483:
591:
of their right to family. Both Winata and Li were living illegally in
Australia, and were facing deportation by the State. It was claimed that through either the separation of Winata and Li from their son through deportation, or the forced removal of the whole family unit to Indonesia, there would be interference with the fundamental family unit that was not compatible with the State's protection obligations to the right to family under the ICCPR. Australia argued that the application was inadmissible and incompatible with the provisions of the ICCPR, emphasising the ICCPR provides protection "only a right to family life, not a right to family life in a particular country." The majority view of the
509:
is the spouse, parent or relative of a State's citizen, and the State wishes to remove or refuse entry to the immigrant. When a challenge is brought forward to the Courts or monitoring bodies, a balance must be struck between the rights of the State to enforce immigration laws and maintain public order, and the impact the enforcement of said laws will have on an individual's right to family life. It has been emphasised that it is not the task of monitoring bodies to "supervise the government's immigration policy, but to examine whether the applicant's right to respect for family life had been ensured without discrimination".
671:
once the child reaches seven years of age. AF was over the age of seven, and so would have all custodial rights transferred to his paternal father upon return to
Lebanon. EM argued that the forced removal to Lebanon by the United Kingdom would result in a direct breach of both her and AF's right to family life under Article 8 of the ECHR. The Court held that removal of the appellant and her son to Lebanon would violate both EM and AF's Article 8 rights, and granted the appeal. This decision is significant, representing the first successful Article 8 claim in a foreign case.
527:
744:. This qualification allows a public authority to interfere with the right to family life if it is in protection of others' rights or in the interest of the wider community. On 9 July 2012 new Immigration Rules came into effect within the United Kingdom, affording greater weight to the States' ability to control entry and residence as compared to the individual right to family life. There is a presumption that decisions made under the Immigration Rules will breach
28:
590:
This case was based on applications made by
Hendrick Winata and So Lan Li under Articles 17, 23(1) and 24(1) of the ICCPR alleging that the removal of Winata and Li from Australia, where their adolescent son held residency, would amount a violation of their fundamental human rights, specifically that
508:
the general principle holds that a State has the right to regulate entry and residence within its own territory. When this power of control results in the deportation of an individual, this may cause a breach of an individual's right to stay with their family. This conflict occurs where the immigrant
670:
that EM and her son (AF) must return from the UK to
Lebanon, the appellant's country of origin. EM had fled from Lebanon with AF following a violent marriage and resulting divorce. Under Lebanese Shari'a law, the physical custody of the child must be transferred to the father or a male family member
953:
European
Convention on Human Rights, Article 12; American Convention on Human Rights, Article 17; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 23(1); African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, Article 18; Universal Declaration on Human Rights, Article 16; European Social Charter,
652:
The
Article imposes both positive and negative obligations on States; not only is the State required to protect its constituents from arbitrary interference in family life by public authorities, it must also provide within its domestic legal system safeguards that allow the development of a "normal
599:
Prior to this case international practice indicated that it was for States to determine who could reside in their territory, even where an infringement of
Article 23 would arguably occur. The Committee's decision in this instance challenges this assumption, indicating that an individual's right to
463:
has stated that when considering what constitutes family relationships the Court "must necessarily take into account developments in society and changes in the perception of social, civil-status and relational issues, including the fact that there is not just one way or one choice in the sphere of
595:
found in favour of Winata and Li, holding that while individuals may not have the right to decide where they reside, States are obligated to protect all of the rights within the ICCPR. The
Committee recognised the importance of State's control over immigration within their territory, however this
458:
The changing concept of family requires a subjective definition of what family entails. There is no contest that the relationship between husband and wife, unmarried (de facto) partners, parents and children, siblings, and 'near relatives' such as between grandparents and grandchildren represents
687:
With a view to ensuring the necessary conditions for the full development of the family, which is a fundamental unit of society, the
Contracting Parties undertake to promote the economic, legal and social protection of family life by such means as social and family benefits, fiscal arrangements,
490:
The right to marry is closely related to the right to family life, however the two rights are not identical. The right to marry is explicitly provided for in all human rights instruments, essentially providing that all people have the right to marry and found a family. The right to family life
555:
The
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on the 16 December 1966, and came into force on the 23 March 1976. As at May 2016 there are 168 State parties to the ICCPR, giving effect to the civil and political rights of
459:
family as required under the right to family life. Challenge exists where modern forms of family relationships have developed that the law has not yet explicitly recognised. The "existence... of family life is a question of fact" and is decided subjectively under each factual scenario. The
723:
1. The family shall be the natural unit and basis of society. It shall be protected by the State which shall take care of its physical health and moral. 2. The State shall have the duty to assist the family which is the custodian of morals and traditional values recognized by the
563:
1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or
576:
The Human Rights Committee has noted that the protection of the family and its members is also directly and indirectly guaranteed by other Articles within the Covenant in addition to Articles 17 and 23, such as protection of the child under Article 24.
495:
that in the situation where a spouse has been deported from their partner's State due to their nationality, there is no infringement on the right to marry as the individuals are already married, and so the right to family life must be considered.
616:
1. The widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to the family, which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society, particularly for its establishment and while it is responsible for the care and education of dependant
642:
1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is
647:
in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of
612:(ICESCR) was also adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 1966, however it did not enter into force till nine years after it opened for signature on 3 January 1976. Article 10(1) provides for the right to family:
538:
on 10 December 1948, clarifying universal rights held by all individuals regardless of subjective factors. Arguably the UDHR now represents customary international law, and as such has legally binding force over States.
146:
748:
only in "genuinely exceptional circumstances". This presumption significantly limits individual's ability to successfully challenge decisions they believe have breached their fundamental right to family life.
517:
Both Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provide basis for the right to family life as a fundamental human right.
504:
The main area of conflict arises between the ability of States to control entry and residence within its borders and the impact this control has over an individual's right to family life. Within
910:
Cooper, Sarah Lucy (2011). "Marriage, Family, Discrimination & Contradiction: An Evaluation of the Legacy and Future of the European Court of Human Rights' Jurisprudence on LGBT Rights".
1026:
Emmet Whelan “The right to family live v immigration control: the application of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights in Ireland” (2006) Hibernian Law Journal 6, at 93.
944:
Ivana Roagna “Protecting the right to respect for private and family life under the European Convention on Human Rights” (2012) Council of Europe Human Rights Handbooks, at 30.
609:
653:
family life". It is clear that Article 8 applies to both "legitimate" and "illegitimate" family, with no distinction between the two qualifications within the Convention.
434:
is the right of all individuals to have their established family life respected, and to have and maintain family relationships. This right is recognised in a variety of
679:
The European Social Charter (the Charter) is the counterpart to the European Convention on Human Rights, providing for fundamental social and economic rights under a
879:
Melehi, Nadia (2014). "The right to family life free from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation: the European and Inter-American perspectives".
443:
220:
1335:
1753:
1272:
1262:
Stephanie Palmer and A. T. H Smith “Protecting the Right to Respect for Family Life in “Foreign” Cases” (2009) The Cambridge Law Journal 68(3) at 498.
1059:
Daniel Moeckli, Sangeeta Shah and Sandesh Sivakumaran International Human Rights Law (2nd ed, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2014) at 30.
1330:
976:
Burchill, Richard (2003). "The Right to Live Wherever You Want? The Right to Family Life following the UN Human Rights Committee's Decision in
719:
The protection of the family and vulnerable groups is specified under the African Charter on Human and People's Rights in Article 18, stating:
596:
discretion is "not unlimited". It was held that deportation of Winata and Li would constitute a violation of Article 17 and 23(1) ICCPR.
1680:
667:
2100:
1091:
1296:
1772:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
1183:
Adam McBeth, Justine Nolan and Simon Rice The International Law of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, Australia, 2011) at 258.
1081:
Adam McBeth, Justine Nolan and Simon Rice The International Law of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, Australia, 2011) at 251.
683:
treaty. The Charter also provides for the right to family under Article 16, reaffirming European parties commitment to the right:
235:
2005:
1806:
1746:
1670:
435:
765:
Cvetic, Goran (1987). "Immigration Cases in Strasbourg: The Right to Family Life Under Article 8 of the European Convention".
1685:
439:
1974:
482:
80:
710:
1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.
572:
1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
546:
3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
2133:
2085:
1856:
1654:
703:
447:
391:
176:
1739:
1362:
644:
491:
predominantly refers to an individual's right to create and maintain their family relationships. It was clarified in
85:
417:
535:
52:
42:
2138:
2035:
1791:
460:
729:
706:
is a regional human rights treaty that similarly provides for the right to family life under Article 17(1):
2075:
57:
1901:
1811:
1534:
203:
198:
47:
1778:
1114:
Human Rights Committee “General Comment No 19 of 1990, Article 23” (1994) UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 at 28.
470:
131:
75:
2123:
2065:
1675:
1395:
366:
2080:
2045:
1990:
1876:
1559:
600:
family life receives precedence over States' ability to control residence within their territory.
1786:
1297:
https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168007cf93
627:
1193:
1816:
1801:
1564:
1499:
1325:
592:
486:
Members and staff from the Minneapolis City Council march in the 2012 Twin Cities Pride parade.
465:
286:
2164:
2128:
1936:
1926:
1891:
1644:
1619:
1574:
1524:
1473:
1355:
745:
741:
371:
311:
171:
166:
101:
1320:
556:
individuals within their borders. Articles 17 and 23(1) ICCPR refer to the right to family:
2055:
2015:
1720:
1700:
1584:
1519:
1463:
1390:
1192:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 10 accessed at <
1069:
542:
The pertinent provision relating to the right to family lies in Article 16(3) of the UDHR:
410:
346:
230:
126:
121:
111:
8:
2105:
1826:
1821:
1796:
1710:
1705:
1604:
1579:
1494:
954:
Article 16; International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 10.
688:
provision of family housing, benefits for the newly married, and other appropriate means.
361:
341:
281:
215:
116:
2143:
2020:
1946:
1841:
1639:
1624:
997:
927:
861:
381:
376:
306:
250:
208:
181:
2050:
2010:
1963:
1911:
1836:
1634:
1594:
1509:
1478:
1385:
1001:
931:
865:
680:
505:
386:
351:
336:
255:
240:
188:
161:
740:
Within the United Kingdom the right to family life is a 'qualified right' under the
2040:
1956:
1921:
1629:
1599:
1589:
1554:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1412:
1407:
1348:
989:
919:
853:
774:
331:
2118:
2070:
2030:
1931:
1881:
1614:
1609:
1549:
1504:
1453:
603:
464:
leading and living one's family or private life". The ECHR first recognized that
403:
356:
326:
296:
291:
193:
1162:
Communication No. 930/2000 (16 August 2001) UN Doc. CCPR/C/72/D/930/2000 at 7.3.
2060:
1985:
1941:
1715:
1649:
1427:
1422:
993:
857:
321:
301:
245:
923:
778:
2158:
2090:
2025:
1906:
1569:
1544:
1539:
316:
106:
840:
O'Donnell, Kath (1995). "The Unmarried Father and the Right to Family Life:
2000:
1995:
1886:
1763:
1731:
1514:
265:
260:
225:
156:
151:
136:
66:
1866:
1126:
Communication No. 930/2000 (16 August 2001) UN Doc. CCPR/C/72/D/930/2000.
526:
1871:
550:
1851:
1690:
1432:
1068:
Universal Declaration on Human Rights, Article 16(3) accessed at <
728:
The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights was adopted by the
638:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) states:
534:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the
530:
Eleanor Roosevelt holding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2113:
1951:
1695:
1400:
27:
1916:
1861:
1846:
1831:
1371:
1273:"European Social Charter and European Convention on Human Rights"
1417:
1251:
EM (Lebanon) (FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
662:
EM (Lebanon) (FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
19:
1336:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
626:
Within Europe the European Convention on Human Rights and the
610:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
604:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1194:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx
666:
This case involved a second appeal against a decision of the
1340:
1295:
The European Social Charter, Article 16 accessed at <
1070:
http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
521:
1165:
1141:
1129:
1029:
900:(29381/09 & 32684/09) ECHR (7 November 2013), at .
633:
477:
1331:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
551:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
444:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
732:in 1981 and entered into force on 21 October 1986.
2124:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
1048:Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v United Kingdom
846:Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law
692:
2156:
630:stand as foundational human rights instruments.
468:fall under the right to family life in the 2010
1205:European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8.
1747:
1356:
839:
474:case. Established family ties can be broken.
411:
1761:
1017:(22414/93) ECHR 54 (15 November 1996), at .
881:American University International Law Review
806:(3/1987/126/177; 10730/84) ECHR 28 May 1988.
512:
1792:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
767:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1754:
1740:
1681:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
1363:
1349:
674:
668:Secretary of State for the Home Department
418:
404:
1321:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1171:
1147:
1135:
1035:
975:
525:
481:
2006:Right to an adequate standard of living
2157:
1807:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
909:
878:
764:
436:international human rights instruments
1735:
1686:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1344:
982:Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights
522:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
440:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1308:American Convention on Human Rights.
1326:European Convention on Human Rights
704:American Convention on Human Rights
634:European Convention on Human Rights
448:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
1092:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
478:Relationship to the right to marry
14:
2176:
1927:Right to refuse medical treatment
1314:
735:
645:necessary in a democratic society
1215:Belgian Linguistics case (No. 2)
26:
1302:
1289:
1265:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1199:
1186:
1177:
1153:
1117:
1108:
1084:
1075:
1062:
1053:
1041:
1020:
1008:
969:
957:
947:
938:
898:Villianatos and Others v Greece
794:(9697/82) ECHR 18 December 1986
693:Other international instruments
536:United Nations General Assembly
53:Natural rights and legal rights
43:Claim rights and liberty rights
2139:Sexual and reproductive health
2036:Right to a healthy environment
1671:Liberty, equality, brotherhood
903:
891:
872:
833:
821:
818:(10465/83) ECHR 24 March 1988.
809:
797:
785:
758:
461:European Court of Human Rights
438:, including Article 16 of the
1:
2056:Right to public participation
964:X, Y & Z v United Kingdom
752:
730:Organisation of African Unity
656:
499:
453:
81:Economic, social and cultural
2076:Right to science and culture
377:Self-determination of people
58:Negative and positive rights
7:
1902:Right to keep and bear arms
1812:Freedom from discrimination
1535:Freedom from discrimination
1370:
697:
580:
493:X, Y and Z v United Kingdom
48:Individual and group rights
10:
2181:
1396:Personification of Liberty
994:10.1177/016934410302100204
858:10.1177/1023263X9500200107
804:Berrehab v the Netherlands
471:Schalk and Kopf v. Austria
2099:
2066:Right to rest and leisure
1972:
1777:
1770:
1676:All men are created equal
1663:
1487:
1441:
1378:
1217:(1968) 1 EHRR 252, at 33.
924:10.1017/S2071832200017545
714:
621:
513:International instruments
2081:Right to social security
2046:Right to Internet access
1991:Equal pay for equal work
1877:Presumption of innocence
35:Theoretical distinctions
1957:right to be a candidate
1787:Equality before the law
1277:European Social Charter
1253:UKHL 64, 3 W.L.R. 931.
1015:Chahal v United Kingdom
779:10.1093/iclqaj/36.3.647
675:European Social Charter
628:European Social Charter
446:, and Article 8 of the
1817:Freedom of information
1802:Freedom of association
726:
712:
690:
650:
619:
593:Human Rights Committee
574:
566:
548:
531:
487:
466:same-sex relationships
274:Other groups of rights
2129:Intersex human rights
1937:Right of self-defense
1892:Right to a fair trial
746:Article 8 of the ECHR
742:Human Rights Act 1998
721:
708:
685:
640:
614:
570:
561:
544:
529:
485:
94:Rights by beneficiary
2016:Right to development
1897:Right to family life
1847:Freedom from torture
1832:Freedom from slavery
1721:Right-libertarianism
1701:Civil libertarianism
1655:Water and sanitation
1391:Moral responsibility
442:, Article 23 of the
432:right to family life
392:Water and sanitation
1827:Freedom of religion
1822:Freedom of movement
1797:Freedom of assembly
1779:Civil and political
1711:Left-libertarianism
1706:Drug liberalization
966:(GC) 22 April 1997.
76:Civil and political
2144:Right to sexuality
2021:Right to education
1947:Security of person
1842:Freedom of thought
1160:Winata v Australia
1124:Winata v Australia
1050:(1985) 7 EHRR 471.
912:German Law Journal
792:Johnston v Ireland
586:Winata v Australia
532:
488:
2152:
2151:
2051:Right to property
2011:Right to clothing
1996:Fair remuneration
1964:Right to homeland
1912:Right to petition
1837:Freedom of speech
1729:
1728:
1386:Cognitive liberty
1241:2 EHRR. 330, at .
1229:2 EHRR. 330, at .
918:(10): 1746–1763.
842:Keegan v. Ireland
681:Council of Europe
506:international law
428:
427:
86:Three generations
2172:
2041:Right to housing
1975:Economic, social
1922:Right to protest
1917:Right to privacy
1756:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1413:Positive liberty
1408:Negative liberty
1365:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1239:Marckx v Belgium
1236:
1230:
1227:Marckx v Belgium
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1005:
973:
967:
961:
955:
951:
945:
942:
936:
935:
907:
901:
895:
889:
888:
876:
870:
869:
837:
831:
828:Marckx v Belgium
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
782:
762:
420:
413:
406:
367:Rest and leisure
30:
16:
15:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2119:Family planning
2104:
2095:
2071:Right of return
2031:Right to health
1979:
1976:
1968:
1932:Right to resist
1882:Right of asylum
1773:
1766:
1760:
1730:
1725:
1659:
1645:To be forgotten
1560:Internet access
1483:
1437:
1374:
1369:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1096:treaties.un.org
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
974:
970:
962:
958:
952:
948:
943:
939:
908:
904:
896:
892:
877:
873:
838:
834:
826:
822:
816:Olsson v Sweden
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
763:
759:
755:
738:
717:
700:
695:
677:
659:
636:
624:
606:
583:
568:Article 23(1):
553:
524:
515:
502:
480:
456:
424:
297:Civil liberties
12:
11:
5:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:Right to water
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Right of reply
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Digital rights
1982:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1942:Right to truth
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
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1889:
1884:
1879:
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1759:
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1716:Libertarianism
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1466:
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1439:
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1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:Social liberty
1425:
1423:Self-ownership
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1382:
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1368:
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1315:External links
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2091:Right to work
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2026:Right to food
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2019:
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2014:
2012:
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1575:Morphological
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1474:Morphological
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1172:Burchill 2003
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1036:Burchill 2003
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2165:Human rights
2106:reproductive
2001:Labor rights
1977:and cultural
1896:
1887:Right to die
1764:human rights
1762:Substantive
1620:Self-defense
1529:
1464:Intellectual
1304:
1291:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
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362:Reproductive
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2134:LGBT rights
1867:Nationality
1857:LGBT rights
1565:Information
1530:Family life
1500:Association
830:2 EHRR 330.
347:Development
287:Association
182:Transgender
1872:Personhood
1525:Fair trial
1282:2020-11-14
1101:2020-11-14
988:(2): 225.
773:(3): 650.
753:References
724:community.
500:Challenges
454:Definition
337:Linguistic
312:Fair trial
194:Minorities
162:Indigenous
1852:Legal aid
1691:Anarchism
1625:Sexuality
1520:Education
1479:Political
1433:Free will
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617:children.
382:Sexuality
307:Education
231:Prisoners
122:Creditors
117:Consumers
2159:Category
2114:Abortion
1952:Suffrage
1696:Autonomy
1664:See also
1605:Religion
1595:Property
1580:Movement
1495:Assembly
1488:By right
1469:Internet
1459:Economic
1449:Academic
1401:Libertas
1379:Concepts
698:Americas
657:Case law
581:Case law
564:attacks.
352:Property
342:Movement
282:Assembly
246:Students
221:Peasants
216:Patients
167:Intersex
132:Disabled
112:Children
1862:Liberty
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1630:Silence
1600:Protest
1590:Privacy
1555:Housing
1442:By type
1372:Liberty
648:others.
332:Housing
302:Digital
261:Workers
251:Victims
209:Mothers
204:Fathers
199:Parents
152:Fetuses
147:Farmers
107:Animals
102:Accused
2101:Sexual
1635:Speech
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1550:Health
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1505:Asylum
1418:Rights
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20:Rights
1650:Truth
1585:Press
1515:Death
1454:Civil
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