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provokes all three types of behaviour (avoidance, protection, repair) to some degree. Dealing with a threat like murder, for instance, will require one individual to practice avoidance (e.g. the potential murderer must stay calm), others to protect (e.g. the police officer, who must stop the attack, or the bystander, who may be obligated to call the police), and others to repair (e.g. the doctor who must resuscitate a person who has been attacked). He implies that even the negative right not to be killed, can only be guaranteed with the help of some positive duties. Shue further maintains that the negative and positive rights distinction can be harmful, because it may result in the neglect of necessary duties.
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from this arrangement in that a smaller number of physicians inevitably leads to increased rates of reimbursement. There's nothing inherently wrong with this arrangement. However, it belies any claim that doctors should have the same right to choose their customers as barbers or babysitters. Much as the government has been willing to impose duties on radio stations (e.g., indecency codes, equal time rules) that would be impermissible if applied to newspapers, Montana might reasonably consider requiring physicians, in return for the privilege of a medical license, to prescribe medication to the dying without regard to the patient's intent.
1290:, meaning that the legitimacy of the obligation is accepted "on its face"; but even if not questioned, such obligations may still be ranked for ethical analysis. Most modern societies insist that other, very serious ethical questions need to come into play before stealing can justify killing. Due to being universally regarded as one of the highest, if not the highest obligation, the obligation not to kill is significantly greater than the obligation not to steal. This is why a breach of the latter does not justify a breach of the former act.
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1302:. The greatest negative obligation may have just one exception—one higher obligation of self-defense. However, even the greatest positive obligations generally require more complex ethical analysis. For example, one could easily justify failing to help, not just one, but several injured children quite ethically, in the case of
1282:, as rights are ranked by their degree of importance, and violations of less important rights are accepted in the course of preventing violations of more important ones. Even if the right to not be killed is inalienable, the corresponding obligation on others to refrain from killing generally has at least one exception:
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believes that all rights (regardless of whether they seem more "negative" or "positive") requires both kinds of duties at once. Shue says that honouring a right will require avoidance (a "negative" duty), but also protective or reparative actions ("positive" duties). The negative positive distinction
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shows that the argument that there is no distinction between negative and positive rights on the ground that negative rights require police and courts as their enforcement is "mistaken." He says that the question between what one has a right to do and if anybody enforces it, are separate issues. If
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M. de
Lamartine wrote me one day: "Your doctrine is only the half of my program; you have stopped at liberty; I go on to fraternity." I answered him: "The second half of your program will destroy the first half." And, in fact, it is quite impossible for me to separate the word "fraternity" from the
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Medical licenses are a limited commodity, reflecting an artificial shortage created by a partnership between
Congress and organizations representing physicians—with medical school seats and residency positions effectively allotted by the government, much like radio frequencies. Physicians benefit
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To Shue, rights can always be understood as confronting "standard threats" against humanity. Dealing with standard threats requires duties, which may be divided across time (e.g. "if avoiding the harmful behaviour fails, begin to repair the damages"), but also divided across people. Every right
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hold that positive rights, which would include a right to be protected, do not exist until they are created by a contract. However, those with this view do not mean that police, for example, are not obligated to protect the rights of citizens. Since they contract with their employers to defend
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what is necessary to satisfy their basic needs. Needless to say, libertarians would want to deny that the poor have this liberty. But how could they justify such a denial? As this liberty of the poor has been specified, it is not a positive right to receive something, but a negative right of
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rights are only negative, then it means that no one has a duty to enforce them, however, individuals have a right to use any non-forcible means to gain the cooperation of others in protecting those rights. He says "the distinction between negative and positive is quite robust."
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citizens from violence, then they have created that obligation to their employer. A negative right to life may allow an individual to defend his life from others trying to kill him, or obtain voluntary assistance from others to defend his life.
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Other advocates of the view that there is a distinction between negative and positive rights, argue that the presence of a police force or army is not due to any positive right to these services that citizens claim, but rather because they are
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guarantee negative rights, but not all include positive rights. Positive rights are often guaranteed by other laws, and the majority of liberal democracies provide their citizens with publicly funded education, health care, social security and
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A right to adequate nutrition requires duties to avoid stealing, but also duties to act in ways that protect or repair the delivery of the supplies. The right cannot be guaranteed by only positive duties, nor only negative duties; it needs
1404:, medical professionals may not wish to offer certain services for moral or philosophical reasons. If enough practitioners opt out as a result of conscience, a right granted by the conscience clause statutes in many jurisdictions (see
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If an individual has positive rights, it implies that other people have positive duties (to take certain actions); whereas negative rights imply that others have negative duties (to avoid certain other actions). Philosopher
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1416:, a Montana woman who could not find any physician to assist her suicide in 2009. This controversy over positive and negative rights in medicine has seen an ongoing public debate between conservative ethicist
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from taking the resources on their own. All rights may not only require both "positive" and "negative" duties, but rights that do not involve forced labor may be phrased positively or negatively at will..
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word "voluntary." It is quite impossible for me to conceive of fraternity as legally enforced, without liberty being legally destroyed, and justice being legally trampled underfoot.
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after a disaster. This consideration has led ethicists to agree in a general way that positive obligations are usually junior to negative obligations, as they are not reliably
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account of human rights, negative rights are often associated with the first generation of rights, while positive rights are associated with the second and third generations.
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Smith replies that this is "taking the duty to die and transforming it into a duty to kill", which he argues "reflects a profound misunderstanding of the government's role".
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James P. Sterba makes similar criticisms. He holds that any right can be made to appear either positive or negative depending on the language used to define it. He writes:
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Some philosophers (see criticisms) disagree that the negative–positive rights distinction is useful or valid.
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1310:. Some critics of positive rights implicitly suggest that because positive obligations are not reliably
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lists both positive and negative rights (but does not identify them as such). The constitutions of most
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that states a
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against Clay, then Clay is required to act as necessary to preserve the life of Adrian.
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against Clay, if and only if Clay is obliged to act upon Adrian in some way regarding
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Lukina, Anna (2017). "Soviet Union and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
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will not be described as though it requires only one of the two types of duties.
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summarized the conflict between these negative and positive rights by saying:
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character. The notion of positive and negative rights may also be applied to
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What is at stake is the liberty of the poor not to be interfered with in
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confer duty. In ethics, positive obligations are almost never considered
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1598:. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc.
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protection of person and property. Additionally, they may include
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Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy
1611:"Jan Narveson – Libertarianism: A Philosophical Introduction"
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1048:, may include other civil and political rights such as the
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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1696:"Big Sky Dilemma: Must Doctors Help Their Patients Die?"
1665:"Do We Need a Pro-Choice Litmus Test for Obstetricians?"
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for prioritizing negative rights over positive rights.
1727:"The 'Right to Die' Means a Physician Duty to Kill?"
1689:
1687:
1044:, as initially proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist
1202:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2723:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
1410:Conscience clause in medicine in the United States
2811:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1720:
1718:
1684:
4716:
1776:The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes
1314:they must always be agreed to through contract.
1774:review of Stephen Holmes and Cass R. Sunstein,
1479:taking from the surplus possessions of the rich
1118:. Negative rights exist unless someone acts to
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1278:. However, in practice this is often taken as
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1942:
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1137:, while positive rights can be connected to
27:Rights that oblige either inaction or action
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1809:. Malden, MA : Blackwell, 1998. p. 238
1805:Sterba, J.P., "From Liberty to Welfare" in
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1949:
1935:
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1554:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
1355:discusses this idea at length in his book
1168:When negative and positive rights conflict
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1262:Learn how and when to remove this message
1133:, negative rights can be associated with
974:to act upon Adrian in some way regarding
269:Learn how and when to remove this message
251:Learn how and when to remove this message
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
2851:
1816:. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing
1446:
947:). These obligations may be of either a
4427:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2643:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1392:often conflict with negative rights of
14:
4717:
2735:List of human rights abuses by country
2223:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
2188:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
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2806:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1930:
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1725:Smith, Wesley J. (3 September 2009).
1724:
1693:
1662:
1374:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1153:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1753:Shue, Henry (1980). Chapters 1–2 of
1595:Selected Essays on Political Economy
1200:adding citations to reliable sources
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1058:economic, social and cultural rights
201:
139:
81:
40:
4537:The End of History and the Last Man
4447:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1694:Appel, Jacob M. (18 October 2009).
1625:
1406:Conscientious objection to abortion
986:. A case in point, if Adrian has a
228:<manual of style compliance>.
24:
2233:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
2095:National human rights institutions
2090:List of human rights organisations
1396:. In controversial areas such as
1122:them. A positive right is a right
25:
4751:
1849:
1663:Appel, Jacob M. (24 April 2009).
1532:Three generations of human rights
56:This article has multiple issues.
4507:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2218:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1956:
1462:may be a matter of emphasis; so
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291:
206:
144:
86:
45:
3314:Family as a model for the state
2343:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
2049:Natural rights and legal rights
2039:Claim rights and liberty rights
1868:Claim rights and liberty rights
1863:Natural rights and legal rights
1501:Claim rights and liberty rights
1317:Nineteenth-century philosopher
1187:needs additional citations for
318:Natural rights and legal rights
308:Claim rights and liberty rights
64:or discuss these issues on the
4664:Separation of church and state
4562:Collectivism and individualism
4517:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2213:against Palestinians by Israel
1656:
1602:
1581:
1565:
1543:, which distinguished between
1379:
1211:"Negative and positive rights"
13:
1:
4704:Category:Political philosophy
4577:Critique of political economy
1765:
1759:. Princeton University Press.
960:two parties in a court of law
958:To take an example involving
939:that oblige either inaction (
346:Economic, social and cultural
4602:Institutional discrimination
4597:History of political thought
3329:Negative and positive rights
2054:Negative and positive rights
1873:Negative and positive rights
1814:The Human Right to Education
1522:Rule according to higher law
1442:
978:. In contrast, Adrian has a
933:Negative and positive rights
642:Self-determination of people
323:Negative and positive rights
7:
4612:Justification for the state
4397:Two Treatises of Government
2796:List of human rights awards
2668:in the United Arab Emirates
2044:Individual and group rights
1878:Individual and group rights
1795:. Oxford : Blackwell.
1494:
313:Individual and group rights
226:. The specific problem is:
170:the claims made and adding
10:
4756:
3282:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2718:of the Marcos dictatorship
1792:Anarchy, State, and Utopia
1358:Anarchy, State, and Utopia
1002:civil and political rights
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2648:in the Dominican Republic
2228:during the Gaddafi regime
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2003:
1992:
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1807:Ethics: The Big Questions
4487:The Revolt of the Masses
1559:
1507:Constitutional economics
1368:criticized according to
1274:Rights are deemed to be
300:Theoretical distinctions
30:Not to be confused with
4467:The Communist Manifesto
3393:Tyranny of the majority
3304:Consent of the governed
2786:History of human rights
2193:Enforced disappearances
2183:Crimes against humanity
1911:Equality before the law
1789:Nozick, Robert (1975).
1634:SSRN Electronic Journal
1537:Two Concepts of Liberty
1034:, and the right not to
727:Political particularism
3344:
3294:Clash of civilizations
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2730:Incitement to genocide
2023:Universal jurisdiction
1906:Universal jurisdiction
1593:The Law. Chapter 2 in
1517:Freedom versus license
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1131:categorical imperative
1036:be enslaved by another
992:positive right to life
988:negative right to life
539:Other groups of rights
108:by rewriting it in an
4730:Human rights concepts
3309:Divine right of kings
2791:List of global issues
1621:on February 10, 2006.
1527:Second Bill of Rights
1475:
1450:
1432:
1430:, Appel has written:
1388:, positive rights of
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1162:unemployment benefits
1016:, protection against
835:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
359:Rights by beneficiary
4457:Democracy in America
3836:political philosophy
3819:political philosophy
3634:political philosophy
3463:political philosophy
3373:Separation of powers
3334:Night-watchman state
3319:Monopoly on violence
2853:Political philosophy
2673:in the United States
2448:in Jammu and Kashmir
1994:Fundamental concepts
1812:Hodgson, D. (1998).
1642:10.2139/ssrn.2952292
1591:(1995) . "The Law".
1294:Positive obligations
1196:improve this article
657:Water and sanitation
233:improve this article
222:to meet Knowledge's
4647:Right-wing politics
4527:A Theory of Justice
4497:The Road to Serfdom
4417:The Social Contract
3124:Christian democracy
2658:in the Soviet Union
2558:in Papua New Guinea
2208:Human rights abuses
2166:Human rights abuses
2070:Corporal punishment
1572:"Individual rights"
1488:not to be prevented
1157:liberal democracies
1102:"three generations"
1022:freedom of religion
980:positive right to x
964:negative right to x
868:Christian democracy
700:the Politics series
341:Civil and political
4740:Affirmative action
4735:Political concepts
4659:Political violence
4654:Political theology
4637:Left-wing politics
4632:Political spectrum
2653:in the Philippines
2178:Crime of apartheid
1454:
1345:natural monopolies
1098:standard of living
810:Alasdair MacIntyre
754:Important thinkers
155:possibly contains
110:encyclopedic style
97:is written like a
4712:
4711:
4622:Philosophy of law
4567:Conflict theories
4407:The Spirit of Law
4314:
4313:
3363:Original position
2819:
2818:
2801:Three generations
2161:
2160:
2078:
2077:
1924:
1923:
1772:Publishers Weekly
1589:Bastiat, Frédéric
1512:Constitutionalism
1482:non-interference.
1427:Baxter v. Montana
1280:graded absolutism
1272:
1271:
1264:
1246:
1078:national security
1006:freedom of speech
930:
929:
693:
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351:Three generations
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224:quality standards
215:This article may
200:
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157:original research
138:
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16:(Redirected from
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4627:Political ethics
4617:Machiavellianism
4557:Authoritarianism
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3275:Balance of power
3249:Social democracy
3244:Social Darwinism
3219:Multiculturalism
3164:Environmentalism
3139:Communitarianism
2846:
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2573:in Punjab, India
2198:Forced migration
2108:
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1996:and philosophies
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1617:. Archived from
1615:Against Politics
1606:
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1585:
1579:
1576:Ayn Rand Lexicon
1569:
1549:negative liberty
1424:. In discussing
1420:and bioethicist
1402:assisted suicide
1384:In the field of
1370:Marxism–Leninism
1319:Frédéric Bastiat
1267:
1260:
1256:
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1139:imperfect duties
1096:, and a minimum
1070:public education
1050:right to counsel
1010:private property
922:
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908:
897:
883:Social democracy
873:Radical centrism
830:Robert D. Putnam
795:Stanley Hauerwas
775:Robert N. Bellah
716:Central concepts
708:Communitarianism
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632:Rest and leisure
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3358:Ordered liberty
3346:Noblesse oblige
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2603:in South Africa
2593:in Sierra Leone
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1636:. Elsevier BV.
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1609:Narveson, Jan.
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998:Negative rights
962:: Adrian has a
945:positive rights
941:negative rights
926:
895:Politics portal
893:
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820:José Pérez Adán
815:Stephen Marglin
790:William Galston
765:Benjamin Barber
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2623:in Switzerland
2620:
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2610:
2608:in South Korea
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
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2580:
2575:
2570:
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2555:
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2545:
2543:in North Korea
2540:
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2533:in New Zealand
2530:
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2478:in Kyrgyzstan‎
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2260:
2255:
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2238:in Afghanistan
2235:
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2200:
2195:
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2175:
2173:Atrocity crime
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1150:United Nations
1135:perfect duties
968:if and only if
966:against Clay,
953:liberty rights
949:legal or moral
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842:
840:Michael Sandel
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18:Positive right
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4437:Rights of Man
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4064:
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4059:
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4027:
4024:
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4019:
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4014:
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4009:
4007:
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4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:20th and 21st
3965:
3959:
3956:
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3727:
3725:
3722:
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3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:18th and 19th
3698:
3692:
3689:
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3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
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3639:
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3617:
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3600:
3597:
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3590:
3587:
3586:
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3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
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3559:
3557:
3556:Nizam al-Mulk
3554:
3552:
3549:
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3424:
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3404:
3400:
3394:
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3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
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3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Republicanism
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
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3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
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3086:
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3069:
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3059:
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3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
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2968:
2965:
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2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:in Uzbekistan
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:in the Russia
2581:
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2576:
2574:
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2569:
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2559:
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2514:
2511:
2509:
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2504:
2501:
2499:
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2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:in Kazakhstan
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
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2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:in Bangladesh
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:in Azerbaijan
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:South America
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:North America
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:Organizations
2081:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1917:
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1904:
1902:
1899:
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1845:
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1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:0-631-15680-1
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1784:0-393-32033-2
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1721:
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1672:
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1659:
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1639:
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1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:Isaiah Berlin
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
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1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Janet Murdock
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:Robert Nozick
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213: –
1212:
1208:
1207:Find sources:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:This article
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1158:
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1125:
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1103:
1099:
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1087:
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1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:habeas corpus
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:violent crime
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
943:) or action (
942:
938:
934:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
904:
903:
901:
900:
896:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
878:Republicanism
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
859:
858:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
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828:
826:
823:
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818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Phillip Blond
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
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763:
761:
758:
757:
751:
750:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:Civil society
720:
719:
713:
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365:
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299:
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283:
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270:
255:
252:
244:
241:February 2022
234:
229:
225:
221:
220:
213:
204:
203:
194:
191:
183:
180:December 2018
173:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
118:December 2018
111:
107:
101:
100:
95:This article
93:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4688:
4587:Elite theory
4535:
4525:
4515:
4505:
4495:
4485:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4325:
3624:Guicciardini
3580:Early modern
3403:Philosophers
3353:Open society
3328:
3289:Body politic
3159:Distributism
3149:Conservatism
3144:Confucianism
3063:Gerontocracy
3053:Dictatorship
3007:Sovereignty‎
2997:Ruling class
2887:Emancipation
2872:Citizenship‎
2698:in Venezuela
2613:in Sri Lanka
2493:in Lithuania
2418:in Indonesia
2398:in Hong Kong
2393:in Guatemala
2263:in Australia
2253:in Argentina
2104:By continent
2053:
2032:Distinctions
2013:Positive law
1958:Human rights
1896:Positive law
1872:
1813:
1806:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1754:
1734:. Retrieved
1731:First Things
1730:
1705:. Retrieved
1699:
1674:. Retrieved
1668:
1658:
1633:
1627:
1619:the original
1614:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1383:
1366:Soviet Union
1363:
1356:
1349:public goods
1341:
1336:Libertarians
1331:Jan Narveson
1329:
1324:
1316:
1312:prima facie,
1311:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1284:self-defense
1273:
1258:
1252:October 2008
1249:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1206:
1194:Please help
1189:verification
1186:
1146:libertarians
1143:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1041:
1040:
1025:
1000:may include
997:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
963:
957:
944:
940:
932:
931:
800:G.W.F. Hegel
770:Gad Barzilai
637:Self defense
627:Reproductive
332:Human rights
322:
265:
247:
238:
231:Please help
227:
216:
186:
177:
154:
124:
115:
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
4461:(1835–1840)
4341:(c. 350 BC)
4331:(c. 375 BC)
3948:Tocqueville
3913:Saint-Simon
3878:Montesquieu
3729:Bolingbroke
3661:Machiavelli
3541:Ibn Khaldun
3506:Alpharabius
3499:Middle Ages
3324:Natural law
3299:Common good
3224:Nationalism
3184:Imperialism
3154:Corporatism
3129:Colonialism
3109:Agrarianism
3088:Technocracy
3068:Meritocracy
3048:Bureaucracy
3038:Aristocracy
2745:Persecution
2713:in Zimbabwe
2638:in Thailand
2548:in Pakistan
2503:in Malaysia
2368:in Ethiopia
2328:in Cambodia
2308:in Botswana
2120:Middle East
2018:Sovereignty
2008:Natural law
1891:Natural law
1380:In medicine
1308:prima facie
1299:prima facie
1288:prima facie
1276:inalienable
1086:health care
1046:Karel Vašák
612:Development
552:Association
447:Transgender
235:if you can.
4719:Categories
4669:Separatism
4477:On Liberty
4377:The Prince
4106:Huntington
3609:Campanella
3536:al-Ghazali
3485:Thucydides
3443:Lactantius
3388:Statolatry
3214:Monarchism
3194:Liberalism
3119:Capitalism
3102:Ideologies
3083:Plutocracy
3031:Government
2987:Revolution
2972:Propaganda
2922:Legitimacy
2897:Government
2770:War crimes
2703:in Vietnam
2688:in Ukraine
2578:in Romania
2538:in Nigeria
2523:in Myanmar
2518:in Morocco
2508:in Manipur
2483:in Lebanon
2458:in Kashmir
2433:in Ireland
2388:in Germany
2323:in Burundi
2303:in Bolivia
2298:in Belarus
2283:in Bahrain
2268:in Austria
2258:in Armenia
2243:in Algeria
1766:References
1459:Henry Shue
1394:physicians
1222:newspapers
1074:employment
1032:fair trial
972:prohibited
602:Linguistic
577:Fair trial
459:Minorities
427:Indigenous
164:improve it
61:improve it
4387:Leviathan
4367:Monarchia
4361:(c. 1274)
4196:Oakeshott
4141:Mansfield
4136:Luxemburg
4121:Kropotkin
4016:Bernstein
3969:centuries
3883:Nietzsche
3826:Jefferson
3754:Condorcet
3702:centuries
3681:Pufendorf
3546:Marsilius
3433:Confucius
3418:Aristotle
3411:Antiquity
3339:Noble lie
3259:Third Way
3254:Socialism
3179:Feudalism
3134:Communism
3114:Anarchism
3093:Theocracy
3078:Oligarchy
3058:Democracy
3043:Autocracy
2957:Pluralism
2942:Obedience
2907:Hierarchy
2867:Authority
2683:in Uganda
2678:in Turkey
2633:in Taiwan
2568:in Poland
2553:in Panama
2513:in Mexico
2498:in Malawi
2473:in Kuwait
2438:in Israel
2373:in France
2333:in Canada
2313:in Brazil
2248:in Angola
1650:1556-5068
1443:Criticism
1112:not to be
1100:. In the
760:Aristotle
647:Sexuality
572:Education
496:Prisoners
387:Creditors
382:Consumers
168:verifying
67:talk page
4642:Centrism
4337:Politics
4327:Republic
4296:Voegelin
4276:Spengler
4261:Shariati
4236:Rothbard
4191:Nussbaum
4091:Habermas
4066:Fukuyama
4056:Foucault
3981:Ambedkar
3958:Voltaire
3928:de Staël
3903:Rousseau
3784:Franklin
3759:Constant
3719:Beccaria
3551:Muhammad
3531:Gelasius
3516:Averroes
3490:Xenophon
3470:Polybius
3423:Chanakya
3268:Concepts
3234:Populism
3204:Localism
3189:Islamism
3174:Feminism
3073:Monarchy
2977:Property
2967:Progress
2932:Monopoly
2902:Hegemony
2708:in Yemen
2628:in Syria
2618:in Sudan
2598:in Sindh
2528:in Nepal
2488:in Libya
2468:in Kenya
2453:in Japan
2443:in Italy
2413:in India
2408:in Haiti
2403:in Egypt
2383:in Ghana
2378:in Gabon
2358:in Egypt
2348:in China
2338:in Chile
2203:Genocide
1974:Children
1545:positive
1495:See also
1398:abortion
1390:patients
1386:medicine
1116:coercion
1082:military
1060:such as
1008:, life,
1004:such as
970:Clay is
698:Part of
617:Property
607:Movement
547:Assembly
511:Students
486:Peasants
481:Patients
432:Intersex
397:Disabled
377:Children
217:require
4679:Statism
4592:Elitism
4550:Related
4351:(51 BC)
4281:Strauss
4256:Scruton
4251:Schmitt
4241:Russell
4161:Michels
4156:Maurras
4151:Marcuse
4111:Kautsky
4081:Gramsci
4076:Gentile
4046:Dworkin
4036:Du Bois
4031:Dmowski
4026:Chomsky
4021:Burnham
4006:Benoist
3976:Agamben
3943:Thoreau
3933:Stirner
3923:Spencer
3868:Mazzini
3858:Maistre
3853:Madison
3848:Le Play
3779:Fourier
3744:Carlyle
3724:Bentham
3714:Bastiat
3709:Bakunin
3686:Spinoza
3676:MĂĽntzer
3646:Leibniz
3619:Grotius
3599:Bossuet
3566:Plethon
3511:Aquinas
3480:Sun Tzu
3448:Mencius
3438:Han Fei
3209:Marxism
3169:Fascism
3002:Society
2927:Liberty
2912:Justice
2892:Freedom
2779:Related
2765:Victims
2760:Torture
2755:Slavery
2563:in Peru
2428:in Iraq
2423:in Iran
2353:in Cuba
2149:Oceania
2063:Aspects
1464:a right
1236:scholar
1128:Kantian
1066:housing
597:Housing
567:Digital
526:Workers
516:Victims
474:Mothers
469:Fathers
464:Parents
417:Fetuses
412:Farmers
372:Animals
367:Accused
219:cleanup
162:Please
104:Please
4725:Rights
4541:(1992)
4531:(1971)
4521:(1951)
4511:(1945)
4501:(1944)
4491:(1929)
4481:(1859)
4471:(1848)
4451:(1820)
4441:(1791)
4431:(1790)
4421:(1762)
4411:(1748)
4401:(1689)
4391:(1651)
4381:(1532)
4371:(1313)
4301:Walzer
4291:Taylor
4246:Sartre
4211:Popper
4206:Pareto
4201:Ortega
4186:Nozick
4176:Mouffe
4126:Laclau
4086:Guénon
4071:Gandhi
4011:Berlin
4001:Bauman
3996:Badiou
3986:Arendt
3953:Tucker
3843:Le Bon
3804:Herder
3794:Haller
3789:Godwin
3774:Fichte
3769:Engels
3764:Cortés
3734:Bonald
3691:Suárez
3666:Milton
3656:Luther
3629:Hobbes
3614:Filmer
3604:Calvin
3589:Boétie
3582:period
3561:Ockham
3428:Cicero
3229:Nazism
3017:Utopia
2992:Rights
2982:Regime
2952:People
2937:Nation
2740:Murder
2132:Europe
2115:Africa
1969:Humans
1853:theory
1851:Rights
1799:
1782:
1736:9 June
1707:9 June
1676:9 June
1648:
1304:triage
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1120:negate
1054:police
937:rights
652:Speech
622:Repair
592:Health
557:Asylum
506:States
501:Robots
491:Plants
422:Humans
407:Family
402:Elders
285:Rights
4690:Index
4319:Works
4306:Weber
4271:Spann
4266:Sorel
4231:Röpke
4226:Rawls
4181:Negri
4171:Mosca
4166:Mises
4131:Lenin
4101:Hoppe
4096:Hayek
4061:Fromm
4051:Evola
4041:Dugin
3938:Taine
3918:Smith
3898:Renan
3893:Paine
3814:Iqbal
3799:Hegel
3749:Comte
3739:Burke
3651:Locke
3641:James
3594:Bodin
3526:Dante
3521:Bruni
3475:Shang
3458:Plato
3012:State
2962:Power
2947:Peace
2882:Elite
2860:Terms
1984:Women
1560:Notes
1452:both.
1243:JSTOR
1229:books
1124:to be
531:Youth
521:Women
437:Kings
4221:Rand
4216:Qutb
4116:Kirk
3991:Aron
3908:Sade
3888:Owen
3873:Mill
3863:Marx
3831:Kant
3809:Hume
3671:More
3571:Wang
3453:Mozi
2877:Duty
2750:Rape
2125:Asia
1797:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1738:2018
1709:2018
1678:2018
1646:ISSN
1547:and
1408:and
1400:and
1372:the
1364:The
1215:news
1062:food
1052:and
1030:, a
935:are
582:Food
442:LGBT
392:Deaf
4286:Sun
4146:Mao
3022:War
2917:Law
1638:doi
1347:or
1198:by
454:Men
166:by
34:or
4721::
1778:,
1746:^
1729:.
1717:^
1698:.
1686:^
1667:.
1644:.
1613:.
1574:,
1361:.
1164:.
1141:.
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1080:,
1076:,
1072:,
1068:,
1064:,
1038:.
1024:,
1020:,
955:.
702:on
70:.
2845:e
2838:t
2831:v
1950:e
1943:t
1936:v
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1786:.
1740:.
1711:.
1680:.
1652:.
1640::
1578:.
1265:)
1259:(
1254:)
1250:(
1240:·
1233:·
1226:·
1219:·
1192:.
984:x
976:x
921:e
914:t
907:v
684:e
677:t
670:v
272:)
266:(
254:)
248:(
243:)
239:(
193:)
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