev
4553:Politics
4539:(1993β)
4448:Brezhnev
4191:Title 51
4101:disaster
4099:Columbia
4043:Politics
3951:disaster
3357:(2021β)
3275:EnVision
3220:Politics
3191:Herschel
3185:INTEGRAL
2963:(1975β)
2889:Tiangong
2879:Shenzhou
2873:(1992β)
2860:(1964β)
2799:Timeline
2606:Archived
1705:downlink
1254:antennas
1153:downlink
831:-based,
724:EUMETSAT
693:Viet Nam
596:Thailand
432:Pakistan
364:Malaysia
77:Montreal
8841:Commons
8831:Outline
8784:Oceania
8703:FidoNet
8688:ARPANET
8501:circuit
8070:digital
7799:History
7588:ISS MCB
7482:Oceania
7257:PTSPACE
7223:CBK PAN
6885:ESTRACK
6811:CENELEC
6514:SUPARCO
6461:SPARRSO
6298:SASTIND
6015:FAA/AST
5848:Arabsat
5482:Vietnam
5463:History
5292:Germany
4616:ExoMars
4525:Yeltsin
4457:(1967β)
4385:(1946)
4368:program
4306:FAA/AST
4006:Clinton
3810:Johnson
3773:Kennedy
3714:WS-117L
3561:British
3335:(2002β)
3179:Rosetta
3160:Cluster
3152:Huygens
3119:ExoMars
3058:(1998β)
3052:(1973β)
3024:(2005β)
2917:(2016β)
2906:(2003β)
2892:program
2882:program
2836:Chinese
2816:Records
2500:1 April
1604:History
1530:Beacons
1504:Galileo
1462:Doppler
1440:of its
1426:Glonass
1418:Galileo
1361:bearing
1357:Doppler
1353:Doppler
1190:digital
1180:Beacons
1094:digital
936:acronym
917:Russian
910:acronym
895: (
823:-aided
780:Website
748:Russian
740:English
624:Tunisia
405:Nigeria
267:Germany
240:Finland
227:Denmark
115:Algeria
44: (
8904:Rescue
8779:Europe
8749:Africa
8733:Usenet
8693:BITNET
8630:Mobile
8506:packet
8015:MOSFET
8010:device
7807:Beacon
7648:Former
7639:UNOOSA
7541:COSPAR
7012:BELSPO
6793:Europe
6585:GISTDA
6561:PhilSA
6426:SaTReC
6328:PLAASF
5996:NESDIS
5926:NASRDA
5843:RASCOM
5827:Africa
5622:Russia
5551:
5506:France
5434:Turkey
5398:Russia
5326:Israel
5280:France
5244:Canada
5232:Brazil
5094:Russia
4978:(2020)
4972:(2012)
4966:(1999)
4955:(1998)
4949:(1988)
4943:(1981)
4937:(1979)
4931:(1976)
4925:(1975)
4919:(1974)
4913:(1972)
4907:(1972)
4901:(1968)
4895:(1967)
4889:(1963)
4487:(1975)
4414:(1957)
4376:Stalin
4364:Soviet
4289:NESDIS
3907:Reagan
3890:Carter
3855:Skylab
3662:Truman
3614:(2010)
3602:(1991)
3591:(1985)
3579:(1962)
3573:(1958)
3290:ATHENA
3280:CHEOPS
3265:Euclid
3198:Planck
3172:Newton
2412:
1542:EPIRBs
1489:L-band
1469:S-band
1442:BeiDou
1422:Russia
1398:MEOSAR
1384:GEOSAR
1320:LEOSAR
1131:and a
1083:EPIRBs
1028:2,278
1011:1,149
1008:3,623
991:1,144
988:3,223
903:States
882:, the
880:France
876:Canada
829:treaty
744:French
691:
677:
663:
649:
637:Turkey
635:
622:
608:
594:
581:
570:Sweden
568:
554:
540:
526:
515:Serbia
513:
499:
487:Russia
485:
471:
460:Poland
458:
444:
430:
418:Norway
416:
403:
389:
376:
362:
348:
334:
320:
306:
292:
280:Greece
278:
265:
253:France
251:
238:
225:
213:Cyprus
211:
197:
183:
171:Canada
169:
157:Brazil
155:
141:
127:
113:
85:Canada
81:Quebec
68:Active
8762:South
8757:North
8718:JANET
8655:Telex
8645:Radio
8484:Nodes
8479:Links
8400:media
7978:Radio
7963:Pager
7891:Drums
7857:video
7852:image
7842:audio
7698:NASDA
7615:ITU-R
7603:ODCWG
7583:ISECG
7573:ICSMD
7531:CCSDS
7524:World
7501:CSIRO
7340:Other
7233:KRRiT
7218:POLSA
6988:BEREC
6950:EUSPA
6870:ECSAT
6865:ESRIN
6855:ESTEC
6779:MBRSC
6775:UAESA
6668:NEHSA
6656:IRIAF
6537:LAPAN
6333:CASIC
6322:CGWIC
6211:APSCO
6112:CONAE
5938:SANSA
5914:GSSTC
5902:ESSTI
5888:NARSS
5617:India
5612:China
5553:NORAD
5530:Italy
5518:India
5410:Spain
5338:Japan
5303:Iran
5256:China
5082:India
4732:ITU-R
4607:Mars
4585:Putin
4473:Almaz
4366:space
4221:Trump
4141:Obama
3830:Nixon
3305:SMILE
3285:JUICE
3270:ARIEL
3082:PRIDE
2521:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2402:(PDF)
2382:(PDF)
2364:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
2313:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1819:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1736:9-1-1
1732:1-1-2
1721:EPIRB
1631:OSCAR
1627:AMSAT
1365:range
1200:EPIRB
1188:is a
1025:2020
1005:2021
985:2022
977:Land
965:Year
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556:Spain
473:Qatar
350:Korea
336:Japan
322:Italy
296:***
294:India
201:***
199:China
185:Chile
8774:Asia
8660:UUCP
8620:ISDN
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7662:BNSC
7593:ITSO
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7469:UKSA
7457:SSAU
7412:VVKO
7366:MAKA
7331:SNSA
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7269:ROSA
7206:NOSA
7182:SRON
7079:CNES
7031:SRTI
6976:EASA
6921:and
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6875:ESAC
6850:ECSS
6833:ECAC
6821:ETSI
6816:CEPT
6742:GORS
6704:NCSR
6685:ISRC
6644:NSSA
6632:MAKA
6597:VNSC
6573:SSTL
6549:MYSA
6488:NRSC
6473:ISRO
6438:TASA
6412:KASI
6407:KARI
6402:KASA
6390:NATA
6378:NICT
6352:ISAS
6347:JAXA
6313:CAST
6308:CALT
6303:CASC
6293:CNSA
6270:TNSA
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6182:IVIC
6177:ABAE
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6141:DCTA
6088:ALCE
6039:USSF
5984:NASA
5883:EgSA
5871:ASAL
5542:NATO
5312:IRGC
4316:IEEE
4116:ESAS
3865:Ford
3689:RAND
3295:LISA
3228:Gaia
3170:XMM-
3139:SOHO
2658:2006
2638:2015
2502:2023
2479:2011
2457:2011
2410:ISBN
2279:2021
2239:2021
2145:2021
2119:2021
2093:2021
2071:2021
1497:NASA
1475:and
1363:and
1040:40%
1037:37%
1034:23%
1031:951
1020:37%
1017:45%
1014:18%
1000:41%
997:39%
994:20%
870:and
856:and
815:The
799:.org
797:.406
789:.int
755:Head
701:**
695:**
667:**
653:**
639:**
612:**
610:Togo
598:**
558:**
544:**
530:**
503:**
475:**
448:**
446:Peru
434:**
420:**
393:**
366:**
352:**
338:**
324:**
310:**
282:**
215:**
187:**
159:**
145:**
131:**
117:**
55:Type
8665:WAN
8635:NGN
8625:LAN
7906:Fax
7847:DCT
7710:SSP
7686:NAL
7563:GSC
7558:GEO
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6923:EEA
6909:ESO
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6845:ESA
6807:CEN
6756:TUA
6737:SSA
6718:SSA
6699:ISA
6680:ISA
6502:DSA
6483:DoS
6366:JSS
6318:CCF
6251:SRI
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6124:ABE
6100:AEM
6063:NRO
6027:FCC
6001:OSC
5972:CSA
5307:AJA
4537:ISS
4502:Mir
4311:NRO
4301:FCC
4028:ISS
1747:GPS
1734:or
1453:UTC
1438:six
1424:'s
1416:'s
1391:GPS
1372:to
1296:GPS
1269:or
1205:PLB
1195:ELT
795:www
785:www
681:*
489:*
255:*
173:*
8890::
6919:EU
6256:VK
2389:^
2255:.
2162:,
1915:.
1846:^
1499:.
1432:'
1420:,
1316:.
1210:no
928::
878:,
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8788:(
7783:e
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7769:v
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2660:.
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2481:.
2459:.
2418:.
2281:.
2259:.
2241:.
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2121:.
2095:.
2073:.
1925:.
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899:)
765:)
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