31:
981:, where prices act as guides to action, cannot take account of what people in any sense need or deserve, because it creates a distribution which nobody has designed, and something which has not been designed, a mere state of affairs as such, cannot be just or unjust. And the idea that things ought to be designed in a "just" manner means, in effect, that we must abandon the market and turn to a
1001:
conditions of the person's life that make it possible for him to enjoy and exercise that liberty. Why on earth would it be worth fighting for this person's liberty (say, his liberty to choose between A and B) if he were left in a situation in which the choice between A and B meant nothing to him, or in which his choosing one rather than the other would have no impact on his life?"
933:, has argued that second- and third-generation human rights serve as an attempt to cloak political goals, which the majority may well agree are good things in and of themselves, in the language of rights, and thus grant those political goals inappropriate connotations. In his opinion, calling socio-economic goods "rights" inherently creates a related concept of "
937:", so that other citizens have to be coerced by the government to give things to other people in order to fulfill these new rights. He also has stated that, in the U.S., the new rights create a "nationalization" of political decision-making at the federal level in violation of federalism. In his book
794:
ensures many of those: the right to self-determination, right to development, right to natural resources and right to satisfactory environment. Some countries also have constitutional mechanisms for safeguarding third-generation rights. For example, the
Hungarian Parliamentary Commissioner for Future
1000:
In any case, the argument from first-generation to second-generation rights was never supposed to be a matter of conceptual analysis. It was rather this: if one is really concerned to secure civil or political liberty for a person, that commitment should be accompanied by a further concern about the
960:
M. de
Lamartine wrote me one day: "Your doctrine is only the half of my program; you have stopped at liberty; I go on to fraternity." I answered him: "The second half of your program will destroy the first half." And, in fact, it is quite impossible for me to separate the word "fraternity" from the
918:
means that supposed second-generation and third-generation rights are not really rights at all. If one person has a right, others have a duty to respect that right, but governments lack the resources necessary to fulfill the duties implied by citizens' supposed second- and third-generation rights.
862:
Several analysts claim that a fourth generation of human rights is emerging, which would include rights that cannot be included in the third generation, future claims of first and second generation rights and new rights, especially in relation to technological development and information and
945:, wrote that focusing on equality-based rights leads to a subordination of the initial civil rights to an ever-expanding government, which would be too incompetent to provide for its citizens correctly and would merely seek to subordinate more rights.
628:, covering much the same grounds, during his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944. Today, many nations, states, or groups of nations have developed legally binding declarations guaranteeing comprehensive sets of human rights, e.g. the
670:" rights. They impose upon the government the duty to respect and promote and fulfill them, but this depends on the availability of resources. The duty is imposed on the state because it controls its own resources. No one has the direct
902:
Others point out that the differentiating element would be that, while the first three generations refer to the human being as a member of society, the rights of the fourth would refer to the human being as a species.
724:, they are rights that try to go beyond the framework of individual rights to focus on collective concepts, such as community or people. However, the term remains largely unofficial, just as the also-used moniker of "
149:
866:
However, the content of it is not clear, and these analysts do not present a unique proposal. They normally take some rights from the third generation and include them in the fourth, such as the right to a healthy
1118:
Etudes et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-Rouge en l'honneur de Jean Pictet, red. by
Christophe Swinarski, Comité Internat. de la Croix-Rouge; Nijhoff, 1984
1426:
1413:
1172:
1159:
1128:
2501:
2421:
811:
961:
word "voluntary". It is quite impossible for me to conceive of fraternity as legally enforced, without liberty being legally destroyed, and justice being legally trampled underfoot.
609:. Like first-generation rights, they were also covered by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and further embodied in Articles 22 to 28 of the Universal Declaration, and the
1915:
610:
833:
of the
European Commission has as its mission "protecting, preserving and improving the environment for present and future generations, and promoting sustainable development".
1024:. Polanyi wrote that an uncontrolled free market would lead to repressive economic concentration and then to a co-opting of democratic governance that degrades civil rights.
1996:
2011:
2001:
800:
985:
in which somebody decides how much each ought to have, and that means, of course, that we can only have it at the price of the complete abolition of personal liberty.
1927:
2446:
2441:
2426:
1991:
977:
No state of affairs as such is just or unjust: it is only when we assume that somebody is responsible for having brought it about ... In the same sense, a
826:
558:
223:
2121:
539:
486:
First-generation human rights, sometimes called "blue rights", deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally
471:
706:
2589:
2451:
2006:
2436:
2336:
644:
2431:
1389:
791:
2496:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2096:
1366:
2401:
2386:
2321:
2311:
2141:
2016:
2471:
2256:
2241:
2071:
2056:
1697:
1040:
851:
697:
Third-generation human rights are those rights that go beyond the mere civil and social, as expressed in many progressive documents of
478:
lists first- and second-generation rights, the document itself does not specifically order them in accordance with Vasak's framework.
2476:
2391:
2271:
2196:
2176:
2171:
2041:
876:
2491:
2416:
2326:
2281:
2226:
2146:
2106:
2086:
822:
238:
2543:
2513:
2481:
2466:
2356:
2316:
2301:
2296:
2261:
2211:
2166:
2101:
2081:
2076:
2061:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2021:
1307:
830:
450:
1210:
2461:
2456:
2411:
2361:
2346:
2331:
2291:
2276:
2251:
2216:
2151:
2111:
2091:
2026:
1966:
1727:
1572:
1542:
466:
581:
in nature. They guarantee different members of the citizenry equal conditions and treatment. Secondary rights would include a
2584:
2486:
2406:
2396:
2306:
2266:
2246:
2231:
2221:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2161:
2156:
2136:
2126:
2116:
1682:
1451:
554:
475:
2351:
2341:
2206:
2201:
2131:
1036:
578:
83:
2051:
1236:
562:
394:
179:
2066:
1868:
2615:
1873:
1652:
989:
1028:
457:. He used the term at least as early as November 1977. Vasak's theories have primarily taken root in European law.
420:
1503:
1898:
1827:
1817:
1668:
1020:
841:
55:
45:
2610:
2286:
2236:
752:
1922:
1473:
1096:"A 30-year struggle; the sustained efforts to give force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
2376:
1986:
1832:
1444:"Hacia la cuarta generación de Derechos Humanos: repensando la condición humana en la sociedad tecnológica"
1184:
953:
543:
491:
60:
2620:
2574:
1822:
879:, while others prefer to talk about digital rights, where a new range of rights would be found, such as:
206:
201:
50:
1720:
1032:
573:
Second-generation human rights are related to equality and began to be recognized by governments after
487:
134:
78:
926:
369:
875:. Some of those analysts believe that the fourth generation is given by human rights in relation to
494:
the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things, the
1258:
837:
805:
780:
656:
617:
1443:
1280:
2564:
1961:
1058:
1043:
proclaiming that "all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated".
686:, to housing, but rather "to have access to adequate housing", realised on a progressive basis.)
629:
499:
1621:
2508:
1971:
1910:
1893:
1801:
1075:
840:, e.g. New York's "forever wild" constitutional article, which is enforceable by action of the
531:
289:
821:
Some international organizations have offices for safeguarding such rights. An example is the
2569:
1757:
1713:
1602:
702:
652:
625:
621:
598:
515:
374:
314:
174:
169:
104:
1903:
1752:
1188:
1144:
768:
747:
606:
527:
413:
349:
233:
144:
129:
124:
114:
8:
1848:
1012:
930:
868:
507:
364:
344:
284:
218:
119:
1956:
1576:
1546:
1401:
1146:
742:
675:
660:
384:
379:
309:
253:
211:
184:
1762:
1678:
1648:
1095:
942:
774:
758:
736:
698:
550:
503:
461:
389:
354:
339:
258:
243:
191:
164:
1580:
1550:
667:
1976:
1532:, edited by D. D. Raphael (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967), pp. 43-51.
1345:
1070:
1066:
1005:
949:
911:
671:
640:
334:
1626:
1334:"Karel Vasak's Generations of Rights and the Contemporary Human Rights Discourse"
982:
966:
710:
602:
406:
359:
329:
299:
294:
196:
1332:
Domaradzki, Spasimir; Khvostova, Margaryta; Pupovac, David (September 6, 2019).
1951:
1350:
1333:
1052:
993:
970:
922:
784:
725:
594:
511:
324:
304:
248:
460:
In a speech two years later, his divisions follow the three watchwords of the
2604:
1062:
764:
590:
582:
519:
495:
319:
109:
728:" rights, and thus houses an extremely broad spectrum of rights, including:
713:
on
Environment and Development, and other pieces of generally aspirational "
1791:
1747:
1736:
1674:
1664:
1015:
732:
679:
574:
534:
in 1689. A more full set of first-generation human rights was pioneered in
442:
434:
268:
263:
228:
159:
154:
139:
69:
2523:
1796:
1786:
1647:
Jeremy
Waldron, 1993. Liberal Rights: Collected Papers, page 7, 1981–91.
978:
894:
648:
586:
523:
446:
689:
The duty of government is in the realization of these positive rights.
636:
454:
1609:. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc.
639:
have enacted some of these economic rights; for example, the state of
2548:
1008:
872:
796:
522:. Some of these rights and the right to due process date back to the
1448:
996:
has written in response to critics of the second-generation rights:
470:. The three generations are reflected in some of the rubrics of the
1981:
915:
714:
1402:
Notes: Hungarian
Parliamentary Commissioner for Future Generations
30:
2538:
2533:
846:
815:
2518:
1705:
934:
611:
International
Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
535:
22:
1308:"Putting to rest the Three Generations Theory of human rights"
549:
They were enshrined at the global level and given status in
16:
Division of human rights into three chronological categories
2528:
1474:"La cuarta ola de derechos humanos: los derechos digitales"
1331:
1528:
Cranston, Maurice. "Human Rights: Real and
Supposed," in
1237:"¿Cuáles son los derechos humanos de tercera generación?"
1504:"Los derechos humanos de tercera y cuarta generación"
1239:(in Spanish). Spanish committee of ACNUR. April 2017
1018:
made the antithetical argument to Hayek in the book
827:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
559:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
540:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
472:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
2502:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
969:has argued that the second generation concept of "
707:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
2590:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
883:The right to equally access computing and digital
568:
2602:
1287:. Levin Institute - State University of New York
836:A few jurisdictions have enacted provisions for
692:
481:
973:" cannot have any practical political meaning:
1721:
1543:"Charles Kesler on the Grand Liberal Project"
1261:(in Spanish). Amnesty International Catalonia
1143:, 86 N.Y.2d 307 (1995). Case brief found at
414:
1663:
1390:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1185:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
892:The right to access one's own digital data (
792:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1622:"The Road from Serfdom: Forseeing the Fall"
1478:Revista Latinoamericana de Derechos Humanos
863:communication technologies and cyberspace.
666:These rights are sometimes referred to as "
1728:
1714:
1698:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
1441:
1041:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
421:
407:
1349:
1141:Campaign for Fiscal Equity, Inc. v. State
1364:
1031:in 1993 opposed the distinction between
823:High Commissioner on National Minorities
748:Right to economic and social development
561:. In Europe, they were enshrined in the
2422:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1619:
1601:
1471:
1039:(positive rights) that resulted in the
886:The right to digital self-determination
831:Directorate-General for the Environment
451:International Institute of Human Rights
2603:
2514:List of human rights abuses by country
2002:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
1967:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1530:Political Theory and the Rights of Man
1437:
1435:
952:summarized the conflict between these
553:first by Articles 3 to 21 of the 1948
441:was initially proposed in 1979 by the
2585:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1709:
1452:Organization of Ibero-American States
1442:Bustamante, Javier (September 2001).
1211:"Los Derechos Humanos de solidaridad"
1149:website. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
555:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
476:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1607:Selected Essays on Political Economy
1425:N.Y. Const. ART XIV, § 5. Found at
1412:N.Y. Const. ART XIV, § 1. Found at
1259:"Los derechos de tercera generación"
1037:economic, social and cultural rights
857:
1579:. November 19, 2009. Archived from
1432:
1367:"The generations of human's rights"
1281:"Three Generations of Human Rights"
1171:N.Y. Const. ART. I, § 18, found at
1158:N.Y. Const. ART. I, § 17, found at
1127:N.Y. Const. ART. XI, § 1, found at
563:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
2012:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
1874:National human rights institutions
1869:List of human rights organisations
1305:
682:, for instance, the right is not,
14:
2632:
1093:
990:New York University School of Law
939:Soft Despotism, Democracy's Drift
812:Commission for Future Generations
1997:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1735:
1620:Hazlett, Thomas W. (July 1992).
1029:World Conference on Human Rights
29:
2122:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
1828:Natural rights and legal rights
1818:Claim rights and liberty rights
1691:
1657:
1641:
1613:
1595:
1573:"Soft Despotism with Paul Rahe"
1565:
1535:
1522:
1496:
1465:
1429:. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
1427:New York State Assembly website
1419:
1416:. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
1414:New York State Assembly website
1406:
1395:
1383:
1358:
1325:
1299:
1273:
1251:
1229:
1175:. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
1173:New York State Assembly website
1162:. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
1160:New York State Assembly website
1131:. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
1129:New York State Assembly website
925:, a professor of government at
842:New York State Attorney General
56:Natural rights and legal rights
46:Claim rights and liberty rights
1992:against Palestinians by Israel
1549:. May 28, 2009. Archived from
1203:
1194:
1178:
1165:
1152:
1134:
1121:
1112:
1087:
753:Right to a healthy environment
579:economic, social, and cultural
569:Second-generation human rights
530:, which were expressed in the
1:
1472:Riofrío, Juan Carlos (2014).
906:
889:The right to digital security
693:Third-generation human rights
482:First-generation human rights
467:Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
84:Economic, social and cultural
1833:Negative and positive rights
1065:which distinguished between
979:spontaneously working market
954:negative and positive rights
587:just and favorable condition
544:United States Bill of Rights
380:Self-determination of people
61:Negative and positive rights
7:
2575:List of human rights awards
2447:in the United Arab Emirates
1823:Individual and group rights
1392:, Article 20, 21, 22 and 24
1046:
647:, as well as "the right to
51:Individual and group rights
10:
2637:
2497:of the Marcos dictatorship
1510:(in Spanish). January 2013
1351:10.1007/s12142-019-00565-x
1033:civil and political rights
941:, Paul Rahe, professor at
773:Right to participation in
2557:
2442:in the State of Palestine
2427:in the Dominican Republic
2007:during the Gaddafi regime
1944:
1889:
1882:
1861:
1841:
1810:
1782:
1771:
1743:
1365:Cornescu, Adrian (2009).
948:19th century philosopher
929:and senior fellow of the
927:Claremont McKenna College
645:right to a free education
577:. They are fundamentally
2616:Environmental protection
1670:The Great Transformation
1344:(4). Springer: 423–443.
1081:
1021:The Great Transformation
850:with the consent of the
838:environmental protection
801:Committee for the Future
781:intergenerational equity
618:United States of America
38:Theoretical distinctions
2565:History of human rights
1972:Enforced disappearances
1962:Crimes against humanity
1059:Two Concepts of Liberty
722:Solidarity human rights
630:European Social Charter
500:equality before the law
2509:Incitement to genocide
1802:Universal jurisdiction
1450:(in Spanish). Madrid:
1076:Human rights inflation
1035:(negative rights) and
1003:
987:
963:
871:or aspects related to
557:and later in the 1966
532:English Bill of Rights
490:in nature: They serve
277:Other groups of rights
2611:Human rights concepts
2570:List of global issues
998:
975:
958:
797:Parliament of Finland
703:Stockholm Declaration
701:, including the 1972
657:workers' compensation
626:Second Bill of Rights
622:Franklin D. Roosevelt
607:unemployment benefits
516:right to a fair trial
492:negatively to protect
97:Rights by beneficiary
2452:in the United States
2227:in Jammu and Kashmir
1773:Fundamental concepts
810:, and the erstwhile
769:communication rights
653:bargain collectively
583:right to be employed
542:in 1789, and by the
528:Rights of Englishmen
395:Water and sanitation
2437:in the Soviet Union
2337:in Papua New Guinea
1987:Human rights abuses
1945:Human rights abuses
1849:Corporal punishment
1605:(1850). "The Law".
1338:Human Rights Review
1013:political economist
931:Claremont Institute
508:freedom of religion
488:civil and political
79:Civil and political
2621:1977 introductions
2432:in the Philippines
1957:Crime of apartheid
1583:on January 4, 2010
1577:Uncommon Knowledge
1547:Uncommon Knowledge
1508:Encuentro Jurídico
1312:Open Global Rights
1147:Cornell Law School
852:Appellate Division
844:or by any citizen
743:self-determination
676:right to education
661:constitutional law
643:has enshrined the
2598:
2597:
2580:Three generations
1940:
1939:
1857:
1856:
1684:978-0-8070-5643-1
1603:Bastiat, Frédéric
1285:Globalization 101
992:professor of law
943:Hillsdale College
858:Fourth generation
795:Generations, the
775:cultural heritage
759:natural resources
737:collective rights
699:international law
551:international law
504:freedom of speech
462:French Revolution
439:three generations
431:
430:
89:Three generations
2628:
2352:in Punjab, India
1977:Forced migration
1887:
1886:
1780:
1779:
1775:and philosophies
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1553:on July 15, 2009
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1306:Jensen, Steven.
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1091:
1071:negative liberty
1061:", a lecture by
950:Frederic Bastiat
912:Maurice Cranston
877:new technologies
809:
672:right to housing
526:of 1215 and the
433:The division of
423:
416:
409:
370:Rest and leisure
33:
19:
18:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2553:
2382:in South Africa
2372:in Sierra Leone
2367:in Saudi Arabia
2097:in Burkina Faso
2052:in Azad Kashmir
1936:
1878:
1853:
1837:
1806:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1758:Intersex people
1739:
1734:
1704:
1700:, Part I para 5
1696:
1692:
1685:
1662:
1658:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1049:
983:planned economy
967:Friedrich Hayek
909:
860:
814:in the Israeli
803:
711:Rio Declaration
695:
603:social security
571:
512:property rights
484:
427:
300:Civil liberties
17:
12:
11:
5:
2634:
2624:
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2618:
2613:
2596:
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2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:in Switzerland
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:in South Korea
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:in North Korea
2319:
2314:
2312:in New Zealand
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:in Kyrgyzstan
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:in El Salvador
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:in Balochistan
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:in Afghanistan
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Atrocity crime
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1908:
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1808:
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1777:
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1769:
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1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1690:
1683:
1656:
1640:
1612:
1594:
1564:
1534:
1521:
1495:
1480:(in Spanish).
1464:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1394:
1382:
1357:
1324:
1298:
1272:
1250:
1228:
1202:
1193:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1133:
1120:
1111:
1094:Vašák, Karel.
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1055:
1053:Human security
1048:
1045:
994:Jeremy Waldron
971:social justice
923:Charles Kesler
908:
905:
900:
899:
890:
887:
884:
859:
856:
788:
787:
785:sustainability
777:
771:
761:
755:
750:
745:
739:
720:Also known as
694:
691:
570:
567:
483:
480:
429:
428:
426:
425:
418:
411:
403:
400:
399:
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397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Free migration
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
279:
278:
274:
273:
272:
271:
266:
261:
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107:
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58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2633:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
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2606:
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2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:in Uzbekistan
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
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2400:
2398:
2395:
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2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:in the Russia
2360:
2358:
2355:
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2348:
2345:
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2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
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2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:in Kazakhstan
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
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2185:
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2178:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:in Bangladesh
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:in Azerbaijan
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:South America
1921:
1919:
1917:
1916:North America
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:Organizations
1860:
1850:
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1840:
1834:
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1826:
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1821:
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1699:
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1654:
1653:0-521-43617-6
1650:
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1124:
1115:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Isaiah Berlin
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
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986:
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962:
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932:
928:
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730:
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723:
718:
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685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
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654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
601:, as well as
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:voting rights
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:right to life
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
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436:
424:
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401:
396:
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328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
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288:
286:
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262:
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255:
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213:
210:
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186:
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181:
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171:
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166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
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148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
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76:
75:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
2579:
2477:in Venezuela
2392:in Sri Lanka
2272:in Lithuania
2197:in Indonesia
2177:in Hong Kong
2172:in Guatemala
2042:in Australia
2032:in Argentina
1883:By continent
1811:Distinctions
1792:Positive law
1737:Human rights
1693:
1675:Beacon Press
1669:
1665:Karl Polanyi
1659:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1625:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1537:
1529:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1477:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1447:
1421:
1408:
1397:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1360:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1217:(in Spanish)
1214:
1205:
1196:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1089:
1026:
1019:
1016:Karl Polanyi
1004:
999:
988:
976:
964:
959:
947:
938:
921:
914:argued that
910:
901:
893:
865:
861:
845:
835:
820:
789:
721:
719:
696:
688:
683:
680:South Africa
665:
634:
620:, President
615:
589:, rights to
575:World War II
572:
548:
485:
474:. While the
465:
459:
438:
435:human rights
432:
375:Self defense
365:Reproductive
88:
70:Human rights
2524:Persecution
2492:in Zimbabwe
2417:in Thailand
2327:in Pakistan
2282:in Malaysia
2147:in Ethiopia
2107:in Cambodia
2087:in Botswana
1899:Middle East
1797:Sovereignty
1787:Natural law
956:by saying:
895:habeas data
869:environment
804: [
765:communicate
709:, the 1992
637:U.S. states
624:proposed a
599:health care
524:Magna Carta
447:Karel Vasak
350:Development
290:Association
185:Transgender
2605:Categories
2549:War crimes
2482:in Vietnam
2467:in Ukraine
2357:in Romania
2317:in Nigeria
2302:in Myanmar
2297:in Morocco
2287:in Manipur
2262:in Lebanon
2237:in Kashmir
2212:in Ireland
2167:in Germany
2102:in Burundi
2082:in Bolivia
2077:in Belarus
2062:in Bahrain
2047:in Austria
2037:in Armenia
2022:in Algeria
1633:January 4,
1587:January 5,
1557:January 5,
1484:(1): 15–45
1200:s s 26(2).
1191:, s 26(1).
1105:2021-09-20
965:Economist
907:Commentary
779:Rights to
455:Strasbourg
340:Linguistic
315:Fair trial
197:Minorities
165:Indigenous
2462:in Uganda
2457:in Turkey
2412:in Taiwan
2347:in Poland
2332:in Panama
2292:in Mexico
2277:in Malawi
2252:in Kuwait
2217:in Israel
2152:in France
2112:in Canada
2092:in Brazil
2027:in Angola
1009:socialist
1006:Hungarian
873:bioethics
763:Right to
757:Right to
741:Right to
659:, in its
565:in 1953.
546:in 1791.
385:Sexuality
310:Education
234:Prisoners
125:Creditors
120:Consumers
2487:in Yemen
2407:in Syria
2397:in Sudan
2377:in Sindh
2307:in Nepal
2267:in Libya
2247:in Kenya
2232:in Japan
2222:in Italy
2192:in India
2187:in Haiti
2182:in Egypt
2162:in Ghana
2157:in Gabon
2137:in Egypt
2127:in China
2117:in Chile
1982:Genocide
1753:Children
1667:(2001).
1215:Isipedia
1067:positive
1047:See also
916:scarcity
715:soft law
649:organize
641:New York
355:Property
345:Movement
285:Assembly
249:Students
224:Peasants
219:Patients
170:Intersex
135:Disabled
115:Children
2558:Related
2544:Victims
2539:Torture
2534:Slavery
2342:in Peru
2207:in Iraq
2202:in Iran
2132:in Cuba
1928:Oceania
1842:Aspects
1514:May 12,
1488:May 12,
1457:May 12,
1375:May 12,
1317:May 12,
1291:May 12,
1265:May 12,
1243:May 12,
1221:May 12,
1100:UNESDOC
847:ex rel.
825:of the
816:Knesset
705:of the
655:", and
651:and to
616:In the
595:housing
538:by the
449:at the
445:jurist
335:Housing
305:Digital
264:Workers
254:Victims
212:Mothers
207:Fathers
202:Parents
155:Fetuses
150:Farmers
110:Animals
105:Accused
2519:Murder
1911:Europe
1894:Africa
1748:Humans
1681:
1651:
1627:Reason
935:duties
829:. The
684:per se
678:. (In
536:France
518:, and
514:, the
390:Speech
360:Repair
330:Health
295:Asylum
244:States
239:Robots
229:Plants
160:Humans
145:Family
140:Elders
23:Rights
1763:Women
1370:(PDF)
1082:Notes
808:]
733:Group
726:green
635:Some
443:Czech
437:into
269:Youth
259:Women
175:Kings
2529:Rape
1904:Asia
1679:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1635:2010
1589:2010
1559:2010
1516:2020
1490:2020
1459:2020
1377:2020
1319:2020
1293:2020
1267:2020
1245:2020
1223:2020
1189:1996
1069:and
1027:The
1011:and
790:The
783:and
767:and
735:and
674:and
605:and
597:and
591:food
320:Food
180:LGBT
130:Deaf
1346:doi
799:'s
717:".
668:red
585:in
453:in
192:Men
2607::
1677:.
1673:.
1624:.
1575:.
1545:.
1506:.
1482:25
1476:.
1446:.
1434:^
1342:20
1340:.
1336:.
1310:.
1283:.
1213:.
1187:,
1098:.
854:.
818:.
806:fi
663:.
632:.
613:.
593:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
464::
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
1687:.
1637:.
1591:.
1561:.
1518:.
1492:.
1461:.
1379:.
1354:.
1348::
1321:.
1295:.
1269:.
1247:.
1225:.
1108:.
1057:"
898:)
422:e
415:t
408:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
