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211:, the Soviet leader who had originally requested all republics of the Soviet Union to have membership in the United Nations, but the US government launched a counterproposal in which all US states would obtain membership in the United Nations. The counterproposal encouraged Stalin to attend the Yalta Conference by accepting only Ukraine and Belarus's admission to the United Nations. That was intended to ensure a balance of power within the United Nations, which, in the opinion of the Soviets, was unbalanced towards the Western countries. For that purpose, modifications were made to the constitutions of the two republics in question so that Belarus and Ukraine's international legal subjects were limited while they were still part of the Soviet Union.
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procedures), Technical
Committee 2 (political and security functions), Technical Committee 3 (economic and social cooperation) and Technical Committee 4 (trusteeship system). Commission III considered the security council. It oversaw the work of Technical Committee 1 (structure and procedures), Technical Committee 2 (peaceful settlement), Technical Committee 3 (enforcement arrangements) and Technical Committee 4 (regional arrangements). Commission IV studied judicial organization. Its committees were Technical Committee 1 (international court of justice) and Technical Committee 2 (legal problems).
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419:, the head of the British delegation. As he submitted the final text of the Charter to the assembly, he said: "The question we are about to solve with our vote is the most important thing that can happen in our lives." Therefore, he proposed to vote not by show of hands but by having those in favor stand. Each of the delegations then stood and remained standing, as did the crowd gathered there. There was then a standing ovation when Lord Halifax announced that the Charter had been adopted unanimously.
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to intervene, but in the case of a conflict between two countries that are permanent members of the council, they could proceed arbitrarily. Therefore, they wanted to reduce the scope of the veto. However, the great powers insisted that the provision was vital and stressed the fact that the United
Nations was for the greater responsibility in maintaining world peace. Finally, the great powers got their way.
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The issue of the veto power of the permanent members of the
Security Council proved to be an obstacle on the quest to reach agreement on the United Nations Charter. Several countries feared that if one of the "big five" assumed a behavior that threatened peace, the Security Council would be helpless
403:
The draft of the United
Nations Charter was divided into four sections, each of which was studied by a commission. The first of these was responsible for the organization's purposes, principles, membership, secretariat and the question of amendments to the Charter. The second considered functions of
438:
The
Charter of the United Nations which you have just signed is a solid structure upon which we can build a better world. History will honor you for it. Between the victory in Europe and the final victory, in this most destructive of all wars, you have won a victory against war itself.... With this
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At the conference, delegates reviewed and sometimes rewrote the text agreed upon at the
Dumbarton Oaks conference. The delegations agreed on a role for regional organizations under the "umbrella" of the United Nations. The delineation of the responsibilities of the Secretary General, as well as the
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Commission I studied general provisions and managed the work of
Technical Committee 1 (preamble, purposes and principles) and Technical Committee 2 (membership, amendment and secretariat). Commission II focused on the general assembly. It coordinated the work of Technical Committee 1 (structure and
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The United
Nations did not instantly come into being with the signing of the Charter since in many countries, the Charter had to be subjected to parliamentary approval. It had been agreed that the Charter would come into effect when ratified by the governments of China, France, Britain, the Soviet
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We recognize that our future is linked with a world future in which the term “good neighbor” has become a global consideration. We have learned that understanding of one another’s problems is the greatest assurance of peace. And that true understanding comes only as a product of free consultation.
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Poland, despite having signed the
Declaration by United Nations, did not attend the conference because there was no consensus on the formation of the postwar Polish government. Therefore, a space was left blank for the Polish signature. The new Polish government was formed after the conference (28
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Below the committee level, four general commissions studied the main issues and coordinated the work of twelve technical committees. The technical committees drafted proposals and could designate subcommittees as needed. The leadership of the commissions and technical committees consisted of a
223:
On 25 April 1945, the conference started in San
Francisco. 850 delegates, along with advisors, employees and staff of the secretariat, attended the conference, totalling 3,500 attendees. In addition, the conference was attended by 2,500 representatives of the media and observers from numerous
203:
during the war. Several Latin American countries opposed the inclusion of Belarus and Ukraine unless Argentina was admitted. In the end, Argentina was admitted to the conference with support from the United States and the desire for the participation of the Soviet Union at the conference was
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the General Assembly. The third dealt with the Security Council. The fourth dealt with the assessment of the draft Statute of the International Court of Justice, which had been drafted by a team of legal experts from 44 countries, meeting in Washington in April 1945.
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The Coordination Committee assisted the Executive Committee and supervised the final drafting of the charter. It was composed of representatives of the fourteen delegations previously mentioned. An Advisory Committee of Jurists provided assistance to this committee.
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If we fail to use it, we shall betray all those who have died so that we might meet here in freedom and safety to create it. If we seek to use it selfishly – for the advantage of any one nation or any small group of nations – we shall be equally guilty of that
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A Secretariat provided general administration to the conference. It prepared agenda and working papers for discussion, compiled minutes and records of meetings, and provided the array of standard services required by any international conference."
267:
The Executive Committee was a smaller unit that made recommendations to the Steering Committee; it was composed of the chairmen of fourteen delegations. These fourteen represented the four sponsoring governments and the ten co-elected members.
199:. The participation of these countries was not without controversy. The decision on the participation of Argentina was troubled because of Soviet opposition to Argentine membership, arguing that Argentina had supported the
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264:"The Steering Committee considered major questions of policy and procedure and distributed work to the committees. The committee had fifty members, consisting of the chairman of each national delegation.
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chairman and a rapporteur; these positions were divided among all of the national delegations. The Steering Committee nominated delegates for these positions, with approval by the conference.
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The next day, in the auditorium of the Veterans Memorial Hall, the delegates signed the Charter. China signed first, as it had been the first victim of an Axis power. US President
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conference on international organization. A total of 46 countries were invited to San Francisco, all of which had declared war on Germany and Japan, having signed the
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Rofe, J. Simon, "Pre-war Post-war Planning: The Phoney War, the Roosevelt Administration, and the Case of the Advisory Committee on Problems of Foreign Relations",
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Act of Creation: the Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World
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Due to the fact that President Roosevelt, who was supposed to host the conference, died on 12 April 1945, the delegates held a commemorative ceremony in
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In 2019, the General Assembly, recognizing of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the conference, proclaimed April 25 as International Delegate's Day.
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115:, which was opened for signature on 26 June, the last day of the conference. The conference was held at various locations, primarily the
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Charter the world can begin to look forward to the time when all worthy human beings may be permitted to live decently as free people.
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June) and signed the United Nations Charter on 15 October, which made Poland one of the founding countries of the United Nations.
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creation of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council was also debated, eventually resulting in a consensus.
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This conference is proof in itself of the new conception of neighborliness and unity which must be recognized in world affairs.
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The Credentials Committee verified the credentials of delegates and was composed of representatives from six delegations.
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President Truman's Address To Opening Session Of United Nations Conference On International Organization At San Francisco
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The participation of Belarus and Ukraine at the conference came as a result of Roosevelt and Churchill's concession to
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Truman then pointed out that the Charter would work only if the peoples of the world were determined to make it work:
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On 25 June, delegates met for the last time in plenary at the San Francisco Opera. The session was chaired by
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1443:"Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25, 1945 – June 26, 1945)"
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168:, it was proposed that the permanent members have veto power. This proposal was adopted shortly after at the
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international order. These countries, with the addition of France, would assume the permanent seats on the
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Union, the United States, and a majority of the other signatory countries and when they had notified the
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Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
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in which the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China would lead the post-
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V. K. Wellington Koo's speech 'The Conference and China' to the Commonwealth Club of California
1295:; Weisbrode, K. "The Master, the Maverick, and the Machine: Three Wartime Promoters of Peace",
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96:
1234:. Washington: U.S. Department of State – Office of the Historian. October 2005. Archived from
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Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, 1945
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The conference directly invited four additional countries: Denmark (newly liberated from
131:. A square adjacent to the Civic Center, called "UN Plaza", commemorates the conference.
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1232:"The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945"
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1489:"Register of the United Nations Conference on International Organization proceedings"
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1160:"Charter of the United Nations and Statute for the International Court of Justice"
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Guide to the United Nations Conference on International Organization Proceedings
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Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
1323:. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. pp. 24–25.
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107:, United States. At this convention, the delegates reviewed and rewrote the
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the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) (1945)
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1464:"United Nations Conference on International Organization Proceedings"
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of the previous year. The convention resulted in the creation of the
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by F.L.W. Wood (Official history of New Zealand in World War II)
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The United States and the origins of the cold war, 1941-1947
1547:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Westview, Perseus Books Group.
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of their ratifications, which happened on 24 October 1945.
334:"United Nations Conference on International Organization"
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at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.
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at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.
232:, set the tone for the conference in his welcome speech:
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Allied ideas for the postwar world appeared in the 1941
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United Nations Conference on International Organization
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Cathedral Grove to place a comparative plaque for him.
85:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
24:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
2009:
1418:"San Francisco - the birthplace of the United Nations"
99:
that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in
35:
Insignia of the conference, prototype of the current
1257:United Nations, Dept of Public Information (1986).
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representing Communist forces and controlled zones.
119:, with the Charter being signed on 26 June at the
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1995:
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2478:Diplomatic conferences in the United States
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426:President Truman speaking at the conference
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1988:
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1615:San Francisco Conference at the UN website
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29:
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385:Learn how and when to remove this message
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191:), Argentina and the Soviet republics of
2137:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
1911:Conference on International Organization
1416:Schlesinger, By Stephen (19 June 2015).
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2416:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
1586:sound recordings of proceedings online
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321:Please improve this article by adding
16:1945 founding meeting in San Francisco
1983:
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1571:at the United Nations Digital Library
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1391:"1945: The San Francisco Conference"
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1383:
1366:"1945: The San Francisco Conference"
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2483:20th-century diplomatic conferences
2280:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
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2011:Diplomatic history of World War II
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14:
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1853:Covenant of the League of Nations
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166:February 1945 conference in Malta
2447:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
2411:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
2256:Declaration of St James's Palace
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1543:Schlesinger, Stephen E. (2004).
1198:List of World War II conferences
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2328:Declaration of the Four Nations
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162:United Nations Security Council
152:was the vision of US President
2508:United Kingdom in World War II
2442:German Instrument of Surrender
2268:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
2226:Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact
2045:Second Inter-Allied Conference
1803:International Court of Justice
1608:Political and External Affairs
1578:at the United Nations Archives
1515:"International Delegate's Day"
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1:
2292:Declaration by United Nations
2063:Third Inter-Allied Conference
2033:First Inter-Allied Conference
2027:U.S.–British Staff Conference
1881:Declaration by United Nations
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1203:History of the United Nations
399:Charter of the United Nations
323:secondary or tertiary sources
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224:organizations and societies.
182:Declaration by United Nations
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2426:Council of Foreign Ministers
2421:European Advisory Commission
2117:Greater East Asia Conference
2069:Second Washington Conference
1293:10.1080/09592296.2012.679475
1174:The China delegate included
254:Muir Woods National Monument
247:Muir Woods National Monument
37:emblem of the United Nations
7:
2304:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
2093:Third Washington Conference
1793:Economic and Social Council
1317:Gaddis, John Lewis (1972).
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10:
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2528:1945 in the United Nations
2473:United Nations conferences
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140:Preparation and background
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2298:Punishment for War Crimes
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1899:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
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1297:Journal of Policy History
1260:Everyone's United Nations
109:Dumbarton Oaks agreements
91:), commonly known as the
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28:
23:
2468:World War II conferences
2238:Franco-Italian Armistice
2161:Fourth Moscow Conference
2155:Second Quebec Conference
2143:Bretton Woods Conference
2075:Second Moscow Conference
1818:Military Staff Committee
1285:Diplomacy and Statecraft
434:'s closing speech said:
117:War Memorial Opera House
93:San Francisco Conference
55:– 26 June 1945
2382:Treaty of San Francisco
2214:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2131:Second Cairo Conference
2105:Third Moscow Conference
2099:First Quebec Conference
2051:First Moscow Conference
1422:San Francisco Chronicle
1299:21 (4) (2009), 366-91,
1165:. United Nations. 1945.
47:25 April 1945
2503:1940s in San Francisco
2370:United Nations Charter
2310:Armistice of Cassibile
2262:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
1843:Paris Peace Conference
1651:United Nations Charter
1287:23 (2) (2013), 254-79
455:US Department of State
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310:relies excessively on
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230:Governor of California
113:United Nations Charter
2388:Austrian State Treaty
2081:Casablanca Conference
461:Participant countries
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2376:Paris Peace Treaties
1848:Treaty of Versailles
2364:Potsdam Declaration
2322:Moscow Declarations
2244:Moscow Peace Treaty
2039:Atlantic Conference
1957:Politics portal
1798:Trusteeship Council
1450:Library of Congress
2498:1945 in California
2188:Potsdam Conference
2057:Arcadia Conference
1869:London Declaration
1468:Hoover Institution
1238:on 23 October 2005
649:Dominican Republic
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154:Franklin Roosevelt
146:London Declaration
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2358:Potsdam Agreement
2352:Nuremberg Charter
2316:Cairo Declaration
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1977:
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1936:
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1893:Tehran Conference
1887:Moscow Conference
1513:Nations, United.
1330:978-0-231-03289-6
1270:978-92-1-100273-7
1263:. UN. p. 5.
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2274:Atlantic Charter
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2174:Yalta Conference
2167:Malta Conference
2111:Cairo Conference
2087:Adana Conference
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1397:. 26 August 2015
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1368:. United Nations
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2201:and treaties
2199:Declarations
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2059:(1941– 1942)
1910:
1607:
1603:
1544:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
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1471:. Retrieved
1467:
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1425:. Retrieved
1421:
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1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1370:. Retrieved
1319:
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1279:
1259:
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1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1187:
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1012:Soviet Union
998:South Africa
959:Saudi Arabia
451:
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417:Lord Halifax
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158:World War II
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129:Civic Center
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18:
2019:Conferences
1921:Signatories
1862:Preparation
1813:Secretariat
1574:Records of
1095:Philippines
1066:British Raj
881:New Zealand
868:Netherlands
690:El Salvador
226:Earl Warren
201:Axis Powers
172:. While at
2462:Categories
1836:Background
1765:Amendments
1473:20 October
1427:20 October
1401:20 October
1395:www.un.org
1209:References
1137:Yugoslavia
842:Luxembourg
596:Costa Rica
345:newspapers
312:references
260:Committees
135:Conference
105:California
75:California
59:1945-06-26
51:1945-04-25
1670:Chapter I
1372:22 August
1242:22 August
1176:Dong Biwu
1123:Venezuela
894:Nicaragua
745:Guatemala
489:Australia
476:Argentina
448:betrayal.
375:June 2020
164:. At the
1665:Preamble
1524:20 April
1498:12 April
1192:See also
1157:Source:
933:Paraguay
773:Honduras
704:Ethiopia
583:Colombia
2435:Related
2324:(1943)
1828:History
1807:statute
1110:Uruguay
829:Liberia
816:Lebanon
662:Ecuador
636:Denmark
515:Bolivia
502:Belgium
359:scholar
219:Opening
197:Ukraine
193:Belarus
123:in the
57: (
49: (
2396:(1990)
2390:(1955)
2384:(1951)
2378:(1947)
2372:(1945)
2366:(1945)
2360:(1945)
2354:(1945)
2348:(1944)
2342:(1943)
2318:(1943)
2312:(1943)
2306:(1942)
2300:(1942)
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2276:(1941)
2270:(1941)
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2258:(1941)
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2191:(1945)
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2035:(1941)
2029:(1941)
1913:(1945)
1907:(1945)
1901:(1944)
1895:(1943)
1889:(1943)
1883:(1942)
1877:(1941)
1871:(1941)
1551:
1327:
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1150:Poland
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228:, the
77:, U.S.
67:Cities
1755:XVIII
1606:from
1446:(PDF)
1163:(PDF)
759:Haiti
676:Egypt
569:China
555:Chile
366:JSTOR
352:books
174:Yalta
89:UNCIO
1750:XVII
1730:XIII
1705:VIII
1658:Text
1584:and
1549:ISBN
1526:2020
1500:2021
1475:2019
1429:2019
1403:2019
1374:2016
1325:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1244:2016
946:Peru
802:Iraq
787:Iran
610:Cuba
338:news
195:and
83:The
44:Date
1760:XIX
1745:XVI
1735:XIV
1725:XII
1700:VII
1680:III
1301:doi
1289:doi
314:to
2464::
1740:XV
1720:XI
1710:IX
1695:VI
1685:IV
1675:II
1517:.
1491:.
1466:.
1448:.
1420:.
1393:.
1382:^
1339:^
1217:^
1169:C.
325:.
184:.
103:,
73:,
2003:e
1996:t
1989:v
1809:)
1805:(
1715:X
1690:V
1643:e
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388:)
382:(
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373:(
363:·
356:·
349:·
342:·
319:.
87:(
61:)
53:)
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