1058:, has made several reservations to the articles in the convention; "the provisions of Articles 3, 6, 7, 18 and 19 shall be so applied to the extent that they are not repugnant to the Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan and the Sharia laws", "the provisions of Article 12 shall be so applied as to be in conformity with the Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan", "With respect to Article 13, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan reserves its right to apply its law relating to foreigners", "the provisions of Article 25 shall be so applied to the extent that they are not repugnant to the Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan" and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan "does not recognize the competence of the Committee provided for in Article 40 of the Covenant".
271:
6807:
6653:
5186:
2243:
6477:
6298:
5101:
2127:
6775:
1495:
5641:
2271:
6594:
6793:
2531:
1841:
6640:
6516:
1116:. Finally, the Covenant is one of the major sources of 'human rights' listed in the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011. This law requires most new legislation and administrative instruments (such as delegated/subordinate legislation) to be tabled in parliament with a statement outlining the proposed law's compatibility with the listed human rights A Joint Committee on Human Rights scrutinises all new legislation and statements of compatibility. The findings of the Joint Committee are not legally binding.
4205:
2071:
2330:
10530:
6555:
5809:
1727:
1409:
6897:
6881:
2417:
2677:
6614:
4809:
5983:
6833:
4895:
4035:
1127:
the relevant
Attorney-General to respond in Parliament within a set time period. Courts in Victoria and the ACT are also directed by the legislation to interpret the law in a way to give effect to a human right, and new legislation and subordinate legislation must be accompanied by a statement of compatibility. Efforts to implement a similar Charter at the national level have been frustrated and Australia's Constitution may prevent conferring the 'declaration' power on federal judges.
4547:
6013:
5781:
3949:
3133:
927:
6929:
6529:
5897:
5415:
5303:
1957:
6678:
6398:
6318:
5445:
4577:
3665:
2647:
1583:
1265:
3693:
6847:
6073:
5697:
5275:
4405:
4233:
3749:
3607:
2559:
2299:
2099:
1641:
1555:
5157:
4463:
4063:
4005:
2903:
784:. This provision, specifically article 17(1), protects private adult consensual sexual activity, thereby nullifying prohibitions on homosexual behaviour, however, the wording of this covenant's marriage right (Article 23) excludes the extrapolation of a same-sex marriage right from this provision. Article 17 also protects people against unlawful attacks to their honor and reputation. Article 17 (2) grants the protection of the law against such attacks.
5499:
4751:
4607:
3977:
6542:
6131:
4261:
3339:
3075:
1437:
1669:
6464:
6245:
5359:
4837:
4375:
3221:
2761:
2503:
2475:
2013:
1927:
1869:
6909:
6451:
5753:
5725:
5583:
5555:
5331:
4955:
4721:
4121:
2213:
2043:
310:. The drafts were presented to the UN General Assembly for discussion in 1954 and adopted in 1966. As a result of diplomatic negotiations the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was adopted shortly before the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Together, the UDHR and the two Covenants are considered to be the foundational human rights texts in the contemporary international system of human rights.
2817:
6490:
5953:
5837:
4663:
4317:
3891:
3517:
3427:
3281:
3251:
3047:
2705:
2587:
2359:
1985:
1813:
1697:
1613:
1467:
1351:
6161:
6101:
6043:
5387:
5217:
5013:
4491:
4433:
3863:
3835:
2931:
2733:
2445:
1525:
1321:
1293:
161:
6819:
6581:
6438:
5867:
5247:
4345:
3807:
3721:
3577:
3457:
3163:
2387:
1757:
6425:
6217:
5925:
5073:
4779:
4691:
4289:
4093:
3103:
3019:
1381:
5527:
5129:
3193:
2875:
6568:
6378:
6358:
6189:
5669:
4985:
4635:
4519:
4177:
3921:
3637:
2989:
2617:
2183:
1785:
2959:
6503:
6338:
2789:
6627:
4865:
4149:
3777:
3397:
3367:
2155:
5611:
40:
4925:
1899:
5043:
2847:
3487:
5469:
3547:
3311:
759:, including the right of persons to choose their residence, to leave and return to a country. These rights apply to legal aliens as well as citizens of a state, and can be restricted only where necessary to protect national security, public order or health, and the rights and freedoms of others. The article also recognises a right of people to enter their own country: the
9627:
1221:
Where a treaty or covenant is not self-executing, and where
Congress has not acted to implement the agreement with legislation, no private right of action within the US judicial system is created by ratification. However, a reservation that is "incompatible with the object and purpose" of a treaty is
576:
recognises the rights to liberty and security of the person. It prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, requires any deprivation of liberty to be according to law, and obliges parties to allow those deprived of their liberty to challenge their imprisonment through the courts. These provisions apply
7940:
1172:
short story writer in Sri Lanka's
National Youth Literary Festivals of 2010 and 2014, and was twice the recipient of the north western provincial state literary award. A group of Buddhist monks had stormed the author's workplace demanding punitive action against him after the story first appeared on
1139:
where juries are replaced by judges and other special procedures apply has been found to not violate the treaty: "In the
Committee's view, trial before courts other than the ordinary courts is not necessarily, per se, a violation of the entitlement to a fair hearing and the facts of the present case
343:
for any violation of those rights. It also requires the rights be recognised "without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status," and to ensure that they are enjoyed equally by women.
1126:
In
Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory, the convention can be used by a plaintiff or defendant who invokes those jurisdiction's human rights charters. While the Convention cannot be used to overturn a Victorian or ACT law, a Court can issue a 'declaration of incompatibility' that requires
1098:
According to a 2013 study, the ICCPR has significantly improved human rights practices on matters where evidence-production costs and standards of proof are low, but has had a limited impact for issue areas where legally admissible evidence is costly to produce and standards of proof are high. This
1085:
amendments to the US Constitution; that the third clause of
Paragraph 1, Article 15 will not apply; and that, notwithstanding paragraphs 2(b) and 3 of Article 10 and paragraph 4 of Article 14, the US government may treat juveniles as adults, and accept volunteers to the military prior to the age of
630:
before a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, with any judgment or ruling made public. Closed hearings are only permitted for reasons of privacy, justice, or national security, and judgments may only be suppressed in divorce cases or to protect the interests of children. These obligations
302:
Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights. These eventually caused the convention to be split into two separate covenants, "one to contain civil and political rights and the other to contain economic, social and cultural rights". The two covenants were to contain as many similar provisions as possible,
6950:
On 25 August 1997, North Korea notified the
Secretary-General of the United Nations that it was withdrawing from the Covenant. However, the Secretary-General still considers North Korea a state party to the Covenant because the Covenant does not allow for withdrawal and therefore withdrawal would
905:
establishes an individual complaints mechanism, allowing individuals to complain to the Human Rights
Committee about violations of the Covenant. This has led to the creation of a complex jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Covenant. As of September 2019, the First
1028:
reserves the right not to compensate for miscarriages of justice, due to problems with implementation, and does not plan to provide free legal counsel for the same reasons as above. It also refuses to ensure the right to free travel at any time, due to a law requiring those travelling abroad to
973:
reserves the right to progressively implement the prison standards of
Article 10, to compensate for miscarriages of justice by administrative means rather than through the courts, and interprets the prohibition on racial incitement as being subject to the freedoms of expression, association and
1045:
reserves the right to exclude the press and the public from trials as per its own laws. Reservation is further made to Article 20, paragraph 1. This reservation is in accordance with the vote cast by Denmark in the XVI General Assembly of the United Nations in 1961 when the Danish Delegation,
595:. The article also imposes specific obligations around criminal justice, requiring prisoners in pretrial detention to be separated from convicted prisoners, and children to be separated from adults. It requires prisons to be focused on reform and rehabilitation rather than punishment.
290:
was given the task of drafting it. Early on in the process, the document was split into a declaration setting forth general principles of human rights, and a convention or covenant containing binding commitments. The former evolved into the UDHR and was adopted on 10 December 1948.
767:
interprets this right broadly as applying not just to citizens, but also to those stripped of or denied their nationality. They also regard it as near-absolute; "there are few, if any, circumstances in which deprivation of the right to enter one's own country could be reasonable".
498:
of the Covenant recognises the individual's "inherent right to life" and requires it to be protected by law. It is a "supreme right" from which no derogation can be permitted, and must be interpreted widely. It therefore requires parties to take positive measures to reduce
1073:; that the US government may impose capital punishment on any person other than a pregnant woman, including persons below the age of 18; that "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment" refers to those treatments or punishments prohibited by one or more of the
8892:
913:
abolishes the death penalty; however, countries were permitted to make a reservation allowing for use of death penalty for the most serious crimes of a military nature, committed during wartime. As of June 2022, the Second Optional Protocol had 90 parties.
892:
contains a revolutionary norm by providing an autonomous equality principle which is not dependent upon another right under the convention being infringed. This has the effect of widening the scope of the non-discrimination principle beyond the scope of ICCPR.
583:
impose procedural safeguards around arrest, requiring anyone arrested to be promptly informed of the charges against them, and to be brought promptly before a judge. It also restricts the use of pre-trial detention, requiring that it not be 'the general rule'.
590:
requires anyone deprived of liberty to be treated with dignity and humanity. This applies not just to prisoners, but also to those detained for immigration purposes or psychiatric care. The right complements the Article 7 prohibition on torture and cruel,
258:, which reviews regular reports of states parties on how the rights are being implemented. States must report one year after acceding to the Covenant and then whenever the Committee requests (usually every four years). The Committee normally meets at the
1210:, five understandings, and four declarations. Some have noted that with so many reservations, its implementation has little domestic effect, although it has been argued that the reason behind the Senate reservations is that Article 20(2) (regarding
1036:
223:
Resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976 after its thirty-fifth ratification or accession. As of June 2024, the Covenant has 174 parties and six more signatories without ratification, most notably the
10152:
8852:
8777:
467:(Articles 46 – 47) clarifies that the Covenant shall not be interpreted as interfering with the operation of the United Nations or "the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources".
1107:
The Covenant is not directly enforceable in Australia, but its provisions support a number of domestic laws, which confer enforceable rights on individuals. For example, Article 17 of the convention has been implemented by the Australian
10438:
9662:
10236:
1094:
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has 167 states parties, 67 by signature and ratification, and the remainder by accession or succession. Another five states have signed but have yet to ratify the treaty.
332:
of a people not to be deprived of its means of subsistence, and imposes an obligation on those parties still responsible for non-self governing and trust territories (colonies) to encourage and respect their self-determination.
1214:) of the ICCPR may be unconstitutional according to Supreme Court precedent. Included in the Senate's ratification was the declaration that "the provisions of Article 1 through 27 of the Covenant are not self-executing", and a
9987:
8787:
9982:
10024:
910:
515:
8872:
902:
532:
and non-consensual medical or scientific experimentation. As with Article 6, it cannot be derogated from under any circumstances. The article is now interpreted to impose similar obligations to those required by the
6963:
Portugal extended the territorial application of the Covenant to Macau on 27 April 1993. On 3 December 1999, China notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations that the Covenant would still be in force for
6815: – On 12 March 2001, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 27 April 1992. On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro, and on 3 June 2006
460:
and the reporting and monitoring of the Covenant. It also allows parties to recognize the competence of the committee to resolve disputes between parties on the implementation of the Covenant (Articles 41 and 42).
8757:
1123:(AHRC) to examine enacted legislation (to suggest remedial enactments), its administration (to suggest avoidance of practices) and general compliance with the covenant which is scheduled to the AHRC legislation.
1099:
means that the ICCPR has "significantly improved governments' respect for the freedoms of speech, association, assembly, and religion" but has had insignificant effects on respect to personal integrity rights.
8742:
8639:
11524:
10029:
8752:
514:. The UN Human Rights Committee interprets the Article as "strongly suggest that abolition is desirable", and regards any progress towards abolition of the death penalty as advancing this right. The
510:
While Article 6 does not prohibit the death penalty, it restricts its application to the "most serious crimes" and forbids it to be used on children and pregnant women or in a manner contrary to the
11469:
885:
provides an accessory non-discrimination principle. Accessory in the way that it cannot be used independently and can only be relied upon in relation to another right protected by the ICCPR.
9999:
10049:
690:, and requires the imposition of the lesser penalty where criminal sentences have changed between the offence and conviction. One exception is criminal proceedings held for violations of
511:
10009:
9652:
8415:
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art. 19, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980) (specifying conditions under which signatory States can offer "reservations")
10308:
9314:
328:, including the right to "freely determine their political status", pursue their economic, social and cultural goals, and manage and dispose of their own resources. It recognises a
413:
individual liberty, in the form of the freedoms of movement, thought, conscience and religion, speech, association and assembly, family rights, the right to a nationality, and the
9590:
8601:
6276:
Most states in the world are parties to the ICCPR. As of 2024, the following 24 states have not become party to it, while six states have signed the Covenant but not ratified it.
10644:
9706:
9294:
7001:
The Republic of China signed the Covenant on 5 October 1967 but did not ratify it at the time. On 25 October 1971, it lost its United Nations membership. On 31 March 2009, the
8862:
8802:
8665:
7006:
307:
244:
577:
not just to those imprisoned as part of the criminal process, but also to those detained due to mental illness, drug addiction, or for educational or immigration purposes.
11564:
11399:
10849:
10044:
1177:; the ICCPR prohibits "advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence". Human rights organizations
173:
10574:
10184:
9210:
9161:
11529:
10124:
9972:
1006:
where they are fugitives from justice and declares that resource constraints mean that it cannot necessarily segregate prisons or provide counsel for accused persons.
10684:
9179:
1022:. It does not consider itself obliged to ban war propaganda as required by Article 20, and interprets that article in light of the freedom of expression in the UDHR.
11554:
11319:
1234:
argues that it is not). Prof. Jordan Paust criticizes the United States' ratification subject to the non-self-execution declaration as being an abuse of the treaty.
1215:
11479:
9696:
9632:
9585:
9349:
8671:
11104:
10934:
10594:
6739:
Article 49 allowed that the covenant would enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or accession
10034:
9850:
8887:
283:
8259:
11534:
11229:
10333:
10019:
9144:
1082:
11249:
10313:
9899:
9501:
8767:
6721:
6701:
11209:
10266:
10014:
9617:
9560:
9230:
8709:
8688:
8594:
7994:
6716:
6711:
687:
11299:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10039:
9933:
9555:
8273:
11519:
11489:
10323:
10004:
9882:
9461:
9407:
9324:
9240:
9225:
8207:
Vines, Timothy; Faunce, Thomas Alured (2012). "A Bad Trip for Health-Related Human Rights: Implications of Momcilovic v the Queen (2011) 85 ALJR 957".
6866:
Although Cambodia signed the Covenant when it was known as Democratic Kampuchea, it filed an instrument of accession, not ratification, on 26 May 1992.
1078:
11264:
10719:
10459:
9602:
9319:
1074:
6889:
signed the Covenant on 7 October 1968 and ratified it on 23 December 1975; it entered into force for Czechoslovakia on 23 March 1976. Following the
11484:
9877:
9657:
9149:
9115:
9036:
8961:
8399:
6706:
339:(Articles 2 – 5) obliges parties to legislate where necessary to give effect to the rights recognised in the Covenant, and to provide an effective
8573:
7147:
11544:
10734:
10433:
10077:
10072:
9928:
9426:
8832:
8677:
8587:
6937:
signed the Covenant on 23 March 1973 and ratified it on 8 November 1973; it entered into force for East Germany on 23 March 1976. Following the
11559:
10754:
10739:
9701:
9607:
9098:
9027:
8792:
11504:
11039:
10365:
10129:
9642:
9637:
9612:
9476:
9299:
9250:
9127:
9103:
8936:
9765:
996:
interprets Articles 3 (no sexual discrimination), 18 (freedom of religion) and 23 (family rights) within the context of Islamic Sharia law.
11444:
10569:
10394:
10328:
9872:
9359:
8946:
6787:, the following states located in the former Yugoslavia made declarations regarding that status of the Covenant with regard to themselves:
938:
8523:
8490:
8260:"Immigration Act 2009 No 51 (as at 06 May 2016), Public Act Part 5 Refugee and protection status determinations – New Zealand Legislation"
7561:"General Comment No. 13: Equality before the courts and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent court established by law"
7072:
6783:
signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971; it entered into force for Yugoslavia on 23 March 1976. Following the
11174:
10814:
10669:
9686:
8941:
8762:
1039:, in matters of private law, decisions or orders emanating from conciliation proceedings may be enforced through imprisonment for debt.
11274:
10699:
10421:
10355:
10067:
9994:
9977:
9339:
9289:
9215:
9156:
9092:
8698:
8650:
7896:
287:
79:
11569:
9713:
9421:
9200:
9139:
8747:
8693:
534:
7918:"U.S. reservations, declarations, and understandings, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Rec. S4781-01"
7753:"Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [Appendix (My Lallah & Mr Scheinen)]"
11514:
11374:
10427:
10261:
9548:
9486:
9446:
9334:
8998:
6780:
1223:
303:
and be opened for signature simultaneously. Each would also contain an article on the right of all peoples to self-determination.
294:
Drafting continued on the convention, but there remained significant differences between UN members on the relative importance of
11549:
11494:
11404:
10779:
9235:
9088:
9018:
143:
10959:
638:
The rest of the article imposes specific and detailed obligations around the process of criminal trials in order to protect the
11499:
11414:
10874:
10834:
9867:
9790:
9647:
9622:
9067:
8660:
8610:
6989:
1226:
and international law, and there is question as to whether the non-self-execution declaration is even constitutional under the
1218:
stated that the declaration was meant to "clarify that the Covenant will not create a private cause of action in U.S. Courts".
1164:
was arrested on 1 April 2019 for inciting religious violence, following a publication of a short story about homosexuality and
1046:
referring to the preceding article concerning freedom of expression, voted against the prohibition against propaganda for war.
7560:
7497:
7445:
7384:
7323:
11474:
11234:
11189:
10474:
10377:
10343:
10246:
10226:
10157:
9945:
9916:
9894:
9785:
9718:
9506:
9451:
8772:
8644:
8356:
8242:
7385:"CCPR General Comment No. 20: Replaces general comment 7 concerning prohibition of torture and cruel treatment or punishment"
6691:
318:
The Covenant follows the structure of the UDHR and ICESCR, with a preamble and fifty-three articles, divided into six parts.
279:
255:
248:
1152:
in 1990, and formally incorporated the status of protected person into law through the passing of the Immigration Act 2009.
11509:
11359:
11204:
11139:
10298:
9921:
9691:
9277:
9262:
9245:
8468:
Louis Henkin, U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Treaties: The Ghost of Senator Bricker, 89 Am. J. Int'l L. 341, 346 (1995)
11539:
10784:
10564:
10389:
10384:
9808:
9676:
9538:
9441:
9364:
9304:
8879:
8847:
8564:
The Work of the United Nations Human Rights Committee: Enforcing the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
6984:
Both China and the United Kingdom notified the Secretary-General that the Covenant would continue to remain in force for
6827:
succeeded Serbia and Montenegro. Therefore, for Serbia, the Covenant has retroactively been in force since 27 April 1992.
6749:
6696:
1019:
348:
which threatens the life of the nation," and even then no derogation is permitted from the rights to life, freedom from
11044:
10914:
10510:
9755:
9543:
9533:
9205:
9168:
8956:
8857:
8576:, published by Arbeitskreis Menschenrechte im 20. Jahrhundert, published at "Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte"
7117:
6969:
1120:
774:
forbids the arbitrary expulsion of resident aliens and requires such decisions to be able to be appealed and reviewed.
240:
1052:, as per its constitution, will provide free legal assistance for accused persons charged with capital offences only.
11389:
11304:
11284:
11069:
10954:
10884:
10879:
10689:
10554:
10495:
10179:
9911:
9780:
9511:
9491:
9431:
9416:
8683:
833:
545:
during WW2 this article explicitly includes a prohibition on medical and scientific experimentation without consent.
239:
The ICCPR is considered a seminal document in the history of international law and human rights, forming part of the
984:, and limits the rights of the accused and the right to a fair trial to those already existing in its legal system.
11339:
11244:
11219:
11144:
10829:
10789:
10764:
10749:
10624:
10559:
10406:
9575:
5106:
2248:
654:. It requires that those convicted of a crime be allowed to appeal to a higher tribunal, and requires victims of a
278:
The ICCPR (International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights) has its roots in the same process that led to the
7941:"Best Evidence: The Role of Information in Domestic Judicial Enforcement of International Human Rights Agreements"
11449:
11424:
11364:
11349:
11279:
11259:
11119:
11109:
11084:
11059:
11054:
11009:
10994:
10869:
10759:
10714:
10634:
10619:
10162:
9580:
9565:
9134:
9110:
957:
A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Covenant.
832:. These provisions guarantee the right to freedom of association, the right to trade unions and also defines the
386:
physical integrity, in the form of the right to life and freedom from torture and slavery (Articles 6, 7, and 8);
259:
220:
11464:
11434:
11314:
11149:
11089:
11049:
10949:
10904:
10609:
10599:
9760:
9284:
9220:
9122:
8919:
8838:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
8743:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
8730:
7498:"General Comment No. 21: Replaces general comment 9 concerning humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty"
6482:
1149:
592:
390:
11459:
11409:
11354:
11329:
11324:
11294:
11289:
11214:
11194:
11169:
10929:
10809:
10804:
10744:
10704:
10674:
10639:
10454:
10372:
10293:
10251:
10211:
10139:
9820:
9745:
9730:
9059:
8897:
6890:
1182:
225:
5191:
11439:
11429:
11419:
11379:
11269:
11224:
11159:
11124:
11114:
11034:
11029:
11024:
10979:
10964:
10939:
10899:
10854:
10844:
10839:
10819:
10799:
10769:
10694:
10664:
10649:
10629:
10614:
10604:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10360:
10221:
8991:
8494:
8313:
8140:
8127:
8111:
8095:
8079:
8063:
626:
establishes the ground rules: everyone must be equal before the courts, and any hearing must take place in
529:
11454:
11394:
11384:
11334:
11239:
11184:
11164:
11099:
11094:
11064:
11019:
11004:
10989:
10969:
10919:
10909:
10894:
10859:
10774:
10709:
10679:
10654:
9436:
9255:
8873:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
7739:"Toonen v Australia Communication No. 488/1992 (1994) U.N. Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 at [8.1–8.6]"
990:, due to problems with implementation, reserves the right not to compensate for miscarriages of justice.
974:
assembly. It also declares that its implementation will be effected at each level of its federal system.
701:
537:, including not just prohibition of torture, but active measures to prevent its use and a prohibition on
105:
9595:
8396:
11344:
11309:
11254:
11179:
11154:
11134:
11129:
11079:
10999:
10984:
10974:
10944:
10924:
10889:
10864:
10824:
10794:
10729:
10659:
10231:
10194:
10189:
9775:
9523:
9195:
9083:
8348:
4552:
542:
270:
196:
8528:
8406:(6th Cir., 2001) (discussing ICCPR's relationship to death penalty cases, citing to other ICCPR cases)
6841: – On 18 January 1994, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 17 September 1991.
306:
The first document became the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the second the
11574:
11369:
11199:
11074:
11014:
10724:
9964:
9950:
9838:
9481:
9386:
9369:
9040:
964:
635:
mandates that litigants must be informed promptly and in detail in a language which they understand.
8168:
10256:
10241:
9826:
8898:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
8046:
2132:
647:
407:
6801: – On 1 September 1993, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 6 March 1992.
1185:(AHRC) have asserted that the charges are spurious and a clear violation of the author's right to
1148:
New Zealand took measures to give effect to many of the rights contained within it by passing the
852:
mandates special protection, the right to a name, and the right to a nationality for every child.
10201:
8984:
8867:
8655:
443:
6855: – On 23 October 2006, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 3 June 2006.
1012:
reserves the right not to provide free counsel for accused persons due to resource constraints.
10288:
9750:
9471:
8778:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
8518:
7654:
7098:
6798:
1846:
1136:
1070:
829:
764:
743:
655:
457:
8430:"Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties, Non-Self-Execution, and the Original Understanding"
8228:
1242:
There are a total of 174 parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
10515:
10487:
10479:
10276:
10174:
9887:
9329:
9050:
8704:
8340:
7988:
6812:
6784:
6521:
2276:
1186:
842:
mandates the right of marriage. The wording of this provision neither requires nor prohibits
805:
643:
639:
614:
610:
403:
369:
17:
10318:
6905:
declared on 22 February 1993 that the Covenant was in force for it since 1 January 1993 and
1112:. Likewise, the Covenant's equality and anti-discrimination provisions support the federal
1018:
interprets the freedoms of speech, assembly and association in a manner consistent with the
10505:
10469:
10464:
10416:
10147:
9396:
8782:
8634:
6938:
6599:
1203:
1161:
863:
671:
10237:
International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World
7819:
Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at &
8:
10206:
8931:
8579:
8538:
8434:
8153:
Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic); Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).
5814:
3432:
1414:
821:
791:
756:
739:
727:
723:
373:
212:
204:
9022:
6917:
declared on 28 May 1993 that the Covenant was also in force for it since 1 January 1993.
473:(Articles 48–53) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Covenant.
450:
Many of these rights include specific actions which must be undertaken to realize them.
10338:
8951:
8450:
8299:"Sri Lanka: Withdraw the charges against Shakthika Sathkumara, Protect Free Expression"
7968:
4756:
2536:
795:
731:
667:
365:
345:
325:
8788:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
7738:
10348:
10303:
10283:
10168:
9938:
9832:
9770:
9570:
9031:
8352:
8224:
8216:
7960:
2936:
2682:
1207:
1119:
Legislation also establishes the Australian Human Rights Commission which allows the
1086:
18. The United States also submitted five "understandings", and four "declarations".
981:
871:
867:
843:
735:
711:
682:
357:
208:
8783:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
8429:
8246:
7972:
7821:
7752:
518:
commits its signatories to the abolition of the death penalty within their borders.
9904:
9844:
9814:
9496:
9190:
8893:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
8442:
7952:
7002:
4814:
4210:
1227:
1169:
781:
663:
559:, with exceptions for criminal punishment, military service and civil obligations.
500:
414:
8753:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
9267:
8837:
8403:
6838:
6683:
6560:
4040:
760:
747:
691:
651:
504:
439:
424:
for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes
10529:
8551:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
8550:
8477:
Jordan J. Paust, International Law As Law of the United States 375 (2d ed. 2003)
7917:
7822:"Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002)"
6951:
only be possible if all other states parties allowed it, which has not occurred.
9007:
8008:
7677:
6902:
6886:
5988:
2422:
1113:
1109:
329:
299:
295:
8555:
8542:
8534:
7956:
10548:
8640:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
8568:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
8567:
8559:
7964:
7073:"UN Treaty Collection - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
6018:
3954:
3138:
1065:
has made reservations that none of the articles should restrict the right of
967:
to the prosecution of those accused of violating the general law of nations.
568:
556:
482:
432:
395:
200:
109:
7121:
7018:
The Vatican is not a member of the United Nations but holds observer status.
631:
apply to both criminal and civil hearings, and to all courts and tribunals.
10534:
10411:
10271:
9272:
8345:
The Content and Context of Hate Speech: Rethinking Regulation and Responses
8220:
6934:
6658:
6619:
6534:
5902:
5420:
5308:
1962:
1231:
859:
659:
627:
340:
8009:
Act No. 186 of 2011 : Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011
601:
prohibits the use of imprisonment as a punishment for breach of contract.
282:. A "Declaration on the Essential Rights of Man" had been proposed at the
10500:
10314:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
6403:
5646:
5450:
4900:
4582:
3698:
3670:
2652:
2335:
1588:
1270:
1211:
1168:
at a Buddhist temple in Sri Lanka. The author had been adjudged the best
1165:
1066:
538:
233:
216:
6677:
926:
382:(Articles 6 – 27) lists the rights themselves. These include rights to:
376:
and freedom from medical or scientific experimentation without consent.
10401:
9466:
8454:
7920:. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. 2 April 1992
7446:"CCPR General Comment No. 08: Right to liberty and security of persons"
6852:
6078:
5702:
5280:
5162:
4468:
4410:
4238:
4068:
4010:
3754:
3612:
2908:
2564:
2304:
2104:
1646:
1560:
425:
421:
410:, and recognition as a person before the law (Articles 14, 15, and 16);
361:
164:
8298:
6985:
6547:
6136:
5504:
4612:
4266:
3982:
3344:
3080:
1500:
1442:
555:
and enforced servitude in all situations. The article also prohibits
8446:
512:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
402:
procedural fairness in law, in the form of rights to due process, a
9391:
9379:
8758:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
8425:
6914:
6662:
6469:
6456:
6416:
6250:
5758:
5730:
5588:
5560:
5364:
5336:
4960:
4842:
4726:
4380:
4126:
3226:
2766:
2508:
2480:
2218:
2048:
2018:
1932:
1874:
1674:
1174:
7204:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2200, 16 December 1966.
456:(Articles 28 – 45) governs the establishment and operation of the
11525:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
10309:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
8976:
7118:"Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights"
6495:
6323:
6166:
6106:
6048:
5958:
5842:
5392:
5222:
5018:
4668:
4496:
4438:
4322:
3896:
3868:
3840:
3522:
3286:
3256:
3052:
2964:
2822:
2738:
2710:
2592:
2450:
2364:
1990:
1818:
1732:
1702:
1618:
1530:
1472:
1356:
1326:
1298:
1197:
1178:
1037:
Code of Civil, Commercial, Administrative and Financial Procedure
552:
525:
490:
486:
353:
349:
39:
7865:
7195:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 545, 5 February 1952.
7186:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 543, 5 February 1952.
6279:
604:
389:
liberty and security of the person, in the form of freedom from
11470:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
9456:
9374:
9344:
9309:
8320:. Hyde Park, New York: Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
8274:"Sri Lanka: UN treaty invoked to imprison award winning writer"
8141:"Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth), schedule 2"
6824:
6645:
6586:
6443:
6430:
6222:
5930:
5872:
5616:
5252:
5078:
5048:
4930:
4784:
4696:
4350:
4294:
4098:
3812:
3726:
3582:
3462:
3168:
3108:
3024:
2852:
2392:
2076:
1904:
1762:
1386:
870:
to enjoy their own culture, to profess their own religion, and
507:, as well as forbidding arbitrary killings by security forces.
192:
8803:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
8666:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
8301:. Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development. 10 April 2019.
7102:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights
7007:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
5182:
704:, such as genocide, slavery, torture, and wars of aggression.
622:
recognizes and protects a right to justice and a fair trial.
308:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
245:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
9354:
8622:
6965:
6573:
6383:
6363:
6303:
6194:
5674:
5532:
5474:
5134:
4990:
4640:
4524:
4182:
3926:
3642:
3552:
3492:
3316:
3198:
2994:
2880:
2622:
2188:
1790:
7148:"William H. Fitzpatrick's Editorials on Human Rights (1949)"
6632:
6508:
6343:
5786:
4870:
4154:
3782:
3402:
3372:
2794:
2160:
229:
8609:
8574:
William H. Fitzpatrick’s Editorials on Human Rights (1949)
7213:
The following section summarises the text of the Covenant.
2326:
8531:
Bimonthly publication highlighting article 2 of the ICCPR
6408:
6388:
6368:
6348:
6328:
6308:
6263:
6258:
6235:
6230:
6207:
6202:
6179:
6174:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6091:
6086:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5943:
5938:
5915:
5910:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5827:
5822:
5799:
5794:
5771:
5766:
5743:
5738:
5715:
5710:
5687:
5682:
5659:
5654:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5601:
5596:
5573:
5568:
5545:
5540:
5517:
5512:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5405:
5400:
5377:
5372:
5349:
5344:
5321:
5316:
5293:
5288:
5265:
5260:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5175:
5170:
5147:
5142:
5119:
5114:
5091:
5086:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5003:
4998:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4855:
4850:
4827:
4822:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4769:
4764:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4681:
4676:
4653:
4648:
4625:
4620:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4537:
4532:
4509:
4504:
4481:
4476:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4423:
4418:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4335:
4330:
4307:
4302:
4279:
4274:
4251:
4246:
4223:
4218:
4195:
4190:
4167:
4162:
4139:
4134:
4111:
4106:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4053:
4048:
4025:
4020:
4015:
3995:
3990:
3967:
3962:
3939:
3934:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3881:
3876:
3853:
3848:
3825:
3820:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3767:
3762:
3739:
3734:
3711:
3706:
3683:
3678:
3655:
3650:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3357:
3352:
3329:
3324:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3211:
3206:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3093:
3088:
3065:
3060:
3037:
3032:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2949:
2944:
2921:
2916:
2893:
2888:
2865:
2860:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2807:
2802:
2779:
2774:
2751:
2746:
2723:
2718:
2695:
2690:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2577:
2572:
2549:
2544:
2521:
2516:
2493:
2488:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2435:
2430:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2377:
2372:
2349:
2344:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2289:
2284:
2261:
2256:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2173:
2168:
2145:
2140:
2117:
2112:
2089:
2084:
2061:
2056:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2003:
1998:
1975:
1970:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1917:
1912:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1859:
1854:
1831:
1826:
1803:
1798:
1775:
1770:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1687:
1682:
1659:
1654:
1631:
1626:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1573:
1568:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1485:
1480:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1427:
1422:
1399:
1394:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1311:
1306:
1283:
1278:
286:
which led to the founding of the United Nations, and the
27:
Treaty adopted by United Nations General Assembly in 1965
8672:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
980:
reserves the right to continue to exile members of the
10645:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
8491:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
7655:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
901:
There are two Optional Protocols to the Covenant. The
428:
to discrimination, hostility or violence (Article 20);
8768:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
8684:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6722:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)
6702:
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
10267:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
10217:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
8863:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
8798:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
8689:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
8547:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
7099:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
7005:
of the Republic of China ratified it along with the
6717:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)
6712:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)
6673:
814:
mandates sanctions against inciting war and hatred.
431:
political participation, including the right to the
274:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
185:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
174:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
33:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
11565:
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
11400:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
10850:
Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia
7678:"CCPR: General Comment No. 27: Freedom of movement"
7145:
6271:
1140:do not show that there has been such a violation."
963:will apply the fair trial rights guaranteed in its
324:(Article 1) recognizes the right of all peoples to
10575:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
10324:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
8917:
7860:
7858:
6874:
6872:
6755:
11530:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
10460:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
8197:For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).
8188:For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).
6707:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 (I)
562:
11555:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
11320:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
10546:
8962:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
8543:procedural history note and audiovisual material
7993:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7912:
7910:
6941:on 3 October 1990, East Germany ceased to exist.
6417:States which are neither signatories nor parties
11480:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
10434:World Federation of United Nations Associations
9929:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
8678:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
7855:
7324:"CCPR General Comment No. 6: The right to life"
7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
6869:
476:
8793:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
7975:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022
7051:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7033:
1198:Reservations, understandings, and declarations
658:to be compensated. It establishes rights to a
254:Compliance with the ICCPR is monitored by the
236:is the only state that has tried to withdraw.
11535:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
11230:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
10685:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
8992:
8937:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
8595:
8392:38 Cal.2d 718, 242 P.2d 617 (1952); also see
8098:(f)(i) – Conciliation & (ii) – Reporting.
7907:
6980:
6978:
6280:Signatories that have signed and not ratified
1089:
712:recognize everyone as a person before the law
605:Procedural fairness and rights of the accused
262:and typically holds three sessions per year.
62: State party that attempted to withdraw
11250:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10329:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
8947:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
8833:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
8312:Black, Allinda; Hopkins, June, eds. (2003).
8311:
11105:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
10935:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
10595:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
8942:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
8763:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
8206:
8124:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
8108:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
8092:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
8076:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
8060:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
8047:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
7182:
7180:
7150:. Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte
7112:
7110:
7108:
7030:
695:
344:The rights can only be limited "in time of
313:
11300:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic
10422:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
10334:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities
8999:
8985:
8699:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
8651:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
8602:
8588:
8343:. In Herz, Michael; Molnár, Péter (eds.).
7546:
7544:
7542:
6975:
1237:
153:French, English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish
80:United Nations General Assembly resolution
11520:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
11490:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
8624:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
8163:
8161:
8159:
7284:
7282:
7009:, but the deposit was rejected by the UN.
6959:
6957:
535:United Nations Convention Against Torture
11210:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
10720:Treaties of the Central African Republic
9851:Conference on International Organization
8853:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
8485:
8483:
8314:"Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
8235:
8033:
8021:
8007:
7724:
7722:
7177:
7168:
7105:
1224:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
670:, and for the accused to be present and
269:
11485:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
9766:Office international d'hygiène publique
7813:
7745:
7731:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7629:
7611:
7602:
7593:
7584:
7575:
7539:
7521:
7512:
7492:
7490:
7478:
7370:
7368:
6605:
717:
144:Secretary-General of the United Nations
14:
11545:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
10735:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
10547:
9561:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
8661:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
8611:International human rights instruments
8338:
8156:
7469:
7440:
7438:
7426:
7417:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7279:
7270:
7173:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
7141:
7139:
6954:
1206:ratified the ICCPR in 1992, with five
530:cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment
11560:Treaties extended to British Honduras
10755:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
10740:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
10475:UN television film series (1964–1966)
10227:International Narcotics Control Board
10158:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
9946:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
9917:Convention on the Rights of the Child
9895:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
8980:
8916:
8819:
8773:Convention on the Rights of the Child
8728:
8727:
8710:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
8645:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
8621:
8583:
8480:
8247:U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/71/D/819/1998 (2001)
8243:United Nations Human Rights Committee
8133:
8117:
8101:
8085:
8069:
8053:
8039:
7837:
7828:
7804:
7795:
7768:
7759:
7719:
7710:
7647:
7638:
7620:
7530:
7171:The International Law of Human Rights
7120:. UN OHCHR. June 1996. Archived from
6692:United Nations Human Rights Committee
896:
280:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
256:United Nations Human Rights Committee
249:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
56: Signatory that has not ratified
44:Parties and signatories of the ICCPR
11505:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
11040:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
10299:United Nations Postal Administration
9934:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
9653:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
7938:
7665:
7553:
7487:
7365:
7261:
1029:provide tax clearance certificates.
921:
219:and a fair trial. It was adopted by
195:that commits nations to respect the
11445:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
10570:Treaties entered into force in 1976
9702:Permanent representatives to the UN
9591:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
8880:American Convention on Human Rights
8424:
7435:
7309:
7136:
6750:United Nations Human Rights Council
6697:United Nations Human Rights Council
1020:European Convention on Human Rights
906:Optional Protocol has 116 parties.
877:
24:
11175:Treaties of the State of Palestine
10815:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
10670:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
10511:Withdrawal from the United Nations
9697:Security Council Permanent members
9006:
8858:European Convention on Nationality
7897:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1121:Australian Human Rights Commission
1114:Disability Discrimination Act 1992
241:International Bill of Human Rights
25:
11586:
11275:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
11265:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
10700:Treaties of the State of Cambodia
10496:United Nations in popular culture
10180:Expulsion from the United Nations
10125:General Assembly President (2016)
8848:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
8512:
2249:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1002:reserves the right to try people
834:International Labour Organization
215:, electoral rights and rights to
11570:Treaties extended to West Berlin
10528:
8820:
8495:United Nations Treaty Collection
8471:
8462:
7012:
6995:
6944:
6927:
6920:
6907:
6895:
6879:
6860:
6845:
6831:
6817:
6805:
6791:
6773:
6676:
6651:
6638:
6625:
6612:
6592:
6579:
6566:
6553:
6540:
6527:
6514:
6501:
6488:
6475:
6462:
6449:
6436:
6423:
6396:
6376:
6356:
6336:
6316:
6296:
6272:States not party to the Covenant
6243:
6215:
6187:
6159:
6129:
6099:
6071:
6041:
6011:
5981:
5951:
5923:
5895:
5865:
5835:
5807:
5779:
5751:
5723:
5695:
5667:
5639:
5609:
5581:
5553:
5525:
5497:
5467:
5443:
5413:
5385:
5357:
5329:
5301:
5273:
5245:
5215:
5184:
5155:
5127:
5107:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5099:
5071:
5041:
5011:
4983:
4953:
4923:
4893:
4863:
4835:
4807:
4777:
4749:
4719:
4689:
4661:
4633:
4605:
4575:
4545:
4517:
4489:
4461:
4431:
4403:
4373:
4343:
4315:
4287:
4259:
4231:
4203:
4175:
4147:
4119:
4091:
4061:
4033:
4003:
3975:
3947:
3919:
3889:
3861:
3833:
3805:
3775:
3747:
3719:
3691:
3663:
3635:
3605:
3575:
3545:
3515:
3485:
3455:
3425:
3395:
3365:
3337:
3309:
3279:
3249:
3219:
3191:
3161:
3131:
3101:
3073:
3045:
3017:
2987:
2957:
2929:
2901:
2873:
2845:
2815:
2787:
2759:
2731:
2703:
2675:
2645:
2615:
2585:
2557:
2529:
2501:
2473:
2443:
2415:
2385:
2357:
2328:
2297:
2269:
2241:
2211:
2181:
2153:
2125:
2097:
2069:
2041:
2011:
1983:
1955:
1925:
1897:
1867:
1839:
1811:
1783:
1755:
1725:
1695:
1667:
1639:
1611:
1581:
1553:
1523:
1493:
1465:
1435:
1407:
1379:
1349:
1319:
1291:
1263:
1192:
925:
688:retrospective criminal penalties
260:UN Office at Geneva, Switzerland
159:
38:
11515:Treaties extended to Montserrat
11375:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
10084:International Court of Justice
9633:Sport for Development and Peace
8524:List of signatories and parties
8418:
8409:
8383:
8380:S. Exec. Rep. No. 102-23 (1992)
8374:
8365:
8332:
8305:
8291:
8266:
8252:
8200:
8191:
8182:
8147:
8027:
8015:
8001:
7932:
7889:
7880:
7846:
7786:
7777:
7701:
7692:
7460:
7408:
7399:
7377:
7356:
7347:
7338:
7300:
7291:
7252:
7243:
7234:
7225:
7216:
7207:
7198:
7189:
917:
221:United Nations General Assembly
11550:Treaties extended to Greenland
11495:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
11405:Treaties of the United Kingdom
10780:Treaties of the Czech Republic
9761:Permanent Court of Arbitration
9756:International Peace Conference
9123:International Court of Justice
8920:International humanitarian law
8371:138 Cong. Rec. S4781-84 (1992)
8339:Greene, Jamal (9 April 2012).
7162:
7091:
7082:
6813:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
6742:
6733:
1150:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act
1143:
593:inhuman or degrading treatment
563:Liberty and security of person
391:arbitrary arrest and detention
199:of individuals, including the
67: Non-party; non-signatory
13:
1:
11500:Treaties extended to Guernsey
11415:Treaties of the United States
10875:Treaties of Georgia (country)
10835:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
10294:Sustainable Development Goals
9821:Declaration by United Nations
9746:International Telegraph Union
8888:to Prevent and Punish Torture
8169:"Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT)"
7024:
6891:dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1183:Asian Human Rights Commission
680:prohibits prosecutions under
284:1945 San Francisco Conference
11475:Treaties extended to Bermuda
11235:Treaties of the Soviet Union
11190:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
10222:International Criminal Court
9658:UN organizations by location
8318:The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers
8245:Communication No. 819/1998,
8241:Joseph Kavanagh v. Ireland,
8215:(4). Rochester, NY: 685–98.
6748:Not to be confused with the
1155:
1102:
477:Rights to physical integrity
7:
11510:Treaties extended to Jersey
11360:Treaties of North Macedonia
11205:Treaties of the Philippines
11140:Treaties of the Netherlands
10356:Security Council veto power
9663:Sexual Violence in Conflict
9586:Economic and Social Affairs
9157:Economic and Social Council
8341:"Hate Speech and the Demos"
8209:Journal of Law and Medicine
7680:. UN OHCHR. 2 November 1999
6669:
702:customary international law
417:(Articles 12, 13, 17 – 24);
298:Civil and Political versus
288:Economic and Social Council
106:United Nations Headquarters
10:
11591:
11540:Treaties extended to Aruba
10960:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
10785:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
10565:Treaties concluded in 1966
10407:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea
10232:International Day of Peace
9714:General Assembly Observers
9037:General Assembly President
8884:Inter-American Convention
8748:Convention against Torture
8572:Christopher N.J. Roberts:
8349:Cambridge University Press
7945:International Organization
1130:
1090:Implementation and effects
721:
672:call and examine witnesses
608:
566:
543:Nazi human experimentation
480:
420:prohibition by law of any
265:
226:People's Republic of China
197:civil and political rights
11045:Treaties of Liechtenstein
10915:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
10524:
10447:
10138:
10060:
9963:
9951:World Heritage Convention
9860:
9839:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
9801:
9738:
9729:
9675:
9549:General Assembly Building
9522:
9405:
9177:
9076:
9058:
9049:
9014:
8927:
8912:
8828:
8815:
8738:
8723:
8630:
8617:
7957:10.1017/S002081831300012X
7563:. UN OHCHR. 13 April 1984
7500:. UN OHCHR. 10 April 1992
7466:ICCPR, Articles 9.2, 9.3.
7405:ICCPR, Articles 8.1, 8.2.
7387:. UN OHCHR. 10 March 1992
7326:. UN OHCHR. 30 April 1982
7146:Christopher N.J.Roberts.
872:to use their own language
170:
157:
149:
139:
131:
123:
115:
101:
93:
85:
75:
37:
11390:Treaties of Turkmenistan
11305:Treaties of South Africa
11285:Treaties of Sierra Leone
11070:Treaties of the Maldives
10955:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
10885:Treaties of East Germany
10880:Treaties of West Germany
10690:Treaties of Burkina Faso
10555:Human rights instruments
10257:Military Staff Committee
9596:Dag Hammarskjöld Library
9099:Deputy Secretary-General
9028:Deputy Secretary-General
7448:. UN OHCHR. 30 June 1982
7249:ICCPR, Article 2.2, 2.3.
6939:reunification of Germany
6727:
2133:Central African Republic
1222:void as a matter of the
911:Second Optional Protocol
648:Presumption of innocence
516:Second Optional Protocol
408:presumption of innocence
404:fair and impartial trial
314:Articles of the Covenant
11340:Treaties of Switzerland
11245:Treaties of Saint Lucia
11220:Treaties of South Korea
11145:Treaties of New Zealand
10830:Treaties of El Salvador
10790:Treaties of North Korea
10765:Treaties of Ivory Coast
10750:Treaties of the Comoros
10625:Treaties of the Bahamas
10560:United Nations treaties
10428:Woodrow Wilson Memorial
10390:UN International School
10385:UN Federal Credit Union
10366:Security Council reform
10202:Four Nations Initiative
10130:Security Council (2016)
9973:Security Council vetoes
9104:Under-Secretary-General
8656:Declaration of Montreal
7169:Sieghart, Paul (1983).
7088:Article 53 of the ICCPR
6990:transfer of sovereignty
6970:transfer of sovereignty
1238:Parties to the Covenant
1216:Senate Executive Report
1137:Special Criminal Courts
1035:, as per the Congolese
903:First Optional Protocol
883:Article 2 and Article 3
858:mandates the rights of
444:equality before the law
11450:Treaties of Yugoslavia
11425:Treaties of Uzbekistan
11365:Treaties of East Timor
11350:Treaties of Tajikistan
11280:Treaties of Seychelles
11260:Treaties of San Marino
11120:Treaties of Mozambique
11110:Treaties of Montenegro
11085:Treaties of Mauritania
11060:Treaties of Madagascar
11055:Treaties of Luxembourg
11010:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
10995:Treaties of Kazakhstan
10870:Treaties of the Gambia
10760:Treaties of Costa Rica
10715:Treaties of Cape Verde
10635:Treaties of Bangladesh
10620:Treaties of Azerbaijan
10378:Security Council mural
10344:Millennium Declaration
10289:SDG Publishers Compact
9751:Universal Postal Union
8176:legislation.act.gov.au
7939:Lupu, Yonatan (2013).
7886:OP2-ICCPR, Article 2.1
7077:Status of ratification
6799:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2277:Congo, Republic of the
1847:Bosnia and Herzegovina
830:freedom of association
765:Human Rights Committee
744:Freedom of association
696:
686:and the imposition of
656:Miscarriage of justice
458:Human Rights Committee
275:
11465:1966 in New York City
11435:Treaties of Venezuela
11315:Treaties of Sri Lanka
11150:Treaties of Nicaragua
11090:Treaties of Mauritius
11050:Treaties of Lithuania
10950:Treaties of Indonesia
10905:Treaties of Guatemala
10610:Treaties of Australia
10600:Treaties of Argentina
10516:Women in peacekeeping
10175:Drug control treaties
8705:Yogyakarta Principles
7852:OP1-ICCPR, Article 1.
6839:Republic of Macedonia
6785:breakup of Yugoslavia
6522:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5192:São Tomé and Príncipe
1187:freedom of expression
806:freedom of expression
646:. It establishes the
644:right to a fair trial
640:rights of the accused
615:Right to a fair trial
611:Rights of the accused
446:(Articles 26 and 27).
273:
11460:Treaties of Zimbabwe
11410:Treaties of Tanzania
11355:Treaties of Thailand
11330:Treaties of Eswatini
11325:Treaties of Suriname
11295:Treaties of Slovenia
11290:Treaties of Slovakia
11215:Treaties of Portugal
11195:Treaties of Paraguay
11170:Treaties of Pakistan
10930:Treaties of Honduras
10810:Treaties of Dominica
10805:Treaties of Djibouti
10745:Treaties of Colombia
10705:Treaties of Cameroon
10675:Treaties of Botswana
10640:Treaties of Barbados
10470:United Nations Radio
10465:United Nations Medal
10417:University for Peace
10148:Bretton Woods system
9883:governed territories
9628:Developing Countries
9539:Secretariat Building
9408:Specialized agencies
8635:Brazilian Resolution
8519:Text of the Covenant
7707:ICCPR, Article 12.4.
7698:ICCPR, Article 12.3.
7635:ICCPR, Article 15.2.
7617:ICCPR, Article 14.3.
7608:ICCPR, Article 14.6.
7599:ICCPR, Article 14.5.
7590:ICCPR, Article 14.7.
7581:ICCPR, Article 14.2.
7550:ICCPR, Article 14.1.
7527:ICCPR, Article 10.3.
7518:ICCPR, Article 10.2.
7484:ICCPR, Article 10.1.
6972:on 20 December 1999.
6606:Nonmembers of the UN
6600:United Arab Emirates
1254:Ratified or acceded
1204:United States Senate
1162:Shakthika Sathkumara
718:Individual liberties
581:Articles 9.3 and 9.4
438:Non-discrimination,
191:) is a multilateral
11440:Treaties of Vietnam
11430:Treaties of Vanuatu
11420:Treaties of Uruguay
11380:Treaties of Tunisia
11270:Treaties of Senegal
11225:Treaties of Moldova
11160:Treaties of Nigeria
11125:Treaties of Namibia
11115:Treaties of Morocco
11035:Treaties of Liberia
11030:Treaties of Lesotho
11025:Treaties of Lebanon
10980:Treaties of Jamaica
10965:Treaties of Ireland
10940:Treaties of Iceland
10900:Treaties of Grenada
10855:Treaties of Finland
10845:Treaties of Estonia
10840:Treaties of Eritrea
10820:Treaties of Ecuador
10800:Treaties of Denmark
10770:Treaties of Croatia
10695:Treaties of Burundi
10665:Treaties of Bolivia
10650:Treaties of Belgium
10630:Treaties of Bahrain
10615:Treaties of Austria
10605:Treaties of Armenia
10590:Treaties of Andorra
10585:Treaties of Algeria
10580:Treaties of Albania
10242:International Years
10207:Genocide Convention
9643:Outer Space Affairs
9638:Disarmament Affairs
9603:Safety and Security
9544:Conference Building
9524:Secretariat offices
9169:Trusteeship Council
8932:Genocide Convention
8539:Christian Tomuschat
8402:17 May 2010 at the
8034:Act No. 186 of 2011
8022:Act No. 186 of 2011
7843:ICCPR, Ariticle 27.
7475:ICCPR, Article 9.3.
7432:ICCPR, Article 9.4.
7423:ICCPR, Article 9.1.
7414:ICCPR, Article 8.3.
7362:ICCPR, Article 6.3.
7353:ICCPR, Article 6.5.
7344:ICCPR, Article 6.2.
7306:ICCPR, Article 6.1.
7288:ICCPR, Article 4.2.
7276:ICCPR, Article 4.1.
7258:ICCPR, Article 2.1.
7240:ICCPR, Article 1.3.
7231:ICCPR, Article 1.2.
7222:ICCPR, Article 1.1.
5815:Trinidad and Tobago
1415:Antigua and Barbuda
868:linguistic minority
822:freedom of assembly
792:freedom of religion
757:freedom of movement
740:Freedom of assembly
728:Freedom of religion
724:Freedom of movement
710:requires states to
356:, the freedom from
213:freedom of assembly
205:freedom of religion
34:
11455:Treaties of Zambia
11395:Treaties of Uganda
11385:Treaties of Turkey
11335:Treaties of Sweden
11240:Treaties of Rwanda
11185:Treaties of Panama
11165:Treaties of Norway
11100:Treaties of Monaco
11095:Treaties of Mexico
11065:Treaties of Malawi
11020:Treaties of Latvia
11005:Treaties of Kuwait
10990:Treaties of Jordan
10970:Treaties of Israel
10920:Treaties of Guyana
10910:Treaties of Guinea
10895:Treaties of Greece
10860:Treaties of France
10775:Treaties of Cyprus
10710:Treaties of Canada
10680:Treaties of Brazil
10655:Treaties of Belize
10262:Official languages
9809:London Declaration
9618:Internal Oversight
9608:Palestinian Rights
9180:Funds, programmes,
8952:Geneva Conventions
8497:. 28 February 2024
8390:Sei Fujii v. State
7834:ICCPR, Article 24.
7810:ICCPR, Article 23.
7801:ICCPR, Article 22.
7792:ICCPR, Article 21.
7783:ICCPR, Article 20.
7774:ICCPR, Article 19.
7765:ICCPR, Article 18.
7728:ICCPR, Article 17.
7716:ICCPR, Article 13.
7644:ICCPR, Article 16.
7626:ICCPR, Article 15.
7536:ICCPR, Article 11.
7297:ICCPR, Article 47.
4522:
2537:Dominican Republic
1160:Sri Lankan author
937:. You can help by
897:Optional protocols
732:Freedom of thought
668:self-incrimination
399:(Articles 9 – 11);
366:freedom of thought
326:self-determination
276:
32:
11345:Treaties of Syria
11310:Treaties of Spain
11255:Treaties of Samoa
11180:Treaties of Palau
11155:Treaties of Niger
11135:Treaties of Nepal
11130:Treaties of Nauru
11080:Treaties of Malta
11000:Treaties of Kenya
10985:Treaties of Japan
10975:Treaties of Italy
10945:Treaties of India
10925:Treaties of Haiti
10890:Treaties of Ghana
10865:Treaties of Gabon
10825:Treaties of Egypt
10795:Treaties of Zaire
10730:Treaties of Chile
10660:Treaties of Benin
10542:
10541:
10373:UN Art Collection
10349:Millennium Summit
10304:UN Block By Block
10284:Ralph Bunche Park
10252:UN laissez-passer
10212:UN Global Compact
10169:Delivering as One
10068:Secretary-General
9959:
9958:
9939:Indigenous Caucus
9833:Tehran Conference
9827:Moscow Conference
9802:Preparatory years
9771:League of Nations
9671:
9670:
9571:Palace of Nations
9273:UNEP/GRID-Arendal
9089:Secretary-General
9032:Amina J. Mohammed
9019:Secretary-General
8974:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8957:Hague Conventions
8908:
8907:
8811:
8810:
8731:International law
8719:
8718:
8535:Introductory note
8394:Buell v. Mitchell
8358:978-0-521-19109-8
7866:"OHCHR Dashboard"
7374:ICCPR, Article 7.
7267:ICCPR, Article 3.
6414:
6413:
6409:22 September 2011
6389:20 September 2011
6329:25 September 2008
6269:
6268:
6175:24 September 1982
6087:28 September 1995
5994:16 September 1968
5944:21 September 1995
5883:23 September 2003
5744:11 September 1976
5660:18 September 1992
5622:29 September 1967
5518:11 September 1980
5480:28 September 1976
4976:15 September 1978
4856:10 September 1992
4742:23 September 2010
4707:13 September 1972
4191:13 September 1990
4135:19 September 2006
4074:17 September 1969
4054:17 September 1991
3907:22 September 2004
3793:25 September 2009
3679:14 September 1981
3568:21 September 1979
3503:15 September 1978
3144:12 September 2000
2780:11 September 1993
2691:25 September 1987
2683:Equatorial Guinea
2658:21 September 1967
2573:18 September 2003
2522:17 September 1993
2194:16 September 1969
1943:21 September 1970
1776:10 September 1996
1627:20 September 2006
1541:10 September 1978
1486:23 September 1993
1367:22 September 2006
1337:12 September 1989
1257:Entry into force
1135:Ireland's use of
982:House of Habsburg
955:
954:
844:same-sex marriage
736:Freedom of speech
683:ex post facto law
541:. In response to
393:and the right to
358:retrospective law
247:(ICESCR) and the
243:, along with the
209:freedom of speech
181:
180:
50: State party
16:(Redirected from
11582:
11575:Treaties of Fiji
11370:Treaties of Togo
11200:Treaties of Peru
11075:Treaties of Mali
11015:Treaties of Laos
10725:Treaties of Chad
10535:World portal
10533:
10532:
10439:Biopiracy treaty
10025:Nagorno-Karabakh
9995:Security Council
9978:General Assembly
9905:Human Rights Day
9845:Yalta Conference
9815:Atlantic Charter
9736:
9735:
9692:Founding members
9613:Peace Operations
9497:World Bank Group
9191:Culture of Peace
9182:and other bodies
9135:Security Council
9111:General Assembly
9077:Principal organs
9056:
9055:
9023:António Guterres
9001:
8994:
8987:
8978:
8977:
8914:
8913:
8817:
8816:
8725:
8724:
8694:Paris Principles
8619:
8618:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8581:
8580:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8487:
8478:
8475:
8469:
8466:
8460:
8458:
8441:(8): 1955–2094.
8422:
8416:
8413:
8407:
8387:
8381:
8378:
8372:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8278:www.jdslanka.org
8270:
8264:
8263:
8256:
8250:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8189:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8173:
8165:
8154:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8137:
8131:
8121:
8115:
8105:
8099:
8089:
8083:
8073:
8067:
8057:
8051:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7992:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7914:
7905:
7904:
7893:
7887:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7868:. United Nations
7862:
7853:
7850:
7844:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7802:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7735:
7729:
7726:
7717:
7714:
7708:
7705:
7699:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7674:
7663:
7662:
7651:
7645:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7609:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7591:
7588:
7582:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7537:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7519:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7494:
7485:
7482:
7476:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7442:
7433:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7415:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7363:
7360:
7354:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7320:
7307:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7277:
7274:
7268:
7265:
7259:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7241:
7238:
7232:
7229:
7223:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7196:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7175:
7174:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7124:on 13 March 2008
7114:
7103:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7069:
7019:
7016:
7010:
7003:Legislative Yuan
6999:
6993:
6982:
6973:
6961:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6864:
6858:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6770:
6753:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6686:
6681:
6680:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6410:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6390:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6370:
6369:12 November 2001
6362:
6360:
6359:
6350:
6349:28 February 2008
6342:
6340:
6339:
6330:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6310:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6284:
6283:
6265:
6260:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6237:
6232:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6209:
6204:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6181:
6180:24 December 1982
6176:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6123:
6122:21 February 2009
6118:
6117:21 November 2008
6113:
6112:29 November 2007
6105:
6103:
6102:
6093:
6092:28 December 1995
6088:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6054:21 February 1967
6047:
6045:
6044:
6035:
6034:8 September 1992
6030:
6025:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5975:
5970:
5969:12 November 1973
5965:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5940:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5917:
5912:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5889:
5888:23 December 2003
5884:
5879:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5829:
5824:
5823:21 December 1978
5813:
5811:
5810:
5801:
5796:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5773:
5768:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5745:
5740:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5717:
5712:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5689:
5684:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5661:
5656:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5603:
5598:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5575:
5570:
5569:28 December 1976
5559:
5557:
5556:
5547:
5542:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5519:
5514:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5458:5 February 2024
5449:
5447:
5446:
5437:
5432:
5431:10 December 1998
5427:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5407:
5402:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5374:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5351:
5346:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5323:
5322:23 November 1996
5318:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5295:
5290:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5267:
5262:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5239:
5234:
5233:13 February 1978
5229:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5177:
5172:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5149:
5144:
5143:15 February 2008
5133:
5131:
5130:
5121:
5116:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5088:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5005:
5000:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4906:19 December 1966
4899:
4897:
4896:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4857:
4852:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4829:
4824:
4815:Papua New Guinea
4813:
4811:
4810:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4771:
4766:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4683:
4678:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4655:
4650:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4627:
4622:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4599:
4594:
4593:28 December 1978
4589:
4588:12 November 1968
4581:
4579:
4578:
4569:
4564:
4563:11 December 1978
4559:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4534:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4511:
4510:28 February 1995
4506:
4505:28 November 1994
4495:
4493:
4492:
4483:
4478:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4425:
4420:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4392:
4391:18 November 1974
4387:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4366:28 November 1997
4362:
4357:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4337:
4332:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4309:
4304:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4276:
4275:12 December 1973
4265:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4252:17 February 2005
4248:
4247:17 November 2004
4237:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4220:
4211:Marshall Islands
4209:
4207:
4206:
4197:
4196:13 December 1990
4192:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4164:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4141:
4140:19 December 2006
4136:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4108:
4107:22 December 1993
4097:
4095:
4094:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4055:
4050:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4027:
4026:18 November 1983
4022:
4017:
4016:26 November 1974
4009:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3996:10 February 1992
3992:
3991:20 November 1991
3981:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3964:
3963:10 December 1998
3953:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3936:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3913:
3912:22 December 2004
3908:
3903:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3878:
3877:9 September 1992
3867:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3850:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3827:
3822:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3798:25 December 2009
3794:
3789:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3769:
3764:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3741:
3736:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3708:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3685:
3684:14 December 1981
3680:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3657:
3652:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:19 December 1966
3521:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3508:15 December 1978
3504:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3468:19 December 1966
3461:
3459:
3458:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:18 February 1969
3401:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3354:
3353:23 February 2006
3343:
3341:
3340:
3331:
3326:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3302:22 November 1979
3298:
3293:
3292:30 December 1968
3285:
3283:
3282:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3242:25 November 1997
3238:
3233:
3232:19 December 1966
3225:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3208:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3180:
3179:15 February 1977
3175:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:28 February 1967
3107:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3067:
3062:
3061:6 September 1991
3051:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3034:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3006:
3005:7 September 2000
3001:
3000:7 September 2000
2993:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2976:
2975:17 December 1973
2971:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2946:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2890:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2862:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2809:
2808:16 November 2018
2804:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2781:
2776:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2720:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2696:25 December 1987
2692:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2668:29 February 1980
2664:
2663:30 November 1979
2659:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2578:18 December 2003
2574:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2546:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2490:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2432:
2431:22 February 1993
2421:
2419:
2418:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:19 December 1966
2391:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2374:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2315:29 November 1968
2311:
2310:19 December 1966
2303:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2263:
2258:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2224:21 December 1966
2217:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2200:
2199:10 February 1972
2195:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2175:
2174:9 September 1995
2170:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2086:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2000:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1886:
1885:8 September 2000
1881:
1880:8 September 2000
1873:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1855:1 September 1993
1845:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1832:12 November 1982
1828:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1772:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:10 December 1968
1731:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1713:12 November 1973
1709:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1684:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1656:
1655:6 September 2000
1645:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1632:20 December 2006
1628:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1600:
1599:23 December 2008
1595:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1574:13 November 1992
1570:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1546:10 December 1978
1542:
1537:
1536:10 December 1973
1529:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1516:13 November 1980
1512:
1507:
1506:18 December 1972
1499:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1448:18 February 1968
1441:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1424:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1396:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1372:22 December 2006
1368:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1342:12 December 1989
1338:
1333:
1332:10 December 1968
1325:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1308:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1245:
1244:
1228:Supremacy Clause
1170:Sinhala language
1110:Privacy Act 1988
950:
947:
929:
922:
878:Political rights
782:right of privacy
699:
692:peremptory norms
501:infant mortality
415:right to privacy
346:public emergency
163:
162:
97:16 December 1966
66:
61:
55:
49:
42:
35:
31:
21:
11590:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11580:
11579:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10538:
10527:
10520:
10443:
10134:
10056:
9955:
9856:
9797:
9739:Preceding years
9725:
9678:
9667:
9526:and departments
9525:
9518:
9410:
9401:
9184:
9181:
9173:
9072:
9045:
9010:
9005:
8975:
8966:
8923:
8904:
8824:
8807:
8734:
8715:
8626:
8613:
8608:
8515:
8510:
8500:
8498:
8489:
8488:
8481:
8476:
8472:
8467:
8463:
8447:10.2307/1123607
8423:
8419:
8414:
8410:
8404:Wayback Machine
8388:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8366:
8359:
8337:
8333:
8323:
8321:
8310:
8306:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8240:
8236:
8205:
8201:
8196:
8192:
8187:
8183:
8171:
8167:
8166:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8122:
8118:
8106:
8102:
8090:
8086:
8074:
8070:
8058:
8054:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8006:
8002:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7976:
7937:
7933:
7923:
7921:
7916:
7915:
7908:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7885:
7881:
7871:
7869:
7864:
7863:
7856:
7851:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7829:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7800:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7782:
7778:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7737:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7683:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7666:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7616:
7612:
7607:
7603:
7598:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7580:
7576:
7566:
7564:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7540:
7535:
7531:
7526:
7522:
7517:
7513:
7503:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7488:
7483:
7479:
7474:
7470:
7465:
7461:
7451:
7449:
7444:
7443:
7436:
7431:
7427:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7390:
7388:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7366:
7361:
7357:
7352:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7203:
7199:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7178:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7106:
7096:
7092:
7087:
7083:
7071:
7070:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7000:
6996:
6992:on 1 July 1997.
6983:
6976:
6962:
6955:
6949:
6945:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6908:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6846:
6844:
6832:
6830:
6818:
6816:
6806:
6804:
6792:
6790:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6756:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6684:Politics portal
6682:
6675:
6672:
6652:
6650:
6639:
6637:
6626:
6624:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6593:
6591:
6580:
6578:
6567:
6565:
6561:Solomon Islands
6554:
6552:
6541:
6539:
6528:
6526:
6515:
6513:
6502:
6500:
6489:
6487:
6476:
6474:
6463:
6461:
6450:
6448:
6437:
6435:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6397:
6395:
6377:
6375:
6357:
6355:
6337:
6335:
6317:
6315:
6297:
6295:
6282:
6274:
6244:
6242:
6216:
6214:
6203:9 February 1987
6188:
6186:
6160:
6158:
6130:
6128:
6100:
6098:
6072:
6070:
6042:
6040:
6012:
6010:
5982:
5980:
5952:
5950:
5924:
5922:
5896:
5894:
5866:
5864:
5836:
5834:
5808:
5806:
5780:
5778:
5772:29 January 1997
5767:29 October 1996
5752:
5750:
5724:
5722:
5696:
5694:
5668:
5666:
5640:
5638:
5627:6 December 1971
5610:
5608:
5582:
5580:
5554:
5552:
5526:
5524:
5498:
5496:
5468:
5466:
5444:
5442:
5414:
5412:
5401:24 January 1990
5386:
5384:
5358:
5356:
5330:
5328:
5302:
5300:
5274:
5272:
5246:
5244:
5216:
5214:
5203:10 January 2017
5198:31 October 1995
5185:
5183:
5176:18 January 1986
5171:18 October 1985
5156:
5154:
5128:
5126:
5120:9 February 1981
5115:9 November 1981
5100:
5098:
5072:
5070:
5059:16 October 1973
5042:
5040:
5029:9 December 1974
5012:
5010:
4984:
4982:
4954:
4952:
4924:
4922:
4916:23 January 1987
4911:23 October 1986
4894:
4892:
4864:
4862:
4836:
4834:
4828:21 October 2008
4808:
4806:
4778:
4776:
4750:
4748:
4720:
4718:
4690:
4688:
4682:29 October 1993
4662:
4660:
4634:
4632:
4606:
4604:
4576:
4574:
4546:
4544:
4518:
4516:
4490:
4488:
4482:21 October 1993
4462:
4460:
4444:19 January 1977
4432:
4430:
4419:23 October 2006
4404:
4402:
4374:
4372:
4344:
4342:
4331:26 January 1993
4316:
4314:
4288:
4286:
4260:
4258:
4232:
4230:
4204:
4202:
4176:
4174:
4148:
4146:
4120:
4118:
4092:
4090:
4062:
4060:
4049:18 January 1994
4041:North Macedonia
4034:
4032:
4004:
4002:
3976:
3974:
3948:
3946:
3920:
3918:
3890:
3888:
3882:9 December 1992
3862:
3860:
3849:3 November 1972
3834:
3832:
3806:
3804:
3788:7 December 2000
3776:
3774:
3748:
3746:
3720:
3718:
3692:
3690:
3664:
3662:
3636:
3634:
3623:24 January 2006
3618:2 December 2003
3606:
3604:
3576:
3574:
3546:
3544:
3516:
3514:
3498:18 January 1967
3486:
3484:
3456:
3454:
3443:8 December 1989
3426:
3424:
3413:25 January 1971
3396:
3394:
3366:
3364:
3338:
3336:
3310:
3308:
3280:
3278:
3267:17 January 1974
3250:
3248:
3220:
3218:
3207:6 February 1991
3192:
3190:
3162:
3160:
3154:1 February 2011
3149:1 November 2010
3132:
3130:
3119:24 January 1978
3102:
3100:
3074:
3072:
3066:6 December 1991
3046:
3044:
3018:
3016:
3010:7 December 2000
2988:
2986:
2958:
2956:
2930:
2928:
2902:
2900:
2889:21 January 1983
2874:
2872:
2866:4 February 1981
2861:4 November 1980
2846:
2844:
2828:11 October 1967
2816:
2814:
2788:
2786:
2760:
2758:
2752:21 January 1992
2747:21 October 1991
2732:
2730:
2719:22 January 2002
2704:
2702:
2676:
2674:
2646:
2644:
2633:14 January 1982
2616:
2614:
2586:
2584:
2558:
2556:
2530:
2528:
2502:
2500:
2494:5 February 2003
2489:5 November 2002
2474:
2472:
2444:
2442:
2416:
2414:
2386:
2384:
2378:12 January 1993
2373:12 October 1992
2358:
2356:
2329:
2327:
2298:
2296:
2270:
2268:
2262:1 February 1977
2257:1 November 1976
2242:
2240:
2229:29 October 1969
2212:
2210:
2182:
2180:
2154:
2152:
2126:
2124:
2118:6 November 1993
2098:
2096:
2070:
2068:
2057:27 January 1984
2042:
2040:
2024:17 October 1980
2012:
2010:
1984:
1982:
1956:
1954:
1926:
1924:
1913:24 January 1992
1898:
1896:
1890:8 December 2000
1868:
1866:
1840:
1838:
1812:
1810:
1784:
1782:
1756:
1754:
1726:
1724:
1696:
1694:
1668:
1666:
1660:6 December 2000
1640:
1638:
1612:
1610:
1594:4 December 2008
1582:
1580:
1554:
1552:
1524:
1522:
1494:
1492:
1466:
1464:
1458:8 November 1986
1436:
1434:
1428:3 November 2019
1408:
1406:
1395:10 January 1992
1380:
1378:
1350:
1348:
1320:
1318:
1292:
1290:
1279:24 January 1983
1264:
1262:
1240:
1200:
1195:
1158:
1146:
1133:
1105:
1092:
951:
945:
942:
935:needs expansion
920:
899:
880:
761:right of return
750:
748:Right of Return
722:Main articles:
720:
652:double jeopardy
617:
609:Main articles:
607:
571:
565:
505:life expectancy
493:
481:Main articles:
479:
440:minority rights
360:, the right to
316:
268:
160:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
51:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11588:
11578:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10540:
10539:
10525:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10485:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10451:
10449:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10387:
10382:
10381:
10380:
10370:
10369:
10368:
10358:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10144:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10075:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10047:
10045:Western Sahara
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9992:
9991:
9990:
9985:
9975:
9969:
9967:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9936:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9914:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9864:
9862:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9854:
9848:
9842:
9836:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9805:
9803:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9742:
9740:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9721:
9719:European Union
9711:
9710:
9709:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9683:
9681:
9673:
9672:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9556:Envoy on Youth
9553:
9552:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9530:
9528:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9413:
9411:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9377:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9185:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9120:
9119:
9118:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9064:
9062:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9041:Dennis Francis
9034:
9025:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9008:United Nations
9004:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8981:
8972:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8882:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8868:Social Charter
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8842:
8841:
8840:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8721:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8707:
8702:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8642:
8637:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8615:
8614:
8607:
8606:
8599:
8592:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8570:
8553:
8532:
8526:
8521:
8514:
8513:External links
8511:
8509:
8508:
8479:
8470:
8461:
8435:Colum. L. Rev.
8417:
8408:
8382:
8373:
8364:
8357:
8351:. p. 95.
8331:
8304:
8290:
8265:
8251:
8234:
8199:
8190:
8181:
8155:
8146:
8132:
8130:(k) & (m).
8116:
8100:
8084:
8068:
8052:
8038:
8026:
8014:
8000:
7951:(3): 469–503.
7931:
7906:
7888:
7879:
7854:
7845:
7836:
7827:
7812:
7803:
7794:
7785:
7776:
7767:
7758:
7744:
7730:
7718:
7709:
7700:
7691:
7664:
7646:
7637:
7628:
7619:
7610:
7601:
7592:
7583:
7574:
7552:
7538:
7529:
7520:
7511:
7486:
7477:
7468:
7459:
7434:
7425:
7416:
7407:
7398:
7376:
7364:
7355:
7346:
7337:
7308:
7299:
7290:
7278:
7269:
7260:
7251:
7242:
7233:
7224:
7215:
7206:
7197:
7188:
7176:
7161:
7135:
7104:
7090:
7081:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7011:
6994:
6974:
6968:following the
6953:
6943:
6919:
6903:Czech Republic
6887:Czechoslovakia
6868:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6842:
6828:
6802:
6754:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6648:
6635:
6622:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6589:
6576:
6563:
6550:
6537:
6524:
6511:
6498:
6485:
6472:
6459:
6446:
6433:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6312:
6311:
6309:5 October 1998
6306:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6281:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:13 August 1991
6261:
6256:
6253:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6225:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6197:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6169:
6155:
6154:
6152:10 August 1978
6149:
6144:
6139:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6081:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6024:5 October 1977
6021:
6007:
6006:
6004:20 August 1976
6001:
5996:
5991:
5989:United Kingdom
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5905:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:15 August 2000
5875:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5817:
5803:
5802:
5800:24 August 1984
5797:
5792:
5789:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5711:4 January 1999
5708:
5705:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5677:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5535:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5426:3 October 1994
5423:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5395:
5381:
5380:
5378:6 October 1992
5375:
5370:
5367:
5353:
5352:
5350:1 January 1993
5347:
5342:
5339:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5317:23 August 1996
5314:
5311:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5255:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5137:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5081:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5007:
5006:
5004:21 August 2018
5001:
4996:
4993:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4966:7 October 1976
4963:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:11 August 1977
4873:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4845:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4541:
4540:
4538:14 August 1991
4535:
4530:
4527:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4361:28 August 1997
4358:
4353:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4021:18 August 1983
4018:
4013:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3771:
3770:
3768:7 January 1995
3765:
3763:7 October 1994
3760:
3757:
3743:
3742:
3740:21 August 1996
3737:
3732:
3729:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3533:3 October 1975
3530:
3525:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3481:
3480:
3478:3 January 1992
3475:
3473:3 October 1991
3470:
3465:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:1 October 1973
3435:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3297:22 August 1979
3294:
3289:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3237:25 August 1997
3234:
3229:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:22 August 1968
3171:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2970:9 October 1968
2967:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2833:19 August 1975
2830:
2825:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:16 August 2018
2800:
2797:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:4 January 1978
2542:
2539:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2461:6 January 1972
2458:
2453:
2439:
2438:
2436:1 January 1993
2433:
2428:
2425:
2423:Czech Republic
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2293:
2292:
2290:5 January 1984
2287:
2285:5 October 1983
2282:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2093:
2092:
2090:19 August 1976
2087:
2082:
2079:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2037:
2036:
2034:26 August 1992
2031:
2026:
2021:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:4 January 1999
1968:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:8 October 1968
1935:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:12 August 1982
1824:
1821:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1683:5 January 1973
1680:
1677:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1569:13 August 1992
1566:
1563:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:13 August 1980
1508:
1503:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1315:
1314:
1312:4 January 1992
1309:
1307:4 October 1991
1304:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1157:
1154:
1145:
1142:
1132:
1129:
1104:
1101:
1091:
1088:
953:
952:
932:
930:
919:
916:
898:
895:
879:
876:
719:
716:
606:
603:
567:Main article:
564:
561:
478:
475:
448:
447:
436:
429:
418:
411:
400:
387:
330:negative right
315:
312:
267:
264:
179:
178:
177:
176:
168:
167:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
63:
58:
52:
46:
45:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11587:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10537:
10536:
10531:
10523:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10490:
10486:
10484:
10482:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10379:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10371:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10319:Treaty Series
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10275:
10274:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10196:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10170:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10059:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9993:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9966:
9962:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9927:
9923:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9893:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9859:
9852:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9800:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9728:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9712:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9679:and observers
9674:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9623:Legal Affairs
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9521:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9404:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9176:
9170:
9167:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9009:
9002:
8997:
8995:
8990:
8988:
8983:
8982:
8979:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8926:
8922:
8921:
8915:
8911:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8814:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8733:
8732:
8726:
8722:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8605:
8600:
8598:
8593:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8575:
8571:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8560:Ruth Wedgwood
8557:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8496:
8492:
8486:
8484:
8474:
8465:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8412:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8391:
8386:
8377:
8368:
8360:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8300:
8294:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8261:
8255:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8194:
8185:
8177:
8170:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8150:
8142:
8136:
8129:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8097:
8093:
8088:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8065:
8061:
8056:
8049:
8048:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8018:
8010:
8004:
7996:
7990:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7902:
7898:
7892:
7883:
7867:
7861:
7859:
7849:
7840:
7831:
7823:
7816:
7807:
7798:
7789:
7780:
7771:
7762:
7754:
7748:
7740:
7734:
7725:
7723:
7713:
7704:
7695:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7660:
7659:www.ohchr.org
7656:
7650:
7641:
7632:
7623:
7614:
7605:
7596:
7587:
7578:
7562:
7556:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7533:
7524:
7515:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7481:
7472:
7463:
7447:
7441:
7439:
7429:
7420:
7411:
7402:
7386:
7380:
7371:
7369:
7359:
7350:
7341:
7325:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7303:
7294:
7285:
7283:
7273:
7264:
7255:
7246:
7237:
7228:
7219:
7210:
7201:
7192:
7183:
7181:
7172:
7165:
7149:
7142:
7140:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7101:
7100:
7094:
7085:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7029:
7015:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6958:
6947:
6940:
6936:
6923:
6916:
6904:
6892:
6888:
6875:
6873:
6863:
6854:
6843:
6840:
6829:
6826:
6814:
6803:
6800:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6751:
6745:
6736:
6732:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6661:(through the
6660:
6649:
6647:
6636:
6634:
6623:
6621:
6610:
6609:
6601:
6590:
6588:
6577:
6575:
6564:
6562:
6551:
6549:
6538:
6536:
6525:
6523:
6512:
6510:
6499:
6497:
6486:
6484:
6473:
6471:
6460:
6458:
6447:
6445:
6434:
6432:
6421:
6420:
6407:
6405:
6394:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6354:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6334:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6314:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6277:
6262:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6241:
6240:
6234:
6231:10 April 1984
6229:
6226:
6224:
6213:
6212:
6206:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6185:
6184:
6178:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6157:
6156:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6138:
6127:
6126:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6097:
6096:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6069:
6068:
6064:23 March 1976
6062:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6020:
6019:United States
6009:
6008:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5979:
5978:
5974:23 March 1976
5972:
5967:
5964:20 March 1968
5962:
5960:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5921:
5920:
5916:1 August 1997
5914:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5893:
5892:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5863:
5862:
5858:23 March 1976
5856:
5853:18 March 1969
5851:
5848:30 April 1968
5846:
5844:
5833:
5832:
5828:21 March 1979
5826:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5805:
5804:
5798:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5693:
5692:
5688:23 March 1976
5686:
5683:21 April 1969
5681:
5678:
5676:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5637:
5636:
5632:23 March 1976
5630:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5597:26 March 2004
5595:
5592:
5590:
5579:
5578:
5574:28 March 1977
5572:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5551:
5550:
5544:
5541:18 March 1986
5539:
5536:
5534:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5485:27 April 1977
5483:
5478:
5476:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5441:
5440:
5436:10 March 1999
5434:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5411:
5410:
5406:24 April 1990
5404:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5383:
5382:
5376:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5299:
5298:
5294:5 August 1992
5292:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5271:
5270:
5266:27 April 1992
5264:
5261:12 March 2001
5259:
5256:
5254:
5243:
5242:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5213:
5212:
5208:10 April 2017
5206:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5097:
5096:
5092:23 March 1976
5090:
5087:16 April 1975
5085:
5082:
5080:
5069:
5068:
5064:23 March 1976
5062:
5057:
5054:18 March 1968
5052:
5050:
5039:
5038:
5034:23 March 1976
5032:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5009:
5008:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4941:18 March 1977
4939:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4881:28 April 1978
4879:
4874:
4872:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4735:
4732:17 April 2008
4730:
4728:
4717:
4716:
4712:23 March 1976
4710:
4705:
4702:20 March 1968
4700:
4698:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4621:12 March 1980
4619:
4616:
4614:
4603:
4602:
4598:28 March 1979
4596:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4568:11 March 1979
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4459:
4458:
4454:3 August 1979
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4401:
4400:
4396:23 March 1976
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4341:
4340:
4336:26 April 1993
4334:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4303:23 March 1981
4301:
4298:
4296:
4285:
4284:
4280:23 March 1976
4278:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4219:12 March 2018
4217:
4214:
4212:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4173:
4172:
4168:23 March 1976
4166:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4112:22 March 1994
4110:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4089:
4088:
4084:23 March 1976
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3968:10 March 1999
3966:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Liechtenstein
3945:
3944:
3940:23 March 1976
3938:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3905:
3902:18 April 1967
3900:
3898:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3854:23 March 1976
3852:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3821:14 April 1992
3819:
3816:
3814:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3707:10 April 1990
3705:
3702:
3700:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3661:
3660:
3656:23 March 1976
3654:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3632:
3628:24 April 2006
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3603:
3602:
3598:23 March 1976
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3538:23 March 1976
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3423:
3422:
3418:23 March 1976
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3388:23 March 1976
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3325:10 April 1979
3323:
3320:
3318:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3277:
3276:
3272:23 March 1976
3270:
3265:
3262:25 March 1969
3260:
3258:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3139:Guinea-Bissau
3129:
3128:
3124:24 April 1978
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3098:
3094:5 August 1992
3092:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3043:
3042:
3038:5 August 1997
3036:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2980:23 March 1976
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2950:3 August 1994
2948:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2917:22 March 1979
2915:
2912:
2910:
2899:
2898:
2894:21 April 1983
2892:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2838:23 March 1976
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2724:22 April 2002
2722:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2638:14 April 1982
2636:
2631:
2628:4 August 1967
2626:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2608:23 March 1976
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2466:23 March 1976
2464:
2459:
2456:20 March 1968
2454:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2408:23 March 1976
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2345:26 March 1992
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:Côte d'Ivoire
2325:
2324:
2320:23 March 1976
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2234:23 March 1976
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2204:23 March 1976
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2146:8 August 1981
2144:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2113:6 August 1993
2111:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2062:27 April 1984
2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2004:8 August 1990
2002:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1948:23 March 1976
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1918:24 April 1992
1916:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1799:12 March 1992
1797:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1743:12 April 1983
1741:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1718:23 March 1976
1716:
1711:
1708:19 March 1968
1706:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1688:23 March 1976
1686:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1604:23 March 2009
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1453:8 August 1986
1451:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1400:10 April 1992
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1362:5 August 2002
1360:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1284:24 April 1983
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1193:United States
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:United States
1059:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
949:
940:
936:
933:This section
931:
928:
924:
923:
915:
912:
907:
904:
894:
891:
888:In contrast,
886:
884:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
845:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
807:
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
783:
780:mandates the
779:
775:
773:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
715:
713:
709:
705:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
629:
625:
621:
616:
612:
602:
600:
596:
594:
589:
585:
582:
578:
575:
570:
569:Habeas corpus
560:
558:
557:forced labour
554:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:
503:and increase
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
483:Right to life
474:
472:
468:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
445:
441:
437:
435:(Article 25);
434:
433:right to vote
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
398:
397:
396:habeas corpus
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
304:
301:
297:
292:
289:
285:
281:
272:
263:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:right to life
198:
194:
190:
186:
175:
172:
171:
169:
166:
158:Full text at
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:23 March 1976
118:
114:
111:
110:New York City
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
41:
36:
30:
19:
10526:
10488:
10480:
10426:
10272:Peacekeeping
10247:Interpreters
10216:
10167:
9868:Peacekeeping
9786:organization
9687:Full members
9648:Partnerships
9534:Headquarters
9256:peacekeeping
8918:
8822:Regional law
8821:
8797:
8729:
8623:
8563:
8546:
8499:. Retrieved
8473:
8464:
8438:
8433:
8426:Yoo, John C.
8420:
8411:
8397:274 F.3d 337
8393:
8389:
8385:
8376:
8367:
8344:
8334:
8322:. Retrieved
8317:
8307:
8293:
8281:. Retrieved
8277:
8268:
8254:
8237:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8193:
8184:
8175:
8149:
8135:
8123:
8119:
8107:
8103:
8091:
8087:
8075:
8071:
8059:
8055:
8045:
8041:
8029:
8017:
8003:
7989:cite journal
7977:. Retrieved
7948:
7944:
7934:
7924:10 September
7922:. Retrieved
7900:
7891:
7882:
7870:. Retrieved
7848:
7839:
7830:
7815:
7806:
7797:
7788:
7779:
7770:
7761:
7747:
7733:
7712:
7703:
7694:
7682:. Retrieved
7658:
7649:
7640:
7631:
7622:
7613:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7577:
7565:. Retrieved
7555:
7532:
7523:
7514:
7502:. Retrieved
7480:
7471:
7462:
7450:. Retrieved
7428:
7419:
7410:
7401:
7389:. Retrieved
7379:
7358:
7349:
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7302:
7293:
7272:
7263:
7254:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7218:
7209:
7200:
7191:
7170:
7164:
7152:. Retrieved
7126:. Retrieved
7122:the original
7097:
7093:
7084:
7076:
7014:
6997:
6946:
6935:East Germany
6922:
6862:
6744:
6735:
6659:Vatican City
6620:Cook Islands
6535:Saudi Arabia
6275:
6236:10 July 1984
6142:24 June 1969
5939:21 June 1995
5903:Turkmenistan
5739:11 June 1976
5716:4 April 1999
5655:18 June 1992
5644:
5602:26 June 2004
5546:18 June 1986
5513:11 June 1980
5490:27 July 1977
5421:South Africa
5309:Sierra Leone
5024:27 June 1968
4971:15 June 1978
4946:18 June 1977
4936:2 March 1967
4886:28 July 1978
4851:10 June 1992
4823:21 July 2008
4795:8 March 1977
4790:27 July 1976
4765:2 April 2014
4737:23 June 2010
4677:29 July 1993
4649:7 March 1986
4626:12 June 1980
4558:25 June 1969
4477:21 July 1993
4356:26 June 1997
4308:23 June 1981
4224:12 June 2018
4163:16 July 1974
4079:21 June 1971
3826:14 July 1992
3712:10 July 1990
3699:Korea, South
3671:Korea, North
3588:30 June 1972
3563:21 June 1979
3448:8 March 1990
3383:24 June 1975
3378:4 April 1968
3330:10 July 1979
2922:22 June 1979
2775:11 June 1993
2603:6 March 1969
2598:4 April 1968
2550:4 April 1978
2517:17 June 1993
2403:2 April 1969
2350:26 June 1992
1976:4 April 1999
1963:Burkina Faso
1860:6 March 1992
1804:12 June 1992
1771:10 June 1996
1748:12 July 1983
1589:Bahamas, The
1481:23 June 1993
1248:State party
1241:
1232:Louis Henkin
1220:
1208:reservations
1201:
1159:
1147:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
986:
977:
976:
970:
969:
965:constitution
960:
959:
956:
943:
939:adding to it
934:
918:Reservations
908:
900:
889:
887:
882:
881:
855:
854:
849:
848:
839:
838:
825:
817:
816:
811:
810:
801:
800:
787:
786:
777:
776:
771:
770:
752:
751:
707:
706:
681:
677:
676:
660:speedy trial
650:and forbids
637:
633:Article 14.3
632:
624:Article 14.1
623:
619:
618:
598:
597:
587:
586:
580:
579:
573:
572:
548:
547:
521:
520:
509:
495:
494:
470:
469:
464:
463:
453:
452:
449:
394:
379:
378:
341:legal remedy
336:
335:
321:
320:
317:
305:
293:
277:
253:
238:
188:
184:
182:
29:
10501:UNICEF club
10195:Honour Flag
10030:North Korea
9965:Resolutions
9912:Enlargement
9084:Secretariat
8501:28 February
8459:At p. 1959.
8324:21 February
7872:25 November
6404:Saint Lucia
6259:13 May 1991
6147:10 May 1978
6059:21 May 1967
6029:8 June 1992
5999:20 May 1976
5795:24 May 1984
5647:Switzerland
5461:5 May 2024
5451:South Sudan
5373:6 July 1992
5345:28 May 1993
5238:13 May 1978
5228:6 July 1970
5148:15 May 2008
4999:21 May 2018
4901:Philippines
4800:8 June 1977
4770:2 July 2014
4654:7 June 1986
4583:New Zealand
4553:Netherlands
4533:14 May 1991
4424:3 June 2006
4386:5 June 1968
3935:15 May 1970
3735:21 May 1996
3593:28 May 1975
3558:30 May 1978
3358:23 May 2006
3184:15 May 1977
2909:Gambia, The
2653:El Salvador
2169:9 June 1995
2085:19 May 1976
2029:26 May 1992
1423:3 July 2019
1271:Afghanistan
1212:hate speech
1166:child abuse
1144:New Zealand
1071:association
1067:free speech
1004:in absentia
755:guarantees
539:refoulement
234:North Korea
217:due process
124:Signatories
10549:Categories
10489:Ex Tempore
10481:UN Special
10402:UN Mandate
9861:Activities
9467:UN Tourism
9290:UN-HABITAT
9268:OzonAction
9093:selections
7684:10 October
7567:10 October
7504:10 October
7452:10 October
7391:10 October
7330:10 October
7154:4 November
7025:References
6853:Montenegro
6781:Yugoslavia
6483:Micronesia
6208:9 May 1987
6079:Uzbekistan
5911:1 May 1997
5703:Tajikistan
5289:5 May 1992
5281:Seychelles
5163:San Marino
4469:Mozambique
4449:3 May 1979
4411:Montenegro
4239:Mauritania
4069:Madagascar
4011:Luxembourg
3755:Kyrgyzstan
3651:1 May 1972
3613:Kazakhstan
3212:6 May 1991
3089:5 May 1992
3033:5 May 1997
2945:3 May 1994
2565:East Timor
2305:Costa Rica
2141:8 May 1981
2105:Cape Verde
1999:8 May 1990
1647:Bangladesh
1561:Azerbaijan
1083:fourteenth
1050:The Gambia
1000:Bangladesh
890:Article 26
856:Article 27
850:Article 24
840:Article 23
818:Article 21
812:Article 20
802:Article 19
788:Article 18
778:Article 17
772:Article 13
753:Article 12
708:Article 16
697:jus cogens
678:Article 15
666:, against
628:open court
620:Article 14
599:Article 11
588:Article 10
551:prohibits
524:prohibits
426:incitement
422:propaganda
370:conscience
362:personhood
165:Wikisource
140:Depositary
10361:UN reform
10163:Criticism
10061:Elections
10035:Palestine
9922:committee
9330:UN-Oceans
9278:UNEP-WCMC
9162:President
9150:President
9140:Elections
9116:President
9051:UN System
8844:European
8562:entitled
8529:article 2
8128:s 11
8112:s 11
8096:s 11
8080:s 11
8064:s 11
8024:, Part 3.
7979:20 August
7965:0020-8183
6986:Hong Kong
6548:Singapore
6137:Venezuela
5589:Swaziland
5505:Sri Lanka
4757:Palestine
4613:Nicaragua
4267:Mauritius
3983:Lithuania
3345:Indonesia
3081:Guatemala
1501:Australia
1443:Argentina
1156:Sri Lanka
1103:Australia
971:Australia
961:Argentina
946:June 2010
864:religious
828:mandates
820:mandates
804:mandates
790:mandates
574:Article 9
549:Article 8
522:Article 7
496:Article 6
150:Languages
116:Effective
10506:Model UN
10491:magazine
10483:magazine
10412:UN Sacco
9900:drafting
9878:timeline
9873:missions
9776:archives
9392:UN Women
9380:UNU-CRIS
9231:UNCITRAL
9068:Preamble
8712:(UNDROP)
8680:(UNDRIP)
8428:(1999).
8400:Archived
8221:22908613
8036:, Part 2
8011:, ComLaw
7973:15372366
6915:Slovakia
6670:See also
6663:Holy See
6470:Malaysia
6457:Kiribati
6251:Zimbabwe
5759:Thailand
5731:Tanzania
5561:Suriname
5365:Slovenia
5337:Slovakia
4961:Portugal
4843:Paraguay
4727:Pakistan
4381:Mongolia
4127:Maldives
3227:Honduras
2767:Ethiopia
2509:Dominica
2481:Djibouti
2219:Colombia
2049:Cameroon
2019:Cambodia
1933:Bulgaria
1875:Botswana
1675:Barbados
1181:and the
1175:Facebook
1056:Pakistan
1010:Barbados
700:) under
642:and the
374:religion
300:positive
296:negative
251:(UDHR).
102:Location
10455:Outline
10140:Related
10020:Lebanon
9791:members
9781:charter
9731:History
9677:Members
9576:Nairobi
9211:MINURSO
9145:Members
9128:Statute
9060:Charter
8674:(DEVAW)
8668:(DEDAW)
8566:in the
8556:Lecture
8549:in the
8545:on the
8455:1123607
8283:2 April
8229:2257114
6496:Myanmar
6324:Comoros
6290:Signed
6167:Vietnam
6107:Vanuatu
6049:Uruguay
5959:Ukraine
5843:Tunisia
5393:Somalia
5223:Senegal
5019:Romania
4669:Nigeria
4497:Namibia
4439:Morocco
4323:Moldova
3897:Liberia
3869:Lesotho
3841:Lebanon
3523:Jamaica
3433:Ireland
3287:Iceland
3257:Hungary
3053:Grenada
2965:Germany
2937:Georgia
2823:Finland
2739:Estonia
2711:Eritrea
2593:Ecuador
2451:Denmark
2365:Croatia
1991:Burundi
1819:Bolivia
1733:Belgium
1703:Belarus
1619:Bahrain
1531:Austria
1473:Armenia
1357:Andorra
1327:Algeria
1299:Albania
1251:Signed
1230:(Prof.
1179:Civicus
1131:Ireland
1043:Denmark
1016:Belgium
994:Bahrain
988:Bahamas
978:Austria
664:counsel
553:slavery
526:torture
491:Slavery
487:Torture
354:slavery
350:torture
266:History
132:Parties
86:Drafted
10339:UN Day
10277:Canada
10153:CCISUA
10015:Israel
10000:Cyprus
9853:(1945)
9847:(1945)
9841:(1944)
9835:(1943)
9829:(1943)
9823:(1942)
9817:(1941)
9811:(1941)
9581:Vienna
9566:Geneva
9457:UNESCO
9375:UNU-OP
9350:UNRISD
9345:UNOSAT
9325:UNITAR
9320:UNIDIR
9315:UNICRI
9310:UNICEF
9226:UNCTAD
9216:UNAIDS
8701:(VDPA)
8647:(UDHR)
8453:
8355:
8227:
8219:
8126:(Cth)
8110:(Cth)
8094:(Cth)
8078:(Cth)
8062:(Cth)
8050:(Cth).
7971:
7963:
7901:un.org
7128:2 June
6932:
6912:
6900:
6893:, the
6884:
6850:
6836:
6825:Serbia
6822:
6810:
6796:
6778:
6656:
6646:Taiwan
6643:
6630:
6617:
6597:
6587:Tuvalu
6584:
6571:
6558:
6545:
6532:
6519:
6506:
6493:
6480:
6467:
6454:
6444:Brunei
6441:
6431:Bhutan
6428:
6401:
6381:
6361:
6341:
6321:
6301:
6287:State
6248:
6223:Zambia
6220:
6192:
6164:
6134:
6104:
6076:
6046:
6016:
5986:
5956:
5931:Uganda
5928:
5900:
5873:Turkey
5870:
5840:
5812:
5784:
5756:
5728:
5700:
5672:
5617:Sweden
5614:
5586:
5558:
5530:
5502:
5472:
5448:
5418:
5390:
5362:
5334:
5306:
5278:
5253:Serbia
5250:
5220:
5189:
5160:
5132:
5104:
5079:Rwanda
5076:
5049:Russia
5046:
5016:
4988:
4958:
4931:Poland
4928:
4898:
4868:
4840:
4812:
4785:Panama
4782:
4754:
4724:
4697:Norway
4694:
4666:
4638:
4610:
4580:
4550:
4494:
4466:
4436:
4408:
4378:
4351:Monaco
4348:
4320:
4295:Mexico
4292:
4264:
4236:
4208:
4180:
4152:
4124:
4099:Malawi
4096:
4066:
4038:
4008:
3980:
3952:
3924:
3894:
3866:
3838:
3813:Latvia
3810:
3780:
3752:
3727:Kuwait
3724:
3696:
3668:
3640:
3610:
3583:Jordan
3580:
3550:
3520:
3490:
3463:Israel
3460:
3430:
3400:
3370:
3342:
3314:
3284:
3254:
3224:
3196:
3169:Guyana
3166:
3136:
3109:Guinea
3106:
3078:
3050:
3025:Greece
3022:
2992:
2962:
2934:
2906:
2878:
2853:France
2850:
2820:
2792:
2764:
2736:
2708:
2680:
2650:
2620:
2590:
2562:
2534:
2506:
2478:
2448:
2420:
2393:Cyprus
2390:
2362:
2333:
2302:
2274:
2246:
2216:
2186:
2158:
2130:
2102:
2077:Canada
2074:
2046:
2016:
1988:
1960:
1930:
1905:Brazil
1902:
1872:
1844:
1816:
1788:
1763:Belize
1760:
1730:
1700:
1672:
1644:
1616:
1586:
1558:
1528:
1498:
1470:
1440:
1412:
1387:Angola
1384:
1354:
1324:
1296:
1268:
1081:, and
1079:eighth
1026:Belize
860:ethnic
796:belief
763:. The
746:, and
489:, and
471:Part 6
465:Part 5
454:Part 4
406:, the
380:Part 3
364:, and
337:Part 2
322:Part 1
193:treaty
94:Signed
65:
60:
54:
48:
10448:Other
10395:Hanoi
10185:FICSA
10050:Yemen
10040:Syria
9888:UNPOL
9462:UNIDO
9365:UNSSC
9360:UNSDG
9355:UNRWA
9340:UNOPS
9335:UNODC
9305:UNHRC
9300:UNHCR
9295:OHCHR
9285:UNFPA
9251:UNDPO
9241:UNDGC
9236:UNCDF
8451:JSTOR
8172:(PDF)
7969:S2CID
6988:upon
6966:Macau
6728:Notes
6574:Tonga
6384:Palau
6364:Nauru
6304:China
6195:Yemen
5675:Syria
5533:Sudan
5475:Spain
5135:Samoa
4991:Qatar
4641:Niger
4525:Nepal
4183:Malta
3927:Libya
3643:Kenya
3553:Japan
3493:Italy
3317:India
3199:Haiti
2995:Ghana
2881:Gabon
2623:Egypt
2189:Chile
1791:Benin
1075:fifth
1033:Congo
662:, to
189:ICCPR
18:ICCPR
10190:Flag
10118:2011
10113:2014
10108:2017
10103:2020
10098:2021
10093:2022
10088:2023
10078:2016
10073:2021
10010:Iraq
10005:Iran
9988:67th
9983:66th
9707:list
9502:IBRD
9487:WIPO
9477:WFEO
9427:IFAD
9422:ICAO
9263:UNEP
9246:UNDP
9221:SCSL
9206:IAEA
9201:IPCC
8503:2024
8353:ISBN
8326:2009
8285:2019
8225:SSRN
8217:PMID
8114:(n).
8082:(j).
8066:(e).
7995:link
7981:2022
7961:ISSN
7926:2020
7874:2019
7686:2010
7569:2010
7506:2010
7454:2010
7393:2010
7332:2010
7156:2017
7130:2008
6633:Niue
6509:Oman
6344:Cuba
5787:Togo
4871:Peru
4155:Mali
3783:Laos
3403:Iraq
3373:Iran
2795:Fiji
2161:Chad
1202:The
1069:and
1061:The
909:The
866:and
824:and
613:and
442:and
352:and
230:Cuba
228:and
183:The
89:1954
76:Type
9512:IFC
9507:IDA
9492:WMO
9482:WHO
9472:UPU
9452:ITU
9447:IOM
9442:IMO
9437:IMF
9432:ILO
9417:FAO
9397:WFP
9387:UNV
9370:UNU
9196:ITC
8558:by
8537:by
8443:doi
7953:doi
941:.
794:or
135:174
10551::
9039::
9030::
9021::
8541:,
8493:.
8482:^
8449:.
8439:99
8432:.
8347:.
8316:.
8276:.
8223:.
8213:19
8211:.
8174:.
8158:^
7991:}}
7987:{{
7967:.
7959:.
7949:67
7947:.
7943:.
7909:^
7899:.
7857:^
7721:^
7667:^
7657:.
7541:^
7489:^
7437:^
7367:^
7311:^
7281:^
7179:^
7138:^
7107:^
7075:.
7032:^
6977:^
6956:^
6871:^
6757:^
6255:—
6227:—
6199:—
6171:—
6083:—
5935:—
5907:—
5819:—
5791:—
5763:—
5735:—
5707:—
5679:—
5651:—
5593:—
5565:—
5537:—
5509:—
5455:—
5397:—
5369:—
5341:—
5313:—
5285:—
5257:—
5167:—
5139:—
5111:—
5083:—
4995:—
4847:—
4819:—
4761:—
4673:—
4645:—
4617:—
4529:—
4501:—
4473:—
4415:—
4327:—
4299:—
4271:—
4243:—
4215:—
4187:—
4159:—
4131:—
4103:—
4045:—
3987:—
3959:—
3931:—
3873:—
3845:—
3817:—
3759:—
3731:—
3703:—
3675:—
3647:—
3349:—
3321:—
3203:—
3085:—
3057:—
3029:—
2941:—
2913:—
2885:—
2857:—
2799:—
2771:—
2743:—
2715:—
2687:—
2569:—
2541:—
2513:—
2485:—
2427:—
2369:—
2341:—
2281:—
2253:—
2165:—
2137:—
2109:—
2081:—
2053:—
1995:—
1967:—
1909:—
1851:—
1823:—
1795:—
1767:—
1679:—
1651:—
1623:—
1565:—
1477:—
1419:—
1391:—
1303:—
1275:—
1189:.
1077:,
874:.
862:,
846:.
836:.
826:22
808:.
798:.
742:,
738:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
714:.
674:.
528:,
485:,
372:,
368:,
232:;
211:,
207:,
203:,
127:74
108:,
9095:)
9091:(
9000:e
8993:t
8986:v
8603:e
8596:t
8589:v
8505:.
8457:.
8445::
8361:.
8328:.
8287:.
8262:.
8249:.
8231:.
8178:.
8143:.
7997:)
7983:.
7955::
7928:.
7903:.
7876:.
7824:.
7755:.
7741:.
7688:.
7661:.
7571:.
7508:.
7456:.
7395:.
7334:.
7158:.
7132:.
6752:.
6665:)
948:)
944:(
694:(
187:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
