Franklin D. Roosevelt

12130: 966: 26516: 3601: 3955:, the governor of New York, who had a reputation as a liberal in his party. They accused the Roosevelt administration of domestic corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency, but Dewey's most effective gambit was to raise discreetly the age issue. He assailed the President as a "tired old man" with "tired old men" in his cabinet, pointedly suggesting that the President's lack of vigor had produced a less than vigorous economic recovery. Roosevelt, as most observers could see from his weight loss and haggard appearance, was a tired man in 1944. But upon entering the campaign in earnest in late September 1944, Roosevelt displayed enough passion to allay most concerns and deflect Republican attacks. With the war still raging, he urged voters not to "change horses in mid-stream". Labor unions, which had grown rapidly in the war, fully supported Roosevelt. Roosevelt and Truman won the 862: 1668:, but most delegates entered the convention unbound to any particular candidate. On the first presidential ballot, Roosevelt received the votes of more than half but less than two-thirds of the delegates, with Smith finishing in a distant second place. Roosevelt then promised the vice-presidential nomination to Garner, who controlled the votes of Texas and California; Garner threw his support behind Roosevelt after the third ballot, and Roosevelt clinched the nomination on the fourth ballot. Roosevelt flew in from New York to Chicago after learning that he had won the nomination, becoming the first major-party presidential nominee to accept the nomination in person. His appearance was essential, to show himself as vigorous, despite his physical disability. 1284: 3511: 2074: 3160: 1618: 3151: 4003: 55: 2058:

political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits. With those taxes in there, no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program." Compared with the social security systems in western European countries, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. But for the first time, the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged, the temporarily unemployed, dependent children, and disabled people. Against Roosevelt's original intention for universal coverage, the act excluded farmers, domestic workers, and other groups, which made up about forty percent of the labor force.

3551:; and Chinese, British and American troops fought in Asia and the Pacific. The United States also continued to send aid via the Lend-Lease program to the Soviet Union and other countries. The Allies formulated strategy in a series of high-profile conferences as well as by contact through diplomatic and military channels. Beginning in May 1942, the Soviets urged an Anglo-American invasion of German-occupied France to divert troops from the Eastern front. Concerned that their forces were not yet ready, Churchill and Roosevelt decided to delay such an invasion until at least 1943 and instead focus on a landing in North Africa, known as 18124: 2699: 1151: 3592: 2343:

courthouses and post offices to facilities and infrastructure for national parks, bridges, and other infrastructure across the country, and architectural surveys and archaeological excavations—investments to construct facilities and preserve important resources. Beyond this, however, Roosevelt recommended to a special congressional session only a permanent national farm act, administrative reorganization, and regional planning measures, all of which were leftovers from a regular session. According to Burns, this attempt illustrated Roosevelt's inability to settle on a basic economic program.

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office. He laboriously taught himself to walk short distances while wearing iron braces on his hips and legs, by swiveling his torso while supporting himself with a cane. He was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability. However, his disability was well known before and during his presidency and became a major part of his image. He usually appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons.

2030: 1174:, was well-read on the subject, and was an ardent supporter of a large, efficient force. With Wilson's support, Daniels and Roosevelt instituted a merit-based promotion system and extended civilian control over the autonomous departments of the Navy. Roosevelt oversaw the Navy's civilian employees and earned the respect of union leaders for his fairness in resolving disputes. No strikes occurred during his seven-plus years in the office, as he gained valuable experience in labor issues, wartime management, naval issues, and logistics. 18131: 3803:

States produced 2.4 million trucks, 300,000 military aircraft, 88,400 tanks, and 40 billion rounds of ammunition. The production capacity of the United States dwarfed that of other countries; for example, in 1944, the United States produced more military aircraft than the combined production of Germany, Japan, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The White House became the ultimate site for labor mediation, conciliation or arbitration. One particular battle royale occurred between Vice President Wallace, who headed the

3643:. Roosevelt did not push for the immediate evacuation of Soviet soldiers from Poland, but he won the issuance of the Declaration on Liberated Europe, which promised free elections in countries that had been occupied by Germany. Germany itself would not be dismembered but would be jointly occupied by the United States, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union. Against Soviet pressure, Roosevelt and Churchill refused to consent to impose huge reparations and deindustrialization on Germany after the war. Roosevelt's role in the 1491: 3242: 2934: 1804: 1785:

clash of wills that led to disarray, heartbreak, and anger but also set off pulses of executive energy and sparks of creativity...by handing out one job to several men and several jobs to one man, thus strengthening his own position as a court of appeals, as a depository of information, and as a tool of co-ordination; by ignoring or bypassing collective decision-making agencies, such as the Cabinet...and always by persuading, flattering, juggling, improvising, reshuffling, harmonizing, conciliating, manipulating.

1052: 3420:, the most senior officer in the military. Roosevelt avoided micromanaging the war and let his top military officers make most decisions. Roosevelt's civilian appointees handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment, but no civilians—not even the secretaries of War or Navy—had a voice in strategy. Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high-level diplomacy through his aides, especially Harry Hopkins, whose influence was bolstered by his control of the Lend-Lease funds. 26588: 874: 1358: 2874:. Willkie supported much of the New Deal as well as rearmament and aid to Britain but warned that Roosevelt would drag the country into another European war. Responding to Willkie's attacks, Roosevelt promised to keep the country out of the war. Over its last month, the campaign degenerated into a series of outrageous accusations and mud-slinging by the parties. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 55% of the popular vote, 38 of the 48 states, and almost 85% of the electoral vote. 3710: 3350: 785: 4359:, "the basis of the Democratic Party's aspirations for the better part of four decades". After his death, Eleanor continued to be a forceful presence in U.S. and world politics, serving as delegate to the conference which established the United Nations and championing civil rights and liberalism generally. Some junior New Dealers played leading roles in the presidencies of Truman, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. Kennedy came from a Roosevelt-hating family. Historian 3925: 2847: 2136: 1703: 26504: 26576: 26552: 19215: 14372: 13377: 2112:, savagely attacking Roosevelt and equating him with socialism. But Smith overplayed his hand, and his boisterous rhetoric let Roosevelt isolate his opponents and identify them with the wealthy vested interests that opposed the New Deal, strengthening Roosevelt for the 1936 landslide. By contrast, labor unions, energized by labor legislation, signed up millions of new members and became a major backer of Roosevelt's re-elections in 1936, 1940, and 1944. 1021:, soon after she was hired in 1914. That affair was discovered by Eleanor in 1918. Franklin contemplated divorcing Eleanor, but Sara objected, and Mercer would not marry a divorced man with five children. Franklin and Eleanor remained married, and Franklin promised never to see Mercer again. Eleanor never forgave him for the affair, and their marriage shifted to become a political partnership. Eleanor soon established a separate home in Hyde Park at 2726: 26564: 3978: 2568: 3494: 3089: 19225: 14382: 1087:, was strongly Republican. Roosevelt feared that opposition from Theodore could end his campaign, but Theodore encouraged his candidacy despite their party differences. Acting as his own campaign manager, Roosevelt traveled throughout the senate district via automobile at a time when few could afford a car. Due to his aggressive campaign, his name gained recognition in the Hudson Valley, and in the Democratic landslide in the 12125: 2194:. Roosevelt lost high-income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. He won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt carried 102 of the country's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more. 14475: 2795:, as Secretaries of War and the Navy, respectively. Both parties gave support to his plans for a rapid build-up of the American military, but the isolationists warned that Roosevelt would get the nation into an unnecessary war with Germany. In July 1940, a group of Congressmen introduced a bill that would authorize the nation's first peacetime draft, and with the support of the Roosevelt administration, the 26540: 4093: 2623:, renouncing the right to intervene unilaterally in the affairs of Latin American countries. Roosevelt also normalized relations with the Soviet Union, which the United States had refused to recognize since the 1920s. He hoped to renegotiate the Russian debt from World War I and open trade relations, but no progress was made on either issue and "both nations were soon disillusioned by the accord." 2859:

former Republican who strongly supported the New Deal and was popular in farm states. The choice was strenuously opposed by many of the party's conservatives, who felt Wallace was too radical and "eccentric" in his private life. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace on the ticket he would decline re-nomination, and Wallace won the vice-presidential nomination, defeating Speaker of the House

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grew 58% from 1932 to 1940, and then grew 56% from 1940 to 1945 in five years of wartime. Unemployment fell dramatically during Roosevelt's first term. It increased in 1938 ("a depression within a depression") but continually declined after 1938. Total employment during Roosevelt's term expanded by 18.31 million jobs, with an average annual increase in jobs during his administration of 5.3%.

3827: 2190:. Democrats expanded their majorities in Congress, controlling over three-quarters of the seats in each house. The election also saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the 1991:(TVA)—which built dams and power stations, controlled floods, and modernized agriculture and home conditions in the poverty-stricken Tennessee Valley. However, locals criticized the TVA for displacing thousands of people for these projects. The Soil Conservation Service trained farmers in the proper methods of cultivation, and with the TVA, Roosevelt became the father of soil conservation. 3906:

Roosevelt's health was poor; on October 12, for example, he announced that "The President's health is perfectly OK. There are absolutely no organic difficulties at all." Roosevelt realized that his declining health could eventually make it impossible for him to continue as president, and in 1945 he told a confidant that he might resign from the presidency following the end of the war.

4192:, and it played a major role in opening up new employment opportunities to nonwhite workers. During World War II, the proportion of African American men employed in manufacturing positions rose significantly. In response to Roosevelt's policies, African Americans increasingly defected from the Republican Party during the 1930s and 1940s, becoming an important Democratic 26528: 840:, who said to him: "My little man, I am making a strange wish for you. It is that you may never be President of the United States." Franklin's mother, the dominant influence in his early years, once declared, "My son Franklin is a Delano, not a Roosevelt at all." James, who was 54 when Franklin was born, was considered by some as a remote father, though biographer 3866:, medical care, unemployment insurance, job counseling, and low-cost loans for homes and businesses. The G.I. Bill passed unanimously in both houses of Congress and was signed into law in June 1944. Of the fifteen million Americans who served in World War II, more than half benefitted from the educational opportunities provided for in the G.I. Bill. 1905: 1718:, small farmers, the Southern whites, Catholics, big-city political machines, labor unions, northern black Americans (southern ones were still disfranchised), Jews, intellectuals, and political liberals. The creation of the New Deal coalition transformed American politics and started what political scientists call the "New Deal Party System" or the 1427:'s successful campaign in New York's 1922 gubernatorial election, which both aided Smith and showed Roosevelt's continuing relevance as a political figure. Roosevelt and Smith came from different backgrounds and never fully trusted one another, but Roosevelt supported Smith's progressive policies, while Smith was happy to have Roosevelt's backing. 1927:(PWA), under Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, oversaw the construction of large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, and schools. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) brought electricity for the first time to millions of rural homes. The most popular of all New Deal agencies—and Roosevelt's favorite—was the 4375:, and the consolidation of power that occurred due to his responses to the Depression and World War II but also his breaking with tradition by running for a third term as president. Long after his death, new lines of attack criticized Roosevelt's policies regarding helping the Jews of Europe, incarcerating the Japanese on the 1541:. Relations between Roosevelt and Smith suffered after he chose not to retain key Smith appointees like Moses. He and his wife Eleanor established an understanding for the rest of his career; she would dutifully serve as the governor's wife but would also be free to pursue her own agenda and interests. He also began holding " 2898:

relationships with Latin America and Canada were structured by wartime demands. Roosevelt maintained close personal control of all major diplomatic and military decisions, working closely with his generals and admirals, the war and Navy departments, the British, and even the Soviet Union. His key advisors on diplomacy were

2093:(NLRB) to facilitate wage agreements and suppress repeated labor disturbances. The act did not compel employers to reach an agreement with their employees, but it opened possibilities for American labor. The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass-production sector. When the 2152:, a little-known bland candidate whose chances were damaged by the public re-emergence of the still-unpopular Herbert Hoover. While Roosevelt campaigned on his New Deal programs and continued to attack Hoover, Landon sought to win voters who approved of the goals of the New Deal but disagreed with its implementation. 528: 1857:. A quarter of the workforce was unemployed, and farmers were in deep trouble as prices had fallen by 60%. Industrial production had fallen by more than half since 1929. Two million people were homeless. By the evening of March 4, 32 of the 48 states—as well as the District of Columbia—had closed their banks. 4127:. Roosevelt ended federal involvement in the deportations. After 1934, deportations fell by approximately 50 percent. However, Roosevelt did not attempt to suppress the deportations on a local or state level. Mexican Americans were the only group explicitly excluded from New Deal benefits. The deprival of 529: 1680:

convention but promised to uphold the party platform. Otherwise, Roosevelt's primary campaign strategy was one of caution, intent upon avoiding mistakes that would distract from Hoover's failings on the economy. His statements attacked the incumbent and included no other specific policies or programs.

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Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. Although he was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on Theodore Roosevelt's scale, his growth of the national systems was comparable. When Franklin was Governor of

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His commitment to the working class and unemployed in need of relief in the nation's longest recession made him a favorite of blue-collar workers, labor unions, and ethnic minorities. The rapid expansion of government programs that occurred during Roosevelt's term redefined the role of government in

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has been controversial; critics charge that he naively trusted the Soviet Union to allow free elections in Eastern Europe, while supporters argue that there was little more that Roosevelt could have done for the Eastern European countries given the Soviet occupation and the need for cooperation with

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when he refused to run for a third term in 1796. Roosevelt refused to give a definitive statement, and he even indicated to some ambitious Democrats, such as James Farley, that he would not run for a third term and that they could seek the Democratic nomination. Farley and Vice President John Garner

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saw an unprecedented amount of legislation and set a benchmark against which future presidents have been compared. When the banks reopened on Monday, March 15, stock prices rose by 15 percent and in the following weeks over $ 1 billion was returned to bank vaults, ending the bank panic. On March 22,

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in the 1919 Senate debate. The new Society would not become involved in the Western Hemisphere, where the Monroe doctrine held sway. It would not have any control over military forces. Although Roosevelt's plan was never made public, he thought about the problem a great deal and incorporated some of

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and the New York State Council of Parks. Roosevelt accused Moses of using the name recognition of prominent individuals including Roosevelt to win political support for state parks, but then diverting funds to the ones Moses favored on Long Island, while Moses worked to block the appointment of Howe

1107:, a highly regarded judge whom Roosevelt found acceptable, and O'Gorman won the election in late March. Roosevelt in the process became a popular figure among New York Democrats. News articles and cartoons depicted "the second coming of a Roosevelt", sending "cold shivers down the spine of Tammany". 4061:

The following morning, Roosevelt's body was placed in a flag-draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train for the trip back to Washington. Thousands flocked to the route to pay their respects. After a White House funeral on April 14, Roosevelt was transported by train from Washington to his

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Hospital physicians and two outside specialists ordered Roosevelt to rest. His personal physician, Admiral Ross McIntire, created a daily schedule that banned business guests for lunch and incorporated two hours of rest daily. During the 1944 re-election campaign, McIntire denied several times that

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In 1942, war production increased dramatically but fell short of Roosevelt's goals, due in part to manpower shortages. The effort was also hindered by numerous strikes, especially in the coal mining and railroad industries, which lasted well into 1944. Nonetheless, between 1941 and 1945, the United

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Roosevelt tried to keep his campaign promise by cutting the federal budget. This included a reduction in military spending from $ 752 million in 1932 to $ 531 million in 1934 and a 40% cut in spending on veterans benefits. 500,000 veterans and widows were removed from the pension rolls,

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Roosevelt was elected in November 1932 but like his predecessors did not take office until the following March. After the election, President Hoover sought to convince Roosevelt to renounce much of his campaign platform and to endorse the Hoover administration's policies. Roosevelt refused Hoover's

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Roosevelt requested that he be allowed to serve as a naval officer, but Wilson insisted that he continue as Assistant Secretary. For the next year, Roosevelt remained in Washington to coordinate the naval deployment, as the Navy expanded fourfold. In the summer of 1918, Roosevelt traveled to Europe

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for coming generations. Roosevelt firmly established U.S. leadership on the world stage with his role in shaping and financing World War II. His isolationist critics faded away, and even the Republicans joined in his overall policies. He also permanently increased the power of the president at the

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of African Americans, farmers and rural populations to manufacturing centers. African Americans from the South went to California and other West Coast states for new jobs in the defense industry. To pay for increased government spending, in 1941 Roosevelt proposed that Congress enact an income tax

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in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Vice President Garner, who had turned against Roosevelt in his second term because of his liberal economic and social policies. To replace Garner on the ticket, Roosevelt turned to Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace of Iowa, a

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Determined to overcome the opposition of conservative Democrats in Congress, Roosevelt became involved in the 1938 Democratic primaries, actively campaigning for challengers who were more supportive of New Deal reform. Roosevelt failed badly, managing to defeat only one of the ten targeted. In the

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into the plain below." Roosevelt argued that such apparently haphazard methodology was necessary. "The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation," he wrote. "It is common sense to take a method and try it; if it fails, admit it frankly and

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Roosevelt gave presidential nominating speeches for Smith at the 1924 and 1928 Democratic National Conventions; the speech at the 1924 convention marked a return to public life following his illness and convalescence. That year, the Democrats were badly divided between an urban wing, led by Smith,

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and devoted herself to social and political causes independent of her husband. The emotional break in their marriage was so severe that when Franklin asked Eleanor in 1942—in light of his failing health—to come live with him again, she refused. Roosevelt was not always aware of Eleanor's visits to

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Burns indicates that young Franklin Roosevelt was self-assured and at ease in the upper class. On the other hand, Eleanor was shy and disliked social life. Initially, Eleanor stayed home to raise their children. As his father had done, Franklin left childcare to his wife, and Eleanor delegated the

2748:, American public opinion turned against Germany, and Roosevelt began preparing for a possible war with Germany. Relying on an interventionist political coalition of Southern Democrats and business-oriented Republicans, Roosevelt oversaw the expansion of U.S. airpower and war production capacity. 2552:

as a percentage of the GNP had more than doubled under Hoover from 16% to 40% of the GNP in early 1933. It held steady at close to 40% as late as fall 1941, then grew rapidly during the war. The GNP was 34% higher in 1936 than in 1932 and 58% higher in 1940 on the eve of war. That is, the economy

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enrolled 3.4 million young men and built 13,000 miles (21,000 kilometres) of trails, planted two billion trees, and upgraded 125,000 miles (201,000 kilometres) of dirt roads. Every state had its own state parks, and Roosevelt made sure that WPA and CCC projects were set up to upgrade them as

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to look for a criminal conspiracy (they found none). He then asked Congress for $ 5 billion (equivalent to $ 105.97 billion in 2023) in relief and public works funding. This created as many as 3.3 million WPA jobs by 1938. Projects accomplished under the WPA ranged from new federal

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reduction, farm relief, government-funded public works, and other government actions to address the Great Depression. Reflecting changing public opinion, the Democratic platform included a call for the repeal of Prohibition; Roosevelt himself had not taken a public stand on the issue prior to the

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by a wide margin, carrying every state outside of the South. Roosevelt accepted the loss and later reflected that the relationships and goodwill that he built in the 1920 campaign proved to be a major asset in his 1932 campaign. The 1920 election also saw the first public participation of Eleanor

4014:, many were shocked to see how old, thin and frail he looked. He spoke while seated in the well of the House, an unprecedented concession to his physical incapacity. During March 1945, he sent strongly worded messages to Stalin accusing him of breaking his Yalta commitments over Poland, Germany, 3182:

The Japanese were incensed by the embargo and Japanese leaders became determined to attack the United States unless it lifted the embargo. The Roosevelt administration was unwilling to reverse the policy, and Secretary of State Hull blocked a potential summit between Roosevelt and Prime Minister

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established Social Security and promised economic security for the elderly, the poor, and the sick. Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund, saying, "We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal, moral, and

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The president stayed in charge of his administration...by drawing fully on his formal and informal powers as Chief Executive; by raising goals, creating momentum, inspiring a personal loyalty, getting the best out of people...by deliberately fostering among his aides a sense of competition and a

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As president, Roosevelt appointed powerful men to top positions in government. However, he made all of his administration's major decisions himself, regardless of any delays, inefficiencies, or resentments doing so may have caused. Analyzing the president's administrative style, Burns concludes:

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says that before 1960, "Kennedy showed a conspicuous lack of inclination to identify himself as a New Deal liberal." He adds, as president, "Kennedy never wholly embraced the Roosevelt tradition and at times he deliberately severed himself from it." By contrast, young Lyndon Johnson had been an

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board of directors, Roosevelt decided there were too many Jewish students at Harvard and helped institute a quota to limit the number of Jews admitted. After Kristallnacht in 1938, Roosevelt had his ambassador to Germany recalled to Washington. He did not loosen immigration quotas but did allow

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dominated Roosevelt's attention, with far more time devoted to world affairs than ever before. Domestic politics and relations with Congress were largely shaped by his efforts to achieve total mobilization of the nation's economic, financial, and institutional resources for the war effort. Even

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When Roosevelt began his run for a second term in May 1930, he reiterated his doctrine from the campaign two years before: "that progressive government by its very terms must be a living and growing thing, that the battle for it is never-ending and that if we let up for one single moment or one

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Though his mother favored his retirement from public life, Roosevelt, his wife, and Roosevelt's close friend and adviser, Louis Howe, were all determined that he continue his political career. He convinced many people that he was improving, which he believed to be essential prior to running for

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Roosevelt's declining physical health had been kept secret from the public. His death was met with shock and grief across the world. Germany surrendered during the 30-day mourning period, but Harry Truman (who had succeeded Roosevelt as president) ordered flags to remain at half-staff; he also

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through the Pacific Islands, with the objective of gaining bases from which strategic airpower could be brought to bear on Japan and from which Japan could ultimately be invaded. In contrast to Hitler, Roosevelt took no direct part in the tactical naval operations, though he approved strategic

2262:, the court began to take a more favorable view of economic regulations. Historians have described this as, "the switch in time that saved nine". That same year, Roosevelt appointed a Supreme Court Justice for the first time, and by 1941, had appointed seven of the court's nine justices. After 1470:

for the best plan to deliver world peace. Roosevelt had leisure time and interest, and he drafted a plan for the contest. He never submitted it because Eleanor was selected as a judge for the prize. His plan called for a new world organization that would replace the League of Nations. Although

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Burns suggests that Roosevelt's policy decisions were guided more by pragmatism than ideology and that he "was like the general of a guerrilla army whose columns, fighting blindly in the mountains through dense ravines and thickets, suddenly converge, half by plan and half by coincidence, and

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Roosevelt did not appoint or nominate a single African American as secretary or assistant secretary to his cabinet. About one hundred African Americans met informally, however, to provide the administration with advice on issues related to African Americans. Although sometimes described as a

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and other issues. When Stalin accused the western Allies of plotting behind his back a separate peace with Hitler, Roosevelt replied: "I cannot avoid a feeling of bitter resentment towards your informers, whoever they are, for such vile misrepresentations of my actions or those of my trusted

3795:. In 1944, Roosevelt requested that Congress enact legislation to tax all "unreasonable" profits, both corporate and individual, and thereby support his declared need for over $ 10 billion in revenue for the war and other government measures. Congress overrode Roosevelt's veto to pass a 3777:

The home front was subject to dynamic social changes throughout the war, though domestic issues were no longer Roosevelt's most urgent policy concern. The military buildup spurred economic growth. Unemployment fell from 7.7 million in spring 1940 to 3.4 million in fall 1941 and to

3062:; Churchill and Roosevelt would meet ten more times in person. Though Churchill pressed for an American declaration of war against Germany, Roosevelt believed that Congress would reject any attempt to bring the U.S. into the war. In September, a German submarine fired on the U.S. destroyer 4301:

to aid Jews and other victims of Axis atrocities. Aside from these actions, Roosevelt believed that the best way to help the persecuted populations of Europe was to end the war as quickly as possible. Top military leaders and War Department leaders rejected any campaign to bomb the

3940:. Party leaders prevailed upon Roosevelt to drop Vice President Wallace from the ticket, believing him to be an electoral liability and a poor potential successor in case of Roosevelt's death. Roosevelt preferred Byrnes as Wallace's replacement but was convinced to support Senator 3034:

program, which directed massive military and economic aid to Britain and China. In sharp contrast to the loans of World War I, there would be no repayment. As Roosevelt took a firmer stance against Japan, Germany, and Italy, American isolationists such as Charles Lindbergh and the

4276:"—the extermination of the European Jewish population—by January 1942, and American officials learned of the scale of the Nazi extermination campaign in the following months. Against the objections of the State Department, Roosevelt convinced the other Allied leaders to issue the 4266:, Roosevelt could have saved 190,000 Jewish lives by telling his State Department to fill immigration quotas to the legal limit, but his administration discouraged and disqualified Jewish refugees based on its prohibitive requirements that left less than 25% of the quotas filled. 3831: 3828: 2359:

with Southern Democrats, virtually ending Roosevelt's ability to enact his domestic proposals. Despite their opposition to Roosevelt's domestic policies, many of these conservative Congressmen would provide crucial support for his foreign policy before and during World War II.

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The NIRA included $ 3.3 billion (equivalent to $ 77.67 billion in 2023) of spending through the Public Works Administration to support recovery. Roosevelt worked with Senator Norris to create the largest government-owned industrial enterprise in American history—the

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With Roosevelt's influence on the wane following the failure of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, conservative Democrats joined with Republicans to block the implementation of further New Deal programs. Roosevelt did manage to pass some legislation, including the

3829: 986:. Franklin and Sara Roosevelt also provided a townhouse for the newlyweds in New York City, and Sara had a house built for herself alongside that townhouse. Eleanor never felt at home in the houses at Hyde Park or New York; however, she loved the family's vacation home on 4288:. In 1943, Roosevelt told U.S. government officials that there should be limits on Jews in various professions to "eliminate the specific and understandable complaints which the Germans bore towards the Jews in Germany." The same year, Roosevelt was personally briefed by 3834: 3466:. Roosevelt feared the consequences of allowing Germany to have sole possession of the technology and authorized preliminary research into nuclear weapons. After Pearl Harbor, the Roosevelt administration secured funding to continue research and selected General 3833: 1943:

to increase commodity prices, by paying farmers to leave land uncultivated and cut herds. In many instances, crops were plowed under and livestock killed, while many Americans died of hunger and were ill-clothed; critics labeled such policies "utterly idiotic".

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and benefits were reduced for the remainder. Federal salaries were cut and spending on research and education was reduced. The veterans were well organized and strongly protested, so most benefits were restored or increased by 1934. Veterans groups such as the

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Historians categorized Roosevelt's program as "relief, recovery, and reform". Relief was urgently needed by the unemployed. Recovery meant boosting the economy back to normal, and reform was required of the financial and banking systems. Through Roosevelt's 30

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that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, so it is unlikely that American officials were aware of Japanese plans for a surprise attack on the

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and menaced Britain in mid-1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat

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notes that "the significance of the repeal of the two-thirds rule...is difficult to overstate. Not only did the power of the South in the Democratic party diminish, but without the repeal, it is open to question whether FDR could have been renominated in

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Franklin broke his promise to Eleanor regarding Lucy Mercer. He and Mercer maintained a formal correspondence and began seeing each other again by 1941. Roosevelt's son Elliott claimed that his father had a 20-year affair with his private secretary,

3227:" to Congress, in which he said: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." In a nearly unanimous vote, Congress 1951:(NIRA) of 1933. It sought to end cutthroat competition by forcing industries to establish rules such as minimum prices, agreements not to compete, and production restrictions. Industry leaders negotiated the rules with NIRA officials, who suspended 25695: 4761:

This table shows the estimated unemployment related as calculated by two economists. Michael Darby's estimate counts individuals on work relief programs as employed, while Stanley Lebergott's estimate counts individuals on work relief programs as

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who was an eyewitness of the Holocaust; pleading for action, Karski told him that 1.8 million Jews had already been exterminated. Karski recalled that Roosevelt "did not ask one question about the Jews". In January 1944, Roosevelt established the

3562:, where Roosevelt met Stalin for the first time. Britain and the United States committed to opening a second front against Germany in 1944, while Stalin committed to entering the war against Japan at an unspecified date. Subsequent conferences at 2634:

in American foreign policy. Despite Roosevelt's Wilsonian background, he and Secretary of State Cordell Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment. The isolationist movement was bolstered in the early to mid-1930s by Senator

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legislation. He asserted that such legislation was unlikely to pass and that his support for it would alienate Southern congressmen, though by 1940 even his conservative Texan vice-president, Garner, supported federal action against lynching.

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On his second day in office, Roosevelt declared a four-day national "bank holiday", to end the run by depositors seeking to withdraw funds. He called for a special session of Congress on March 9, when Congress passed, almost sight unseen, the

1193:. He also was without Wilson's support, as the president needed Tammany's forces for his legislation and 1916 re-election. Roosevelt was soundly defeated in the Democratic primary by Gerard, who in turn lost the general election to Republican 526: 2143:

Eight million workers remained unemployed in 1936, and though economic conditions had improved since 1932, they remained sluggish. By 1936, Roosevelt had lost the backing he once held in the business community because of his support for the

1236:

to inspect naval installations and meet with French and British officials. On account of his relation to Theodore Roosevelt, he was received very prominently considering his relatively junior rank, obtaining long private audiences with King

3104:

After the German invasion of Poland, the primary concern of both Roosevelt and his top military staff was on the war in Europe, but Japan also presented foreign policy challenges. Relations with Japan had continually deteriorated since its

2245:" plan ran into intense political opposition from his own party, led by Vice President Garner since it upset the separation of powers. A bipartisan coalition of liberals and conservatives of both parties opposed the bill, and Chief Justice 3737:

as the de facto government of France in July 1944. After most of France had been liberated, Roosevelt granted formal recognition to de Gaulle's government in October 1944. Over the following months, the Allies liberated more territory and

2643:; the president was refused a provision he requested giving him the discretion to allow the sale of arms to victims of aggression. He largely acquiesced to Congress's non-interventionist policies in the early-to-mid 1930s. In the interim, 4179:

First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt vocally supported efforts designed to aid the African American community, including the Fair Labor Standards Act, which helped boost wages for nonwhite workers in the South. In 1941, Roosevelt established the

3963:

with 53.4% of the popular vote and 432 out of the 531 electoral votes. The president campaigned in favor of a strong United Nations, so his victory symbolized support for the nation's future participation in the international community.

3858:. He stated that all Americans should have the right to "adequate medical care", "a good education", "a decent home", and a "useful and remunerative job". In the most ambitious domestic proposal of his third term, Roosevelt proposed the 3133:

to ensure continued access to raw materials. In July 1941, after Japan occupied the remainder of French Indochina, Roosevelt cut off the sale of oil to Japan, depriving Japan of more than 95 percent of its oil supply. He also placed the

3936:. Roosevelt made it clear before the convention that he was seeking another term, and on the lone presidential ballot of the convention, Roosevelt won the vast majority of delegates, although a minority of Southern Democrats voted for 3745:

In the opening weeks of the war, Japan conquered the Philippines and the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia. The Japanese advance reached its maximum extent by June 1942, when the U.S. Navy scored a decisive victory at the

1514:. Roosevelt initially resisted, as he was reluctant to leave Warm Springs and feared a Republican landslide. Party leaders eventually convinced him only he could defeat the Republican gubernatorial nominee, New York Attorney General 2066:(WPA). Under the leadership of Harry Hopkins, the WPA employed over three million people in its first year of operations. It undertook numerous massive construction projects in cooperation with local governments. It also set up the 906:, preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service. Peabody remained a strong influence throughout Roosevelt's life, officiating at his wedding and visiting him as president. 2950: 1103:, which was determined in a joint session of the New York state legislature, Roosevelt and nineteen other Democrats caused a prolonged deadlock by opposing a series of Tammany-backed candidates. Tammany threw its backing behind 3759:

decisions. Roosevelt gave way in part to insistent demands from the public and Congress that more effort be devoted against Japan, but he always insisted on Germany first. The strength of the Japanese navy was decimated in the

3582:

mantle, Roosevelt pushed the establishment of the United Nations as his highest postwar priority. Roosevelt expected it would be controlled by Washington, Moscow, London and Beijing, and would resolve all major world problems.

1908: 527: 3474:, which was charged with developing the first nuclear weapons. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to jointly pursue the project, and Roosevelt helped ensure that American scientists cooperated with their British counterparts. 4110:

Roosevelt was viewed as a hero by many African Americans, Catholics, and Jews, and he was highly successful in attracting large majorities of these voters into his New Deal coalition. From his first term until 1939, the

3674:, the Allies agreed to defeat Axis forces in North Africa and then launch an invasion of Sicily, with an attack on France to take place in 1944. At the conference, Roosevelt also announced that he would only accept the 1471:

Roosevelt had been the vice-presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket of 1920 that supported the League, by 1924 he was ready to scrap it. His draft of a "Society of Nations" accepted the reservations proposed by

1865:", he presented his proposals directly to the American public as a series of radio addresses. Energized by his own victory over paralytic illness, he used persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. 18590: 1071:. Roosevelt was a compelling recruit: he had the personality and energy for campaigning and the money to pay for his own campaign. But Roosevelt's campaign for the state assembly ended after the Democratic incumbent, 519: 2951: 2101:, Roosevelt broke with the precedent set by many former presidents and refused to intervene; the strike ultimately led to the unionization of both General Motors and its rivals in the American automobile industry. 21574: 21569: 3260: 2175:, while his allies overcame Southern resistance to abolish the long-established rule that required Democratic presidential candidates to win the votes of two-thirds of the delegates rather than a simple majority. 3815:; both agencies assumed responsibility for the acquisition of rubber supplies and came to loggerheads over funding. Roosevelt resolved the dispute by dissolving both agencies. In 1943, Roosevelt established the 1094:

Despite short legislative sessions, Roosevelt treated his new position as a full-time career. Taking his seat on January 1, 1911, Roosevelt soon became the leader of a group of "Insurgents" in opposition to the

1648:

However, Roosevelt's efforts as governor to address the effects of the depression in his own state established him as the front-runner for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination. Roosevelt rallied the

4784:

Hull and others in the administration were unwilling to recognize the Japanese conquest of China and feared that an American accommodation with Japan would leave the Soviet Union vulnerable to a two-front

3341:. Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt assumed that the Japanese would attack either the Dutch East Indies or Thailand. 2061:

Roosevelt consolidated the various relief organizations, though some, like the PWA, continued to exist. After winning Congressional authorization for further funding of relief efforts, he established the

1026:

the White House. For some time, Eleanor could not easily reach Roosevelt on the telephone without his secretary's help; Franklin, in turn, did not visit Eleanor's New York City apartment until late 1944.

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began in September 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and Britain and France's declaration of war on Germany, Roosevelt sought ways to assist Britain and France militarily. Isolationist leaders like

1459:

to a salaried position as the Taconic commission's secretary. Roosevelt served on the commission until the end of 1928, and his contentious relationship with Moses continued as their careers progressed.

2220:

became Roosevelt's primary domestic focus during his second term after the court overturned many of his programs, including NIRA. The more conservative members of the court upheld the principles of the

973:

During his second year of college, Roosevelt met and proposed to Boston heiress Alice Sohier, who turned him down. Franklin then began courting his childhood acquaintance and fifth cousin once removed,

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during World War II. Roosevelt won strong support from Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, but not Japanese Americans, as he presided over their internment during the war. African Americans and

2799:

passed in September. The size of the army increased from 189,000 men at the end of 1939 to 1.4 million in mid-1941. In September 1940, Roosevelt openly defied the Neutrality Acts by reaching the

1530:. While Smith lost the presidency in a landslide, and was defeated in his home state, Roosevelt was elected governor by a one-percent margin, and became a contender in the next presidential election. 1587:, the agency assisted over one-third of New York's population between 1932 and 1938. Roosevelt also began an investigation into corruption in New York City among the judiciary, the police force, and 1744:

During the transition, Roosevelt chose Howe as his chief of staff, and Farley as Postmaster General. Frances Perkins, as Secretary of Labor, became the first woman appointed to a cabinet position.

1138:. After the election, he served as chairman of the Agriculture Committee; his success with farm and labor bills was a precursor to his later New Deal policies. He had then become more consistently 4151:, respectively. Sitkoff reports that the WPA "provided an economic floor for the whole black community in the 1930s, rivaling both agriculture and domestic service as the chief source" of income. 3109:

in 1931 and worsened further with Roosevelt's support of China. With the war in Europe occupying the attention of the major colonial powers, Japanese leaders eyed vulnerable colonies such as the

18504: 18494: 10310:

Appleby, Joyce; Brands, H.W.; Dallek, Robert; Fitzpatrick, Ellen; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Gordon, John Steele; Kennedy, David M.; McDougall, Walter; Noll, Mark; Wood, Gordon S. (December 2006).

2943: 1038:, who resided in the White House during part of World War II. Aides referred to her at the time as "the president's girlfriend", and gossip linking the two romantically appeared in newspapers. 927:

daily newspaper, which required ambition, energy, and the ability to manage others. He later said, "I took economics courses in college for four years, and everything I was taught was wrong."

18489: 3832: 978:, a niece of Theodore Roosevelt. In 1903, Franklin proposed to Eleanor. Following resistance from his mother, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt were married on March 17, 1905. Eleanor's father, 21640: 3258: 1822: 4507: 26688: 18581: 11943: 3121:. After Roosevelt announced a $ 100 million loan (equivalent to $ 2.2 billion in 2023) to China in reaction to Japan's occupation of northern French Indochina, Japan signed the 26673: 26668: 26663: 26658: 3783:

rate of 99.5% on all income over $ 100,000; when the proposal failed, he issued an executive order imposing an income tax of 100% on income over $ 25,000, which Congress rescinded. The

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As a child, Roosevelt learned to ride, shoot, sail, and play polo, tennis, and golf. Frequent trips to Europe—beginning at age two and from age seven to fifteen—helped Roosevelt become

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if they entered the U.S. Navy zone. This "shoot on sight" policy brought the U.S. Navy into direct conflict with German submarines and was favored by Americans by a margin of 2-to-1.

4339:, although the order varies. Reflecting on Roosevelt's presidency, "which brought the United States through the Great Depression and World War II to a prosperous future", biographer 3294: 2233:, which would have allowed him to appoint an additional Justice for each incumbent Justice over the age of 70; in 1937, there were six Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70. The 26768: 23337: 23327: 13136: 1726:

and had won just four of seventeen presidential elections; from 1932 to 1979, Democrats won eight of twelve presidential elections and generally controlled both houses of Congress.

1059:

Roosevelt cared little for the practice of law and told friends he planned to enter politics. Despite his admiration for cousin Theodore, Franklin shared his father's bond with the

1907: 25391: 21386: 15145: 3627:

in Crimea. With the end of the war in Europe approaching, Roosevelt's primary focus was convincing Stalin to enter the war against Japan; the Joint Chiefs had estimated that an

934:

became U.S. president. Theodore's vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero. He graduated from Harvard in three years in 1903 with an

9917: 4216:, which relocated 110,000 Japanese-American citizens and immigrants, most of whom lived on the Pacific Coast. They were forced to liquidate their properties and businesses and 1820: 23557: 21544: 20347: 18499: 3231:. After Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight. On December 11, 1941, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States, which 2369:

New York, the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration was essentially a state-level predecessor of the federal Civilian Conservation Corps, with 10,000 or more men building

1884:. The act, first developed by the Hoover administration and Wall Street bankers, gave the president the power to determine the opening and closing of banks and authorized the 1204:

Roosevelt refocused on the Navy Department as World War I broke out in Europe in August 1914. Though he remained publicly supportive of Wilson, Roosevelt sympathized with the

26718: 21612: 21057: 18522: 4050:, Roosevelt said: "I have a terrific headache." He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, 3259: 1995:

declared that all privately held gold of American citizens was to be sold to the U.S. Treasury and the price raised from $ 20 to $ 35 per ounce. The goal was to counter the

1118:. The election became a three-way contest when Theodore Roosevelt left the Republican Party to launch a third-party campaign against Wilson and sitting Republican president 1339:, established herself as a valuable political player. After the election, Roosevelt returned to New York City, where he practiced law and served as a vice president of the 21845: 18542: 8567:

Anthony, Edwin D. Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs. National Archives and Record Services – General Services Administration, Washington D.C., 1973, pp. 1–8

1645:, the dean of political commentators, who observed: "He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be president." 9891: 1767:, who expressed a "hate for all rulers". As he was attempting to shoot Roosevelt, Zangara was struck by a woman with her purse; he instead mortally wounded Chicago Mayor 26788: 25688: 23603: 23598: 20340: 20287: 20283: 19327: 19218: 13606: 13544: 12532: 12269: 12264: 3919: 2883: 2351:, Democrats lost six Senate seats and 71 House seats, with losses concentrated among pro-New Deal Democrats. When Congress reconvened in 1939, Republicans under Senator 1795: 579: 571: 1443:. Like many, Roosevelt did not abstain from alcohol during Prohibition, but publicly he sought to find a compromise on the issue acceptable to both wings of the party. 1423:

Roosevelt remained active in New York politics while also establishing contacts in the South, particularly in Georgia, in the 1920s. He issued an open letter endorsing

24832: 21670: 19261: 12604: 12478: 12274: 3296: 2889: 2562: 1560:

began. Roosevelt saw the seriousness of the situation and established a state employment commission. He also became the first governor to publicly endorse the idea of

3066:, and Roosevelt declared that the U.S. Navy would assume an escort role for Allied convoys in the Atlantic as far east as Britain and would fire upon German ships or 26738: 26693: 12686: 12537: 4772: 3657: 1518:. He won the party's gubernatorial nomination by acclamation and again turned to Howe to lead his campaign. Roosevelt was joined on the campaign trail by associates 721: 12589: 965: 26783: 26653: 21800: 21564: 21559: 18574: 15195: 4849: 4451: 10337: 3948:

and was acceptable to the various factions of the party. On the second vice presidential ballot of the convention, Truman defeated Wallace to win the nomination.

696:

was formed to block the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the

26698: 21820: 6662: 4684: 4028: 1821: 1197:

He learned that federal patronage alone, without White House support, could not defeat a strong local organization. After the election, he and Tammany Hall boss

661: 5224: 21825: 19346: 16458: 16098: 15661: 15256: 14779: 12294: 10774: 4336: 2323: 1318:, both of which were unpopular in 1920. Roosevelt personally supported U.S. membership in the League, but, unlike Wilson, he favored compromising with Senator 1311:

with a famous name. Roosevelt, then 38, resigned as Assistant Secretary after the Democratic convention and campaigned across the nation for the party ticket.

768: 1208:, whose leaders strongly favored the Allied Powers and called for a military build-up. The Wilson administration initiated an expansion of the Navy after the 26623: 23228: 21785: 21720: 16751: 16427: 16067: 15630: 15225: 13051: 5176: 4697: 4421: 4241:

citizens were arrested or placed into internment camps. Unlike Japanese Americans, however, they were not sent to them on the sole basis of racial ancestry.

2104:

While the First New Deal of 1933 had broad support from most sectors, the Second New Deal challenged the business community. Conservative Democrats, led by

1075:, chose to seek re-election. Rather than putting his political hopes on hold, Roosevelt ran for a seat in the state senate. The senate district, located in 23562: 23384: 21860: 21835: 21685: 21234: 12993: 12785: 12753: 9359: 4413: 4063: 3232: 3173: 3030:, Roosevelt laid out the case for an Allied battle for basic rights throughout the world. Assisted by Willkie, Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the 983: 887: 821: 361: 2825:, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would run for an unprecedented third term. The two-term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the 26753: 25384: 21805: 21760: 21755: 21700: 21645: 18567: 15203: 4188:, which prohibited racial and religious discrimination in employment among defense contractors. The FEPC was the first national program directed against 3048: 2787:

in June 1940 shocked the American public, and isolationist sentiment declined. In July 1940, Roosevelt appointed two interventionist Republican leaders,

4257:

says Roosevelt's record on Jewish refugees and their rescue is "very poor" and one of the worst failures of his presidency. In 1923, as a member of the

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won their campaign to transform their benefits from payments due in 1945 to immediate cash when Congress overrode the President's veto and passed the

23547: 23299: 21750: 21605: 18914: 18894: 18884: 18844: 16451: 16387: 16091: 15654: 15249: 14772: 4463: 3878:

throughout his adult life, had been in declining health since at least 1940. In March 1944, shortly after his 62nd birthday, he underwent testing at

2776:, in September 1939—the first of 1,700 letters and telegrams between them. Roosevelt forged a close personal relationship with Churchill, who became 10311: 4394:

and regulation of the economy. Those criticisms continued decades after his death. One factor in the revisiting of these issues was the election of

759:

but died in 1945 after his physical health seriously and steadily declined during the war years. Since then, several of his actions have come under

664:, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing the 23223: 21850: 21840: 21398: 21381: 14287: 12238: 12229: 3333: 1735: 7555: 2249:

broke with precedent by publicly advocating the defeat of the bill. Any chance of passing the bill ended with the death of Senate Majority Leader

1695:

He also reconciled with the party's conservative wing, and even Al Smith was persuaded to support the Democratic ticket. Hoover's handling of the

1291:

Roosevelt's plan for Hoover to run fell through after Hoover publicly declared himself to be a Republican, but Roosevelt decided to seek the 1920

1267:—who claimed he could not "conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation"—Roosevelt personally ordered the preservation of the Navy's 26748: 26638: 21870: 21539: 21324: 21179: 19336: 19283: 16789: 14297: 14006: 12161: 2639:

and others who succeeded in their effort to stop the "merchants of death" in the U.S. from selling arms abroad. This effort took the form of the

1710:

Roosevelt won 57% of the popular vote and carried all but six states. Historians and political scientists consider the 1932–36 elections to be a

1416:, in 1926, assembling a staff of physical therapists and using most of his inheritance to purchase the Merriweather Inn. In 1938, he founded the 1060: 13986: 3778:

1.5 million in fall 1942, out of a labor force of 54 million. There was a growing labor shortage, accelerating the second wave of the

25377: 24825: 23332: 23187: 23091: 22810: 21359: 20406: 19254: 16046: 14418: 14262: 12542: 3600: 2644: 2203: 1980: 1100: 11668: 4454:, a block of marble in front of the National Archives building suggested by Roosevelt himself, erected in 1965. Roosevelt's leadership in the 4223:

Roosevelt delegated the decision for internment to Secretary of War Stimson, who in turn relied on the judgment of Assistant Secretary of War

23445: 22506: 14257: 9423: 4491: 3734: 3725:

on June 6, 1944. Supported by 12,000 aircraft and the largest naval force ever assembled, the Allies successfully established a beachhead in

1665: 3932:

While some Democrats had opposed Roosevelt's nomination in 1940, the president faced little difficulty in securing his re-nomination at the

1741:

request to develop a joint program to stop the economic decline, claiming that it would tie his hands and that Hoover had the power to act.

1377:

in August 1921. His main symptoms were fever; symmetric, ascending paralysis; facial paralysis; bowel and bladder dysfunction; numbness and

751:

strategy. He also initiated the development of the first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the

680:

and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of

23377: 22768: 21598: 20210: 20190: 20170: 20150: 20130: 20110: 20090: 20070: 20050: 20030: 20010: 19990: 19970: 19950: 19925: 19905: 19885: 19865: 19845: 19825: 19805: 19785: 19765: 19745: 19725: 19705: 19685: 19665: 19645: 19228: 19124: 15784: 15714: 15390: 15297: 14332: 14307: 14272: 14247: 13129: 13003: 12259: 12249: 8575: 4532: 4043: 3772: 3125:

with Germany and Italy. The pact bound each country to defend the others against attack, and Germany, Japan, and Italy became known as the

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and planting tree seedlings in marginal farmland in New York. As President, Roosevelt was active in expanding, funding, and promoting the

23496: 23167: 21471: 21446: 21334: 18864: 18804: 14252: 13179: 12254: 12244: 5719:

J. Simon Rofe, " 'Under the Influence of Mahan': Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest."

3373:

to coordinate the allocation of supplies. An agreement was also reached to establish a centralized command in the Pacific theater called

2736:

in 1938, and soon turned its attention to its eastern neighbors. Roosevelt made it clear that, in the event of German aggression against

2234: 1850: 1723: 1699:

further damaged the incumbent's popularity, as newspapers across the country criticized the use of force to disperse assembled veterans.

1653:

supporters of the Wilson administration while also appealing to many conservatives, establishing himself as the leading candidate in the

1417: 921:, and served as a school cheerleader. Roosevelt was relatively undistinguished as a student or athlete, but he became editor-in-chief of 7786:

Leshy, John (2009). "FDR's Expansion of Our National Patrimony: A Model for Leadership". In Woolner, David; Henderson, Henry L. (eds.).

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in November 1918, Daniels and Roosevelt supervised the demobilization of the Navy. Against the advice of older officers such as Admiral

570:

from 1933 until his death in 1945. The longest serving U.S. president, he is the only president to have served more than two terms. His

19184: 19114: 19074: 19064: 19054: 18904: 18814: 18527: 14302: 14292: 14277: 13245: 13015: 12890: 12671: 4407: 2796: 1352: 634: 5448: 3635:. The three leaders agreed to hold a conference in 1945 to establish the United Nations, and they also agreed on the structure of the 3631:

would cause as many as one million American casualties. In return, the Soviet Union was promised control of Asian territories such as

24818: 23218: 23193: 21456: 20589: 19247: 19104: 18824: 18146: 14342: 14282: 14267: 3531:" to refer to the "Big Four" Allied powers of World War II: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. The " 3228: 3169: 1595:. The Seabury investigations exposed an extortion ring, led many public officials to be removed from office, and made the decline of 1576: 1006:

were born in 1906, 1907, and 1910, respectively. The couple's second son, Franklin, died in infancy in 1909. Another son, also named

540: 11791:

Sternsher, Bernard (Summer 1975). "The Emergence of the New Deal Party System: A Problem in Historical Analysis of Voter Behavior".

8505:

Charles, Douglas M. (Spring 2000). "Informing FDR: FBI Political Surveillance and the Isolationist-Interventionist Foreign Policy".

4815:

The Germans stopped research on nuclear weapons in 1942, choosing to focus on other projects. Japan gave up its own program in 1943.

3129:. Overcoming those who favored invading the Soviet Union, the Japanese Army high command successfully advocated for the conquest of 2834:

were not pleased with Roosevelt when he ultimately made the decision to break from Washington's precedent. As Germany swept through

1675:

for the American people... This is more than a political campaign. It is a call to arms." Roosevelt promised securities regulation,

26763: 26743: 26723: 23422: 23412: 23360: 22734: 21466: 21461: 21441: 19044: 19034: 19024: 19014: 19004: 18994: 18984: 18974: 18954: 18944: 18934: 18924: 18874: 18854: 18834: 18794: 18784: 18774: 18764: 18754: 18744: 18734: 18724: 18714: 18704: 18694: 18684: 18674: 18664: 18654: 18650: 18640: 18630: 18620: 18610: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16123: 16119: 16115: 15686: 15682: 15678: 15281: 15277: 15273: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14375: 14327: 14312: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13553: 13095: 13083: 13046: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12943: 12938: 12547: 12346: 4724: 3956: 3915: 3043:

the Soviet Union in June 1941, Roosevelt agreed to extend Lend-Lease to the Soviets. Thus, Roosevelt had committed the U.S. to the

2816: 2130: 1919:

Roosevelt saw the establishment of a number of agencies and measures designed to provide relief for the unemployed and others. The

1626: 1612: 1503: 1440: 1331: 1123: 756: 717: 713: 685: 646: 265: 22904: 22653: 10824: 9627: 2385:

systems. Their popularity soared, from three million visitors a year at the start of the decade to 15.5 million in 1939. The

1568:

single year, not merely do we stand still but we fall back in the march of civilization." His platform called for aid to farmers,

26798: 23372: 22359: 22263: 21497: 20222: 19194: 19094: 14663: 14508: 14385: 14352: 14347: 14337: 14322: 13745: 13683: 13653: 13010: 12720: 12552: 12527: 12399: 12380: 12306: 12182: 9655:

Jones, Jeffrey M.; Jones, Joni L. (September 2006). "Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease".

8556: 4543: 4417: 2668: 2242: 2230: 2211: 1968: 1920: 689: 12913: 10271: 9083: 4327:, and one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. Historians and political scientists consistently rank Roosevelt, 2045:; the Democrats gained seats instead. Empowered by the public's vote of confidence, the first item on Roosevelt's agenda in the 23750: 22746: 21344: 19174: 19164: 19084: 18363: 18191: 17989: 16028: 14682: 14317: 13344: 12421: 10380: 6140: 4348: 4087: 2676: 1940: 994:

task to caregivers. She later said that she knew "absolutely nothing about handling or feeding a baby." They had six children.

35: 18559: 4212:, which concluded that the attack on Pearl Harbor had been assisted by Japanese spies. On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed 1967:

to underwrite savings deposits. The act also limited affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms. In 1934, the

25978: 22982: 22268: 22258: 21549: 21214: 19154: 18537: 18532: 18517: 18171: 17984: 17969: 17303: 13041: 12870: 12619: 11953: 11929: 11910: 11882: 11861: 11839: 11781: 11757: 11736: 11715: 11694: 11658: 11629: 11608: 11581: 11560: 11536: 11515: 11490: 11465: 11442: 11421: 11400: 11370: 11346: 11327: 11230: 11201: 11179: 11157: 11125: 11069: 11040: 11019: 10988: 10965: 10940: 10895: 10873: 10580: 10528: 10496: 10007: 9980: 9874: 9809: 8921: 8869: 8778: 8553: 8354: 7795: 7634: 7475: 6642: 5353: 4140: 3547:, cooperated informally on a plan in which American and British troops concentrated in the West; Soviet troops fought on the 2303: 1964: 1557: 1485: 705: 506: 10069:

Collins, William J. (March 2001). "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets".

3682:, and in May 1943, the Allies secured the surrender of over 250,000 German and Italian soldiers in North Africa, ending the 1629:

approached, Roosevelt turned his attention to national politics, established a campaign team led by Howe and Farley, and a "

1381:; and a descending pattern of recovery. Roosevelt was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down and was diagnosed with 1034:. Another son, James, stated that "there is a real possibility that a romantic relationship existed" between his father and 861: 26758: 26648: 23029: 22373: 22349: 21710: 19450: 14357: 13068: 12696: 12341: 11793: 3433: 3370: 2777: 2271: 2267: 2178:

In the election against Landon and a third-party candidate, Roosevelt won 60.8% of the vote and carried every state except

701: 10909:

The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance

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Rendezvous with Destiny: How Franklin D. Roosevelt and Five Extraordinary Men Took America into the War and into the World

902:. He was not among the more popular Groton students, who were better athletes and had rebellious streaks. Its headmaster, 26713: 26678: 23520: 22534: 22484: 22000: 21810: 21621: 21224: 20197: 20177: 20157: 20137: 20117: 20097: 20077: 20057: 20037: 20017: 19997: 19977: 19957: 19932: 19912: 19892: 19872: 19852: 19832: 19812: 19792: 19772: 19752: 19732: 19712: 19692: 19672: 19652: 19632: 19619: 19606: 19593: 19580: 19567: 19554: 19541: 19528: 19515: 19502: 19489: 19476: 19437: 19424: 19411: 19398: 19385: 19372: 19359: 19134: 18964: 17961: 17781: 17699: 17691: 17682: 16782: 16756: 16569: 16499: 16432: 16219: 16139: 16072: 15779: 15709: 15635: 15394: 15368: 15301: 15230: 14934: 14820: 14707: 14626: 14443: 14086: 13548: 13227: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12908: 12224: 12154: 12076: 4181: 3933: 2855: 2822: 2172: 1748:, a Republican industrialist close to Roosevelt, was chosen for Secretary of the Treasury, while Roosevelt chose Senator 1300: 1292: 1115: 89: 12948: 3742:. By April 1945, Nazi resistance was crumbling in the face of advances by both the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. 2870:

found the race to be essentially tied, but Roosevelt's popularity surged in September following the announcement of the

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in 1904 but dropped out in 1907 after passing the New York Bar Examination. In 1908, he took a job with the prestigious

676:. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the 23552: 23427: 23405: 22154: 19144: 14411: 14106: 13073: 13061: 12584: 12431: 12331: 11147: 10916: 4518: 4439: 4368: 3812: 3779: 3739: 3483: 3014:

speech in January 1941, which proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:

2217: 1956: 1932: 1760:, two progressive Republicans, were selected for Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Agriculture, respectively. 1650: 760: 697: 17: 22622: 12735: 3006:

By late 1940, re-armament was in high gear, partly to expand and re-equip the Army and Navy and partly to become the "

1939:

broad regulatory powers and provided mortgage relief to millions of farmers and homeowners. Roosevelt also set up the

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and West. The chief opposition to Roosevelt's candidacy came from Northeastern conservatives, Speaker of the House

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in January 1936. It pumped sums equal to 2% of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect.

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to organize a left-wing third party collapsed after Long's assassination in 1935. The remnants, helped by Father

2148:(NLRB) and the Social Security Act. The Republicans had few alternative candidates and nominated Kansas Governor 1159: 829: 709: 622: 602: 205: 171: 26087: 9479:

Bruenn, Howard G. (April 1970). "Clinical notes on the illness & death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt".

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U.S. Navy Codebreakers, Linguists, and Intelligence Officers against Japan, 1910–1941: A Biographical Dictionary

4306:

or the rail lines leading to them, fearing it would be a diversion from the war effort. According to biographer

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in May 1935 declared NIRA unconstitutional, to Roosevelt's chagrin. He reformed financial regulations with the

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and then advanced further into France. Though reluctant to back an unelected government, Roosevelt recognized

3447: 3150: 1386: 26703: 24988: 24622: 23675: 23657: 23627: 23504: 23287: 23268: 22896: 22551: 22339: 22293: 21309: 21269: 21259: 21254: 20777: 20299: 20293: 20252: 17721: 17349: 16443: 16083: 15646: 15241: 14764: 14404: 14116: 14096: 14066: 13926: 13906: 13326: 13187: 12998: 12708: 12579: 12559: 12368: 12363: 12193: 8548:. Editors: Bronfman, Alejanda & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 2012, 7749: 4548: 3532: 3451: 3390: 3216: 2769: 2545: 2382: 2348: 2067: 2063: 2038: 1370: 1260: 1007: 752: 732: 23107: 10243: 5194: 747:. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the American economy to support the war effort and implemented a 739:

approved additional declarations of war in return. He worked closely with other national leaders in leading

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fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. At the same time, separate Japanese task forces

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the United States, and Roosevelt's advocacy for government social programs was instrumental in redefining

3510: 1307:. Although his nomination surprised most people, he balanced the ticket as a moderate, a Wilsonian, and a 24570: 23639: 23621: 23512: 23473: 23464: 22303: 22298: 22228: 22223: 21114: 21089: 20246: 20226: 18636: 18509: 17519: 17495: 17087: 17002: 16656: 16306: 15970: 15870: 15751: 15473: 15027: 14396: 14166: 14136: 13876: 13806: 13738: 13290: 13219: 12880: 12351: 12316: 12311: 11215: 10722: 6719: 4144: 3338: 3196: 3192: 2652: 2386: 2378: 2168: 2046: 1952: 1928: 1924: 1893: 1450:

Commission, and his fellow commissioners chose him as chairman. In this role, he came into conflict with

1221: 1194: 1003: 950: 903: 419: 11643: 11080: 7745: 2241:, and Congress had altered the number of Justices six other times throughout U.S. history. Roosevelt's " 844:

indicates James interacted with his son more than was typical at the time. Franklin had a half-brother,

26494: 25406: 25123: 23417: 23344: 23258: 23153: 22844: 22612: 22344: 22323: 22253: 22248: 22238: 22233: 21514: 21274: 21249: 21154: 21119: 20950: 20323: 20317: 20311: 18710: 17726: 16711: 16669: 16340: 15941: 15536: 15354: 15040: 14216: 14206: 14186: 14156: 13966: 13816: 12641: 12387: 12336: 12049: 11485:(wide-ranging survey of national affairs by leading scholar; Pulitzer Prize). Oxford University Press. 10512: 4382:

Roosevelt was criticized by conservatives for his economic policies, especially the shift in tone from

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In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill conducted a secret bilateral meeting in which they drafted the

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Roosevelt's father died in 1900, distressing him greatly. The following year, Roosevelt's fifth cousin

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enthusiastic New Dealer and a favorite of Roosevelt. Johnson modelled his presidency on Roosevelt's.

4250: 4208:. This suspicion was fed by long-standing racism against Japanese immigrants and the findings of the 4204:

The attack on Pearl Harbor raised concerns among the public regarding the possibility of sabotage by

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In November 1943, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to discuss strategy and post-war plans at the

3412:

led the Army and was in nominal control of the Air Force, which in practice was commanded by General

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side with a policy of "all aid short of war". By July 1941, Roosevelt authorized the creation of the

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inevitable. Roosevelt supported reforestation with the Hewitt Amendment in 1931, which gave birth to

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Friends and Partners: The Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Basil O'Connor in the History of Polio

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Roosevelt had several extramarital affairs. He commenced an affair with Eleanor's social secretary,

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strategy that prioritized the defeat of Germany before Japan. The U.S. and Britain established the

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about running for the 1920 Democratic presidential nomination, with Roosevelt as his running mate.

1072: 1011: 982:, was deceased; Theodore, who was then president, gave away the bride. The young couple moved into 427: 25369: 13710: 11507:

Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship, Based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers

10414:"New ranking of U.S. presidents puts Lincoln at No. 1, Obama at 18; Kennedy judged most overrated" 6996: 2698: 26568: 25608: 25544: 25328: 25068: 24943: 23766: 23282: 22919: 22384: 22313: 22192: 21393: 21204: 21144: 21074: 20464: 20354: 20329: 17866: 17806: 17675: 17159: 17037: 16835: 16767: 14226: 12517: 12488: 12038: 11546: 10385: 9726: 5430: 4537: 4372: 3995:

Roosevelt's funeral procession in Washington, D.C., watched by 300,000 spectators, April 14, 1945

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in July 1943, capturing the island the following month. In September 1943, the Allies secured an

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authorized a strike against the United States. The Japanese believed that the destruction of the

3036: 2803:, which, in exchange for military base rights in the British Caribbean Islands, gave 50 American 2772:

basis. He also began a regular secret correspondence with Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty,

2109: 1898: 1683:

After the convention, Roosevelt won endorsements from several progressive Republicans, including

1572:, unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions. He was elected to a second term by a 14% margin. 1084: 1068: 824:, a large estate south of Hyde Park's historic center. Roosevelt's father, James, graduated from 813: 10677: 10440:

Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (Summer 1997). "Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton".

8576:

Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs at the U.S. National Archive at www.archives.gov

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in German and French. Except for attending public school in Germany at age nine, Roosevelt was

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A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror

11726: 11619: 11317: 10846: 8861: 8855: 8768: 7376: 6634: 6628: 3591: 3058:, conceptually outlining global wartime and postwar goals. This would be the first of several 1389:, but historians have continued to describe his paralysis according to the initial diagnosis. 25263: 24963: 24923: 24898: 24810: 24121: 23459: 22308: 22213: 21855: 21745: 21284: 21239: 21139: 20855: 19040: 18373: 18241: 18039: 18034: 16902: 16038: 15079: 14893: 14572: 14497: 13424: 13409: 13165: 12839: 12636: 12321: 11874:

The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1941

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Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

10696: 9997: 9952:"The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror" 9918:"The time a president deported 1 million Mexican Americans for supposedly stealing U.S. jobs" 9632: 7854: 7761: 7465: 4775:

ratified in 1951, would bar any individual from winning more than two presidential elections.

4071: 4039: 4024: 3989: 3855: 3839: 3671: 3397: 2620: 2587:. The United States frequently intervened in Latin America following the promulgation of the 2238: 2094: 2086: 1889: 1881: 1711: 1413: 1205: 899: 841: 598: 350: 259: 12003: 11984: 11900: 11747: 11411: 10516: 9972: 9966: 9601: 8005: 7968: 5102: 4844: 4249:

There is controversy among historians about Roosevelt's attitude to Jews and the Holocaust.

4227:. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the executive order in the 1944 case of 4176:", Roosevelt never officially acknowledged it as such nor did he make "appointments" to it. 4062:

birthplace at Hyde Park. On April 15 he was buried, per his wish, in the rose garden of his

3763:, and by April 1945 the Allies had re-captured much of their lost territory in the Pacific. 3678:

of Germany, Japan, and Italy. In February 1943, the Soviet Union won a major victory at the

2683:

in 1937, isolationism limited Roosevelt's ability to aid China, despite atrocities like the

808:. His parents, who were sixth cousins, came from wealthy, established New York families—the 645:

from 1929 to 1933, during which he promoted programs to combat the Great Depression. In the

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Territory controlled by the Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in June 1942

2983: 2302:(FLSA) of 1938, which was the last major piece of New Deal legislation. The FLSA outlawed 8: 26312: 26259: 26031: 25664: 25308: 25278: 25188: 25163: 25103: 25043: 24993: 24978: 24785: 23681: 23400: 23365: 23088: 22929: 22807: 22635: 21986: 21970: 21956: 21830: 21730: 21502: 20795: 20785: 20619: 20524: 20512: 20482: 20476: 19549: 19523: 19484: 19480: 19458: 19298: 19288: 18830: 18800: 18790: 18291: 18196: 18104: 17994: 17974: 17886: 17861: 17846: 17370: 17318: 17283: 17261: 17214: 17203: 17077: 15883: 15608: 15486: 14032: 13952: 13211: 13203: 13157: 13116: 13056: 12375: 12092: 12085: 12053: 12029: 11594: 10418: 10147: 8431:

The Allies: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, and the Unlikely Alliance That Won World War II

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During his presidency, and continuing to a lesser extent afterwards, there has been much

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on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan. After Germany and

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Kalman, Laura (October 2005). "The Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the New Deal".

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said in 2007, "He lifted himself from a wheelchair to lift the nation from its knees."

4258: 4205: 4136: 4097: 4075: 4020: 3788: 3722: 3628: 3409: 3358: 3019: 2688: 2287: 2191: 1972: 1719: 1715: 1638: 1592: 1447: 1245: 1241: 1171: 1163: 1131: 931: 825: 673: 669: 482: 54: 21590: 9801: 2326:, making it "the nerve center of the federal administrative system". When the economy 1923:, under the leadership of Harry Hopkins, distributed relief to state governments. The 26728: 26556: 26411: 26238: 26224: 25848: 25820: 25778: 25771: 25750: 25736: 25516: 25511: 25461: 25298: 25253: 25088: 25078: 25023: 25008: 24973: 24858: 24489: 24442: 24434: 24418: 24374: 24350: 24262: 24178: 24154: 24113: 24097: 24047: 24039: 23964: 23892: 23784: 23176: 23083: 23070: 23047: 22996: 22826: 22762: 22701: 22670: 22627: 22591: 22468: 22140: 22066: 22030: 22010: 21996: 21946: 21936: 21930: 21815: 21695: 21413: 20960: 20955: 20930: 20910: 20900: 20727: 20691: 20607: 20536: 20506: 20458: 20446: 20428: 20418: 20388: 20005: 19896: 19880: 19760: 19740: 19601: 19575: 19100: 19050: 18990: 18890: 18780: 18670: 18473: 18468: 18443: 18423: 18296: 18266: 18216: 18201: 18161: 18084: 17999: 17936: 17901: 17876: 17871: 17841: 17716: 17531: 17508: 17485: 17463: 17365: 17288: 17240: 17208: 17062: 16982: 16967: 16887: 16867: 16729: 16690: 16622: 16319: 16287: 16245: 16188: 15912: 15851: 15740: 15601: 15575: 15515: 15496: 15349: 15344: 15327: 15137: 15098: 14997: 14908: 14838: 14696: 14634: 14584: 14516: 14451: 14172: 14122: 14052: 13992: 13972: 13962: 13822: 13772: 13597: 13495: 13332: 13308: 13272: 12802: 12284: 12110: 11949: 11925: 11906: 11878: 11857: 11835: 11777: 11767: 11753: 11732: 11711: 11690: 11654: 11625: 11604: 11588: 11577: 11571: 11556: 11550: 11532: 11511: 11486: 11461: 11438: 11432: 11417: 11396: 11381: 11366: 11360: 11342: 11323: 11266: 11244: 11226: 11197: 11186: 11175: 11153: 11143: 11131: 11121: 11065: 11036: 11015: 10994: 10984: 10976: 10961: 10936: 10912: 10891: 10576: 10524: 10492: 10003: 9976: 9925: 9870: 9805: 9763: 9672: 9496: 8917: 8865: 8774: 8568: 8549: 8350: 7883: 7791: 7630: 7584: 7471: 6638: 6124: 6116: 5349: 4728: 4710: 4474: 4340: 4328: 4307: 4298: 4124: 3730: 3559: 3536: 3471: 3139: 3110: 3093: 3027: 3023: 2830: 2773: 2757: 2672: 2279: 2275: 2029: 1745: 1658: 1472: 1374: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1264: 1253: 1031: 987: 975: 801: 654: 638: 630: 440: 383: 289: 198: 99: 25506: 25456: 12099: 11707:

Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make

10390: 9684: 7951: 6136: 6093: 3361:, which established a joint strategy between the U.S. and Britain. Both agreed on a 2572: 26532: 26287: 26210: 25999: 25862: 25729: 25669: 25559: 25466: 25451: 25433: 25428: 25138: 25093: 25028: 24958: 24873: 24426: 24366: 24294: 24105: 24081: 24077: 23645: 23584: 23528: 23305: 23235: 23120: 23052: 22988: 22643: 22604: 22576: 22455: 22450: 22177: 21980: 21795: 21740: 21705: 21655: 21492: 21349: 20965: 20945: 20935: 20925: 20905: 20721: 20709: 20685: 20673: 20649: 20631: 20500: 20452: 20364: 19820: 19780: 19700: 19571: 19562: 19558: 19545: 19519: 19406: 19389: 19376: 19367: 18950: 18920: 18860: 18448: 18398: 18378: 18301: 18276: 18261: 18236: 18226: 18089: 17926: 17916: 17761: 17595: 17426: 17420: 17409: 17375: 17328: 17313: 17266: 17233: 17047: 17007: 16972: 16957: 16892: 16882: 16872: 16806: 16700: 16166: 15959: 15930: 15449: 15108: 14903: 14733: 14690: 14553: 14457: 14012: 14002: 13982: 13942: 13892: 13842: 13792: 13560: 13451: 13258: 13235: 13078: 12725: 12681: 12409: 12134: 11892: 11802: 11116: 11057: 11051: 11030: 10449: 10080: 9791: 9664: 9488: 8516: 7939: 7863: 7500: 7206: 6108: 4683:

State legislatures elected United States senators prior to the ratification of the

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In contrast to Presidents Harding and Coolidge, Roosevelt stopped short of joining

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and other post-war institutions, even coining the term "United Nations". Roosevelt

637:

that permanently paralyzed his legs. Partly through the encouragement of his wife,

594: 575: 562:(January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials 486: 461: 238: 108: 25476: 13723: 10799: 1671:

In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt declared, "I pledge you, I pledge myself to a

1490: 1314:

During the campaign, Cox and Roosevelt defended the Wilson administration and the

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and Ruthie Bie, the daughter of caretakers at his Hyde Park estate, February 1941

1327: 1190: 1186: 1139: 999: 914: 910: 805: 415: 301: 250: 145: 24101: 13646: 11362:

No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

9608:. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Collections and Programs 8444:

Roosevelt's Centurions: FDR and the Commanders He Led to Victory in World War II

7847:"A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps" 7811: 1664:

Roosevelt entered the convention with a delegate lead due to his success in the

1051: 26544: 26425: 26397: 26383: 26379: 26129: 26108: 26094: 26045: 25799: 25792: 25743: 25629: 25603: 25348: 25343: 25303: 25268: 25213: 25168: 25083: 25003: 24998: 24928: 24913: 24757: 24720: 24630: 24595: 24541: 24476: 24472: 24410: 24306: 24290: 24191: 24023: 23868: 23856: 23848: 23808: 23687: 23078: 23065: 22968: 22675: 22648: 22581: 22542: 22520: 22516: 22445: 22090: 22076: 22070: 22020: 21910: 21865: 21735: 21725: 21680: 21660: 21047: 20970: 20940: 20875: 20870: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20815: 20800: 20733: 20715: 20667: 20643: 20548: 20494: 20001: 19985: 19965: 19860: 19656: 19636: 19614: 19510: 19506: 19441: 19363: 19350: 19090: 19030: 18970: 18900: 18820: 18680: 18453: 18433: 18358: 18306: 18281: 18181: 18176: 18079: 18044: 17979: 17941: 17776: 17741: 17623: 17568: 17453: 17448: 17403: 17323: 17256: 17227: 17187: 17176: 17112: 17027: 17022: 16992: 16987: 16952: 16922: 16877: 16862: 16852: 16632: 16627: 16282: 16262: 15826: 15439: 15421: 15412: 15359: 15050: 15008: 15002: 14913: 14727: 14640: 14590: 14192: 14072: 14042: 13932: 13912: 13882: 13832: 13505: 13359: 13314: 13141: 13090: 12796: 12790: 12656: 12569: 11501: 10904: 10881: 9492: 7581:

The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt

6112: 4478: 4455: 4310:, there is no evidence that anyone ever proposed such a campaign to Roosevelt. 4273: 4224: 4116: 4074:

and its celebrations to Roosevelt's memory. World War II ended with the signed

4032: 3808: 3706:

continued until 1945 as German and Italian troops resisted the Allied advance.

3575: 3528: 3455: 3401: 3184: 3130: 3118: 3051:

to counter perceived propaganda efforts in Latin America by Germany and Italy.

2910:

at Treasury. In military affairs, Roosevelt worked most closely with Secretary

2835: 2737: 2703: 2352: 2335: 2331: 2315: 2098: 1272: 1111: 650: 606: 445: 226: 133: 16473: 16113: 15676: 15271: 14794: 9668: 4752:. However, in 1941, Roosevelt elevated Stone to the position of Chief Justice. 3750:. American and Australian forces then began a slow and costly strategy called 1303:, he chose Roosevelt as his running mate, and the convention nominated him by 26602: 26467: 26301: 26266: 26231: 26196: 26182: 26143: 26101: 26013: 25992: 25971: 25950: 25901: 25813: 25598: 25481: 25471: 25193: 25153: 25143: 25113: 25108: 25053: 25013: 24983: 24868: 24769: 24704: 24695: 24574: 24560: 24497: 24480: 24468: 24402: 24386: 24382: 24358: 24342: 24236: 24224: 24109: 24089: 24085: 24065: 23908: 23884: 23800: 23574: 23311: 23294: 22887: 22834: 22752: 22728: 22723: 22599: 22430: 22086: 22080: 21990: 21966: 21920: 21770: 21665: 21650: 21554: 20999: 20985: 20763: 20625: 20566: 20376: 20201: 20185: 20085: 20025: 19920: 19840: 19696: 19588: 19402: 19140: 19110: 19060: 19020: 18880: 18870: 18850: 18438: 18353: 18206: 18166: 18019: 18004: 17831: 17801: 17791: 17756: 17514: 17490: 17479: 17458: 17436: 17343: 17278: 17272: 17221: 17107: 17102: 16977: 16942: 16907: 16721: 16543: 16379: 16350: 16272: 16009: 15980: 15951: 15901: 15821: 15583: 15546: 15504: 14992: 14873: 14721: 14162: 14132: 13872: 13802: 13666: 13263: 12986: 12875: 12834: 12769: 12512: 12498: 12106: 11270: 11258: 11167: 10998: 10174: 9929: 9795: 8457:

Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War

6120: 4514: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4281: 4263: 4173: 4051: 4006:

Graves of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt in Hyde Park, New York

3937: 3875: 3540: 3467: 3224: 3011: 2963: 2903: 2899: 2761: 2745: 2584: 2549: 2290:, were particularly influential in reshaping the jurisprudence of the Court. 2164: 1862: 1688: 1584: 1542: 1534: 1436: 1382: 1378: 1127: 954: 895: 891: 817: 590: 466: 26245: 23219:

United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947–1953, Chairperson 1946–1951)

9462:"How Much Confidence Should We Have in the Doctor's Account of FDR's Death?" 8520: 7920:

Margo, Robert A. (Spring 1993). "Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s".

4744:

The two Justices who Roosevelt did not originally appoint to the Court were

4262:

German Jews already in the U.S. on visas to stay indefinitely. According to

4081: 3983:

Last photograph of Roosevelt, taken April 11, 1945, the day before his death

3623:

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for a second time at the February 1945

2544:

Government spending increased from 8.0% of the gross national product (GNP)

1357: 1252:. In September, on the ship voyage back to the United States, he contracted 1126:

alienated some of his family, except Theodore. Roosevelt overcame a bout of

26520: 26508: 26390: 26365: 26337: 26305: 26252: 26217: 26136: 25985: 25922: 25887: 25757: 25710: 25333: 25318: 25288: 25258: 25218: 25198: 25178: 25173: 25048: 24968: 24948: 24903: 24888: 24797: 24712: 24691: 24678: 24670: 24646: 24638: 24521: 24513: 24458: 24326: 24270: 24216: 24195: 24170: 23999: 23876: 23816: 23735: 23651: 22914: 22617: 22586: 22116: 22110: 22106: 22096: 22060: 21780: 21765: 20975: 20880: 20865: 20810: 20679: 20637: 20572: 20141: 20121: 20105: 20061: 20041: 19981: 19961: 19676: 19627: 19150: 18910: 18700: 18591:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States

18348: 18316: 17826: 17611: 17574: 17563: 17553: 17397: 17198: 17122: 17117: 17017: 16927: 16897: 16548: 16405: 16329: 16193: 16183: 15893: 15836: 15087: 14952: 14863: 14609: 14578: 14491: 14212: 14202: 14182: 14152: 13812: 13392: 12730: 12493: 11678: 11210:

Dighe, Ranjit S. "Saving private capitalism: The US bank holiday of 1933."

11103: 10951: 10926: 9676: 7504: 7190:"Fiscal Policy and Economic Recovery: The Case of the 1936 Veterans' Bonus" 6128: 6092:

Goldman AS, Schmalstieg EJ, Freeman DH, Goldman DA, Schmalstieg FC (2003).

5172: 4988: 4749: 4671: 4356: 4269: 3883: 3755: 3709: 3667: 3385:

forces in the theater. On January 1, 1942, the United States and the other

3362: 3349: 3200: 3071: 2894: 2752: 2711: 2660: 2656: 2616: 2374: 2207: 1768: 1749: 1596: 1575:

Roosevelt proposed an economic relief package and the establishment of the

1527: 1451: 1405: 1296: 1096: 873: 748: 614: 583: 14426: 11135: 11061: 9500: 8251: 4323:

Roosevelt is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in

3823:, who came to be known as the "assistant president" due to his influence. 3039:

vehemently attacked Roosevelt as an irresponsible warmonger. When Germany

938:

in history. He remained there for a fourth year, taking graduate courses.

784: 26418: 26372: 26294: 26273: 26150: 26122: 26052: 26038: 25964: 25936: 25908: 25894: 25764: 25486: 25323: 25228: 25148: 24908: 24863: 24742: 24734: 24334: 24298: 24282: 24244: 23115: 23039: 22757: 22740: 22218: 22187: 22056: 22046: 22040: 21880: 21027: 20990: 20751: 20739: 20542: 20530: 20488: 20394: 19466: 19160: 19010: 18231: 18211: 18049: 18029: 18024: 17891: 17751: 17581: 17536: 17386: 17193: 17181: 17170: 17097: 16846: 15846: 14541: 14142: 13020: 12614: 11939: 11849: 11111: 10084: 7250: 7210: 6658: 4466:. On April 29, 1945, seventeen days after Roosevelt's death, the carrier 4447: 4254: 4193: 4128: 3439: 3126: 2592: 2222: 1630: 1304: 1018: 744: 610: 26575: 12139: 11771: 11099: 10491:(3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Princeton University Press. p. 14. 9999:

A new deal for Blacks: the emergence of civil rights as a national issue

3400:, which made the final decisions on American military strategy. Admiral 2764:

successfully mobilized opposition to Roosevelt's proposed repeal of the

2721:

during the first U.S. visit of a reigning British monarch (June 9, 1939)

1256:

with complicating pneumonia, which left him unable to work for a month.

26439: 26358: 26280: 26157: 26066: 26059: 25957: 25806: 25539: 25283: 25073: 24953: 24853: 24789: 24609: 24533: 24450: 24278: 24199: 23972: 23723: 22909: 22784: 22774: 22559: 22036: 22026: 21017: 21013: 20995: 20757: 20554: 20101: 19415: 19190: 19120: 18980: 18730: 18646: 18626: 18321: 18014: 18009: 17946: 17092: 15841: 15810: 15802: 14646: 13862: 13782: 13338: 12666: 11651:

By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans

11482:

Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945

11413:

Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II

10461: 10092: 7943: 7875: 7812:"The National Parks: America's Best Idea: History Episode 5: 1933–1945" 7698: 4293: 3924: 3413: 3324: 3223:, the Philippines, and other targets. Roosevelt called for war in his " 3212: 3031: 2975: 2846: 2792: 2636: 2370: 2283: 2149: 2135: 1841: 1702: 1696: 1463: 1362: 1346: 1336: 1228:

and attacked several U.S. ships, Congress approved Wilson's call for a

1178: 12058: 11814: 10847:"COMING TO LIGHT: The Louis I. Kahn Monument to Franklin D. Roosevelt" 6335: 6094:"What was the cause of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's paralytic illness?" 4119:

continued under Roosevelt, which scholars today contend was a form of

3713:

The Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in December 1944

2225:, which saw numerous economic regulations struck down on the basis of 1158:

Roosevelt's support of Wilson led to his appointment in March 1913 as

1110:

Roosevelt also opposed Tammany Hall by supporting New Jersey Governor

26551: 26404: 25929: 25496: 25133: 24777: 24765: 24525: 22952: 22852: 22816: 22440: 21042: 21032: 21004: 20980: 20560: 20400: 20181: 20165: 20145: 20125: 19180: 19170: 19130: 18094: 14222: 12676: 12646: 12483: 11896: 11644:

https://archive.org/details/conservationunde0000owen/page/n5/mode/2up

10489:

The Presidential Difference Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama

10244:"Jan Karski, Humanity's hero: The Story of Poland's Wartime Emissary" 8318:

Private Plans and Public Dangers: The Story of FDR's Third Nomination

6378: 4285: 3859: 3579: 3382: 3220: 2804: 2733: 2579:

The main foreign policy initiative of Roosevelt's first term was the

2567: 2156: 2077:

1936 re-election handbill for Roosevelt promoting his economic policy

1996: 1213: 771:

consistently place him among the three greatest American presidents.

23145: 12115: 12018: 10453: 9461: 8572: 8347:

Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War

7867: 3977: 3854:

advocated that Americans should think of basic economic rights as a

3791:), greatly increased the tax base, and instituted the first federal 3088: 2768:, but Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the sale of arms on a 2725: 2330:, Roosevelt launched a rhetorical campaign against big business and 1476:

his 1924 ideas into the design for the United Nations in 1944–1945.

26080: 25855: 25399: 25033: 24587: 24505: 24187: 23214:

United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946–1952)

22779: 22163: 21916: 21906: 21896: 20518: 20205: 19716: 19239: 19080: 18054: 17052: 17042: 16825: 15364: 15185: 14987: 13715: 13570: 13478: 12279: 12119: 11806: 10276: 10198: 9892:"California law seeks history of Mexican deportations in textbooks" 9841: 9704: 9300: 7556:"When Franklin Roosevelt Clashed with the Supreme Court – and Lost" 4477:

also has a stone tablet memorial to Roosevelt that was unveiled by

4164: 3726: 3493: 3304: 3270: 2311: 2105: 1874: 1672: 1495: 1424: 1237: 1177:

In 1914, Roosevelt ran for the seat of retiring Republican Senator

1022: 946: 918: 665: 186: 16797: 8007:

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

7970:

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

7157: 7145: 3787:

instituted top tax rates as high as 94% (after accounting for the

2197: 2033:

Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law, August 14, 1935.

1369:

Roosevelt sought to build support for a political comeback in the

828:

but chose not to practice law after receiving an inheritance from

26474: 25501: 24738: 24662: 20081: 20065: 20045: 11621:

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Since 1865

10603:

John Massaro, "LBJ and the Fortas Nomination for Chief Justice".

9968:

The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience

8966: 6734: 4824:

WPA workers were counted as unemployed by this set of statistics.

2400:

Great Depression in the United States § Roosevelt's New Deal

2183: 2117: 2089:

through unions of their own choice. The act also established the

1661:

of Texas and Al Smith, the 1928 Democratic presidential nominee.

1641:

professors. Some were not so sanguine about his chances, such as

1170:

who paid it little attention. Roosevelt had an affection for the

26446: 11945:

The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941–1945

11081:"Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004" 11010:

Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America

10911:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. 9700:"President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at age 63, April 12, 1945" 9360:"Democrats Aren't Moving Left. They're Returning to Their Roots" 8262: 7973:. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. pp. Y457, Y493, F32. 6091: 5386: 3269:

Speech given before Joint Session of Congress in entirety. (3.1

2591:

in 1823, and occupied several Latin American nations during the

1763:

In February 1933, Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt by

1439:, a compromise candidate who suffered a landslide defeat in the 23253: 12071: 12062: 10887:

The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope

10548: 10366: 9954:. Vol. 26, no. 1. Davis, California: Pace Law Review. 9818: 9336: 9252: 9240: 9051: 9014: 8122: 8014: 7674: 7058: 7011: 6818: 5225:"Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees" 3312: 3278: 3204: 3067: 2612: 24840: 23558:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

10309: 10040: 10038: 7963: 7961: 7312:

New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935

4735:

would later set a new record, taking 61.1% of the popular vote

4638: 4131:

for Mexican Americans is cited as a precedent for Roosevelt's

4092: 1145: 11826:

The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency

8038: 7467:

Voting Deliberatively: FDR and the 1936 Presidential Campaign

6945: 4696:

Roosevelt was the last president inaugurated on March 4. The

4160: 4019:

subordinates." On March 29, 1945, Roosevelt departed for the

3303:

Section of Pearl Harbor speech including "infamy" line. (168

2604: 2179: 1181:

of New York. Though he had the backing of Treasury Secretary

11528:

The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton

11434:

From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

11223:

Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945

11172:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945

8252:"Roosevelt and Churchill: A Friendship That Saved The World" 6830: 5926: 4700:

changed presidential inaugurations to January 20, from 1937.

3944:

of Missouri, who had earned renown for his investigation of

3142:

into active duty to command U.S. forces in the Philippines.

2171:. Roosevelt won re-nomination with little opposition at the 1122:. Franklin's decision to back Wilson over his cousin in the 26689:

Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees

26344: 24605: 22654:

Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)

22132: 12023: 10035: 9144: 9142: 9140: 8895: 8893: 7958: 7826: 7334: 7332: 6842: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4588: 3920:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

3717:

To command the invasion of France, Roosevelt chose General

3458:. Szilard realized that the recently discovered process of 3374: 2884:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms

2608: 1935:, which financed railroads and industry. Congress gave the 1796:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms

1396:

Beginning in 1925, Roosevelt spent most of his time in the

1224:. In April 1917, after Germany declared it would engage in 796:

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, in

26674:

Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election

26669:

Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election

26664:

Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election

26659:

Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election

23188:

Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

16655: 16305: 15869: 15472: 15026: 10412:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin (February 16, 2015).

10143:"FDR defenders enlist TV critics to refute Holocaust film" 9555: 9507: 9063: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6075: 6073: 3393:, in which each nation pledged to defeat the Axis powers. 3357:

In late December 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the

2890:

Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration

2563:

Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration

2186:. The Democratic ticket won the highest proportion of the 2037:

Roosevelt expected that his party would lose seats in the

1099:

machine that dominated the state Democratic Party. In the

17690: 12687:

Military history of the United States during World War II

11339:

Prisoners of Time: The Misdiagnosis of FDR's 1921 Illness

10610: 10571:

In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush

10536: 10050: 9519: 8930: 8748: 8592: 8527: 8462: 8363: 8172: 8110: 7317: 6251: 5998: 5629: 5578: 5398: 4909: 4355:

His Second Bill of Rights became, according to historian

4082:

Civil rights, repatriation, internment, and the Holocaust

3658:

Military history of the United States during World War II

3499:

Chiang Kai-shek, Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the

3308: 3274: 2944:

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

2740:, the U.S. would remain neutral. After completion of the 1714:. Roosevelt's victory was enabled by the creation of the 1067:, the party recruited Roosevelt to run for a seat in the 26769:

Presidents of the United States who died while in office

10749:"Conservatives want Reagan to replace FDR on U.S. dimes" 10291: 10099: 9531: 9377: 9324: 9312: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9039: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8954: 8890: 8823: 8811: 8787: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8616: 8580: 8474: 8399: 8387: 8323: 8286: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8160: 8074: 8026: 7762:"FDR's Conservation Legacy (U.S. National Park Service)" 7710: 7662: 7650: 7535: 7511: 7445: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7329: 7280: 7232: 7109: 7085: 7075: 7073: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6921: 6878: 6854: 6806: 6770: 6758: 6676: 6608: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6347: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 4850:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1454:, a Smith protégé, who was the primary force behind the 969:

Eleanor and Franklin with their first two children, 1908

960: 21620: 12101:

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Selections from His Writings

12030:

Full text and audio of a number of Roosevelt's speeches

11117:

The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York

10664:

Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffery O. Nelson, eds.

10338:"FDR: The President Who Made America Into a Superpower" 9943: 7292: 6663:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

6359: 6215: 6070: 6058: 6034: 6022: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5798: 5774: 5738: 5726: 5689: 5617: 5520: 5518: 5283: 5247: 5141: 5129: 4371:, some of it intense. Critics have questioned not only 3698:, but Germany quickly restored Mussolini to power. The 3077: 1729: 1299:

of Ohio won the party's presidential nomination at the

11922:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America

11666: 10646: 10312:"The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History" 9744: 9567: 9543: 9214: 8232: 8098: 7256: 7169: 7133: 7097: 6384: 6239: 5762: 5665: 5653: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5566: 5542: 5530: 5503: 5479: 5410: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5117: 5083: 5045: 4969: 4899: 4897: 4058:. At 3:35 p.m., Roosevelt died at the age of 63. 4010:

When Roosevelt returned to the United States from the

909:

Like most of his Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to

26492: 12019:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

10634: 9866:

Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s

9863:

Balderrama, Francisco E.; Rodriguez, Raymond (2006).

9840:. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from 9579: 9441: 9288: 9276: 9264: 9202: 8942: 8878: 8835: 8799: 8604: 8411: 8375: 8298: 8274: 8086: 8062: 8050: 7722: 7686: 7523: 7433: 7421: 7356: 7344: 7268: 7121: 7070: 7023: 6969: 6957: 6933: 6890: 6866: 6794: 6782: 6746: 6596: 6488: 6476: 6428: 6390: 6263: 6227: 5491: 5259: 5177:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

4650: 4614: 4597: 3450:

to Roosevelt, warning of the possibility of a German

2877: 2041:, as the president's party had done in most previous 1789: 1278: 1046: 1041: 26719:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

23563:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

10468: 10405: 10373: 9628:"President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at 63 in 1945" 8486: 6158: 6010: 5810: 5515: 5467: 5374: 5362: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4884: 4882: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4608: 4591: 4585: 4473:

was launched and served from 1945 to 1977. London's

4253:

says Roosevelt "did what he could do" to help Jews;

3520:, February 1945, two months before Roosevelt's death 1347:

Paralytic illness and political comeback (1921–1928)

582:

saw him shift his focus to America's involvement in

566:, was an American politician who served as the 32nd 13753: 10355: 10303: 10119:"World War II Enemy Alien Control Program Overview" 9862: 8010:. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. p. F31. 7804: 6999:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 6722:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 6423:

The isolationist impulse: its 20th-century reaction

6046: 5986: 5786: 5750: 5701: 5677: 5641: 5590: 5554: 5271: 5205: 5195:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency" 5153: 5033: 5021:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 4957: 4945: 4894: 4605: 4582: 4027:, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the 3670:forces within days of landing. At the January 1943 3049:

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

2363: 1853:on March 4, 1933, the U.S. was at the nadir of the 1479: 1361:Rare photograph of Roosevelt in a wheelchair, with 1189:, he faced a formidable opponent in Tammany Hall's 1142:, in support of labor and social welfare programs. 735:declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941, the 26789:United States government officials of World War II 25715:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 11823: 11682: 11453: 11007: 10935:(interpretive detailed biography). PublicAffairs. 10622: 10568: 10178: 10025:"How FDR Killed Federal Anti-Lynching Legislation" 9424:"Franklin D Roosevelt: The man who conquered fear" 6713: 6711: 4921: 4278:Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations 2583:, which was a re-evaluation of U.S. policy toward 2334:, alleging that the recession was the result of a 1502:Smith, the Democratic presidential nominee in the 1154:Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1913 23548:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 22895: 11552:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 10411: 8857:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 8146:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs 7742:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945 7602:"How FDR unleashed his Supreme Court 'scorpions'" 7044:"History of measuring presidents' first 100 days" 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 5003: 4933: 4879: 4670:In 2008, Columbia awarded Roosevelt a posthumous 4458:is one reason he is commemorated on the American 3819:to oversee the home front; the agency was led by 26739:Democratic Party New York (state) state senators 26694:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 26600: 11667:Roosevelt, Franklin; Roosevelt, Elliott (1970). 10974: 10272:"Holocaust eyewitness briefs FDR, July 28, 1943" 10204: 4143:fared well in two New Deal relief programs, the 2729:Foreign trips of Roosevelt during his presidency 2314:pay for certain employees who work in excess of 2298:, a second Agricultural Adjustment Act, and the 2274:. Four of Roosevelt's Supreme Court appointees, 1736:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1722:. Between the Civil War and 1929, Democrats had 1420:, leading to the development of polio vaccines. 27:President of the United States from 1933 to 1945 26784:United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy 26654:1920 United States vice-presidential candidates 13716:Other articles related to Franklin D. Roosevelt 11745: 11685:Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage 11337:Goldman, Armond S.; Goldman, Daniel A. (2017). 10575:, Cornell University Press, pp. 128, 178, 10169: 10167: 10165: 9246: 9084:"60 Years Later, Debating Yalta All Over Again" 7626:The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy 7463: 6176: 5341:The Oxford Desk Dictionary of People and Places 5017:Leuchtenburg, William E. (September 26, 2016). 4485:was renamed after Roosevelt in September 1973. 2198:Supreme Court fight and second term legislation 1385:. A 2003 study strongly favored a diagnosis of 26699:Democratic Party governors of New York (state) 23333:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 11336: 11265:, vol. 4 volumes, Little, Brown and Co., 11220: 10932:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom 8972: 8044: 6688: 6633:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 6410:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: champion of freedom 5932: 5909:"Franklin Roosevelt was made in world war one" 4865:"When was the term United Nations first used?" 3408:commanded the Navy and Marines, while General 3138:under American command and reinstated General 2237:had been set at nine since the passage of the 2204:Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates 2018: 1435:. On the 101st ballot, the nomination went to 25696: 25385: 24826: 23751: 23447:Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert 23161: 22500: 22148: 21606: 19255: 18575: 17676: 16783: 16459: 16099: 15662: 15257: 14780: 14412: 13739: 12155: 10678:"Reagan says many New Dealers wanted fascism" 10517:"Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans" 9397:"Medical Research Pays Off for All Americans" 9236:, US: Bureau of the Census, 1946, p. 173 4424:. Washington, D.C., hosts two memorials: the 3735:Provisional Government of the French Republic 2556: 2393: 2270:of economic regulations to the protection of 1868: 1606: 851: 26624:20th-century presidents of the United States 23765: 22259:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 13397: 12860: 11545: 11524: 11308:Franklin D. Roosevelt Launching the New Deal 11257: 10566: 10554: 10365:. C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership. 10162: 9824: 9697: 9403:. National Institutes of Health. Summer 2007 9353: 9351: 9342: 9258: 9057: 9020: 8349:. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–46. 8268: 8142:"Travels of President Franklin D. Roosevelt" 8128: 8020: 7704: 7680: 7553: 7163: 7151: 7064: 7017: 6995:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). 6994: 6824: 6718:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). 6717: 6630:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall 5217: 5189: 5016: 4915: 4843: 4794:The United States would also declare war on 4533:Cultural depictions of Franklin D. Roosevelt 4154: 4096:Official portrait of President Roosevelt by 3773:United States home front during World War II 3666:in November 1942, securing the surrender of 3084:Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor 3010:" for Britain and other countries. With his 2958:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 2121:try another. But above all, try something." 1633:" of policy advisers, primarily composed of 672:, and realigning American politics into the 166:January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932 23498:Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years 21472:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 21447:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 12050:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: A Resource Guide 11603:(popular biography), Simon & Schuster, 11573:The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 11243:. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. 11221:Doenecke, Justus D; Stoler, Mark A (2005), 10720: 10511: 10439: 9856: 9075: 5903: 3570:established the framework for the post-war 3416:. The Joint Chiefs were chaired by Admiral 2914:at the War Department, Army Chief of Staff 1418:National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis 1146:Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1919) 26754:Politicians from Dutchess County, New York 25703: 25689: 25392: 25378: 24833: 24819: 23758: 23744: 23300:1940 Democratic National Convention speech 23254:"My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935–1962 23168: 23154: 22719:Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984) 22507: 22493: 22155: 22141: 21613: 21599: 19262: 19248: 19224: 18582: 18568: 17683: 17669: 16790: 16776: 16466: 16452: 16106: 16092: 15669: 15655: 15264: 15250: 14787: 14773: 14419: 14405: 14381: 13746: 13732: 12994:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite 12162: 12148: 11746:Schweikart, Larry; Allen, Michael (2004). 10486: 9790: 9654: 9602:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day – April" 8546:Media Sound & Culture in Latin America 7915: 7913: 5451:. Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Archived from 4408:List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt 4379:, and opposing anti-lynching legislation. 3396:In 1942, Roosevelt formed a new body, the 3209:launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor 2797:Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 1947:Reform of the economy was the goal of the 1446:In 1925, Smith appointed Roosevelt to the 1353:Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt 774: 53: 30:"FDR" redirects here. For other uses, see 23428:Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial 23378:Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness 22365:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 21457:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 13026:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia 12169: 11891: 11870: 11790: 11703: 11212:Essays in Economic & Business History 11142: 10890:(popular history), Simon & Schuster, 10224:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 9348: 8911: 8773:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 311. 8754: 8533: 7933: 7374: 7035: 6911:"The FDR New Yorker cover that never ran" 6836: 6257: 5956: 4462:. Roosevelt has also appeared on several 3967: 3332:A majority of scholars have rejected the 2619:. In December 1933, Roosevelt signed the 2599:of 1898. After Roosevelt took office, he 1774: 1724:rarely controlled both houses of Congress 1577:Temporary Emergency Relief Administration 1404:. Intrigued by the potential benefits of 1330:defeated the Cox–Roosevelt ticket in the 1322:and other "Reservationists". Republicans 1130:that year and, with help from journalist 894:by tutors until age 14. He then attended 279:January 1, 1911 – March 17, 1913 218:March 17, 1913 – August 26, 1920 24694:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 23423:Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights 23264:Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert 21467:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 21462:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 21442:Democratic Attorneys General Association 16480:1944 United States presidential election 16120:1940 United States presidential election 15683:1936 United States presidential election 15278:1932 United States presidential election 14801:1920 United States presidential election 13096:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies 12939:1920 United States presidential election 12548:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination 12347:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 12068:"Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt" 11673:. Vol. 1. Duell, Sloan, and Pearce. 11648: 11569: 11393:The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly 11278:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Apprenticeship 11078: 11005: 10689: 10640: 10381:"Presidential Leadership – The Rankings" 10329: 10140: 10121:. National Archives. September 23, 2016. 10062: 10044: 10029:American Institute for Economic Research 9889: 9596: 9594: 9421: 9081: 8853: 8340: 8338: 7832: 7616: 7593: 6908: 6848: 6177:Lomazow, Steven; Fettmann, Eric (2010). 6085: 4806:, all of which had joined the Axis bloc. 4318: 4091: 4001: 3923: 3916:1944 United States presidential election 3846:broadcast on January 11, 1944 (excerpt). 3825: 3708: 3516:Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at the 3348: 3087: 2982: 2845: 2817:1940 United States presidential election 2724: 2697: 2566: 2134: 2131:1936 United States presidential election 2072: 2028: 1903: 1901:, which brought Prohibition to a close. 1701: 1616: 1613:1932 United States presidential election 1579:to distribute those funds. Led first by 1494:Governor Roosevelt with his predecessor 1489: 1356: 1282: 1201:sought accommodation and became allies. 1149: 1050: 964: 783: 22264:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 21498:National Federation of Democratic Women 15403: 14943: 14829: 12620:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 12553:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 12381:Aid to Families with Dependent Children 12307:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 12131:Works by or about Franklin D. Roosevelt 11919: 11670:F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945 11475: 11430: 11379: 11355: 11322:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 120–23. 11194:Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Political Life 10068: 10022: 10002:. Oxford University Press. p. 71. 9995: 9949: 9915: 9513: 9460:Lerner, Barron H. (November 23, 2007). 9415: 9069: 9032:Townsend Hoopes, and Douglas Brinkley, 8860:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 8598: 8504: 8320:(University of Notre Dame Press, 1965). 8238: 7910: 7622: 7298: 7187: 6004: 5768: 5635: 5584: 5485: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5392: 5123: 5089: 5051: 4544:List of Allied World War II conferences 4521:, dedicated in 1997 in Washington, D.C. 4038:In the afternoon of April 12, 1945, in 3959:, defeating Dewey and his running mate 3639:, which would be charged with ensuring 3195:(stationed in the Philippines) and the 3187:. After diplomatic efforts failed, the 2231:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 2212:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 1971:was created to regulate the trading of 1921:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 1771:, who was sitting alongside Roosevelt. 1537:power plants and addressed the ongoing 1533:Roosevelt proposed the construction of 1431:and a conservative, rural wing, led by 848:, from his father's previous marriage. 836:, once took Franklin to meet President 597:families, Roosevelt was elected to the 83:March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 14: 26749:People from Meriwether County, Georgia 26639:American politicians with disabilities 26601: 22623:Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) 18505:Research, Development and Acquisitions 11728:Roosevelt, the Party Leader, 1932–1945 11724: 11677: 11617: 11593: 11451: 11409: 11390: 11191: 11166: 10950: 10741: 10666:American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia 10652: 10616: 10173: 10056: 9750: 9573: 9549: 9525: 9478: 9459: 9306: 9220: 8936: 8766: 8468: 8369: 8178: 8116: 8104: 7728: 7547: 7490: 7323: 7262: 7175: 7139: 7103: 7041: 6740: 6446: 6341: 6329: 6317: 6245: 6233: 6206: 6146:from the original on November 30, 2012 5876: 5864: 5840: 5623: 5524: 5497: 5289: 5265: 5253: 5147: 4284:and warned to try its perpetrators as 4088:Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights 3543:, together with Chinese Generalissimo 3477: 3369:to coordinate military policy and the 2328:began to deteriorate again in mid-1937 1941:Agricultural Adjustment Administration 1915:Collection of video clips of Roosevelt 1091:, Roosevelt won a surprising victory. 1010:, was born in 1914, and the youngest, 722:official implementation of term limits 396: 36:Franklin D. Roosevelt (disambiguation) 25979:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 25684: 25373: 24814: 23739: 23224:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 23175: 23149: 22488: 22136: 21594: 21575:2018 House Caucus leadership election 21570:2006 House Caucus leadership election 19243: 18563: 18495:Energy, Installations and Environment 17692:United States Secretaries of the Navy 17664: 16771: 16654: 16447: 16304: 16087: 15868: 15650: 15471: 15245: 15025: 14768: 14400: 13727: 13714: 13396: 12143: 11938: 11848: 11821: 11766: 11315: 11049: 11028: 10925: 10903: 10880: 10874:Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt 10628: 10542: 10474: 10363:"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" 10335: 10297: 10269: 10180:"What FDR said about Jews in private" 10105: 10023:Magness, Phillip W. (July 31, 2020). 9971:. Columbia University Press. p. 9890:McGreevy, Patrick (October 2, 2015). 9591: 9585: 9561: 9537: 9447: 9383: 9357: 9330: 9318: 9294: 9282: 9270: 9208: 9196: 9184: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9045: 9008: 8996: 8984: 8960: 8948: 8899: 8884: 8841: 8829: 8817: 8805: 8793: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8658: 8646: 8634: 8622: 8610: 8586: 8492: 8480: 8417: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8335: 8329: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8166: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8032: 7919: 7844: 7785: 7716: 7692: 7668: 7656: 7599: 7554:Leuchtenburg, William E. (May 2005). 7541: 7529: 7517: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7362: 7350: 7338: 7286: 7274: 7238: 7127: 7115: 7091: 7079: 7029: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6682: 6626: 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6434: 6396: 6353: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6221: 6164: 6079: 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 5992: 5980: 5968: 5944: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5852: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5611: 5599: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5509: 5473: 5380: 5368: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5277: 5211: 5159: 5135: 5039: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4903: 4888: 4199: 3702:commenced in September 1943, but the 2925: 2630:in 1919–1920 marked the dominance of 2575:and other dignitaries in Brazil, 1936 1965:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1955:laws in return for better wages. The 1558:Great Depression in the United States 1486:Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1216:, and Roosevelt helped establish the 1162:, the second-ranking official in the 961:Marriage, family, and marital affairs 706:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 24171:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 23259:Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense 22385:Rural Electrification Administration 22350:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 19269: 18490:Financial Management and Comptroller 13069:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation 12909:Democratic National Convention, 1920 12709:Declaration by United Nations (1942) 12697:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 12342:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 11905:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 11794:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11500: 11456:FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 11238: 11110: 10755:. Associated Press. December 5, 2003 10697:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial" 10389:. September 12, 2005. Archived from 10336:Walsh, Kenneth T. (April 10, 2015). 9389: 9082:Bumiller, Elizabeth (May 16, 2005). 6372: 6191: 5231:. September 26, 2008. Archived from 4927: 4163:leaders in pushing for federal anti- 3651: 3434:Nuclear weapons of the United States 3371:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 3078:Pearl Harbor and declarations of war 2778:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2710:, sailing from Washington, D.C., to 1752:of Tennessee as Secretary of State. 1730:Transition and assassination attempt 22535:State funerals in the United States 22340:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 21622:New York State Democratic Committee 13609:for President of the United States 13549:Vice President of the United States 12625:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 12427:Defense industry non-discrimination 12077:American Presidents: Life Portraits 11902:The Roosevelts: An Intimate History 9964: 9916:Bernard, Diane (October 28, 2021). 8344: 7779: 7375:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1933). 7253:. Ssa.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2013. 5429:McGrath, Charles (April 20, 2008). 5344:. Oxford University Press. p. 4398:in 1980, who opposed the New Deal. 4182:Fair Employment Practices Committee 3934:1944 Democratic National Convention 3909: 3869: 3838:Roosevelt announced the plan for a 3377:, named for the American, British, 2823:1940 Democratic National Convention 2810: 2571:Roosevelt with Brazilian president 2266:, the Court shifted its focus from 2173:1936 Democratic National Convention 2124: 1335:Roosevelt who, with the support of 1301:1920 Democratic National Convention 990:, which Sara also gave the couple. 879:Roosevelt in 1900, at the age of 18 867:Roosevelt in 1893, at the age of 11 601:from 1911 to 1913 and was then the 24: 25409:recipients 23553:International Bill of Human Rights 23406:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 13074:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 13062:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 12981: 12432:Fair Employment Practice Committee 12400:Securities and Exchange Commission 12332:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 12107:Works by Franklin Delano Roosevelt 12024:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 11877:. Texas A&M University Press. 11854:Franklin Delano Roosevelt, My Boss 10775:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt Issues" 9422:Hastings, Max (January 19, 2009). 9358:Zeitz, Joshua (November 4, 2018). 8916:. Penguin Press. pp. 147–49. 7893:from the original on June 2, 2016. 5894: 5065:"Family of Wealth Gave Advantages" 4837: 4519:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 3840:bill of social and economic rights 3813:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 3484:Diplomatic history of World War II 3423: 3323:Problems playing these files? See 3288:"A date which will live in infamy" 3240: 2932: 2878:Third and fourth terms (1941–1945) 2843:, the popular Republican nominee. 1999:which was paralyzing the economy. 1969:Securities and Exchange Commission 1933:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1802: 1790:First and second terms (1933–1941) 1279:Campaign for vice president (1920) 1047:New York state senator (1910–1913) 1042:Early political career (1910–1920) 898:, an Episcopal boarding school in 698:Securities and Exchange Commission 641:, he returned to public office as 25: 26810: 22299:Public Works Administration (PWA) 22269:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 22229:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 18538:Research, Engineering and Systems 12642:Second London Naval Treaty (1936) 12479:Executive Office of the President 12393:Federal Communications Commission 12041:collected news and commentary at 11964: 11298:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Triumph 11053:Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom 10567:Leuchtenburg, William E. (2001), 9800:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 8854:Chambers, John Whiteclay (1999). 7600:Blake, John (December 14, 2010). 7188:Hausman, Joshua K. (April 2016). 6659:"History Of State Forest Program" 5019:"FDR: Life Before the Presidency" 3700:Allied invasion of mainland Italy 3211:, knocking out the main American 3100:for 1941 Atlantic Charter meeting 2324:Executive Office of the President 1977:Federal Communications Commission 1456:Long Island State Park Commission 1400:, at first on his houseboat, the 26586: 26574: 26562: 26550: 26538: 26526: 26514: 26502: 25410: 25400: 24842:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 22324:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 22289:National Recovery Administration 22279:National Industrial Recovery Act 21520:High School Democrats of America 21452:Democratic Governors Association 21409:Congressional Progressive Caucus 20178:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 19223: 19219:All vice presidential candidates 19214: 19213: 18136: 18129: 18122: 17131: 14473: 14380: 14371: 14370: 13376: 13375: 12815:State of the Union Address (1934 12632:Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) 12357:National Recovery Administration 12123: 11731:. University Press of Kentucky. 11288:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Ordeal 10839: 10817: 10792: 10767: 10714: 10671: 10658: 10597: 10594:Leuchtenburg, pp. 208, 218, 226. 10588: 10560: 10505: 10480: 10433: 10263: 10236: 10210: 10134: 10125: 10111: 10016: 9989: 9958: 9909: 9883: 9830: 9784: 9756: 9719: 9691: 9648: 9620: 9472: 9453: 9226: 9026: 8905: 8847: 8760: 8561: 8539: 8498: 8449: 8436: 8423: 8310: 8244: 8134: 7998: 7977: 7922:Journal of Economic Perspectives 7897: 7838: 7754: 7734: 7573: 7484: 7457: 7368: 7304: 7244: 7181: 7042:Liptak, Kevin (April 23, 2017). 6902: 6651: 6620: 6415: 6402: 4818: 4809: 4788: 4778: 4765: 4755: 4738: 4717: 4703: 4690: 4578: 4506: 4490: 4244: 4133:internment of Japanese Americans 3988: 3976: 3599: 3590: 3509: 3492: 3292: 3256: 3170:declaration of war against Japan 3158: 3149: 3016:freedom of speech and expression 2974:Problems playing this file? See 2948: 2821:In the months prior to the July 2364:Conservation and the environment 2155:An attempt by Louisiana Senator 2085:guaranteed workers the right to 1949:National Industrial Recovery Act 1840:Problems playing this file? See 1818: 1591:, prompting the creation of the 1480:Governor of New York (1929–1932) 872: 860: 846:James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt 765:internment of Japanese Americans 690:expand the Supreme Court in 1937 678:National Recovery Administration 524: 505: 59:Official campaign portrait, 1944 26764:Presidents of the United States 26744:People from Hyde Park, New York 26724:Liberalism in the United States 23361:Val-Kill National Historic Site 23338:National Organization for Women 23197:First Lady of the United States 23138:: Presidents and chief justices 22395:United States Housing Authority 21387:Steering and Outreach Committee 13755:Presidents of the United States 13459:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 13197:World War II: When Lions Roared 13052:Presidential Library and Museum 12327:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 12205:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 12034:Miller Center of Public Affairs 11830:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 11689:. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 11032:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 11029:Burns, James MacGregor (1956). 10270:Glass, Andrew (July 28, 2018). 10141:Everhart, Karen (May 9, 1994). 9838:"Jewish Vote in U.S. Elections" 9698:Andrew Glass (April 12, 2016). 9468:. George Washington University. 6344:, pp. 267, 269–72, 286–87. 6200: 6185: 6170: 5713: 5441: 5422: 5331: 5199:Miller Center of Public Affairs 5183: 5165: 5095: 5057: 4989:"FDR Biography-The Early Years" 4981: 4677: 4664: 4218:interned in hastily built camps 3637:United Nations Security Council 2856:July 1940 Democratic Convention 2340:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2259:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 2256:Starting with the 1937 case of 1855:worst depression in its history 1287:Cox and Roosevelt in Ohio, 1920 1160:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1036:Crown Princess Märtha of Norway 718:ran successfully for reelection 662:his first 100 days as president 649:, Roosevelt defeated president 623:1920 U.S. presidential election 603:assistant Secretary of the Navy 574:were centered on combating the 392: 206:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 26799:World War II political leaders 25856:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 22370:National Labor Relations Board 22360:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 13513:President of the United States 12692:Home front during World War II 12186:President of the United States 12116:Works by Franklin D. Roosevelt 11871:Underwood, Jeffery S. (1991). 11576:. University Press of Kansas. 11525:Leuchtenburg, William (2015). 11319:FDR and His Enemies: A History 11192:——— (2017). 11050:——— (1970). 10867: 10721:jessiekratz (April 10, 2015). 9034:FDR and the Creation of the UN 7493:The American Historical Review 6720:"FDR: Campaigns and Elections" 6207:Wooten, Heather Green (2009). 5103:"Almanac: The 1st cheerleader" 4991:. Roosevely Library and Museum 4857: 4853:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 4570: 4280:, which condemned the ongoing 4220:in interior, harsh locations. 2872:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2801:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2615:, ending their status as U.S. 2607:and reached new treaties with 2548:in 1932 to 10.2% in 1936. The 2390:well as the national systems. 2146:National Labor Relations Board 2091:National Labor Relations Board 1601:New York's State Forest system 1226:unrestricted submarine warfare 820:, respectively—and resided at 792:Roosevelt in 1884, 2 years old 763:, such as his ordering of the 635:contracted a paralytic illness 568:president of the United States 71:President of the United States 13: 1: 25722:Leaders & revolutionaries 23658:Franklin Delano Roosevelt III 23506:Backstairs at the White House 23288:National Youth Administration 22294:National Youth Administration 17651:indicate acting officeholders 13297:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. 13189:Backstairs at the White House 12861:Early life, education, career 12538:Federal Judicial appointments 12369:National Youth Administration 12364:Works Progress Administration 11710:. New York University Press. 11510:. W.W. Norton & Company. 11290:(1954), covers 1919 to 1928, 11152:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 11056:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 10800:"FDR Library – USS Roosevelt" 10668:(2006). pp. 619–621, 645–646. 7790:. Springer. pp. 177–78. 7740:See also Edgar B. Nixon, ed. 7629:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 162–63. 7470:. Penn State UP. p. 19. 6909:Davidson, Amy (May 5, 2012). 5449:"Lucy Page Mercer Rutherfurd" 4101: 3766: 3740:began the invasion of Germany 3572:international monetary system 3391:Declaration by United Nations 2997: 2962:introducing the theme of the 2906:in the State Department, and 2322:and subsequently created the 2097:threatened the production of 2068:National Youth Administration 2064:Works Progress Administration 1506:, asked Roosevelt to run for 1230:declaration of war on Germany 1063:, and in preparation for the 720:, one entire term before the 520:Franklin D. Roosevelt's voice 25555:Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala 23385:Hyde Park home and gravesite 22355:Farm Security Administration 22162: 21488:College Democrats of America 18500:Manpower and Reserve Affairs 12899:1928 New York state election 12840:1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 12764:Madison Square Garden speech 12637:Montevideo Convention (1933) 12518:Jefferson's Birthday holiday 12457:Japanese American internment 12009:Resources in other libraries 11990:Resources in other libraries 11460:. Indiana University Press. 11395:. Fordham University Press. 11225:, Rowman & Littlefield, 10983:, Harvard University Press, 10342:U.S. News & World Report 10205:Breitman & Lichtman 2013 10072:The American Economic Review 9950:Johnson, Kevin (Fall 2005). 9309:, pp. 139–44, 151, 246. 9036:(Yale UP, 1997) pp. ix, 175. 7845:Maher, Neil M. (July 2002). 6101:Journal of Medical Biography 5105:. CBS News. November 2, 2014 4831: 4497:1948 statue of Roosevelt in 4401: 4196:in several Northern states. 3694:from Italian prime minister 3344: 3176:(right) on December 11, 1941 2866:A late August poll taken by 2595:that occurred following the 2083:National Labor Relations Act 2039:1934 Congressional elections 1621:Roosevelt in the early 1930s 1341:Fidelity and Deposit Company 1210:sinking of the RMS Lusitania 1089:1910 United States elections 951:Carter Ledyard & Milburn 779: 702:National Labor Relations Act 7: 26759:Politicians with paraplegia 26649:Burials in New York (state) 23640:Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves 23466:The Eleanor Roosevelt Story 22304:Public Works of Art Project 22224:Agricultural Adjustment Act 19451:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 18523:Installations and Logistics 18510:General Counsel of the Navy 13303:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II 12528:Judicial Court-Packing Bill 12467:Italian-American internment 12352:Public Works Administration 12317:Agricultural Adjustment Act 12312:Civilian Conservation Corps 12122:(public domain audiobooks) 11531:. Oxford University Press. 11437:. Oxford University Press. 11431:Herring, George C. (2008). 11079:Campbell, James E. (2006). 10825:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt" 10605:Political Science Quarterly 10442:Political Science Quarterly 9481:Annals of Internal Medicine 9247:Schweikart & Allen 2004 8912:Fullilove, Michael (2013). 7985:"Presidents and Job Growth" 7583:. Oxford University Press. 4526: 4233:. A much smaller number of 4145:Civilian Conservation Corps 3946:war production inefficiency 3928:1944 electoral vote results 3527:Roosevelt coined the term " 3197:United States Pacific Fleet 3193:United States Asiatic Fleet 2850:1940 electoral vote results 2387:Civilian Conservation Corps 2139:1936 electoral vote results 2019:Second New Deal (1935–1936) 1981:regulate telecommunications 1929:Civilian Conservation Corps 1925:Public Works Administration 1894:73rd United States Congress 1706:1932 electoral vote results 1295:nomination. After Governor 1248:, as well as a tour of the 1222:Council of National Defense 1195:James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. 1134:, he was re-elected in the 10: 26815: 26714:The Harvard Crimson people 26679:Columbia Law School alumni 25873:Artists & entertainers 25407:Philippine Legion of Honor 25124:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 24032:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 23418:Eleanor Roosevelt Monument 23345:Encampment for Citizenship 22905:Chestnut and Gibson (1998) 22845:Herbert C. Hoover Building 22345:Federal Project Number One 22254:Farm Credit Administration 22249:Homeowners Refinancing Act 22234:Civil Works Administration 21565:2017 chairmanship election 21560:2005 chairmanship election 21515:Young Democrats of America 18543:Shipbuilding and Logistics 14471: 13091:White House Roosevelt Room 12672:1940 Selective Service Act 12595:Presidential Proclamations 12462:German-American internment 12388:Communications Act of 1934 12337:Tennessee Valley Authority 11920:Winkler, Allan M. (2006). 11618:Norton, Mary Beth (2009). 11006:Brinkley, Douglas (2016). 10871: 10804:docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu 9636:. New York. April 13, 1945 9493:10.7326/0003-4819-72-4-579 8973:Doenecke & Stoler 2005 8767:Maffeo, Steven E. (2015). 8148:. U.S. Department of State 8045:Doenecke & Stoler 2005 7707:, pp. 262–63, 271–73. 6743:, pp. 232–36, 246–51. 6412:(Hachette UK, 2012) p 160. 6385:F. Roosevelt, E. Roosevelt 6113:10.1177/096777200301100412 5933:Goldman & Goldman 2017 5721:Diplomacy & Statecraft 4405: 4390:with the expansion of the 4230:Korematsu v. United States 4085: 3951:The Republicans nominated 3913: 3852:State of the Union Address 3844:State of the Union address 3817:Office of War Mobilization 3799:raising $ 2 billion. 3770: 3655: 3629:American invasion of Japan 3481: 3464:weapon of mass destruction 3462:could be used to create a 3430:History of nuclear weapons 3427: 3081: 2960:State of the Union Address 2887: 2881: 2829:, had been established by 2814: 2655:, and the Italians joined 2560: 2557:Foreign policy (1933–1941) 2397: 2394:GNP and unemployment rates 2320:Reorganization Act of 1939 2201: 2128: 2022: 1989:Tennessee Valley Authority 1872: 1869:First New Deal (1933–1934) 1793: 1733: 1627:1932 presidential election 1610: 1607:1932 presidential election 1547:New York State Legislature 1483: 1466:established the $ 100,000 1441:1924 presidential election 1350: 1218:United States Navy Reserve 1116:1912 Democratic nomination 1114:'s successful bid for the 852:Education and early career 686:won a landslide reelection 647:1932 presidential election 589:A member of the prominent 29: 26329: 26175:Scientists & thinkers 26174: 26023: 25872: 25721: 25638: 25617: 25586: 25568: 25525: 25419: 25064:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 25059:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 24849: 24552: 24318: 23983: 23973:The American Fighting-Man 23776: 23676:Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt 23628:Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. 23583: 23540: 23433:Eleanor Roosevelt College 23393: 23353: 23320: 23244: 23206: 23183: 23133: 23106: 23028: 22951: 22942: 22886: 22861: 22843: 22825: 22793: 22550: 22541: 22532: 22464: 22408: 22380:Rural Electrification Act 22332: 22206: 22170: 21889: 21628: 21580:Weekly Democratic Address 21532: 21508:Stonewall Young Democrats 21480: 21434: 21369: 21358: 21056: 20773: 20588: 20339: 20221: 19319: 19279: 19209: 18601: 18597: 18482: 18341: 18330: 18145: 18120: 17960: 17707: 17698: 17644: 17140: 17129: 16813: 16743: 16710: 16689: 16668: 16650: 16605: 16578: 16561: 16536: 16508: 16491: 16419: 16397: 16368: 16339: 16318: 16300: 16255: 16228: 16211: 16176: 16148: 16131: 16060: 16027: 15998: 15969: 15940: 15911: 15882: 15864: 15793: 15775: 15764: 15723: 15705: 15694: 15622: 15593: 15564: 15535: 15514: 15485: 15467: 15432: 15382: 15337: 15310: 15289: 15217: 15184: 15155: 15126: 15097: 15068: 15039: 15021: 14970: 14926: 14856: 14812: 14743: 14706: 14681: 14664:Secretary of the Interior 14662: 14625: 14600: 14563: 14532: 14509:Secretary of the Treasury 14507: 14482: 14442: 14366: 14238: 13761: 13721: 13693: 13681: 13673: 13663: 13651: 13643: 13638: 13628: 13604: 13594: 13575: 13567: 13557: 13542: 13534: 13529: 13519: 13510: 13502: 13492: 13483: 13475: 13465: 13456: 13448: 13443: 13433: 13421: 13415: 13408: 13403: 13354: 13321:James Roosevelt Roosevelt 13254: 13034: 12974: 12889: 12853: 12759:Commonwealth Club Address 12744: 12714:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 12662:Destroyers-for-bases deal 12603: 12439:Indian Reorganization Act 12223: 12177: 12039:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 12004:Resources in your library 11985:Resources in your library 11704:Sainsbury, Keith (1994). 11640:Conservation under F.D.R. 11570:McJimsey, George (2000). 10513:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr 9996:Sitkoff, Harvard (1978). 9869:. UNM Press. p. 82. 9727:"Roosevelt Funeral Train" 9669:10.1017/S1092852900014760 7579:Leuchtenburg, E. (1996). 6627:Allen, Oliver E. (1993). 5395:, pp. 28, 38, 48–49. 4313: 4251:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 4190:employment discrimination 4155:Lynching and civil rights 4149:Indian Reorganization Act 3805:Board of Economic Warfare 3686:. The Allies launched an 3406:Chief of Naval Operations 3172:(left) on December 8 and 2229:. Roosevelt proposed the 1888:to issue banknotes. The " 1666:1932 Democratic primaries 1101:1911 U.S. Senate election 913:. He was a member of the 560:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 553: 544:Recorded December 8, 1941 513: 501: 475: 454: 433: 406: 377: 367: 357: 340: 321:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 316: 311: 307: 295: 283: 272: 256: 244: 232: 222: 211: 204: 192: 180: 170: 159: 151: 139: 127: 87: 76: 68: 64: 52: 45: 26734:New York (state) lawyers 25528:(Marangal na Komandante) 25405: 25249:William Tecumseh Sherman 24939:George Washington Carver 24690:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 23664:John Roosevelt Boettiger 23482:Eleanor: The Years Alone 22400:Fair Labor Standards Act 21335:Northern Mariana Islands 18533:Research and Development 14683:Secretary of Agriculture 13677:Donald Wills Douglas Sr. 13639:Awards and achievements 13530:Party political offices 13398:Offices and distinctions 12982:Early life and education 12871:Governorship of New York 12721:World War II conferences 12452:War Relocation Authority 11998:By Franklin D. Roosevelt 11856:. Kessinger Publishing. 11725:Savage, Sean J. (1991). 11547:Leuchtenburg, William E. 11452:Jordan, David M (2011). 11386:. Harper & Brothers. 11365:. Simon & Schuster. 10723:"The other FDR Memorial" 10487:Greenstein, F I (2009). 10249:Museum of Polish History 7994:(graphic). July 2, 2003. 7623:Belknap, Michal (2004). 7464:Mary E. Stuckey (2015). 7381:. John Day. p. 141. 7198:American Economic Review 6209:The Polio Years in Texas 5338:Abate, Frank R. (1999). 5191:Leuchtenburg, William E. 4563: 4272:chose to implement the " 4056:intracerebral hemorrhage 3900:congestive heart failure 3864:post-secondary education 3367:Combined Chiefs of Staff 2306:, established a federal 2300:Fair Labor Standards Act 2070:and arts organizations. 2009:Veterans of Foreign Wars 1937:Federal Trade Commission 1539:farm crisis of the 1920s 1259:After Germany signed an 1073:Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler 953:, working in the firm's 26779:Time Person of the Year 25609:Alfredo Montelibano Sr. 25545:Fernando Zobel de Ayala 25329:John Greenleaf Whittier 24944:William Ellery Channing 24188:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 23283:American Youth Congress 22314:Railroad Retirement Act 22193:American Liberty League 21545:Presidential candidates 13428:from the 26th district 12736:Morgenthau Plan support 12682:Atlantic Charter (1941) 12405:Monetary gold ownership 11649:Robinson, Greg (2001), 11410:Herman, Arthur (2012). 11383:Roosevelt in Retrospect 11300:(1956) covers 1929–32, 11241:The Eagle in the Mirror 10386:The Wall Street Journal 8521:10.1111/0145-2096.00210 7788:FDR and the Environment 7251:Social Security History 6997:"FDR: Domestic Affairs" 6954:, pp. 157, 167–68. 6192:Rose, David M. (2016). 4773:Twenty-second Amendment 4554:– Roosevelt's limousine 4538:August Adolph Gennerich 4481:and Churchill in 1948. 4373:his policies, positions 3892:coronary artery disease 3676:unconditional surrender 3448:Einstein–Szilárd letter 3252:FDR Pearl Harbor speech 3037:America First Committee 2734:Germany annexed Austria 2349:November 1938 elections 2110:American Liberty League 2108:, fought back with the 1549:to advance his agenda. 1410:a rehabilitation center 1387:Guillain–Barré syndrome 1069:New York State Assembly 775:Early life and marriage 727:Following the Japanese 617:'s running mate on the 26709:Harvard College alumni 26644:American Episcopalians 26629:American anti-fascists 25786:Martin Luther King Jr. 25587:Commander (Komandante) 25314:James McNeill Whistler 25244:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 25159:Matthew Fontaine Maury 24147:Martin Luther King Jr. 23700:Martha Stewart Bulloch 23694:Theodore Roosevelt Sr. 23610:Anna Eleanor Roosevelt 23413:Roosevelt Study Center 23328:First Lady of New York 23278:Eleanor, West Virginia 23269:Tuskegee Airmen flight 22795:National Statuary Hall 21424:Problem Solvers Caucus 21419:New Democrat Coalition 20273:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 18751:Theodore Frelinghuysen 15739:Incumbent VP nominee: 15196:Robert Colvin Macauley 14884:Nicholas Murray Butler 14879:William Cameron Sproul 13853:William Henry Harrison 13279:Anna Roosevelt Halsted 12866:Warm Springs Institute 12809:The More Abundant Life 12754:1932 Acceptance speech 12505:Four Freedoms Monument 12444:Executive Orders 9066, 12422:Record on civil rights 12270:Third and fourth terms 12265:First and second terms 12213:New York State Senator 11391:Hawley, Ellis (1995). 11380:Gunther, John (1950). 11316:Fried, Albert (2001). 11280:(vol 1 1952) to 1918, 11088:Social Science History 10779:National Postal Museum 10222:Holocaust Encyclopedia 9965:Odo, Franklin (2002). 9765:Allies Overrun Germany 7905:Conservation Under FDR 7903:Anna L. Riesch Owen, 7505:10.1086/ahr.110.4.1052 5431:"No End of the Affair" 4658:-zə-velt, -⁠vəlt 4442:, located next to the 4418:National Historic Site 4369:criticism of Roosevelt 4107: 4054:, diagnosed a massive 4007: 3968:Final months and death 3929: 3882:and was found to have 3847: 3714: 3684:North African Campaign 3641:international security 3354: 3245: 3189:Privy Council of Japan 3101: 3003: 2937: 2863:and other candidates. 2851: 2730: 2722: 2663:in supporting General 2576: 2357:Conservative coalition 2338:and even ordering the 2251:Joseph Taylor Robinson 2140: 2078: 2049:was the creation of a 2034: 1916: 1807: 1787: 1775:Presidency (1933–1945) 1707: 1693:Robert La Follette Jr. 1622: 1562:unemployment insurance 1499: 1398:Southern United States 1366: 1288: 1199:Charles Francis Murphy 1155: 1056: 970: 793: 757:won reelection in 1944 737:United States Congress 729:attack on Pearl Harbor 694:conservative coalition 541:declaring war on Japan 537:attack on Pearl Harbor 26634:American philatelists 26609:Franklin D. Roosevelt 26024:Builders & titans 25828:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25492:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25264:Harriet Beecher Stowe 25234:Franklin D. Roosevelt 24964:James Fenimore Cooper 24924:William Cullen Bryant 24899:Alexander Graham Bell 24604:The Good Samaritans: 23901:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23841:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23825:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23652:Sara Delano Roosevelt 23593:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23455:Sunrise at Campobello 22416:Franklin D. Roosevelt 22309:Reciprocal Tariff Act 22214:Emergency Banking Act 21890:Gubernatorial tickets 19041:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 18941:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16518:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16370:Socialist Labor Party 16158:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16065:Other 1936 elections: 16039:William Dudley Pelley 16000:Socialist Labor Party 15752:Henry S. Breckinridge 15733:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15566:Socialist Labor Party 15320:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15157:Socialist Labor Party 15080:Parley P. Christensen 14961:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14894:Robert M. La Follette 14708:Secretary of Commerce 14627:Secretary of the Navy 14573:Homer Stille Cummings 14498:Edward Stettinius Jr. 14435:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14083:Franklin D. Roosevelt 13410:New York State Senate 13181:The White House Years 13167:Sunrise at Campobello 13103:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12881:Assassination attempt 12322:Emergency Banking Act 12171:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11976:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11822:Tobin, James (2013). 11589:online free to borrow 11357:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 11263:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11187:online free to borrow 11174:. Oxford University. 10872:Further information: 10701:National Park Service 10607:97.4 (1982): 603–621. 8345:Moe, Richard (2013). 8256:National Park Service 7855:Environmental History 7166:, pp. 4, 448–52. 7154:, pp. 4, 320–39. 6258:Ward & Burns 2014 4727:Democratic ticket of 4685:Seventeenth Amendment 4470:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4352:expense of Congress. 4319:Historical reputation 4115:started by President 4095: 4086:Further information: 4072:Victory in Europe Day 4040:Warm Springs, Georgia 4025:Warm Springs, Georgia 4005: 3927: 3856:Second Bill of Rights 3837: 3712: 3672:Casablanca Conference 3398:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3352: 3244: 3229:declared war on Japan 3107:invasion of Manchuria 3091: 2986: 2936: 2888:Further information: 2849: 2744:and the execution of 2728: 2701: 2626:The rejection of the 2621:Montevideo Convention 2570: 2318:. He also passed the 2239:Judiciary Act of 1869 2138: 2095:Flint sit-down strike 2087:collective bargaining 2076: 2032: 1914: 1897:Roosevelt signed the 1886:Federal Reserve Banks 1882:Emergency Banking Act 1806: 1782: 1712:political realignment 1705: 1620: 1552:In October 1929, the 1493: 1414:Warm Springs, Georgia 1360: 1351:Further information: 1332:presidential election 1286: 1250:battlefield at Verdun 1206:Preparedness Movement 1153: 1054: 968: 900:Groton, Massachusetts 842:James MacGregor Burns 832:. James, a prominent 804:and his second wife, 787: 684:. In 1936, Roosevelt 633:. In 1921, Roosevelt 599:New York State Senate 351:Warm Springs, Georgia 260:New York State Senate 47:Franklin D. Roosevelt 26704:Groton School alumni 26165:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 25571:(Marangal na Pinuno) 25550:Jaime Zobel de Ayala 25444:Dwight D. Eisenhower 25294:Booker T. Washington 25204:Alice Freeman Palmer 25184:William T. G. Morton 25129:James Russell Lowell 24721:The Silence Breakers 24588:The American Soldier 24569:The Whistleblowers: 24427:The Endangered Earth 24209:The Middle Americans 24163:William Westmoreland 24056:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23925:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23604:presidency 1941–1945 23599:presidency 1933–1941 23490:Eleanor and Franklin 23474:Eleanor and Franklin 22527:in the United States 22436:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 22284:National Housing Act 22244:Executive Order 6102 21325:District of Columbia 19998:1984 (San Francisco) 19893:1964 (Atlantic City) 19673:1920 (San Francisco) 18931:Charles W. Fairbanks 18811:Francis P. Blair Jr. 16803:lieutenant governors 16748:Other 1944 elections 16424:Other 1940 elections 15627:Other 1932 elections 15526:William David Upshaw 15222:Other 1920 elections 14978:William Gibbs McAdoo 14548:Harry Hines Woodring 14523:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 14103:Dwight D. Eisenhower 13697:Claire Lee Chennault 13582:Governor of New York 13486:Governor of New York 13175:Eleanor and Franklin 12835:1941 (Four Freedoms) 12781:Arsenal of Democracy 12776:Day of Infamy speech 12702:War Production Board 12197:Governor of New York 11752:. Penguin Group US. 11239:Fink, Jesse (2023). 10686:. December 22, 1981. 10521:The Politics of Hope 10085:10.1257/aer.91.1.272 9844:on February 13, 2010 9606:In Roosevelt History 9564:, pp. 533, 562. 9466:History News Network 9234:Statistical Abstract 8316:Bernard F. Donahoe, 7560:Smithsonian Magazine 7211:10.1257/aer.20130957 5723:19.4 (2008): 732–45. 4452:more modest memorial 4422:Presidential library 4361:William Leuchtenburg 4214:Executive Order 9066 4186:Executive Order 8802 4184:(FEPC) to implement 4113:Mexican Repatriation 4048:Elizabeth Shoumatoff 4042:, while sitting for 3797:smaller revenue bill 3761:Battle of Leyte Gulf 3719:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3680:Battle of Stalingrad 3615:King Farouk of Egypt 3539:, and Soviet leader 3008:Arsenal of Democracy 2908:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 2902:in the White House, 2702:The Roosevelts with 2628:Treaty of Versailles 2597:Spanish–American War 2581:Good Neighbor Policy 2316:forty hours per week 2247:Charles Evans Hughes 2167:of the newly formed 1993:Executive Order 6102 1508:governor of New York 1468:American Peace Award 1433:William Gibbs McAdoo 1240:and prime ministers 1183:William Gibbs McAdoo 1014:, was born in 1916. 692:, the same year the 643:governor of New York 154:Governor of New York 32:FDR (disambiguation) 26313:Ludwig Wittgenstein 26260:John Maynard Keynes 26032:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 25665:Edith Nourse Rogers 25422:(Punong Komandante) 25309:George Westinghouse 25279:Henry David Thoreau 25189:John Lothrop Motley 25164:Albert A. Michelson 25044:Nathaniel Hawthorne 24994:Ralph Waldo Emerson 24979:James Buchanan Eads 24786:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 23770:Persons of the Year 23682:Anna Hall Roosevelt 23670:James Roosevelt III 23401:Roosevelt Institute 23366:Val-Kill Industries 22697:J. E. Hoover (1972) 21503:Stonewall Democrats 20158:2016 (Philadelphia) 19813:1948 (Philadelphia) 19753:1936 (Philadelphia) 19299:Fourth Party System 19289:Second Party System 18831:Thomas A. Hendricks 18801:George H. Pendleton 18791:Herschel V. Johnson 18637:Charles C. Pinckney 16670:America First Party 15731:Incumbent nominee: 15609:William Hope Harvey 14033:William Howard Taft 13953:Rutherford B. Hayes 13213:Hyde Park on Hudson 13159:The Roosevelt Story 13148:I'd Rather Be Right 13137:U.S. Postage stamps 13131:Unfinished portrait 13117:Four Freedoms Award 13057:Roosevelt Institute 12786:"...is fear itself" 12489:Cullen–Harrison Act 12484:G.I. Bill of Rights 12376:Social Security Act 12093:American Experience 12087:The Presidents: FDR 12054:Library of Congress 11638:Riesch Owen, A. L. 11120:. New York: Knopf. 10975:Breitman, Richard; 10827:. Westminster Abbey 10729:. National Archives 10545:, pp. 1126–27. 10523:, Riverside Press, 10419:The Washington Post 10393:on November 2, 2005 9922:The Washington Post 8442:Joseph E. Persico, 8271:, pp. 399–402. 7220:on October 31, 2014 6179:FDR's Deadly Secret 5907:(August 10, 2024). 5193:(October 4, 2016). 4698:Twentieth Amendment 4464:U.S. Postage stamps 4337:greatest presidents 4304:extermination camps 4292:intelligence agent 4137:concentration camps 4029:founding conference 3811:, in charge of the 3785:Revenue Act of 1942 3664:French North Africa 3662:The Allies invaded 3478:Wartime conferences 3334:conspiracy theories 3136:Philippine military 3060:wartime conferences 2966:(starting at 32:02) 2861:William B. Bankhead 2714:, Virginia, on the 2681:Japan invaded China 2677:Spanish Republicans 2632:non-interventionism 2406: 2405:Unemployment rates 2296:Housing Act of 1937 2227:freedom of contract 2055:Social Security Act 1979:was established to 1899:Cullen–Harrison Act 1849:When Roosevelt was 1635:Columbia University 1512:1928 state election 1120:William Howard Taft 943:Columbia Law School 924:The Harvard Crimson 917:fraternity and the 798:Hyde Park, New York 769:historical rankings 688:. He was unable to 493:Columbia University 334:Hyde Park, New York 26433:Emmeline Pankhurst 26352:Lady Diana Spencer 26330:Heroes & icons 26116:Charles E. Merrill 25835:Theodore Roosevelt 25655:Teodoro Locsin Sr. 25625:Benigno Aquino Jr. 25594:Benigno Aquino Jr. 25578:Teodoro Locsin Jr. 25239:Theodore Roosevelt 25179:Samuel F. B. Morse 25039:Alexander Hamilton 24984:Thomas Alva Edison 24894:Henry Ward Beecher 24879:John James Audubon 24351:Ayatollah Khomeini 24016:John Foster Dulles 23706:Theodore Roosevelt 23616:James Roosevelt II 23516:(2014 documentary) 23229:Drafting committee 22897:US Capitol rotunda 22863:Old Senate Chamber 22552:US Capitol rotunda 22274:Glass–Steagall Act 22239:Communications Act 22183:New Deal Coalition 22063:(1986, 1990, 1994) 21943:(1932, 1934, 1936) 21404:Blue Dog Coalition 20078:2000 (Los Angeles) 19933:1972 (Miami Beach) 19873:1960 (Los Angeles) 19653:1916 (Saint Louis) 19607:1904 (Saint Louis) 19594:1900 (Kansas City) 19555:1888 (Saint Louis) 19516:1876 (Saint Louis) 19309:Sixth Party System 19304:Fifth Party System 19294:Third Party System 18961:Joseph T. Robinson 18841:William H. English 18741:Richard M. Johnson 16680:Gerald L. K. Smith 16359:Maynard C. Krueger 15455:James W. Wadsworth 15167:William Wesley Cox 15070:Farmer–Labor Party 14983:A. Mitchell Palmer 14899:Jeter C. Pritchard 14869:Frank Orren Lowden 14745:Secretary of Labor 14602:Postmaster General 14484:Secretary of State 14023:Theodore Roosevelt 13691:November 29, 1943 13607:Democratic nominee 13545:Democratic nominee 13538:Thomas R. Marshall 13444:Political offices 13285:James Roosevelt II 13262: • 13084:Four Freedoms Park 12652:Export Control Act 12575:Modern Oval Office 12523:Jefferson Memorial 12474:Brownlow Committee 12290:New Deal coalition 12080:, October 11, 1999 12044:The New York Times 11948:, Pantheon Books, 11768:Smith, Jean Edward 11149:The Grand Alliance 11144:Churchill, Winston 10851:archweb.cooper.edu 10683:The New York Times 10619:, pp. 624–25. 10557:, pp. 174–75. 10300:, pp. 607–13. 10207:, pp. 114–15. 10131:Beito, p. 180-183. 10108:, pp. 549–53. 10059:, pp. 307–08. 10047:, pp. 162–63. 9827:, pp. 243–52. 9770:Universal Newsreel 9540:, pp. 617–19. 9528:, pp. 618–19. 9516:, pp. 372–74. 9386:, pp. 584–85. 9345:, pp. 223–25. 9333:, pp. 339–42. 9321:, pp. 571–72. 9261:, pp. 221–22. 9199:, pp. 630–31. 9187:, pp. 613–17. 9175:, pp. 596–97. 9163:, pp. 581–82. 9151:, pp. 575–76. 9134:, pp. 573–74. 9122:, pp. 565–67. 9110:, pp. 563–64. 9088:The New York Times 9072:, pp. 584–87. 9060:, pp. 233–34. 9048:, pp. 623–24. 9023:, pp. 214–16. 9011:, pp. 587–88. 8999:, pp. 560–61. 8987:, pp. 557–59. 8975:, pp. 109–10. 8963:, pp. 578–81. 8939:, pp. 678–80. 8902:, pp. 598–99. 8832:, pp. 180–85. 8820:, pp. 545–47. 8796:, pp. 523–39. 8745:, pp. 533–39. 8733:, pp. 531–33. 8721:, pp. 518–30. 8709:, pp. 522–23. 8697:, pp. 516–17. 8685:, pp. 134–46. 8673:, pp. 513–14. 8661:, pp. 510–11. 8649:, pp. 509–10. 8637:, pp. 506–08. 8625:, pp. 141–42. 8589:, pp. 126–28. 8508:Diplomatic History 8483:, pp. 488–90. 8471:, pp. 128–29. 8408:, pp. 476–77. 8396:, pp. 474–75. 8372:, pp. 389–90. 8332:, pp. 408–30. 8295:, pp. 464–66. 8229:, pp. 436–41. 8217:, pp. 503–06. 8205:, pp. 426–29. 8193:, pp. 425–26. 8181:, pp. 166–73. 8169:, pp. 423–24. 8131:, pp. 188–90. 8119:, pp. 146–47. 8083:, pp. 417–18. 8035:, pp. 341–43. 8023:, pp. 203–10. 7992:The New York Times 7944:10.1257/jep.7.2.41 7835:, pp. 170–86. 7719:, pp. 440–41. 7683:, pp. 187–88. 7671:, pp. 408–09. 7659:, pp. 390–91. 7544:, pp. 384–89. 7520:, pp. 379–82. 7454:, pp. 373–75. 7418:, pp. 360–61. 7406:, pp. 371–72. 7394:, pp. 364–66. 7341:, pp. 120–23. 7326:, pp. 463–67. 7289:, pp. 353–56. 7241:, pp. 349–51. 7118:, pp. 331–32. 7094:, pp. 318–23. 7067:, pp. 151–52. 7020:, pp. 147–48. 6930:, pp. 347–48. 6887:, pp. 292–95. 6863:, pp. 290–91. 6851:, pp. 127–49. 6839:, pp. 127–49. 6827:, pp. 183–96. 6815:, pp. 282–84. 6779:, pp. 266–67. 6767:, pp. 276–77. 6685:, pp. 261–63. 6617:, pp. 250–52. 6593:, pp. 243–44. 6581:, pp. 119–20. 6569:, pp. 242–43. 6557:, pp. 240–41. 6545:, pp. 238–39. 6533:, pp. 235–37. 6521:, pp. 230–33. 6509:, pp. 237–38. 6473:, pp. 225–28. 6461:, pp. 223–25. 6425:(1957) pp 200–201. 6375:, pp. 289–91. 6356:, pp. 160–67. 6308:, pp. 255–56. 6296:, pp. 215–19. 6284:, pp. 213–14. 6224:, pp. 195–96. 6082:, pp. 184–85. 6067:, pp. 182–83. 6043:, pp. 175–76. 6031:, pp. 181–82. 6007:, pp. 215–16. 5983:, pp. 177–81. 5971:, pp. 176–77. 5947:, pp. 171–72. 5891:, pp. 139–40. 5855:, pp. 130–32. 5831:, pp. 125–26. 5807:, pp. 57, 60. 5783:, pp. 122–23. 5747:, pp. 113–14. 5735:, pp. 102–06. 5698:, pp. 97–101. 5638:, pp. 205–06. 5587:, pp. 202–03. 5435:The New York Times 5407:, pp. 202–03. 5138:, pp. 18, 20. 5069:The New York Times 4746:Harlan Fiske Stone 4444:Jefferson Memorial 4440:Roosevelt Memorial 4438:-acre (3-hectare) 4259:Harvard University 4210:Roberts Commission 4206:Japanese Americans 4200:Japanese Americans 4108: 4098:Frank O. 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Van Rensselaer 16765: 16764: 16739: 16738: 16730:Darlington Hoopes 16691:Prohibition Party 16646: 16645: 16623:Douglas MacArthur 16557: 16556: 16441: 16440: 16415: 16414: 16320:Prohibition Party 16296: 16295: 16288:Arthur Vandenberg 16246:Charles L. McNary 16207: 16206: 16189:John Nance Garner 16081: 16080: 16056: 16055: 15989:Thomas C. O'Brien 15913:Prohibition Party 15860: 15859: 15852:Frederick Steiwer 15819:Other candidates: 15760: 15759: 15749:Other candidates: 15741:John Nance Garner 15644: 15643: 15618: 15617: 15602:James Renshaw Cox 15576:Verne L. Reynolds 15516:Prohibition Party 15497:William Z. Foster 15463: 15462: 15378: 15377: 15350:William H. Murray 15345:John Nance Garner 15328:John Nance Garner 15239: 15238: 15213: 15212: 15204:Richard C. Barnum 15138:James E. Ferguson 15099:Prohibition Party 15017: 15016: 14998:Edward I. Edwards 14922: 14921: 14909:Howard Sutherland 14839:Warren G. Harding 14762: 14761: 14697:Claude R. Wickard 14635:Claude A. Swanson 14585:Robert H. Jackson 14517:William H. Woodin 14452:John Nance Garner 14394: 14393: 14173:George H. W. Bush 14123:Lyndon B. Johnson 14053:Warren G. Harding 13993:Benjamin Harrison 13973:Chester A. Arthur 13963:James A. Garfield 13823:John Quincy Adams 13773:George Washington 13708: 13707: 13703: 13702: 13694:Succeeded by 13664:Succeeded by 13629:Succeeded by 13598:Herbert H. Lehman 13595:Succeeded by 13558:Succeeded by 13520:Succeeded by 13496:Herbert H. Lehman 13493:Succeeded by 13466:Succeeded by 13434:Succeeded by 13418:John F. Schlosser 13390: 13389: 13367:Harry S. Truman → 13333:Warren Delano Jr. 13309:James Roosevelt I 13291:Elliott Roosevelt 13273:Eleanor Roosevelt 13016:Paralytic illness 12803:Quarantine Speech 12111:Project Gutenberg 11971:Library resources 11955:978-0-394-42813-0 11931:978-0-321-41285-0 11912:978-0-385-35306-9 11893:Ward, Geoffrey C. 11884:978-0-89096-388-3 11863:978-1-4179-8926-3 11841:978-1-4516-9867-1 11783:978-1-4000-6121-1 11759:978-1-101-21778-8 11738:978-0-8131-3079-8 11717:978-0-8147-7991-0 11696:978-0-374-15857-6 11660:978-1-5226-7771-0 11631:978-0-547-17560-7 11610:978-0-671-45495-1 11583:978-0-7006-1012-9 11562:978-0-06-133025-4 11538:978-0-19-517616-2 11517:978-0-393-07459-8 11492:978-0-19-503834-7 11467:978-0-253-35683-3 11444:978-0-19-507822-0 11423:978-0-679-60463-1 11402:978-0-8232-1609-3 11372:978-0-684-80448-4 11348:978-1-939-82403-5 11329:978-1-250-10659-9 11232:978-0-8476-9415-0 11203:978-0-69-818172-4 11181:978-0-19-509732-0 11159:978-0-395-41057-8 11127:978-0-394-48076-3 11071:978-0-15-678870-0 11042:978-0-15-678870-0 11021:978-0-06-208923-6 11014:. HarperCollins. 10990:978-0-674-05026-6 10977:Lichtman, Allan J 10967:978-0-307-27794-7 10942:978-1-58648-282-4 10897:978-0-7432-4600-2 10727:Pieces of History 10582:978-0-8014-8737-8 10555:Leuchtenburg 2015 10530:978-0-691-13475-8 10498:978-0-691-14383-5 10185:Los Angeles Times 10177:(April 7, 2013). 10009:978-0-19-502418-0 9982:978-0-231-11030-3 9896:Los Angeles Times 9876:978-0-8263-3973-7 9825:Leuchtenburg 2015 9811:978-0-671-86920-5 9792:McCullough, David 9343:Leuchtenburg 2015 9259:Leuchtenburg 2015 9058:Leuchtenburg 2015 9021:Leuchtenburg 2015 8923:978-1-59420-435-7 8871:978-0-19-507198-6 8780:978-1-4422-5564-7 8601:, pp. 15–16. 8554:978-0-8229-6187-1 8356:978-0-19-998191-5 8269:Leuchtenburg 1963 8129:Leuchtenburg 2015 8021:Leuchtenburg 1963 7797:978-0-230-10067-1 7705:Leuchtenburg 1963 7681:Leuchtenburg 2015 7636:978-1-57607-201-1 7477:978-0-271-07192-3 7164:Freidel 1952–1973 7152:Freidel 1952–1973 7065:Leuchtenburg 2015 7018:Leuchtenburg 2015 6825:Leuchtenburg 1963 6644:978-0-201-62463-2 6449:, pp. 96–98. 6332:, pp. 87–96. 6320:, pp. 87–88. 5905:O'Brien, Phillips 5879:, pp. 65–66. 5867:, pp. 62–63. 5843:, pp. 59–61. 5674:, pp. 44–46. 5662:, pp. 62–63. 5626:, pp. 57–60. 5614:, pp. 68–69. 5575:, pp. 65–66. 5551:, pp. 60–64. 5539:, pp. 60–62. 5512:, pp. 58–60. 5355:978-0-19-513872-6 5328:, pp. 57–58. 5316:, pp. 77–79. 5304:, pp. 54–55. 5292:, pp. 35–36. 5256:, pp. 38–39. 5150:, pp. 28–29. 4978:, pp. 20–25. 4916:Leuchtenburg 2015 4729:Lyndon B. Johnson 4711:Jean Edward Smith 4513:Engraving of the 4475:Westminster Abbey 4414:home in Hyde Park 4341:Jean Edward Smith 4329:George Washington 4308:Jean Edward Smith 4299:War Refugee Board 4125:Mexican Americans 4064:Springwood estate 3880:Bethesda Hospital 3850:Roosevelt's 1944 3835: 3731:Charles de Gaulle 3652:Course of the war 3560:Tehran Conference 3537:Winston Churchill 3472:Manhattan Project 3298: 3264: 3233:responded in kind 3217:attacked Thailand 3140:Douglas MacArthur 3111:Dutch East Indies 3094:Winston Churchill 3028:freedom from fear 3024:freedom from want 2989:Freedom from Fear 2953: 2831:George Washington 2774:Winston Churchill 2758:Charles Lindbergh 2673:Spanish Civil War 2653:overcome Ethiopia 2603:U.S. forces from 2542: 2541: 2280:Robert H. Jackson 2276:Felix Frankfurter 2235:size of the Court 2043:midterm elections 1912: 1823: 1746:William H. Woodin 1659:John Nance Garner 1556:occurred and the 1554:Wall Street Crash 1473:Henry Cabot Lodge 1408:, he established 1375:Campobello Island 1324:Warren G. Harding 1320:Henry Cabot Lodge 1316:League of Nations 1293:vice presidential 1269:Aviation Division 1105:James A. O'Gorman 1055:Roosevelt in 1912 1032:Marguerite LeHand 988:Campobello Island 976:Eleanor Roosevelt 802:James Roosevelt I 800:, to businessman 655:landslide victory 639:Eleanor Roosevelt 631:Warren G. Harding 621:'s ticket in the 572:initial two terms 557: 556: 530: 441:James Roosevelt I 384:Eleanor Roosevelt 362:Springwood Estate 290:John F. Schlosser 199:Herbert H. Lehman 176:Herbert H. 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Rama 25467:Ferdinand Marcos 25452:Francisco Franco 25434:Hassanal Bolkiah 25429:Emilio Aguinaldo 25414: 25404: 25394: 25387: 25380: 25371: 25370: 25139:Edward MacDowell 25094:Thomas Jefferson 25029:Ulysses S. Grant 24989:Jonathan Edwards 24959:Grover Cleveland 24874:Susan B. Anthony 24835: 24828: 24821: 24812: 24811: 24801: 24793: 24781: 24773: 24761: 24753: 24751: 24724: 24716: 24708: 24700: 24698: 24682: 24674: 24666: 24658: 24650: 24642: 24634: 24626: 24618: 24616: 24599: 24591: 24583: 24581: 24564: 24561:Rudolph Giuliani 24545: 24537: 24529: 24517: 24509: 24501: 24493: 24485: 24483: 24462: 24454: 24446: 24438: 24430: 24422: 24414: 24406: 24398: 24390: 24378: 24370: 24362: 24354: 24346: 24338: 24330: 24311: 24309: 24295:Billie Jean King 24261:American Women: 24256: 24248: 24240: 24228: 24220: 24212: 24204: 24202: 24182: 24174: 24166: 24158: 24150: 24142: 24134: 24126: 24124: 24106:William Shockley 24082:Joshua Lederberg 24078:Donald A. Glaser 24059: 24051: 24043: 24035: 24027: 24019: 24011: 24003: 23995: 23976: 23968: 23960: 23952: 23944: 23936: 23928: 23920: 23912: 23904: 23896: 23888: 23880: 23872: 23860: 23852: 23844: 23836: 23828: 23820: 23812: 23804: 23796: 23788: 23760: 23753: 23746: 23737: 23736: 23646:Curtis Roosevelt 23585:Roosevelt family 23524:(2022 TV series) 23485:(1972 biography) 23477:(1971 biography) 23306:Women in Defense 23236:Human Rights Day 23170: 23163: 23156: 23147: 23146: 23032:US Supreme Court 22949: 22948: 22893: 22892: 22671:MacArthur (1964) 22548: 22547: 22509: 22502: 22495: 22486: 22485: 22456:Robert F. Wagner 22451:Francis Townsend 22178:Great Depression 22157: 22150: 22143: 22134: 22133: 21615: 21608: 21601: 21592: 21591: 21493:Democrats Abroad 21382:Policy Committee 21367: 21366: 21350:Democrats Abroad 20138:2012 (Charlotte) 19633:1912 (Baltimore) 19503:1872 (Baltimore) 19425:1852 (Baltimore) 19412:1848 (Baltimore) 19399:1844 (Baltimore) 19386:1840 (Baltimore) 19373:1835 (Baltimore) 19360:1832 (Baltimore) 19273: 19272:Democratic Party 19264: 19257: 19250: 19241: 19240: 19227: 19226: 19217: 19216: 18951:Charles W. Bryan 18921:James S. Sherman 18861:Allen G. Thurman 18599: 18598: 18584: 18577: 18570: 18561: 18560: 18414:T. Roosevelt Jr. 18369:T. Roosevelt Sr. 18339: 18338: 18140: 18139: 18133: 18132: 18126: 18125: 17962:Dept. of Defense 17705: 17704: 17685: 17678: 17671: 17662: 17661: 17135: 17134: 16792: 16785: 16778: 16769: 16768: 16701:Claude A. Watson 16652: 16651: 16606:Other candidates 16594:Vice President: 16576: 16575: 16564:Republican Party 16537:Other candidates 16525:Vice President: 16506: 16505: 16494:Democratic Party 16468: 16461: 16454: 16445: 16444: 16302: 16301: 16256:Other candidates 16244:Vice President: 16226: 16225: 16214:Republican Party 16177:Other candidates 16167:Henry A. Wallace 16165:Vice President: 16146: 16145: 16134:Democratic Party 16108: 16101: 16094: 16085: 16084: 16018:Emil F. Teichert 15960:George A. Nelson 15931:Claude A. Watson 15866: 15865: 15773: 15772: 15767:Republican Party 15703: 15702: 15697:Democratic Party 15671: 15664: 15657: 15648: 15647: 15469: 15468: 15450:Joseph I. France 15433:Other candidates 15420:Vice President: 15401: 15400: 15385:Republican Party 15338:Other candidates 15326:Vice President: 15308: 15307: 15292:Democratic Party 15266: 15259: 15252: 15243: 15242: 15146:William J. Hough 15109:Aaron S. Watkins 15023: 15022: 14971:Other candidates 14959:Vice President: 14941: 14940: 14929:Democratic Party 14904:Miles Poindexter 14857:Other candidates 14845:Vice President: 14827: 14826: 14815:Republican Party 14789: 14782: 14775: 14766: 14765: 14734:Henry A. Wallace 14691:Henry A. Wallace 14565:Attorney General 14554:Henry L. Stimson 14534:Secretary of War 14477: 14476: 14458:Henry A. Wallace 14421: 14414: 14407: 14398: 14397: 14384: 14383: 14374: 14373: 14013:William McKinley 14003:Grover Cleveland 13983:Grover Cleveland 13943:Ulysses S. Grant 13893:Millard Fillmore 13843:Martin Van Buren 13793:Thomas Jefferson 13748: 13741: 13734: 13725: 13724: 13712: 13711: 13674:Preceded by 13644:Preceded by 13568:Preceded by 13561:Charles W. Bryan 13535:Preceded by 13503:Preceded by 13476:Preceded by 13452:Beekman Winthrop 13449:Preceded by 13416:Preceded by 13406: 13405: 13394: 13393: 13379: 13378: 13360:← Herbert Hoover 13223:2014 documentary 13079:Roosevelt Island 12726:Quebec Agreement 12647:ABCD line (1940) 12590:Executive Orders 12410:Gold Reserve Act 12216: 12208: 12200: 12189: 12164: 12157: 12150: 12141: 12140: 12135:Internet Archive 12127: 12126: 12026:, Washington, DC 11958: 11935: 11916: 11888: 11867: 11845: 11829: 11818: 11787: 11776:. Random House. 11763: 11742: 11721: 11700: 11688: 11674: 11663: 11635: 11613: 11600:FDR: A Biography 11587: 11566: 11542: 11521: 11496: 11477:Kennedy, David M 11471: 11459: 11448: 11427: 11416:. Random House. 11406: 11387: 11376: 11352: 11333: 11273: 11254: 11235: 11207: 11185: 11163: 11139: 11107: 11085: 11075: 11046: 11035:. Easton Press. 11025: 11013: 11001: 10981:FDR and the Jews 10971: 10960:. Anchor Books. 10946: 10922: 10900: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10693: 10687: 10675: 10669: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10601: 10595: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10574: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10182: 10171: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10033: 10032: 10020: 10014: 10013: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9598: 9589: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9401:NIH Medline Plus 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8565: 8559: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8453: 8447: 8440: 8434: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8342: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7955: 7937: 7917: 7908: 7907:(Praeger, 1983). 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7758: 7752: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7597: 7591: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7213:. Archived from 7194: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6992: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6715: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6098: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5455:on March 4, 2010 5445: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5235:on April 6, 2018 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5071:. April 15, 1945 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4867:. United Nations 4861: 4855: 4854: 4841: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4742: 4736: 4721: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4668: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4574: 4558:Air Mail scandal 4550:Sunshine Special 4510: 4499:Grosvenor Square 4494: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4420:and home to his 4290:Polish Home Army 4141:Native Americans 4121:ethnic cleansing 4106: 4103: 4016:prisoners of war 4012:Yalta Conference 3992: 3980: 3910:Election of 1944 3870:Declining health 3836: 3748:Battle of Midway 3704:Italian Campaign 3645:Yalta Conference 3625:Yalta Conference 3611:Haile Selassie I 3603: 3594: 3535:" of Roosevelt, 3518:Yalta Conference 3513: 3501:Cairo Conference 3496: 3438:In August 1939, 3418:William D. Leahy 3300: 3299: 3266: 3265: 3243: 3162: 3153: 3115:French Indochina 3056:Atlantic Charter 3002: 2999: 2955: 2954: 2935: 2920:William D. Leahy 2912:Henry L. Stimson 2811:Election of 1940 2789:Henry L. Stimson 2742:Munich Agreement 2685:Nanking Massacre 2665:Francisco Franco 2649:Benito Mussolini 2407: 2403: 2161:Charles Coughlin 2125:Election of 1936 2051:social insurance 1913: 1830:Inaugural speech 1825: 1824: 1805: 1765:Giuseppe Zangara 1758:Henry A. Wallace 1685:George W. Norris 1168:Josephus Daniels 1166:after Secretary 1124:general election 1061:Democratic Party 904:Endicott Peabody 876: 864: 838:Grover Cleveland 834:Bourbon Democrat 619:Democratic Party 613:. Roosevelt was 605:under President 580:third and fourth 576:Great Depression 532: 531: 509: 462:Roosevelt family 400: 398: 394: 347: 331:January 30, 1882 330: 328: 312:Personal details 298: 286: 277: 262: 247: 239:Beekman Winthrop 235: 216: 195: 183: 164: 142: 130: 109:Henry A. Wallace 92: 81: 57: 43: 42: 21: 26814: 26813: 26809: 26808: 26807: 26805: 26804: 26803: 26599: 26598: 26597: 26587: 26585: 26573: 26563: 26561: 26549: 26539: 26537: 26527: 26525: 26515: 26513: 26503: 26501: 26493: 26491: 26486: 26485: 26480: 26473: 26466: 26461:Andrei Sakharov 26459: 26454:Jackie Robinson 26452: 26445: 26438: 26431: 26424: 26417: 26410: 26403: 26396: 26389: 26378: 26371: 26364: 26357: 26350: 26343: 26336: 26325: 26320:Wright brothers 26318: 26311: 26300: 26293: 26286: 26279: 26272: 26265: 26258: 26251: 26244: 26237: 26230: 26223: 26216: 26209: 26204:Albert Einstein 26202: 26195: 26190:Tim Berners-Lee 26188: 26181: 26170: 26163: 26156: 26149: 26142: 26135: 26128: 26121: 26114: 26107: 26100: 26093: 26086: 26079: 26074:Amadeo Giannini 26072: 26065: 26058: 26051: 26044: 26037: 26030: 26019: 26012: 26007:Igor Stravinsky 26005: 25998: 25991: 25984: 25977: 25970: 25963: 25956: 25949: 25944:Aretha Franklin 25942: 25935: 25928: 25921: 25916:Charlie Chaplin 25914: 25907: 25900: 25893: 25886: 25881:Louis Armstrong 25879: 25868: 25861: 25854: 25847: 25842:Margaret Sanger 25840: 25833: 25826: 25819: 25812: 25805: 25798: 25791: 25784: 25777: 25770: 25763: 25756: 25749: 25742: 25735: 25728: 25717: 25709: 25679: 25674: 25660:Geronima Pecson 25640: 25634: 25613: 25582: 25570: 25564: 25535:Gilbert Teodoro 25527: 25526:Grand Commander 25521: 25448:Leonardo Espina 25439:Chiang Kai-shek 25421: 25420:Chief Commander 25415: 25398: 25368: 25363: 25339:Frances Willard 25274:Sylvanus Thayer 25224:Edgar Allan Poe 25209:Francis Parkman 25119:Abraham Lincoln 25099:John Paul Jones 25019:Josiah W. Gibbs 24934:Andrew Carnegie 24919:Phillips Brooks 24884:George Bancroft 24845: 24839: 24809: 24804: 24796: 24784: 24776: 24764: 24756: 24731:Jamal Khashoggi 24729:The Guardians: 24728: 24727: 24719: 24711: 24703: 24686: 24685: 24677: 24669: 24661: 24655:Mark Zuckerberg 24653: 24645: 24637: 24629: 24621: 24603: 24602: 24594: 24586: 24579:Sherron Watkins 24568: 24567: 24559: 24548: 24540: 24532: 24520: 24512: 24504: 24496: 24488: 24466: 24465: 24457: 24449: 24441: 24433: 24425: 24417: 24409: 24401: 24395:Peter Ueberroth 24393: 24381: 24373: 24365: 24357: 24349: 24341: 24333: 24325: 24314: 24267:Kathleen Byerly 24260: 24259: 24251: 24243: 24233:Henry Kissinger 24231: 24223: 24215: 24207: 24186: 24185: 24177: 24169: 24161: 24153: 24145: 24139:Pope John XXIII 24137: 24131:John F. Kennedy 24129: 24122:Robert Woodward 24118:James Van Allen 24063: 24062: 24054: 24046: 24038: 24030: 24022: 24014: 24008:Konrad Adenauer 24006: 23998: 23990: 23979: 23971: 23963: 23957:Harry S. Truman 23955: 23949:George Marshall 23947: 23941:James F. Byrnes 23939: 23933:Harry S. Truman 23931: 23923: 23917:George Marshall 23915: 23907: 23899: 23891: 23883: 23875: 23865:Chiang Kai-shek 23863: 23855: 23847: 23839: 23833:Hugh S. Johnson 23831: 23823: 23815: 23809:Mohandas Gandhi 23807: 23799: 23793:Walter Chrysler 23791: 23783: 23772: 23764: 23734: 23729: 23718:Bamie Roosevelt 23654:(granddaughter) 23642:(granddaughter) 23579: 23570:Morgenthau Plan 23536: 23389: 23373:Campobello home 23349: 23316: 23246: 23240: 23202: 23179: 23174: 23144: 23139: 23125: 23102: 23098:O'Connor (2023) 23089:Ginsburg (2020, 23066:Blackmun (1999) 23048:Marshall (1993) 23031: 23024: 22934: 22930:Williams (2022) 22920:Sicknick (2021) 22878: 22857: 22839: 22821: 22808:Ginsburg (2020, 22803:Cummings (2019) 22789: 22710:Humphrey (1978) 22644:Pershing (1948) 22613:L'Enfant (1909) 22537: 22528: 22513: 22483: 22478: 22460: 22426:Frances Perkins 22421:Harold L. Ickes 22404: 22390:Social Security 22333:Second New Deal 22328: 22202: 22166: 22161: 22131: 22126: 21885: 21624: 21619: 21589: 21584: 21524: 21476: 21430: 21361: 21354: 21061: 21059: 21052: 20775: 20769: 20662:C. A. Culberson 20608:J. W. Stevenson 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20584: 20471:D. B. Culberson 20356: 20353: 20351: 20346: 20342: 20335: 20227:administrations 20225: 20217: 20038:1992 (New York) 19978:1980 (New York) 19958:1976 (New York) 19693:1924 (New York) 19490:1868 (New York) 19338: 19335: 19333: 19329: 19326: 19322: 19315: 19275: 19271: 19268: 19238: 19233: 19229:Vice presidents 19201: 19200: 19071:Sargent Shriver 19001:John W. Bricker 18721:Francis Granger 18691:Nathaniel Macon 18661:Jared Ingersoll 18617:Thomas Pinckney 18593: 18588: 18558: 18549: 18478: 18333: 18326: 18148: 18141: 18137: 18135: 18134: 18130: 18128: 18127: 18123: 18114: 17956: 17694: 17689: 17659: 17654: 17640: 17630:Stewart-Cousins 17618:Stewart-Cousins 17142: 17136: 17132: 17127: 16809: 16796: 16766: 16761: 16735: 16712:Socialist Party 16706: 16685: 16664: 16642: 16638:Wendell Willkie 16618:Everett Dirksen 16613:Riley A. Bender 16601: 16596:John W. Bricker 16588:Thomas E. Dewey 16567: 16553: 16532: 16497: 16487: 16472: 16442: 16437: 16411: 16393: 16388:Aaron M. Orange 16364: 16341:Socialist Party 16335: 16314: 16292: 16251: 16238:Wendell Willkie 16217: 16203: 16199:Millard Tydings 16172: 16137: 16127: 16112: 16082: 16077: 16052: 16029:Christian Party 16023: 15994: 15965: 15942:Socialist Party 15936: 15923:D. Leigh Colvin 15907: 15884:Communist Party 15878: 15856: 15832:L. J. Dickinson 15789: 15756: 15719: 15690: 15675: 15645: 15640: 15614: 15589: 15560: 15555:James H. Maurer 15537:Socialist Party 15531: 15510: 15487:Communist Party 15481: 15459: 15445:Calvin Coolidge 15428: 15388: 15374: 15333: 15295: 15285: 15270: 15240: 15235: 15209: 15180: 15175:August Gillhaus 15151: 15122: 15117:D. Leigh Colvin 15093: 15064: 15059:Seymour Stedman 15041:Socialist Party 15035: 15013: 14966: 14932: 14918: 14889:Calvin Coolidge 14852: 14847:Calvin Coolidge 14818: 14808: 14793: 14763: 14758: 14753:Frances Perkins 14739: 14716:Daniel C. Roper 14702: 14677: 14672:Harold L. Ickes 14658: 14653:James Forrestal 14621: 14616:Frank C. Walker 14596: 14559: 14528: 14503: 14478: 14474: 14469: 14464:Harry S. Truman 14438: 14425: 14395: 14390: 14362: 14288:F. D. Roosevelt 14240: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14113:John F. Kennedy 14093:Harry S. Truman 14063:Calvin Coolidge 13923:Abraham Lincoln 13903:Franklin Pierce 13763: 13757: 13752: 13717: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13690: 13679: 13669: 13660: 13649: 13634: 13632:Harry S. Truman 13611: 13600: 13585: 13573: 13563: 13552: 13540: 13525: 13523:Harry S. Truman 13516: 13508: 13498: 13489: 13481: 13471: 13469:Gordon Woodbury 13462: 13454: 13439: 13437:James E. Towner 13430: 13427: 13425:New York Senate 13419: 13399: 13391: 13386: 13350: 13327:Isaac Roosevelt 13315:Sara Ann Delano 13261: 13256: 13250: 13246:Other namesakes 13239:2023 miniseries 13231:2022 miniseries 13199:1997 miniseries 13191:1979 miniseries 13030: 13011:Campobello home 12970: 12885: 12849: 12746: 12740: 12606: 12599: 12533:Cannabis policy 12300:Second New Deal 12243:Inaugurations ( 12227: 12219: 12211: 12203: 12192: 12181: 12173: 12168: 12124: 12015: 12014: 12013: 11995: 11994: 11979: 11978: 11974: 11967: 11962: 11956: 11932: 11913: 11885: 11864: 11842: 11784: 11760: 11739: 11718: 11697: 11661: 11632: 11611: 11584: 11563: 11539: 11518: 11493: 11468: 11445: 11424: 11403: 11373: 11349: 11330: 11306:Frank Freidel, 11296:Frank Freidel, 11286:Frank Freidel, 11276:Frank Freidel, 11251: 11233: 11204: 11182: 11160: 11128: 11083: 11072: 11043: 11022: 10991: 10968: 10943: 10919: 10905:Beito, David T. 10898: 10882:Alter, Jonathan 10876: 10870: 10865: 10855: 10853: 10845: 10844: 10840: 10830: 10828: 10823: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10798: 10797: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10732: 10730: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10676: 10672: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10615: 10611: 10602: 10598: 10593: 10589: 10583: 10565: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10531: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10454:10.2307/2657937 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10379: 10378: 10374: 10361: 10360: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10334: 10330: 10320: 10318: 10308: 10304: 10296: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10268: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10172: 10163: 10153: 10151: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10126: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10067: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10043: 10036: 10021: 10017: 10010: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9963: 9959: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9914: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9836: 9835: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9812: 9789: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9696: 9692: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9600: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9477: 9473: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9428:The Independent 9420: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9382: 9378: 9368: 9366: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9317: 9313: 9305: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9159: 9155: 9147: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9080: 9076: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8852: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8781: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8566: 8562: 8544: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8503: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8455:Eric Larrabee, 8454: 8450: 8441: 8437: 8429:Winston Groom, 8428: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8392: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8343: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7935:10.1.1.627.1613 7918: 7911: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7868:10.2307/3985917 7849: 7843: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7744:(2 vol. 1957); 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7598: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7378:Looking forward 7373: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6993: 6970: 6966:, pp. 4–7. 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6716: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6420: 6416: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6205: 6201: 6190: 6186: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268:, pp. 3–6. 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5188: 5184: 5173:"FDR Biography" 5171: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5015: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4906:, pp. 5–6. 4902: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4733:Hubert Humphrey 4722: 4718: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4651: 4634: 4604: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4540:– his bodyguard 4529: 4522: 4511: 4502: 4495: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4333:Abraham Lincoln 4321: 4316: 4247: 4202: 4157: 4104: 4090: 4084: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3970: 3961:John W. Bricker 3953:Thomas E. Dewey 3942:Harry S. Truman 3922: 3914:Main articles: 3912: 3896:angina pectoris 3888:atherosclerosis 3872: 3826: 3821:James F. Byrnes 3793:withholding tax 3780:Great Migration 3775: 3769: 3696:Pietro Badoglio 3660: 3654: 3633:Sakhalin Island 3621: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3553:Operation Torch 3545:Chiang Kai-shek 3525: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3470:to oversee the 3460:nuclear fission 3456:nuclear weapons 3444:Albert Einstein 3436: 3426: 3424:Nuclear program 3347: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3301: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3174:against Germany 3165: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3123:Tripartite Pact 3098:Prince of Wales 3086: 3080: 3000: 2994:Norman Rockwell 2981: 2980: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2916:George Marshall 2892: 2886: 2880: 2841:Wendell Willkie 2819: 2813: 2708:Queen Elizabeth 2641:Neutrality Acts 2589:Monroe Doctrine 2565: 2559: 2402: 2396: 2383:National Forest 2366: 2310:, and required 2272:civil liberties 2268:judicial review 2214: 2200: 2133: 2127: 2027: 2025:Second New Deal 2021: 2005:American Legion 1963:, creating the 1904: 1877: 1871: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1814:Nothing to Fear 1809: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1777: 1754:Harold L. Ickes 1738: 1732: 1643:Walter Lippmann 1615: 1609: 1589:organized crime 1581:Jesse I. Straus 1570:full employment 1524:Frances Perkins 1520:Samuel Rosenman 1516:Albert Ottinger 1488: 1482: 1355: 1349: 1328:Calvin Coolidge 1281: 1191:James W. Gerard 1187:Martin H. Glynn 1164:Navy Department 1148: 1049: 1044: 963: 915:Alpha Delta Phi 911:Harvard College 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 877: 869: 868: 865: 854: 830:his grandfather 806:Sara Ann Delano 782: 777: 767:. Nonetheless, 710:Social Security 668:, building the 549: 548: 547: 546: 545: 543: 533: 525: 522: 497: 471: 450: 402: 390: 386: 368:Political party 349: 345: 332: 326: 324: 323: 322: 302:James E. Towner 296: 284: 278: 273: 263: 258: 251:Gordon Woodbury 245: 233: 217: 212: 193: 181: 165: 160: 146:Harry S. Truman 140: 128: 123: 120: 119:(Jan–Apr. 1945) 118: 117:Harry S. Truman 113: 111: 104: 102: 88: 82: 77: 60: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26812: 26802: 26801: 26796: 26791: 26786: 26781: 26776: 26771: 26766: 26761: 26756: 26751: 26746: 26741: 26736: 26731: 26726: 26721: 26716: 26711: 26706: 26701: 26696: 26691: 26686: 26681: 26676: 26671: 26666: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26636: 26631: 26626: 26621: 26616: 26611: 26596: 26595: 26583: 26571: 26559: 26547: 26535: 26523: 26511: 26488: 26487: 26482: 26481: 26479: 26478: 26471: 26464: 26457: 26450: 26443: 26436: 26429: 26426:Marilyn Monroe 26422: 26415: 26408: 26401: 26398:Kennedy family 26394: 26387: 26384:Tenzing Norgay 26380:Edmund Hillary 26376: 26369: 26362: 26355: 26348: 26341: 26333: 26331: 26327: 26326: 26324: 26323: 26316: 26309: 26298: 26291: 26284: 26277: 26270: 26263: 26256: 26249: 26242: 26235: 26228: 26221: 26214: 26207: 26200: 26193: 26186: 26178: 26176: 26172: 26171: 26169: 26168: 26161: 26154: 26147: 26140: 26133: 26130:Walter Reuther 26126: 26119: 26112: 26109:Louis B. Mayer 26105: 26098: 26095:William Levitt 26091: 26084: 26077: 26070: 26063: 26056: 26049: 26046:Willis Carrier 26042: 26035: 26027: 26025: 26021: 26020: 26018: 26017: 26010: 26003: 25996: 25989: 25982: 25975: 25968: 25961: 25954: 25947: 25940: 25933: 25926: 25919: 25912: 25905: 25898: 25891: 25884: 25876: 25874: 25870: 25869: 25867: 25866: 25859: 25852: 25845: 25838: 25831: 25824: 25817: 25810: 25803: 25800:Nelson Mandela 25796: 25793:Vladimir Lenin 25789: 25782: 25775: 25768: 25761: 25754: 25747: 25744:Mahatma Gandhi 25740: 25733: 25725: 25723: 25719: 25718: 25708: 25707: 25700: 25693: 25685: 25676: 25675: 25673: 25672: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25644: 25642: 25636: 25635: 25633: 25632: 25630:Manny Pacquiao 25627: 25621: 25619: 25615: 25614: 25612: 25611: 25606: 25604:Sotero Cabahug 25601: 25596: 25590: 25588: 25584: 25583: 25581: 25580: 25574: 25572: 25566: 25565: 25563: 25562: 25557: 25552: 25547: 25542: 25537: 25531: 25529: 25523: 25522: 25520: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25507:Lorenzo Tañada 25504: 25502:Achmad Sukarno 25499: 25494: 25489: 25484: 25479: 25474: 25469: 25464: 25459: 25457:José P. Laurel 25454: 25449: 25446: 25441: 25436: 25431: 25425: 25423: 25417: 25416: 25397: 25396: 25389: 25382: 25374: 25365: 25364: 25362: 25361: 25356: 25354:Orville Wright 25351: 25349:Woodrow Wilson 25346: 25344:Roger Williams 25341: 25336: 25331: 25326: 25321: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25304:Daniel Webster 25301: 25296: 25291: 25286: 25281: 25276: 25271: 25269:Gilbert Stuart 25266: 25261: 25256: 25251: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25226: 25221: 25216: 25214:George Peabody 25211: 25206: 25201: 25196: 25191: 25186: 25181: 25176: 25171: 25169:Maria Mitchell 25166: 25161: 25156: 25151: 25146: 25141: 25136: 25131: 25126: 25121: 25116: 25111: 25106: 25101: 25096: 25091: 25086: 25084:Andrew Jackson 25081: 25076: 25071: 25066: 25061: 25056: 25051: 25046: 25041: 25036: 25031: 25026: 25021: 25016: 25011: 25006: 25004:Stephen Foster 25001: 24999:David Farragut 24996: 24991: 24986: 24981: 24976: 24971: 24966: 24961: 24956: 24951: 24946: 24941: 24936: 24931: 24929:Luther Burbank 24926: 24921: 24916: 24914:Louis Brandeis 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24886: 24881: 24876: 24871: 24866: 24861: 24856: 24850: 24847: 24846: 24838: 24837: 24830: 24823: 24815: 24806: 24805: 24803: 24802: 24794: 24782: 24774: 24762: 24758:Greta Thunberg 24754: 24725: 24717: 24709: 24701: 24688:Ebola Fighters 24683: 24675: 24667: 24659: 24651: 24643: 24635: 24631:Vladimir Putin 24627: 24619: 24600: 24596:George W. Bush 24592: 24584: 24571:Cynthia Cooper 24565: 24556: 24554: 24550: 24549: 24547: 24546: 24542:George W. Bush 24538: 24530: 24518: 24510: 24502: 24494: 24486: 24477:Nelson Mandela 24473:F. W. de Klerk 24463: 24455: 24447: 24439: 24431: 24423: 24415: 24411:Corazon Aquino 24407: 24399: 24391: 24379: 24371: 24363: 24355: 24347: 24339: 24331: 24322: 24320: 24316: 24315: 24313: 24312: 24291:Barbara Jordan 24257: 24249: 24241: 24229: 24221: 24213: 24205: 24192:William Anders 24183: 24175: 24167: 24159: 24151: 24143: 24135: 24127: 24114:Charles Townes 24094:Edward Purcell 24070:Charles Draper 24060: 24052: 24044: 24036: 24028: 24024:Harlow Curtice 24020: 24012: 24004: 23996: 23987: 23985: 23981: 23980: 23978: 23977: 23969: 23961: 23953: 23945: 23937: 23929: 23921: 23913: 23905: 23897: 23889: 23881: 23873: 23869:Soong Mei-ling 23861: 23857:Wallis Simpson 23853: 23849:Haile Selassie 23845: 23837: 23829: 23821: 23813: 23805: 23797: 23789: 23780: 23778: 23774: 23773: 23763: 23762: 23755: 23748: 23740: 23731: 23730: 23728: 23727: 23721: 23715: 23709: 23703: 23697: 23691: 23688:Hall Roosevelt 23685: 23679: 23673: 23667: 23661: 23655: 23649: 23643: 23637: 23631: 23625: 23619: 23613: 23607: 23601: 23596: 23589: 23587: 23581: 23580: 23578: 23577: 23572: 23567: 23566: 23565: 23560: 23550: 23544: 23542: 23538: 23537: 23535: 23534: 23526: 23522:The First Lady 23518: 23514:The Roosevelts 23510: 23502: 23494: 23486: 23478: 23470: 23462: 23451: 23443: 23435: 23430: 23425: 23420: 23415: 23410: 23409: 23408: 23397: 23395: 23391: 23390: 23388: 23387: 23382: 23381: 23380: 23370: 23369: 23368: 23357: 23355: 23354:Life and homes 23351: 23350: 23348: 23347: 23342: 23341: 23340: 23330: 23324: 23322: 23318: 23317: 23315: 23314: 23309: 23302: 23297: 23292: 23291: 23290: 23280: 23271: 23266: 23261: 23256: 23250: 23248: 23242: 23241: 23239: 23238: 23233: 23232: 23231: 23221: 23216: 23210: 23208: 23207:United Nations 23204: 23203: 23201: 23200: 23191: 23184: 23181: 23180: 23173: 23172: 23165: 23158: 23150: 23141: 23140: 23134: 23131: 23130: 23127: 23126: 23124: 23123: 23118: 23112: 23110: 23108:Senate Chamber 23104: 23103: 23101: 23100: 23095: 23086: 23084:Stevens (2019) 23081: 23076: 23068: 23063: 23061:Brennan (1997) 23058: 23050: 23045: 23036: 23034: 23026: 23025: 23023: 23022: 23010: 23002: 22994: 22986: 22974: 22966: 22957: 22955: 22946: 22944:Lain in repose 22940: 22939: 22936: 22935: 22933: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22901: 22899: 22890: 22884: 22883: 22880: 22879: 22877: 22876: 22867: 22865: 22859: 22858: 22856: 22855: 22849: 22847: 22841: 22840: 22838: 22837: 22831: 22829: 22823: 22822: 22820: 22819: 22814: 22805: 22799: 22797: 22791: 22790: 22788: 22787: 22782: 22777: 22772: 22760: 22755: 22750: 22738: 22726: 22721: 22712: 22707: 22699: 22694: 22692:Dirksen (1969) 22689: 22681: 22673: 22668: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22633: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22602: 22597: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22577:Stevens (1868) 22574: 22562: 22556: 22554: 22545: 22539: 22538: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22512: 22511: 22504: 22497: 22489: 22480: 22479: 22477: 22476: 22471: 22465: 22462: 22461: 22459: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22446:Herbert Hoover 22443: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22412: 22410: 22406: 22405: 22403: 22402: 22397: 22392: 22387: 22382: 22377: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22336: 22334: 22330: 22329: 22327: 22326: 22321: 22319:Securities Act 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22210: 22208: 22204: 22203: 22201: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22180: 22174: 22172: 22168: 22167: 22160: 22159: 22152: 22145: 22137: 22128: 22127: 22125: 22124: 22114: 22104: 22094: 22084: 22074: 22064: 22054: 22044: 22034: 22024: 22014: 22004: 21994: 21984: 21974: 21964: 21954: 21944: 21934: 21924: 21914: 21904: 21893: 21891: 21887: 21886: 21884: 21883: 21878: 21873: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21833: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21698: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21632: 21630: 21626: 21625: 21618: 21617: 21610: 21603: 21595: 21586: 21585: 21583: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21536: 21534: 21530: 21529: 21526: 21525: 21523: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21511: 21510: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21484: 21482: 21478: 21477: 21475: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21438: 21436: 21432: 21431: 21429: 21428: 21427: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21396: 21391: 21390: 21389: 21384: 21373: 21371: 21364: 21356: 21355: 21353: 21352: 21347: 21345:Virgin Islands 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21320:American Samoa 21317: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21265:South Carolina 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21232: 21230:North Carolina 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21066: 21064: 21054: 21053: 21051: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21011: 21002: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20978: 20973: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20948: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20782: 20780: 20771: 20770: 20768: 20767: 20761: 20755: 20749: 20743: 20737: 20731: 20725: 20719: 20713: 20707: 20701: 20695: 20689: 20683: 20677: 20671: 20665: 20659: 20653: 20647: 20641: 20635: 20629: 20623: 20617: 20611: 20604: 20602: 20586: 20585: 20583: 20582: 20576: 20570: 20564: 20558: 20552: 20546: 20540: 20534: 20528: 20522: 20516: 20510: 20504: 20498: 20492: 20486: 20480: 20474: 20468: 20462: 20456: 20450: 20444: 20438: 20432: 20422: 20416: 20410: 20404: 20398: 20392: 20386: 20380: 20374: 20368: 20361: 20359: 20337: 20336: 20334: 20333: 20327: 20321: 20315: 20309: 20303: 20297: 20291: 20280: 20274: 20268: 20262: 20256: 20250: 20244: 20238: 20231: 20229: 20219: 20218: 20216: 20215: 20214: 20213: 20198:2024 (Chicago) 20195: 20194: 20193: 20175: 20174: 20173: 20155: 20154: 20153: 20135: 20134: 20133: 20115: 20114: 20113: 20095: 20094: 20093: 20075: 20074: 20073: 20058:1996 (Chicago) 20055: 20054: 20053: 20035: 20034: 20033: 20018:1988 (Atlanta) 20015: 20014: 20013: 19995: 19994: 19993: 19975: 19974: 19973: 19955: 19954: 19953: 19930: 19929: 19928: 19913:1968 (Chicago) 19910: 19909: 19908: 19890: 19889: 19888: 19870: 19869: 19868: 19853:1956 (Chicago) 19850: 19849: 19848: 19833:1952 (Chicago) 19830: 19829: 19828: 19810: 19809: 19808: 19793:1944 (Chicago) 19790: 19789: 19788: 19773:1940 (Chicago) 19770: 19769: 19768: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19733:1932 (Chicago) 19730: 19729: 19728: 19713:1928 (Houston) 19710: 19709: 19708: 19690: 19689: 19688: 19670: 19669: 19668: 19650: 19649: 19648: 19630: 19617: 19604: 19591: 19581:1896 (Chicago) 19578: 19568:1892 (Chicago) 19565: 19552: 19542:1884 (Chicago) 19539: 19526: 19513: 19500: 19487: 19477:1864 (Chicago) 19474: 19448: 19435: 19422: 19409: 19396: 19383: 19370: 19357: 19343: 19341: 19317: 19316: 19314: 19313: 19312: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19280: 19277: 19276: 19267: 19266: 19259: 19252: 19244: 19235: 19234: 19232: 19231: 19221: 19210: 19207: 19206: 19203: 19202: 19199: 19198: 19188: 19178: 19168: 19158: 19148: 19138: 19128: 19118: 19108: 19098: 19091:Walter Mondale 19088: 19078: 19068: 19058: 19048: 19038: 19031:Estes Kefauver 19028: 19018: 19008: 18998: 18988: 18978: 18971:Charles Curtis 18968: 18958: 18948: 18938: 18928: 18918: 18908: 18901:Henry G. Davis 18898: 18888: 18878: 18868: 18858: 18848: 18838: 18828: 18821:B. Gratz Brown 18818: 18808: 18798: 18788: 18778: 18768: 18758: 18748: 18738: 18728: 18718: 18708: 18698: 18688: 18681:Nathan Sanford 18678: 18671:John E. Howard 18668: 18658: 18644: 18634: 18624: 18614: 18607:George Clinton 18603: 18602: 18595: 18594: 18587: 18586: 18579: 18572: 18564: 18555: 18554: 18551: 18550: 18548: 18547: 18546: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18486: 18484: 18480: 18479: 18477: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18345: 18343: 18336: 18328: 18327: 18325: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18153: 18151: 18143: 18142: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17966: 17964: 17958: 17957: 17955: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17713: 17711: 17702: 17696: 17695: 17688: 17687: 17680: 17673: 17665: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17652: 17645: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17638: 17633: 17626: 17621: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17592: 17585: 17578: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17237: 17230: 17225: 17218: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17146: 17144: 17138: 17137: 17130: 17128: 17126: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16817: 16815: 16811: 16810: 16795: 16794: 16787: 16780: 16772: 16763: 16762: 16760: 16759: 16754: 16744: 16741: 16740: 16737: 16736: 16734: 16733: 16725: 16716: 16714: 16708: 16707: 16705: 16704: 16695: 16693: 16687: 16686: 16684: 16683: 16674: 16672: 16666: 16665: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16641: 16640: 16635: 16633:Robert A. Taft 16630: 16628:Harold Stassen 16625: 16620: 16615: 16609: 16607: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16599: 16591: 16582: 16580: 16573: 16559: 16558: 16555: 16554: 16552: 16551: 16546: 16540: 16538: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16530: 16522: 16512: 16510: 16503: 16489: 16488: 16471: 16470: 16463: 16456: 16448: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16420: 16417: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16409: 16401: 16399: 16395: 16394: 16392: 16391: 16383: 16374: 16372: 16366: 16365: 16363: 16362: 16354: 16345: 16343: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16333: 16324: 16322: 16316: 16315: 16298: 16297: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16263:Styles Bridges 16259: 16257: 16253: 16252: 16250: 16249: 16241: 16232: 16230: 16223: 16209: 16208: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16180: 16178: 16174: 16173: 16171: 16170: 16162: 16152: 16150: 16143: 16129: 16128: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16096: 16088: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16075: 16070: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16050: 16042: 16033: 16031: 16025: 16024: 16022: 16021: 16013: 16004: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15992: 15984: 15975: 15973: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15963: 15955: 15946: 15944: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15934: 15926: 15917: 15915: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15897: 15888: 15886: 15880: 15879: 15862: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15827:Stephen A. Day 15824: 15815: 15814: 15806: 15797: 15795: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15787: 15782: 15776: 15770: 15762: 15761: 15758: 15757: 15755: 15754: 15745: 15744: 15736: 15727: 15725: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15717: 15712: 15706: 15700: 15692: 15691: 15674: 15673: 15666: 15659: 15651: 15642: 15641: 15639: 15638: 15633: 15623: 15620: 15619: 15616: 15615: 15613: 15612: 15605: 15597: 15595: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15579: 15570: 15568: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15558: 15550: 15541: 15539: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15529: 15520: 15518: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15508: 15500: 15491: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15465: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15440:John J. Blaine 15436: 15434: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15426: 15422:Charles Curtis 15417: 15413:Herbert Hoover 15407: 15405: 15398: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15362: 15360:Albert Ritchie 15357: 15352: 15347: 15341: 15339: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15331: 15323: 15314: 15312: 15305: 15287: 15286: 15269: 15268: 15261: 15254: 15246: 15237: 15236: 15234: 15233: 15228: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15207: 15199: 15190: 15188: 15182: 15181: 15179: 15178: 15170: 15161: 15159: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15149: 15141: 15132: 15130: 15128:American Party 15124: 15123: 15121: 15120: 15112: 15103: 15101: 15095: 15094: 15092: 15091: 15083: 15074: 15072: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15062: 15054: 15051:Eugene V. Debs 15045: 15043: 15037: 15036: 15019: 15018: 15015: 15014: 15012: 15011: 15009:Robert L. Owen 15006: 15003:Woodrow Wilson 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14974: 14972: 14968: 14967: 14965: 14964: 14956: 14947: 14945: 14938: 14924: 14923: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14916: 14914:Herbert Hoover 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14860: 14858: 14854: 14853: 14851: 14850: 14842: 14833: 14831: 14824: 14810: 14809: 14792: 14791: 14784: 14777: 14769: 14760: 14759: 14757: 14756: 14749: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14737: 14731: 14728:Jesse H. Jones 14725: 14719: 14712: 14710: 14704: 14703: 14701: 14700: 14694: 14687: 14685: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14675: 14668: 14666: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14656: 14650: 14644: 14641:Charles Edison 14638: 14631: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14619: 14613: 14606: 14604: 14598: 14597: 14595: 14594: 14591:Francis Biddle 14588: 14582: 14576: 14569: 14567: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14557: 14551: 14545: 14538: 14536: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14520: 14513: 14511: 14505: 14504: 14502: 14501: 14495: 14488: 14486: 14480: 14479: 14472: 14470: 14468: 14467: 14461: 14455: 14448: 14446: 14444:Vice President 14440: 14439: 14424: 14423: 14416: 14409: 14401: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14388: 14378: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14244: 14242: 14236: 14235: 14231: 14230: 14220: 14210: 14200: 14193:George W. Bush 14190: 14180: 14170: 14160: 14150: 14140: 14130: 14120: 14110: 14100: 14090: 14080: 14073:Herbert Hoover 14070: 14060: 14050: 14043:Woodrow Wilson 14040: 14030: 14020: 14010: 14000: 13990: 13980: 13970: 13960: 13950: 13940: 13933:Andrew Johnson 13930: 13920: 13913:James Buchanan 13910: 13900: 13890: 13883:Zachary Taylor 13880: 13870: 13860: 13850: 13840: 13833:Andrew Jackson 13830: 13820: 13810: 13800: 13790: 13780: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13762:Presidents and 13759: 13758: 13751: 13750: 13743: 13736: 13728: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13706: 13705: 13701: 13700: 13695: 13692: 13680: 13675: 13671: 13670: 13665: 13662: 13650: 13645: 13641: 13640: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13627: 13602: 13601: 13596: 13593: 13574: 13569: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13556: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13531: 13527: 13526: 13521: 13518: 13509: 13506:Herbert Hoover 13504: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13491: 13482: 13477: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13464: 13455: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13432: 13423:Member of the 13420: 13417: 13413: 13412: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13371: 13370: 13363: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13348: 13342: 13336: 13330: 13324: 13323:(half-brother) 13318: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13269: 13267: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13248: 13243: 13242: 13241: 13233: 13229:The First Lady 13225: 13221:The Roosevelts 13217: 13209: 13201: 13193: 13185: 13171: 13163: 13152: 13144: 13142:Roosevelt dime 13139: 13134: 13127: 13119: 13114: 13106: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13049: 13044: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13007: 13006: 12996: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12978: 12976: 12975:Life and homes 12972: 12971: 12969: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12857: 12855: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12805: 12800: 12797:Look to Norway 12793: 12791:Fireside chats 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12750: 12748: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12657:Four Policemen 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12611: 12609: 12607:foreign policy 12601: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12570:March of Dimes 12567: 12562: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12429: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12415:Silver seizure 12412: 12402: 12397: 12396: 12395: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12295:First 100 days 12292: 12287: 12277: 12275:Foreign policy 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12241: 12235: 12233: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12217: 12209: 12201: 12190: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12167: 12166: 12159: 12152: 12144: 12138: 12137: 12128: 12113: 12104: 12097: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12056: 12047: 12036: 12027: 12021: 12012: 12011: 12006: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965:External links 11963: 11961: 11960: 11954: 11940:Wyman, David S 11936: 11930: 11917: 11911: 11889: 11883: 11868: 11862: 11846: 11840: 11819: 11807:10.2307/202828 11788: 11782: 11764: 11758: 11743: 11737: 11722: 11716: 11701: 11695: 11675: 11664: 11659: 11646: 11636: 11630: 11615: 11609: 11591: 11582: 11567: 11561: 11543: 11537: 11522: 11516: 11502:Lash, Joseph P 11498: 11491: 11473: 11466: 11449: 11443: 11428: 11422: 11407: 11401: 11388: 11377: 11371: 11353: 11347: 11341:. EHDP Press. 11334: 11328: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11304: 11294: 11284: 11259:Freidel, Frank 11255: 11249: 11236: 11231: 11218: 11208: 11202: 11189: 11180: 11168:Dallek, Robert 11164: 11158: 11140: 11126: 11108: 11076: 11070: 11062:2027/heb.00626 11047: 11041: 11026: 11020: 11003: 10989: 10972: 10966: 10948: 10941: 10923: 10918:978-1598133561 10917: 10901: 10896: 10877: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10838: 10816: 10791: 10766: 10740: 10713: 10688: 10670: 10657: 10655:, p. 626. 10645: 10633: 10621: 10609: 10596: 10587: 10581: 10559: 10547: 10535: 10529: 10504: 10497: 10479: 10467: 10432: 10404: 10372: 10354: 10328: 10302: 10290: 10262: 10235: 10209: 10197: 10175:Medoff, Rafael 10161: 10133: 10124: 10110: 10098: 10061: 10049: 10034: 10015: 10008: 9988: 9981: 9957: 9942: 9908: 9882: 9875: 9855: 9829: 9817: 9810: 9783: 9755: 9753:, p. 620. 9743: 9718: 9690: 9647: 9619: 9590: 9588:, p. 587. 9578: 9576:, p. 520. 9566: 9554: 9552:, p. 321. 9542: 9530: 9518: 9506: 9471: 9452: 9450:, p. 448. 9440: 9414: 9388: 9376: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9297:, p. 343. 9287: 9285:, p. 333. 9275: 9273:, p. 436. 9263: 9251: 9249:, p. 602. 9239: 9225: 9223:, p. 785. 9213: 9211:, p. 228. 9201: 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9074: 9062: 9050: 9038: 9025: 9013: 9001: 8989: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8951:, p. 580. 8941: 8929: 8922: 8904: 8889: 8887:, p. 546. 8877: 8870: 8846: 8844:, p. 547. 8834: 8822: 8810: 8808:, p. 159. 8798: 8786: 8779: 8759: 8757:, p. 184. 8755:Sainsbury 1994 8747: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8627: 8615: 8613:, p. 502. 8603: 8591: 8579: 8560: 8538: 8536:, p. 119. 8534:Churchill 1977 8526: 8497: 8485: 8473: 8461: 8448: 8435: 8422: 8420:, p. 454. 8410: 8398: 8386: 8384:, p. 472. 8374: 8362: 8355: 8334: 8322: 8309: 8307:, p. 438. 8297: 8285: 8283:, p. 420. 8273: 8261: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8107:, p. 180. 8097: 8095:, p. 256. 8085: 8073: 8071:, p. 255. 8061: 8059:, p. 254. 8049: 8037: 8025: 8013: 7997: 7976: 7957: 7909: 7896: 7837: 7825: 7803: 7796: 7778: 7753: 7733: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7695:, p. 320. 7685: 7673: 7661: 7649: 7635: 7615: 7592: 7572: 7546: 7534: 7532:, p. 312. 7522: 7510: 7499:(4): 1052–80. 7483: 7476: 7456: 7444: 7442:, p. 284. 7432: 7430:, p. 366. 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7367: 7365:, p. 226. 7355: 7353:, p. 350. 7343: 7328: 7316: 7310:Colin Gordon, 7303: 7301:, p. 291. 7291: 7279: 7277:, p. 353. 7267: 7265:, p. 670. 7255: 7243: 7231: 7205:(4): 1100–43. 7180: 7178:, p. 249. 7168: 7156: 7144: 7142:, p. 160. 7132: 7130:, p. 346. 7120: 7108: 7106:, p. 124. 7096: 7084: 7082:, p. 322. 7069: 7057: 7034: 7032:, p. 312. 7022: 7010: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6942:, p. 190. 6932: 6920: 6915:The New Yorker 6901: 6899:, p. 147. 6889: 6877: 6875:, p. 146. 6865: 6853: 6841: 6837:Sternsher 1975 6829: 6817: 6805: 6803:, p. 279. 6793: 6791:, p. 278. 6781: 6769: 6757: 6755:, p. 139. 6745: 6733: 6687: 6675: 6650: 6643: 6619: 6607: 6605:, p. 121. 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6497:, p. 229. 6487: 6485:, p. 101. 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6437:, p. 100. 6427: 6414: 6408:Conrad Black, 6401: 6399:, p. 231. 6389: 6377: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6272:, p. 220. 6262: 6260:, p. 332. 6250: 6248:, p. 120. 6238: 6236:, p. 125. 6226: 6214: 6211:. p. 192. 6199: 6196:. p. 179. 6184: 6169: 6167:, p. 355. 6157: 6084: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6019:, p. 181. 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5957:Underwood 1991 5949: 5937: 5925: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5819:, p. 125. 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5771:, p. 212. 5761: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5514: 5502: 5500:, p. 254. 5490: 5488:, p. 153. 5478: 5476:, p. 340. 5466: 5440: 5421: 5419:, p. 195. 5409: 5397: 5385: 5383:, p. 160. 5373: 5371:, p. 153. 5361: 5354: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5216: 5204: 5182: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5126:, p. 175. 5116: 5094: 5092:, p. 176. 5082: 5056: 5054:, p. 174. 5044: 5032: 5002: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4954:, p. 110. 4944: 4932: 4930:, p. 111. 4920: 4908: 4893: 4878: 4856: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4787: 4777: 4764: 4754: 4737: 4716: 4702: 4689: 4676: 4663: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4483:Welfare Island 4456:March of Dimes 4406:Main article: 4403: 4400: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4274:Final Solution 4246: 4243: 4225:John J. McCloy 4201: 4198: 4156: 4153: 4117:Herbert Hoover 4083: 4080: 4078:in September. 4033:United Nations 3994: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3911: 3908: 3871: 3868: 3809:Jesse H. Jones 3771:Main article: 3768: 3765: 3752:island hopping 3653: 3650: 3608: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3576:United Nations 3568:Dumbarton Oaks 3529:Four Policemen 3515: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3476: 3425: 3422: 3402:Ernest J. King 3346: 3343: 3320: 3302: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3268: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3199:(stationed at 3185:Fumimaro Konoe 3167: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3131:Southeast Asia 3119:British Malaya 3092:Roosevelt and 3079: 3076: 2971: 2957: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2918:, and Admiral 2882:Main article: 2879: 2876: 2836:Western Europe 2815:Main article: 2812: 2809: 2785:Fall of France 2770:cash-and-carry 2766:Neutrality Act 2738:Czechoslovakia 2704:King George VI 2573:Getúlio Vargas 2561:Main article: 2558: 2555: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2395: 2392: 2365: 2362: 2336:capital strike 2332:monopoly power 2253:in July 1937. 2199: 2196: 2129:Main article: 2126: 2123: 2099:General Motors 2023:Main article: 2020: 2017: 1890:first 100 Days 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1863:fireside chats 1837: 1828:Sample of the 1827: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794:Main article: 1791: 1788: 1776: 1773: 1734:Main article: 1731: 1728: 1611:Main article: 1608: 1605: 1543:fireside chats 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1371:1922 elections 1348: 1345: 1309:prohibitionist 1280: 1277: 1273:Herbert Hoover 1265:William Benson 1147: 1144: 1136:1912 elections 1112:Woodrow Wilson 1065:1910 elections 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 962: 959: 878: 871: 870: 866: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 853: 850: 781: 778: 776: 773: 753:United Nations 651:Herbert Hoover 607:Woodrow Wilson 555: 554: 551: 550: 534: 523: 518: 517: 516: 515: 514: 511: 510: 503: 499: 498: 496: 495: 490: 479: 477: 473: 472: 470: 469: 464: 458: 456: 452: 451: 449: 448: 443: 437: 435: 431: 430: 408: 404: 403: 388: 382: 381: 379: 375: 374: 369: 365: 364: 359: 355: 354: 348:(aged 63) 344:April 12, 1945 342: 338: 337: 320: 318: 314: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 270: 269: 257:Member of the 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 227:Woodrow Wilson 224: 220: 219: 209: 208: 202: 201: 196: 190: 189: 184: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 157: 156: 149: 148: 143: 137: 136: 134:Herbert Hoover 131: 125: 124: 122: 121: 116: 114: 107: 105: 98: 95: 93: 90:Vice President 85: 84: 74: 73: 66: 65: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26811: 26800: 26797: 26795: 26792: 26790: 26787: 26785: 26782: 26780: 26777: 26775: 26772: 26770: 26767: 26765: 26762: 26760: 26757: 26755: 26752: 26750: 26747: 26745: 26742: 26740: 26737: 26735: 26732: 26730: 26727: 26725: 26722: 26720: 26717: 26715: 26712: 26710: 26707: 26705: 26702: 26700: 26697: 26695: 26692: 26690: 26687: 26685: 26684:Delano family 26682: 26680: 26677: 26675: 26672: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26620: 26617: 26615: 26612: 26610: 26607: 26606: 26604: 26594: 26593:United States 26584: 26582: 26577: 26572: 26570: 26560: 26558: 26553: 26548: 26546: 26536: 26534: 26524: 26522: 26512: 26510: 26500: 26499: 26496: 26476: 26472: 26469: 26468:Mother Teresa 26465: 26462: 26458: 26455: 26451: 26448: 26444: 26441: 26437: 26434: 26430: 26427: 26423: 26420: 26416: 26413: 26409: 26406: 26402: 26399: 26395: 26392: 26388: 26385: 26381: 26377: 26374: 26370: 26367: 26363: 26360: 26356: 26353: 26349: 26346: 26342: 26339: 26335: 26334: 26332: 26328: 26321: 26317: 26314: 26310: 26307: 26303: 26302:Francis Crick 26299: 26296: 26292: 26289: 26285: 26282: 26278: 26275: 26271: 26268: 26267:Leakey family 26264: 26261: 26257: 26254: 26250: 26247: 26243: 26240: 26236: 26233: 26232:Sigmund Freud 26229: 26226: 26222: 26219: 26215: 26212: 26208: 26205: 26201: 26198: 26197:Rachel Carson 26194: 26191: 26187: 26184: 26183:Leo Baekeland 26180: 26179: 26177: 26173: 26166: 26162: 26159: 26155: 26152: 26148: 26145: 26144:David Sarnoff 26141: 26138: 26134: 26131: 26127: 26124: 26120: 26117: 26113: 26110: 26106: 26103: 26102:Lucky Luciano 26099: 26096: 26092: 26089: 26085: 26082: 26078: 26075: 26071: 26068: 26064: 26061: 26057: 26054: 26050: 26047: 26043: 26040: 26036: 26033: 26029: 26028: 26026: 26022: 26015: 26014:Oprah Winfrey 26011: 26008: 26004: 26001: 25997: 25994: 25993:Frank Sinatra 25990: 25987: 25983: 25980: 25976: 25973: 25972:Pablo Picasso 25969: 25966: 25962: 25959: 25955: 25952: 25951:Martha Graham 25948: 25945: 25941: 25938: 25934: 25931: 25927: 25924: 25920: 25917: 25913: 25910: 25906: 25903: 25902:Marlon Brando 25899: 25896: 25892: 25889: 25885: 25882: 25878: 25877: 25875: 25871: 25864: 25860: 25857: 25853: 25850: 25846: 25843: 25839: 25836: 25832: 25829: 25825: 25822: 25818: 25815: 25814:Ronald Reagan 25811: 25808: 25804: 25801: 25797: 25794: 25790: 25787: 25783: 25780: 25776: 25773: 25769: 25766: 25762: 25759: 25755: 25752: 25748: 25745: 25741: 25738: 25734: 25731: 25727: 25726: 25724: 25720: 25716: 25714: 25706: 25701: 25699: 25694: 25692: 25687: 25686: 25683: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25650: 25649:Escuadrón 201 25646: 25645: 25643: 25641:(Lehiyonaryo) 25637: 25631: 25628: 25626: 25623: 25622: 25620: 25616: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25599:Eulogio Balao 25597: 25595: 25592: 25591: 25589: 25585: 25579: 25576: 25575: 25573: 25569:Grand Officer 25567: 25561: 25558: 25556: 25553: 25551: 25548: 25546: 25543: 25541: 25538: 25536: 25533: 25532: 25530: 25524: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25488: 25485: 25483: 25482:Jesse Robredo 25480: 25478: 25477:Sergio Osmeña 25475: 25473: 25472:Imelda Marcos 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25440: 25437: 25435: 25432: 25430: 25427: 25426: 25424: 25418: 25413: 25408: 25403: 25395: 25390: 25388: 25383: 25381: 25376: 25375: 25372: 25360: 25359:Wilbur Wright 25357: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25345: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25280: 25277: 25275: 25272: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25257: 25255: 25252: 25250: 25247: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25195: 25194:Simon Newcomb 25192: 25190: 25187: 25185: 25182: 25180: 25177: 25175: 25172: 25170: 25167: 25165: 25162: 25160: 25157: 25155: 25154:John Marshall 25152: 25150: 25147: 25145: 25144:James Madison 25142: 25140: 25137: 25135: 25132: 25130: 25127: 25125: 25122: 25120: 25117: 25115: 25114:Robert E. Lee 25112: 25110: 25109:Sidney Lanier 25107: 25105: 25102: 25100: 25097: 25095: 25092: 25090: 25087: 25085: 25082: 25080: 25077: 25075: 25072: 25070: 25067: 25065: 25062: 25060: 25057: 25055: 25054:Patrick Henry 25052: 25050: 25047: 25045: 25042: 25040: 25037: 25035: 25032: 25030: 25027: 25025: 25022: 25020: 25017: 25015: 25014:Robert Fulton 25012: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24995: 24992: 24990: 24987: 24985: 24982: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24970: 24967: 24965: 24962: 24960: 24957: 24955: 24952: 24950: 24947: 24945: 24942: 24940: 24937: 24935: 24932: 24930: 24927: 24925: 24922: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24880: 24877: 24875: 24872: 24870: 24869:Louis Agassiz 24867: 24865: 24862: 24860: 24857: 24855: 24852: 24851: 24848: 24843: 24836: 24831: 24829: 24824: 24822: 24817: 24816: 24813: 24799: 24795: 24791: 24787: 24783: 24779: 24775: 24771: 24770:Kamala Harris 24767: 24763: 24759: 24755: 24750: 24749: 24744: 24740: 24736: 24732: 24726: 24722: 24718: 24714: 24710: 24706: 24705:Angela Merkel 24702: 24697: 24696:Salome Karwah 24693: 24689: 24684: 24680: 24676: 24672: 24668: 24664: 24663:The Protester 24660: 24656: 24652: 24648: 24644: 24640: 24636: 24632: 24628: 24624: 24620: 24615: 24614:Melinda Gates 24611: 24607: 24601: 24597: 24593: 24589: 24585: 24580: 24576: 24575:Coleen Rowley 24572: 24566: 24562: 24558: 24557: 24555: 24551: 24543: 24539: 24535: 24531: 24527: 24523: 24519: 24515: 24511: 24507: 24503: 24499: 24498:Newt Gingrich 24495: 24491: 24487: 24482: 24481:Yitzhak Rabin 24478: 24474: 24470: 24469:Yasser Arafat 24464: 24460: 24456: 24452: 24448: 24444: 24440: 24436: 24432: 24428: 24424: 24420: 24416: 24412: 24408: 24404: 24403:Deng Xiaoping 24400: 24396: 24392: 24388: 24387:Yuri Andropov 24384: 24383:Ronald Reagan 24380: 24376: 24372: 24368: 24364: 24360: 24359:Ronald Reagan 24356: 24352: 24348: 24344: 24343:Deng Xiaoping 24340: 24336: 24332: 24328: 24324: 24323: 24321: 24317: 24308: 24304: 24300: 24296: 24292: 24288: 24284: 24280: 24276: 24272: 24268: 24264: 24258: 24254: 24250: 24246: 24242: 24238: 24237:Richard Nixon 24234: 24230: 24226: 24225:Richard Nixon 24222: 24218: 24214: 24210: 24206: 24201: 24197: 24193: 24189: 24184: 24180: 24176: 24172: 24168: 24164: 24160: 24156: 24152: 24148: 24144: 24140: 24136: 24132: 24128: 24123: 24119: 24115: 24111: 24110:Edward Teller 24107: 24103: 24099: 24095: 24091: 24090:Linus Pauling 24087: 24086:Willard Libby 24083: 24079: 24075: 24071: 24067: 24066:George Beadle 24061: 24057: 24053: 24049: 24045: 24041: 24037: 24033: 24029: 24025: 24021: 24017: 24013: 24009: 24005: 24001: 24000:Elizabeth II 23997: 23993: 23989: 23988: 23986: 23982: 23974: 23970: 23966: 23962: 23958: 23954: 23950: 23946: 23942: 23938: 23934: 23930: 23926: 23922: 23918: 23914: 23910: 23909:Joseph Stalin 23906: 23902: 23898: 23894: 23890: 23886: 23885:Joseph Stalin 23882: 23878: 23874: 23870: 23866: 23862: 23858: 23854: 23850: 23846: 23842: 23838: 23834: 23830: 23826: 23822: 23818: 23814: 23810: 23806: 23802: 23801:Owen D. Young 23798: 23794: 23790: 23786: 23782: 23781: 23779: 23775: 23771: 23769: 23761: 23756: 23754: 23749: 23747: 23742: 23741: 23738: 23725: 23722: 23719: 23716: 23713: 23710: 23707: 23704: 23702:(grandmother) 23701: 23698: 23696:(grandfather) 23695: 23692: 23689: 23686: 23683: 23680: 23677: 23674: 23671: 23668: 23665: 23662: 23659: 23656: 23653: 23650: 23647: 23644: 23641: 23638: 23635: 23632: 23629: 23626: 23623: 23620: 23617: 23614: 23611: 23608: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23594: 23591: 23590: 23588: 23586: 23582: 23576: 23575:Lorena Hickok 23573: 23571: 23568: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23555: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23545: 23543: 23539: 23533: 23531: 23527: 23525: 23523: 23519: 23517: 23515: 23511: 23509: 23507: 23503: 23501: 23499: 23495: 23493: 23491: 23487: 23484: 23483: 23479: 23476: 23475: 23471: 23469: 23467: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23452: 23450: 23448: 23444: 23442: 23441: 23436: 23434: 23431: 23429: 23426: 23424: 23421: 23419: 23416: 23414: 23411: 23407: 23404: 23403: 23402: 23399: 23398: 23396: 23392: 23386: 23383: 23379: 23376: 23375: 23374: 23371: 23367: 23364: 23363: 23362: 23359: 23358: 23356: 23352: 23346: 23343: 23339: 23336: 23335: 23334: 23331: 23329: 23326: 23325: 23323: 23319: 23313: 23312:Freedom House 23310: 23308: 23307: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23295:Black Cabinet 23293: 23289: 23286: 23285: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23251: 23249: 23245:First Lady of 23243: 23237: 23234: 23230: 23227: 23226: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23212: 23211: 23209: 23205: 23198: 23195: 23192: 23189: 23186: 23185: 23182: 23178: 23171: 23166: 23164: 23159: 23157: 23152: 23151: 23148: 23137: 23132: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23113: 23111: 23109: 23105: 23099: 23096: 23093: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23079:Scalia (2016) 23077: 23075: 23073: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23055: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23044: 23042: 23038: 23037: 23035: 23033: 23027: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23011: 23009: 23007: 23003: 23001: 22999: 22995: 22993: 22991: 22987: 22984: 22981: 22979: 22975: 22973: 22971: 22967: 22965: 22963: 22959: 22958: 22956: 22954: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22941: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22915:Graham (2018) 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22902: 22900: 22898: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22888:Lain in honor 22885: 22875: 22873: 22869: 22868: 22866: 22864: 22860: 22854: 22851: 22850: 22848: 22846: 22842: 22836: 22835:Hooper (1875) 22833: 22832: 22830: 22828: 22827:House Chamber 22824: 22818: 22815: 22812: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22800: 22798: 22796: 22792: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22770: 22767: 22765: 22761: 22759: 22758:McCain (2018) 22756: 22754: 22753:Inouye (2012) 22751: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22739: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22727: 22725: 22724:Pepper (1989) 22722: 22720: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22704: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22686: 22682: 22680: 22678: 22674: 22672: 22669: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22638: 22634: 22632: 22630: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22607: 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22594: 22590: 22588: 22587:Wilson (1875) 22585: 22583: 22582:Sumner (1874) 22580: 22578: 22575: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22557: 22555: 22553: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22543:Lain in state 22540: 22536: 22531: 22526: 22522: 22518: 22517:lain in state 22510: 22505: 22503: 22498: 22496: 22491: 22490: 22487: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22466: 22463: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22431:Harry Hopkins 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22417: 22414: 22413: 22411: 22407: 22401: 22398: 22396: 22393: 22391: 22388: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22375: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22337: 22335: 22331: 22325: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22220: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22211: 22209: 22205: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22175: 22173: 22169: 22165: 22158: 22153: 22151: 22146: 22144: 22139: 22138: 22135: 22122: 22118: 22115: 22112: 22108: 22105: 22102: 22098: 22095: 22092: 22088: 22085: 22082: 22078: 22075: 22072: 22068: 22065: 22062: 22058: 22055: 22052: 22048: 22045: 22042: 22038: 22035: 22032: 22028: 22025: 22022: 22018: 22015: 22012: 22008: 22005: 22002: 21998: 21995: 21992: 21988: 21985: 21982: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21968: 21965: 21962: 21958: 21955: 21952: 21948: 21945: 21942: 21938: 21935: 21932: 21928: 21925: 21922: 21918: 21915: 21912: 21908: 21905: 21902: 21898: 21895: 21894: 21892: 21888: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21832: 21829: 21827: 21824: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21633: 21631: 21627: 21623: 21616: 21611: 21609: 21604: 21602: 21597: 21596: 21593: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21555:Superdelegate 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21537: 21535: 21531: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21509: 21506: 21505: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21485: 21483: 21479: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21439: 21437: 21433: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21401: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21379: 21378: 21377:Senate Caucus 21375: 21374: 21372: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21357: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21305:West Virginia 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21210:New Hampshire 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21170:Massachusetts 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21067: 21065: 21063: 21055: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20972: 20969: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20783: 20781: 20779: 20772: 20765: 20762: 20759: 20756: 20753: 20750: 20747: 20744: 20741: 20738: 20735: 20732: 20729: 20726: 20723: 20720: 20717: 20714: 20711: 20708: 20705: 20702: 20699: 20696: 20693: 20690: 20687: 20684: 20681: 20678: 20675: 20672: 20669: 20666: 20663: 20660: 20657: 20654: 20651: 20648: 20645: 20642: 20639: 20636: 20633: 20630: 20627: 20624: 20621: 20618: 20615: 20612: 20609: 20606: 20605: 20603: 20601: 20593: 20587: 20580: 20577: 20574: 20571: 20568: 20565: 20562: 20559: 20556: 20553: 20550: 20547: 20544: 20541: 20538: 20535: 20532: 20529: 20526: 20523: 20520: 20517: 20514: 20511: 20508: 20505: 20502: 20499: 20496: 20493: 20490: 20487: 20484: 20481: 20478: 20475: 20472: 20469: 20466: 20463: 20460: 20457: 20454: 20451: 20448: 20445: 20442: 20439: 20436: 20433: 20430: 20426: 20423: 20420: 20417: 20414: 20411: 20408: 20405: 20402: 20399: 20396: 20393: 20390: 20387: 20384: 20381: 20378: 20375: 20372: 20369: 20366: 20363: 20362: 20360: 20358: 20349: 20344: 20338: 20331: 20328: 20325: 20322: 20319: 20316: 20313: 20310: 20307: 20306:L. B. Johnson 20304: 20301: 20298: 20295: 20292: 20289: 20285: 20281: 20278: 20275: 20272: 20269: 20266: 20263: 20260: 20257: 20254: 20251: 20248: 20245: 20242: 20239: 20236: 20233: 20232: 20230: 20228: 20224: 20220: 20212: 20209: 20208: 20207: 20203: 20199: 20196: 20192: 20189: 20188: 20187: 20183: 20179: 20176: 20172: 20169: 20168: 20167: 20163: 20159: 20156: 20152: 20149: 20148: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20136: 20132: 20129: 20128: 20127: 20123: 20119: 20118:2008 (Denver) 20116: 20112: 20109: 20108: 20107: 20103: 20099: 20098:2004 (Boston) 20096: 20092: 20089: 20088: 20087: 20083: 20079: 20076: 20072: 20069: 20068: 20067: 20063: 20059: 20056: 20052: 20049: 20048: 20047: 20043: 20039: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20028: 20027: 20023: 20019: 20016: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20007: 20003: 19999: 19996: 19992: 19989: 19988: 19987: 19983: 19979: 19976: 19972: 19969: 19968: 19967: 19963: 19959: 19956: 19952: 19949: 19948: 19946: 19942: 19938: 19934: 19931: 19927: 19924: 19923: 19922: 19918: 19914: 19911: 19907: 19904: 19903: 19902: 19898: 19894: 19891: 19887: 19884: 19883: 19882: 19878: 19874: 19871: 19867: 19864: 19863: 19862: 19858: 19854: 19851: 19847: 19844: 19843: 19842: 19838: 19834: 19831: 19827: 19824: 19823: 19822: 19818: 19814: 19811: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19802: 19798: 19794: 19791: 19787: 19784: 19783: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19771: 19767: 19764: 19763: 19762: 19758: 19754: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19731: 19727: 19724: 19723: 19722: 19718: 19714: 19711: 19707: 19704: 19703: 19702: 19698: 19694: 19691: 19687: 19684: 19683: 19682: 19678: 19674: 19671: 19667: 19664: 19663: 19662: 19658: 19654: 19651: 19647: 19644: 19643: 19642: 19638: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19625: 19621: 19620:1908 (Denver) 19618: 19616: 19612: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19599: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19586: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19573: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19560: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19534: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19521: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19508: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19495: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19482: 19478: 19475: 19472: 19468: 19464: 19460: 19456: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19443: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19430: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19417: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19404: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19391: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19378: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19352: 19348: 19345: 19344: 19342: 19340: 19331: 19324: 19318: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19286: 19285: 19282: 19281: 19278: 19274: 19265: 19260: 19258: 19253: 19251: 19246: 19245: 19242: 19230: 19222: 19220: 19212: 19211: 19208: 19196: 19192: 19189: 19186: 19182: 19179: 19176: 19172: 19169: 19166: 19162: 19159: 19156: 19152: 19149: 19146: 19142: 19141:Joe Lieberman 19139: 19136: 19132: 19129: 19126: 19122: 19119: 19116: 19112: 19111:Lloyd Bentsen 19109: 19106: 19102: 19099: 19096: 19092: 19089: 19086: 19082: 19079: 19076: 19072: 19069: 19066: 19062: 19061:Edmund Muskie 19059: 19056: 19052: 19049: 19046: 19042: 19039: 19036: 19032: 19029: 19026: 19022: 19021:John Sparkman 19019: 19016: 19012: 19009: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18996: 18992: 18989: 18986: 18982: 18979: 18976: 18972: 18969: 18966: 18962: 18959: 18956: 18952: 18949: 18946: 18942: 18939: 18936: 18932: 18929: 18926: 18922: 18919: 18916: 18912: 18909: 18906: 18902: 18899: 18896: 18892: 18889: 18886: 18882: 18881:Arthur Sewall 18879: 18876: 18872: 18871:Whitelaw Reid 18869: 18866: 18862: 18859: 18856: 18852: 18851:John A. Logan 18849: 18846: 18842: 18839: 18836: 18832: 18829: 18826: 18822: 18819: 18816: 18812: 18809: 18806: 18802: 18799: 18796: 18792: 18789: 18786: 18782: 18779: 18776: 18772: 18769: 18766: 18762: 18759: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18746: 18742: 18739: 18736: 18732: 18729: 18726: 18722: 18719: 18716: 18712: 18711:John Sergeant 18709: 18706: 18702: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18676: 18672: 18669: 18666: 18662: 18659: 18656: 18652: 18648: 18645: 18642: 18638: 18635: 18632: 18628: 18625: 18622: 18618: 18615: 18612: 18608: 18605: 18604: 18600: 18596: 18592: 18585: 18580: 18578: 18573: 18571: 18566: 18565: 18562: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18515: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18487: 18485: 18481: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18329: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18152: 18150: 18144: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17967: 17965: 17963: 17959: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17737:Crowninshield 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17710: 17709:Cabinet-level 17706: 17703: 17701: 17697: 17693: 17686: 17681: 17679: 17674: 17672: 17667: 17666: 17663: 17650: 17647: 17646: 17643: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17631: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17619: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17597: 17593: 17591: 17590: 17586: 17584: 17583: 17579: 17577: 17576: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17549: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17527: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17510: 17506: 17504: 17503: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17481: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17444: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17422: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17405: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17388: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17351: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17274: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17247:E. Livingston 17245: 17243: 17242: 17238: 17236: 17235: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17223: 17219: 17217: 17216: 17215:P. Livingston 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17189: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17150:Van Cortlandt 17148: 17147: 17145: 17139: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16848: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16818: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16793: 16788: 16786: 16781: 16779: 16774: 16773: 16770: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16742: 16732: 16731: 16726: 16724: 16723: 16722:Norman Thomas 16718: 16717: 16715: 16713: 16709: 16703: 16702: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16692: 16688: 16682: 16681: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16662: 16658: 16653: 16649: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16604: 16598: 16597: 16592: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16577: 16574: 16571: 16566: 16565: 16560: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16544:Harry F. Byrd 16542: 16541: 16539: 16535: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16520: 16519: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16507: 16504: 16501: 16496: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16469: 16464: 16462: 16457: 16455: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16418: 16408: 16407: 16403: 16402: 16400: 16396: 16390: 16389: 16384: 16382: 16381: 16380:John W. Aiken 16376: 16375: 16373: 16371: 16367: 16361: 16360: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16351:Norman Thomas 16347: 16346: 16344: 16342: 16338: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16325: 16323: 16321: 16317: 16312: 16308: 16303: 16299: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16273:Frank Gannett 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16254: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16240: 16239: 16234: 16233: 16231: 16227: 16224: 16221: 16216: 16215: 16210: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16175: 16169: 16168: 16163: 16160: 16159: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16144: 16141: 16136: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16109: 16104: 16102: 16097: 16095: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16059: 16049: 16048: 16043: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16034: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16020: 16019: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16010:John W. Aiken 16006: 16005: 16003: 16001: 15997: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15983: 15982: 15981:William Lemke 15977: 15976: 15974: 15972: 15968: 15962: 15961: 15956: 15954: 15953: 15952:Norman Thomas 15948: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15939: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15925: 15924: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15904: 15903: 15902:James W. Ford 15898: 15896: 15895: 15890: 15889: 15887: 15885: 15881: 15876: 15872: 15867: 15863: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15822:William Borah 15820: 15817: 15816: 15813: 15812: 15807: 15805: 15804: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15777: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15768: 15763: 15753: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15737: 15735: 15734: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15722: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15707: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15684: 15680: 15672: 15667: 15665: 15660: 15658: 15653: 15652: 15649: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15628: 15625: 15624: 15621: 15611: 15610: 15606: 15604: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15585: 15584:John W. Aiken 15580: 15578: 15577: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15567: 15563: 15557: 15556: 15551: 15549: 15548: 15547:Norman Thomas 15543: 15542: 15540: 15538: 15534: 15528: 15527: 15522: 15521: 15519: 15517: 15513: 15507: 15506: 15505:James W. Ford 15501: 15499: 15498: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15488: 15484: 15479: 15475: 15470: 15466: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15431: 15424: 15423: 15418: 15415: 15414: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15402: 15399: 15396: 15392: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15355:James A. Reed 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15336: 15330: 15329: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15309: 15306: 15303: 15299: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15267: 15262: 15260: 15255: 15253: 15248: 15247: 15244: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15223: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15206: 15205: 15200: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15187: 15183: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15169: 15168: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15148: 15147: 15142: 15140: 15139: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15129: 15125: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15100: 15096: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15071: 15067: 15061: 15060: 15055: 15053: 15052: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15033: 15029: 15024: 15020: 15010: 15007: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14993:John W. Davis 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14969: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14948: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14931: 14930: 14925: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14874:Hiram Johnson 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14855: 14849: 14848: 14843: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14828: 14825: 14822: 14817: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14790: 14785: 14783: 14778: 14776: 14771: 14770: 14767: 14754: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14746: 14742: 14735: 14732: 14729: 14726: 14723: 14722:Harry Hopkins 14720: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14686: 14684: 14680: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14665: 14661: 14654: 14651: 14648: 14645: 14642: 14639: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14628: 14624: 14617: 14614: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14592: 14589: 14586: 14583: 14580: 14577: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14555: 14552: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14535: 14531: 14524: 14521: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14506: 14499: 14496: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14485: 14481: 14465: 14462: 14459: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14445: 14441: 14436: 14433: 14429: 14422: 14417: 14415: 14410: 14408: 14403: 14402: 14399: 14387: 14379: 14377: 14369: 14368: 14365: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14333:G. H. W. Bush 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14308:L. B. Johnson 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14237: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14208: 14204: 14201: 14198: 14194: 14191: 14188: 14184: 14181: 14178: 14174: 14171: 14168: 14164: 14163:Ronald Reagan 14161: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14138: 14134: 14133:Richard Nixon 14131: 14128: 14124: 14121: 14118: 14114: 14111: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14084: 14081: 14078: 14074: 14071: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14058: 14054: 14051: 14048: 14044: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14028: 14024: 14021: 14018: 14014: 14011: 14008: 14004: 14001: 13998: 13994: 13991: 13988: 13984: 13981: 13978: 13974: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13961: 13958: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13944: 13941: 13938: 13934: 13931: 13928: 13924: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13898: 13894: 13891: 13888: 13884: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13873:James K. Polk 13871: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13858: 13854: 13851: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13834: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13818: 13814: 13811: 13808: 13804: 13803:James Madison 13801: 13798: 13794: 13791: 13788: 13784: 13781: 13778: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13766: 13760: 13756: 13749: 13744: 13742: 13737: 13735: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13720: 13713: 13698: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13678: 13672: 13668: 13667:John L. Lewis 13661:May 28, 1923 13659: 13658: 13657: 13648: 13642: 13637: 13633: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13608: 13603: 13599: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13583: 13579: 13572: 13566: 13562: 13555: 13551: 13550: 13546: 13539: 13533: 13528: 13524: 13515: 13514: 13507: 13501: 13497: 13488: 13487: 13480: 13474: 13470: 13461: 13460: 13453: 13447: 13442: 13438: 13429: 13426: 13414: 13411: 13407: 13402: 13395: 13383: 13382: 13373: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13364: 13362: 13361: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13346: 13343: 13340: 13337: 13335:(grandfather) 13334: 13331: 13329:(grandfather) 13328: 13325: 13322: 13319: 13316: 13313: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13260: 13253: 13247: 13244: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13210: 13208: 13206: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13192: 13190: 13186: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13176: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13162: 13160: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13128: 13126: 13124: 13123:Four Freedoms 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13005: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12987:Groton School 12985: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12892: 12888: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12876:Business Plot 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12810: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12771: 12770:Four Freedoms 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12743: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12565:"Brain Trust" 12563: 12561: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12543:Supreme Court 12541: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12513:Black Cabinet 12511: 12507: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12499:Four Freedoms 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12423: 12420: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12226: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12179: 12176: 12172: 12165: 12160: 12158: 12153: 12151: 12146: 12145: 12142: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12121: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12102: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11957: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11923: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11801:(1): 127–49. 11800: 11796: 11795: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11723: 11719: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11702: 11698: 11692: 11687: 11686: 11680: 11679:Rowley, Hazel 11676: 11672: 11671: 11665: 11662: 11656: 11652: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11601: 11596: 11592: 11590: 11585: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11523: 11519: 11513: 11509: 11508: 11503: 11499: 11494: 11488: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11474: 11469: 11463: 11458: 11457: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11415: 11414: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11384: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11321: 11320: 11314: 11309: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11261:(1952–1973), 11260: 11256: 11252: 11250:9781785305108 11246: 11242: 11237: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11219: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11199: 11195: 11190: 11188: 11183: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11094:(3): 359–86. 11093: 11089: 11082: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11012: 11011: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10952:Brands, H. W. 10949: 10944: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10927:Black, Conrad 10924: 10920: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10856:September 25, 10852: 10848: 10842: 10826: 10820: 10809:September 25, 10805: 10801: 10795: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10728: 10724: 10717: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10667: 10661: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10641:Robinson 2001 10637: 10630: 10625: 10618: 10613: 10606: 10600: 10591: 10584: 10578: 10573: 10572: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10544: 10539: 10532: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10500: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10477:, p. ix. 10476: 10471: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10448:(2): 179–90. 10447: 10443: 10436: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10408: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10376: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10294: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10266: 10251: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10206: 10201: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10128: 10120: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10079:(1): 272–86. 10078: 10074: 10073: 10065: 10058: 10053: 10046: 10045:McJimsey 2000 10041: 10039: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10011: 10005: 10001: 10000: 9992: 9984: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9961: 9953: 9946: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9821: 9813: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9787: 9771: 9767: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9663:(9): 674–78. 9662: 9658: 9657:CNS Spectrums 9651: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9623: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9587: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9522: 9515: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9487:(4): 579–91. 9486: 9482: 9475: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9444: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9385: 9380: 9365: 9361: 9354: 9352: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9315: 9308: 9303: 9296: 9291: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9217: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9193: 9186: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9089: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9066: 9059: 9054: 9047: 9042: 9035: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8962: 8957: 8950: 8945: 8938: 8933: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8894: 8886: 8881: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8858: 8850: 8843: 8838: 8831: 8826: 8819: 8814: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8727: 8720: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8655: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8624: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8535: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8515:(2): 211–32. 8514: 8510: 8509: 8501: 8495:, p. 95. 8494: 8489: 8482: 8477: 8470: 8465: 8458: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8432: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8241:, p. 15. 8240: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8130: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8070: 8065: 8058: 8053: 8047:, p. 18. 8046: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8009: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7986: 7980: 7972: 7971: 7964: 7962: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7906: 7900: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7862:(3): 435–61. 7861: 7857: 7856: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7833:Brinkley 2016 7829: 7813: 7807: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7731:, p. 19. 7730: 7725: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7619: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7589:0-19-511131-1 7586: 7582: 7576: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7388: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7325: 7320: 7314:(1994) p. 225 7313: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7066: 7061: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7014: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6849:Campbell 2006 6845: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6684: 6679: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6421:Selig Adler, 6418: 6411: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6387:, p. 21. 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6188: 6181:. p. 27. 6180: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6107:(4): 232–40. 6106: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6061: 6055:, p. 74. 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5995:, p. 73. 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5959:, p. 11. 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5935:, p. 15. 5934: 5929: 5914: 5913:The Spectator 5910: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5795:, p. 56. 5794: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5759:, p. 52. 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5710:, p. 51. 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5686:, p. 43. 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5650:, p. 49. 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5602:, p. 34. 5601: 5596: 5594: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5563:, p. 65. 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5527:, p. 41. 5526: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5280:, p. 26. 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5214:, p. 28. 5213: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5162:, p. 24. 5161: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5042:, p. 16. 5041: 5036: 5020: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4966:, p. 21. 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4918:, p. 16. 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4860: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4821: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4781: 4774: 4768: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4659: 4646: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4516: 4515:Four Freedoms 4509: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4396:Ronald Reagan 4393: 4392:welfare state 4389: 4385: 4384:individualism 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4335:as the three 4334: 4330: 4326: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286:war criminals 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4264:Rafael Medoff 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245:The Holocaust 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4174:Black Cabinet 4169: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052:Howard Bruenn 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4004: 3991: 3979: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3957:1944 election 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938:Harry F. Byrd 3935: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874:Roosevelt, a 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:Bretton Woods 3561: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549:Eastern front 3546: 3542: 3541:Joseph Stalin 3538: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3512: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468:Leslie Groves 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3387:Allied Powers 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3339:Pacific Fleet 3335: 3328: 3326: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3253: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:Infamy Speech 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:Four Freedoms 3009: 2995: 2992:from painter 2991: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2965: 2964:Four Freedoms 2961: 2945: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:Sumner Welles 2901: 2900:Harry Hopkins 2896: 2891: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2780:in May 1940. 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:William Borah 2759: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2746:Kristallnacht 2743: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651:proceeded to 2650: 2646: 2645:Fascist Italy 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617:protectorates 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:Latin America 2582: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2551: 2550:national debt 2547: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:National Park 2376: 2372: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:court packing 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2218:Supreme Court 2213: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165:William Lemke 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2132: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2053:program. The 2052: 2048: 2047:74th Congress 2044: 2040: 2031: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:Supreme Court 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1831: 1815: 1797: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Hiram Johnson 1686: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Harry Hopkins 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535:hydroelectric 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:1928 election 1497: 1492: 1487: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1437:John W. Davis 1434: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:hyperesthesia 1376: 1372: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185:and Governor 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:typhoid fever 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 967: 958: 956: 955:admiralty law 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 928: 926: 925: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 896:Groton School 893: 889: 875: 863: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 791: 786: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 552: 542: 538: 521: 512: 508: 504: 500: 494: 491: 488: 484: 481: 480: 478: 474: 468: 467:Delano family 465: 463: 460: 459: 457: 453: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 436: 432: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410:6, including 409: 405: 385: 380: 376: 373: 370: 366: 363: 360: 358:Resting place 356: 352: 343: 339: 335: 319: 315: 310: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 276: 271: 267: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 240: 237: 231: 228: 225: 221: 215: 210: 207: 203: 200: 197: 191: 188: 185: 179: 175: 173: 169: 163: 158: 155: 150: 147: 144: 138: 135: 132: 126: 115: 110: 106: 101: 97: 96: 94: 91: 86: 80: 75: 72: 67: 63: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 26391:Helen Keller 26366:Billy Graham 26338:Muhammad Ali 26306:James Watson 26253:Edwin Hubble 26218:Enrico Fermi 26137:Pete Rozelle 26088:Estée Lauder 25986:Bart Simpson 25923:Le Corbusier 25888:Lucille Ball 25827: 25758:Adolf Hitler 25712: 25647: 25491: 25334:Emma Willard 25319:Walt Whitman 25289:Lillian Wald 25259:Joseph Story 25233: 25219:William Penn 25199:Thomas Paine 25174:James Monroe 25069:Mark Hopkins 25049:Joseph Henry 24969:Peter Cooper 24949:Rufus Choate 24904:Daniel Boone 24889:Clara Barton 24798:Taylor Swift 24746: 24713:Donald Trump 24692:Kent Brantly 24679:Pope Francis 24671:Barack Obama 24647:Ben Bernanke 24639:Barack Obama 24553:2001–present 24522:Bill Clinton 24514:Andrew Grove 24459:Bill Clinton 24375:The Computer 24327:Jimmy Carter 24303:Carol Sutton 24271:Alison Cheek 24217:Willy Brandt 24196:Frank Borman 24102:Emilio Segrè 23900: 23877:Adolf Hitler 23840: 23824: 23817:Pierre Laval 23767: 23726:(family dog) 23592: 23529: 23521: 23513: 23505: 23497: 23489: 23480: 23472: 23465: 23454: 23446: 23439: 23321:Other events 23304: 23135: 23071: 23053: 23040: 23013: 23005: 23004: 22997: 22989: 22977: 22969: 22961: 22925:Evans (2021) 22910:Parks (2005) 22871: 22853:Brown (1996) 22817:Young (2022) 22775:Lewis (2020) 22763: 22741: 22729: 22702: 22684: 22676: 22659: 22636: 22628: 22618:Dewey (1917) 22605: 22600:Logan (1886) 22592: 22565: 22515:Individuals 22415: 22113:(2014, 2018) 21993:(1956, 1958) 21933:(1928, 1930) 21926: 21913:(1922, 1924) 21801:Prendergrast 21629:Chairpersons 21394:House Caucus 21270:South Dakota 21260:Rhode Island 21255:Pennsylvania 21235:North Dakota 20365:A. Stevenson 20223:Presidential 19857:Stevenson II 19837:Stevenson II 19796: 19776: 19756: 19736: 19680: 19463:Breckinridge 19446:Breckinridge 19393: 19337:presidential 19328:presidential 19151:John Edwards 18940: 18911:John W. Kern 18701:Richard Rush 18429:H. Roosevelt 18404:F. Roosevelt 18403: 17648: 17628: 17616: 17594: 17587: 17580: 17573: 17546: 17524: 17507: 17500: 17478: 17441: 17419: 17402: 17385: 17348: 17271: 17239: 17232: 17220: 17213: 17186: 17169: 17058:F. Roosevelt 17057: 17023:J. Alden Dix 16998:T. Roosevelt 16953:J. Adams Dix 16845: 16747: 16728:VP nominee: 16727: 16719: 16698: 16677: 16593: 16585: 16562: 16549:James Farley 16527:Harry Truman 16524: 16517: 16515: 16492: 16484:→ 1948 16476:← 1940 16423: 16406:Gracie Allen 16404: 16398:Independents 16386:VP nominee: 16385: 16377: 16357:VP nominee: 16356: 16348: 16330:Roger Babson 16327: 16278:Arthur James 16268:Thomas Dewey 16243: 16235: 16212: 16194:Cordell Hull 16184:James Farley 16164: 16157: 16155: 16132: 16124:→ 1944 16116:← 1936 16064: 16047:Willard Kemp 16045:VP nominee: 16044: 16036: 16016:VP nominee: 16015: 16007: 15987:VP nominee: 15986: 15978: 15958:VP nominee: 15957: 15949: 15929:VP nominee: 15928: 15920: 15900:VP nominee: 15899: 15894:Earl Browder 15891: 15837:Warren Green 15818: 15809:VP nominee: 15808: 15800: 15765: 15748: 15738: 15732: 15730: 15695: 15687:→ 1940 15679:← 1932 15626: 15607: 15600: 15594:Independents 15582:VP nominee: 15581: 15573: 15553:VP nominee: 15552: 15544: 15523: 15503:VP nominee: 15502: 15494: 15419: 15410: 15383: 15325: 15319: 15317: 15290: 15282:→ 1936 15274:← 1928 15221: 15202:VP nominee: 15201: 15193: 15173:VP nominee: 15172: 15164: 15144:VP nominee: 15143: 15135: 15115:VP nominee: 15114: 15106: 15088:Max S. Hayes 15086:VP nominee: 15085: 15077: 15057:VP nominee: 15056: 15048: 14960: 14958: 14953:James M. Cox 14950: 14927: 14864:Leonard Wood 14844: 14836: 14813: 14805:→ 1924 14797:← 1916 14610:James Farley 14579:Frank Murphy 14492:Cordell Hull 14434: 14258:T. Roosevelt 14227:2021–present 14213:Donald Trump 14203:Barack Obama 14183:Bill Clinton 14153:Jimmy Carter 14082: 13813:James Monroe 13764:presidencies 13685: 13682: 13655: 13652: 13647:René Viviani 13605: 13580:nominee for 13576: 13543: 13511: 13484: 13457: 13422: 13374: 13365: 13358: 13347:(family dog) 13341:(family dog) 13236: 13228: 13220: 13212: 13205:Warm Springs 13204: 13196: 13188: 13180: 13174: 13166: 13158: 13150:1937 musical 13147: 13130: 13122: 13110: 13102: 13042:Bibliography 12854:Other events 12745:Presidential 12731:Europe first 12605:Presidential 12580:Official car 12503: 12494:Roerich Pact 12170: 12100: 12091: 12086: 12075: 12042: 11997: 11975: 11944: 11921: 11901: 11873: 11853: 11850:Tully, Grace 11825: 11798: 11792: 11772: 11748: 11727: 11706: 11684: 11669: 11650: 11639: 11620: 11599: 11572: 11551: 11527: 11505: 11481: 11455: 11433: 11412: 11392: 11382: 11361: 11338: 11318: 11307: 11297: 11287: 11277: 11262: 11240: 11222: 11211: 11193: 11171: 11148: 11115: 11112:Caro, Robert 11104:Project Muse 11102:– via 11091: 11087: 11052: 11031: 11009: 10980: 10956: 10931: 10908: 10886: 10854:. 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Cox 1290: 1258: 1234: 1212:by a German 1203: 1176: 1157: 1109: 1097:Tammany Hall 1093: 1058: 1028: 1016: 992: 972: 940: 929: 922: 908: 892:homeschooled 885: 795: 749:Europe first 743:against the 726: 659: 615:James M. Cox 588: 584:World War II 578:, while his 563: 559: 558: 424:Franklin Jr. 346:(1945-04-12) 297:Succeeded by 274: 246:Succeeded by 213: 194:Succeeded by 161: 141:Succeeded by 78: 40: 26619:1945 deaths 26614:1882 births 26419:Harvey Milk 26373:Che Guevara 26295:Alan Turing 26274:Jean Piaget 26151:Juan Trippe 26123:Akio Morita 26053:Walt Disney 26039:Leo Burnett 25965:James Joyce 25937:T. S. Eliot 25909:Coco Chanel 25895:The Beatles 25863:Lech Wałęsa 25765:Ho Chi Minh 25639:Legionnaire 25487:Chino Roces 25324:Eli Whitney 25229:Walter Reed 25149:Horace Mann 24909:Edwin Booth 24864:Jane Addams 24748:The Capital 24745:/ Staff of 24743:Kyaw Soe Oo 24735:Maria Ressa 24367:Lech Wałęsa 24335:Anwar Sadat 24307:Addie Wyatt 24299:Susie Sharp 24287:Carla Hills 24283:Ella Grasso 24275:Jill Conway 24253:King Faisal 24245:John Sirica 24098:Isidor Rabi 24074:John Enders 23500:(1977 film) 23492:(1976 film) 23468:(1965 film) 23457:(1958 play, 23449:(1939 film) 23199:(1933–1945) 23190:(1961–1962) 23116:Byrd (2010) 22785:Reid (2022) 22780:Dole (2021) 22560:Clay (1852) 22409:Individuals 22219:Economy Act 22188:Brain Trust 21971:Corning 2nd 21921:Corning 1st 21786:Fitzpatrick 21435:Fundraising 21340:Puerto Rico 21185:Mississippi 21100:Connecticut 21060:territorial 20760:(2005–2017) 20754:(1995–2005) 20748:(1989–1995) 20742:(1977–1989) 20736:(1961–1977) 20730:(1953–1961) 20724:(1951–1953) 20718:(1949–1951) 20712:(1937–1949) 20706:(1923–1937) 20700:(1920–1923) 20694:(1919–1920) 20688:(1917–1919) 20682:(1913–1917) 20676:(1911–1913) 20670:(1909–1911) 20664:(1907–1909) 20658:(1906–1907) 20652:(1903–1906) 20646:(1899–1903) 20644:J. K. Jones 20640:(1898–1899) 20634:(1890–1898) 20628:(1885–1890) 20622:(1881–1885) 20616:(1877–1881) 20610:(1873–1877) 20590:U.S. Senate 20575:(2003–2023) 20569:(1995–2003) 20563:(1989–1995) 20557:(1987–1989) 20551:(1977–1987) 20545:(1971–1977) 20539:(1962–1971) 20533:(1940–1961) 20527:(1936–1940) 20521:(1935–1936) 20515:(1933–1934) 20509:(1929–1933) 20503:(1923–1929) 20497:(1921–1923) 20491:(1909–1921) 20485:(1903–1909) 20479:(1897–1903) 20473:(1895–1897) 20467:(1891–1895) 20461:(1889–1891) 20455:(1883–1889) 20449:(1876–1881) 20443:(1875–1876) 20437:(1873–1875) 20431:(1869–1871) 20421:(1859–1861) 20415:(1857–1859) 20409:(1855–1857) 20407:G. W. Jones 20403:(1851–1855) 20397:(1849–1851) 20391:(1845–1847) 20385:(1843–1845) 20383:J. W. Jones 20379:(1835–1839) 20373:(1834–1835) 20367:(1827–1834) 20326:(2009–2017) 20320:(1993–2001) 20314:(1977–1981) 20308:(1963–1969) 20302:(1961–1963) 20296:(1945–1953) 20282:Roosevelt ( 20279:(1913–1921) 20267:(1868–1869) 20261:(1857–1861) 20255:(1853–1857) 20249:(1845–1849) 20243:(1837–1841) 20237:(1829–1837) 19602:Stevenson I 19576:Stevenson I 19347:1828 (None) 19323:conventions 19161:Sarah Palin 19011:Earl Warren 18409:G. Woodbury 18334:Secretaries 18297:Livingstone 18149:Secretaries 18105:Braithwaite 17757:L. Woodbury 17700:Secretaries 17309:Floyd-Jones 17083:Rockefeller 16661:independent 16657:Third-party 16586:President: 16521:(incumbent) 16516:President: 16311:independent 16307:Third-party 16283:Robert Taft 16236:President: 16161:(incumbent) 16156:President: 15971:Union Party 15875:independent 15871:Third-party 15847:Earl Warren 15478:independent 15474:Third party 15425:(incumbent) 15416:(incumbent) 15411:President: 15318:President: 15032:independent 15028:Third party 15005:(incumbent) 14951:President: 14837:President: 14755:(1933–1945) 14730:(1940–1945) 14724:(1938–1940) 14718:(1933–1938) 14699:(1940–1945) 14693:(1933–1940) 14674:(1933–1945) 14655:(1944–1945) 14649:(1940–1944) 14643:(1939–1940) 14637:(1933–1939) 14618:(1940–1945) 14612:(1933–1940) 14593:(1941–1945) 14587:(1940–1941) 14581:(1939–1940) 14575:(1933–1939) 14556:(1940–1945) 14550:(1936–1940) 14544:(1933–1936) 14542:George Dern 14525:(1934–1945) 14500:(1944–1945) 14494:(1933–1944) 14460:(1941–1945) 14454:(1933–1941) 14437:(1933–1945) 14143:Gerald Ford 13021:Top Cottage 12999:Adams House 12615:Banana Wars 12215:(1911–1913) 12207:(1913–1920) 12199:(1929–1932) 12188:(1933–1945) 12096:documentary 12059:Appearances 11924:. Longman. 11624:. Cengage. 11595:Morgan, Ted 11555:. Harpers. 10868:Works cited 10759:January 22, 10706:January 19, 10653:Dallek 2017 10617:Dallek 2017 10347:October 13, 10321:October 13, 10057:Dallek 2017 9848:February 7, 9751:Dallek 2017 9736:February 7, 9574:Dallek 1995 9550:Jordan 2011 9526:Dallek 2017 9307:Herman 2012 9221:Brands 2009 9093:October 14, 8937:Brands 2009 8469:Herman 2012 8370:Dallek 2017 8179:Dallek 1995 8152:December 2, 8117:Dallek 1995 8105:Dallek 1995 7748:; also see 7729:Dallek 2017 7608:October 10, 7324:Brands 2009 7263:Norton 2009 7224:October 22, 7176:Dallek 2017 7140:Savage 1991 7104:Hawley 1995 7003:January 29, 6741:Brands 2009 6726:January 28, 6447:Dallek 2017 6342:Morgan 1985 6330:Dallek 2017 6318:Dallek 2017 6246:Rowley 2010 6234:Rowley 2010 5877:Dallek 2017 5865:Dallek 2017 5841:Dallek 2017 5624:Brands 2009 5525:Dallek 2017 5498:Rowley 2010 5459:February 7, 5290:Dallek 2017 5266:Rowley 2010 5254:Dallek 2017 5148:Dallek 2017 5109:December 1, 5025:January 25, 4995:January 25, 4845:"Roosevelt" 4709:Biographer 4576:Pronounced 4448:Tidal Basin 4255:David Wyman 4194:voting bloc 4129:due process 4105: 1947 3613:(left) and 3454:to develop 3440:Leo Szilard 3389:issued the 3127:Axis powers 3096:aboard HMS 3001: 1943 2593:Banana Wars 2371:fire trails 2353:Robert Taft 2304:child labor 2223:Lochner era 2169:Union Party 1851:inaugurated 1651:progressive 1631:brain trust 1305:acclamation 1140:progressive 1019:Lucy Mercer 745:Axis powers 682:Prohibition 611:World War I 446:Sara Delano 285:Preceded by 234:Preceded by 182:Preceded by 129:Preceded by 112:(1941–1945) 103:(1933–1941) 26603:Categories 26557:Liberalism 26440:Rosa Parks 26359:Anne Frank 26281:Jonas Salk 26246:Kurt Gödel 26158:Sam Walton 26067:Bill Gates 26060:Henry Ford 25958:Jim Henson 25807:Mao Zedong 25540:Emilio Yap 25284:Mark Twain 25104:James Kent 25074:Elias Howe 24954:Henry Clay 24854:John Adams 24610:Bill Gates 24534:Jeff Bezos 24451:Ted Turner 24279:Betty Ford 24200:Jim Lovell 23712:presidency 23672:(grandson) 23666:(grandson) 23660:(grandson) 23648:(grandson) 23612:(daughter) 23460:1960 film) 23274:Arthurdale 22685:Eisenhower 22637:W. H. Taft 21997:Morgenthau 21821:Cunningham 21360:Affiliated 21300:Washington 21220:New Mexico 21215:New Jersey 21090:California 20477:Richardson 20341:U.S. House 20265:A. Johnson 20162:H. Clinton 20062:B. Clinton 20042:B. Clinton 19897:L. Johnson 19881:L. Johnson 19459:H. Johnson 19381:R. Johnson 19191:Mike Pence 19121:Dan Quayle 18981:Frank Knox 18731:John Tyler 18647:Rufus King 18627:Aaron Burr 18242:Middendorf 18035:Middendorf 17847:R Thompson 17742:S Thompson 17334:Dorsheimer 17141:Lieutenant 16863:D. Clinton 16853:D. Clinton 16831:G. Clinton 16821:G. Clinton 16663:candidates 16570:Convention 16500:Convention 16313:candidates 16220:Convention 16140:Convention 15877:candidates 15842:Frank Knox 15811:Frank Knox 15803:Alf Landon 15794:Candidates 15780:Convention 15724:Candidates 15710:Convention 15480:candidates 15395:Convention 15302:Convention 15186:Single Tax 15034:candidates 14935:Convention 14821:Convention 14647:Frank Knox 14343:G. W. Bush 14298:Eisenhower 14248:Washington 14239:Presidency 13863:John Tyler 13783:John Adams 13578:Democratic 13517:1933–1945 13490:1929–1932 13463:1913–1920 13431:1911–1913 13281:(daughter) 12949:theme song 12667:Lend-Lease 12239:Transition 12225:Presidency 11897:Burns, Ken 11214:29 (2011) 11196:. Viking. 10629:Wyman 1984 10543:Black 2005 10475:Smith 2007 10298:Smith 2007 10106:Smith 2007 9935:August 12, 9901:August 12, 9731:c-span.org 9633:Daily News 9586:Burns 1970 9562:Burns 1970 9538:Smith 2007 9448:Burns 1970 9384:Smith 2007 9331:Burns 1970 9319:Smith 2007 9295:Burns 1970 9283:Burns 1970 9271:Burns 1970 9209:Burns 1970 9197:Smith 2007 9185:Smith 2007 9173:Smith 2007 9161:Smith 2007 9149:Smith 2007 9132:Smith 2007 9120:Smith 2007 9108:Smith 2007 9046:Smith 2007 9009:Smith 2007 8997:Smith 2007 8985:Smith 2007 8961:Smith 2007 8949:Smith 2007 8900:Smith 2007 8885:Smith 2007 8842:Smith 2007 8830:Burns 1970 8818:Smith 2007 8806:Burns 1970 8794:Smith 2007 8743:Smith 2007 8731:Smith 2007 8719:Smith 2007 8707:Smith 2007 8695:Smith 2007 8683:Burns 1970 8671:Smith 2007 8659:Smith 2007 8647:Smith 2007 8635:Smith 2007 8623:Burns 1970 8611:Smith 2007 8587:Burns 1970 8493:Burns 1970 8481:Smith 2007 8418:Burns 1956 8406:Smith 2007 8394:Smith 2007 8382:Smith 2007 8330:Burns 1956 8305:Burns 1956 8293:Smith 2007 8281:Burns 1956 8227:Smith 2007 8215:Black 2005 8203:Smith 2007 8191:Smith 2007 8167:Smith 2007 8093:Burns 1956 8081:Smith 2007 8069:Burns 1956 8057:Burns 1956 8033:Smith 2007 7717:Smith 2007 7693:Burns 1956 7669:Smith 2007 7657:Smith 2007 7542:Smith 2007 7530:Burns 1956 7518:Smith 2007 7452:Smith 2007 7440:Burns 1956 7428:Smith 2007 7416:Smith 2007 7404:Smith 2007 7392:Smith 2007 7363:Burns 1956 7351:Burns 1956 7339:Fried 2001 7287:Smith 2007 7275:Smith 2007 7239:Smith 2007 7128:Smith 2007 7116:Smith 2007 7092:Smith 2007 7080:Smith 2007 7050:October 9, 7030:Smith 2007 6964:Tobin 2013 6952:Burns 1956 6940:Alter 2006 6928:Burns 1970 6897:Burns 1956 6885:Smith 2007 6873:Burns 1956 6861:Smith 2007 6813:Smith 2007 6801:Smith 2007 6789:Smith 2007 6777:Smith 2007 6765:Smith 2007 6753:Burns 1956 6683:Smith 2007 6615:Smith 2007 6603:Burns 1956 6591:Smith 2007 6579:Burns 1956 6567:Smith 2007 6555:Smith 2007 6543:Smith 2007 6531:Smith 2007 6519:Smith 2007 6507:Smith 2007 6495:Smith 2007 6483:Burns 1956 6471:Smith 2007 6459:Smith 2007 6435:Burns 1956 6397:Smith 2007 6354:Black 2005 6306:Smith 2007 6294:Smith 2007 6282:Smith 2007 6270:Smith 2007 6222:Smith 2007 6165:Alter 2006 6080:Smith 2007 6065:Smith 2007 6053:Burns 1956 6041:Smith 2007 6029:Smith 2007 6017:Smith 2007 5993:Burns 1956 5981:Smith 2007 5969:Smith 2007 5945:Smith 2007 5918:August 10, 5889:Smith 2007 5853:Smith 2007 5829:Smith 2007 5817:Smith 2007 5805:Burns 1956 5793:Burns 1956 5781:Smith 2007 5757:Burns 1956 5745:Smith 2007 5733:Smith 2007 5708:Burns 1956 5696:Smith 2007 5684:Burns 1956 5672:Burns 1956 5660:Black 2005 5648:Burns 1956 5612:Smith 2007 5600:Burns 1956 5573:Smith 2007 5561:Smith 2007 5549:Smith 2007 5537:Smith 2007 5510:Smith 2007 5474:Tully 2005 5381:Smith 2007 5369:Smith 2007 5326:Smith 2007 5314:Burns 1956 5302:Smith 2007 5278:Burns 1956 5212:Burns 1956 5160:Burns 1956 5136:Burns 1956 5040:Burns 1956 4976:Smith 2007 4964:Black 2005 4952:Smith 2007 4940:Burns 1956 4904:Smith 2007 4889:Burns 1956 4762:unemployed 4377:West Coast 4349:liberalism 4294:Jan Karski 4070:dedicated 4044:a portrait 3767:Home front 3656:See also: 3482:See also: 3428:See also: 3414:Hap Arnold 3383:Australian 3325:media help 3219:, British 3213:battleship 3082:See also: 3032:Lend-Lease 2976:media help 2805:destroyers 2793:Frank Knox 2637:Gerald Nye 2398:See also: 2284:Hugo Black 2202:See also: 2150:Alf Landon 1973:securities 1842:media help 1697:Bonus Army 1464:Edward Bok 1337:Louis Howe 1179:Elihu Root 984:Springwood 957:division. 888:conversant 822:Springwood 814:Aspinwalls 810:Roosevelts 790:unbreeched 741:the Allies 627:Republican 372:Democratic 327:1882-01-30 172:Lieutenant 26533:Biography 26405:Bruce Lee 25930:Bob Dylan 25497:Jaime Sin 25134:Mary Lyon 24844:inductees 24778:Elon Musk 24766:Joe Biden 24526:Ken Starr 24319:1976–2000 23984:1951–1975 23777:1927–1950 23690:(brother) 23440:Roosevelt 23072:Rehnquist 23006:Roosevelt 22953:East Room 22744:(2006–07, 22677:H. Hoover 22525:in repose 22441:Huey Long 22198:Criticism 21927:Roosevelt 21826:Baranello 21540:Primaries 21481:Sectional 21310:Wisconsin 21275:Tennessee 21180:Minnesota 21155:Louisiana 21058:State and 21023:McAuliffe 20851:McCormick 20774:Chairs of 20734:Mansfield 20722:McFarland 20698:Underwood 20692:Hitchcock 20656:Blackburn 20620:Pendleton 20537:McCormack 20288:1941–1945 20284:1933–1941 20271:Cleveland 20241:Van Buren 20211:primaries 20191:primaries 20171:primaries 20151:primaries 20131:primaries 20111:primaries 20091:primaries 20086:Lieberman 20071:primaries 20051:primaries 20031:primaries 20011:primaries 19991:primaries 19971:primaries 19951:primaries 19926:primaries 19906:primaries 19886:primaries 19866:primaries 19846:primaries 19826:primaries 19806:primaries 19797:Roosevelt 19786:primaries 19777:Roosevelt 19766:primaries 19757:Roosevelt 19746:primaries 19737:Roosevelt 19726:primaries 19706:primaries 19686:primaries 19681:Roosevelt 19666:primaries 19646:primaries 19572:Cleveland 19559:Cleveland 19550:Hendricks 19546:Cleveland 19524:Hendricks 19485:Pendleton 19481:McClellan 19390:Van Buren 19377:Van Buren 19368:Van Buren 19339:primaries 19181:Tim Kaine 19171:Paul Ryan 19131:Jack Kemp 18514:defunct: 18483:Post–1954 18394:Satterlee 18332:Assistant 18252:Macdonald 18187:Whitehair 18157:Forrestal 17952:Forrestal 17897:Bonaparte 17762:Dickerson 17559:McCaughey 17427:Schoeneck 17284:Patterson 17262:Dickinson 17204:Tallmadge 17143:governors 16973:Cleveland 16873:Van Buren 16814:Governors 16799:Governors 16720:Nominee: 16699:Nominee: 16678:Nominee: 16378:Nominee: 16349:Nominee: 16328:Nominee: 16037:Nominee: 16008:Nominee: 15979:Nominee: 15950:Nominee: 15921:Nominee: 15892:Nominee: 15801:Nominee: 15785:Primaries 15715:Primaries 15574:Nominee: 15545:Nominee: 15524:Nominee: 15495:Nominee: 15391:Primaries 15298:Primaries 15194:Nominee: 15165:Nominee: 15136:Nominee: 15107:Nominee: 15078:Nominee: 15049:Nominee: 14432:President 14241:timelines 14223:Joe Biden 14217:2017–2021 14207:2009–2017 14197:2001–2009 14187:1993–2001 14177:1989–1993 14167:1981–1989 14157:1977–1981 14147:1974–1977 14137:1969–1974 14127:1963–1969 14117:1961–1963 14107:1953–1961 14097:1945–1953 14087:1933–1945 14077:1929–1933 14067:1923–1929 14057:1921–1923 14047:1913–1921 14037:1909–1913 14027:1901–1909 14017:1897–1901 14007:1893–1897 13997:1889–1893 13987:1885–1889 13977:1881–1885 13957:1877–1881 13947:1869–1877 13937:1865–1869 13927:1861–1865 13917:1857–1861 13907:1853–1857 13897:1850–1853 13887:1849–1850 13877:1845–1849 13867:1841–1845 13847:1837–1841 13837:1829–1837 13827:1825–1829 13817:1817–1825 13807:1809–1817 13797:1801–1809 13787:1797–1801 13777:1789–1797 13684:Cover of 13654:Cover of 13259:Roosevelt 13125:paintings 13111:Roosevelt 13004:FDR Suite 12891:Elections 12677:Hull note 12585:Criticism 12052:from the 11271:459748221 10999:812248674 10929:(2005) . 10831:April 16, 10753:USA Today 10515:(2007) , 10283:April 16, 10255:April 16, 10228:April 16, 10190:April 16, 10154:April 16, 9930:0190-8286 9768:(video). 8573:73-600146 8557:pp. 41–54 7930:CiteSeerX 7884:144800756 7818:April 23, 6373:Caro 1974 6121:0967-7720 4928:Lash 1971 4832:Citations 4416:is now a 4402:Memorials 4282:Holocaust 3860:G.I. Bill 3692:armistice 3580:Wilsonian 3533:Big Three 3446:sent the 3345:War plans 3221:Hong Kong 2413:Lebergott 2355:formed a 2192:Civil War 2157:Huey Long 2013:Bonus Act 1997:deflation 1953:antitrust 1892:" of the 1261:armistice 1214:submarine 788:A young, 780:Childhood 761:criticism 595:Roosevelt 502:Signature 476:Education 455:Relatives 275:In office 264:from the 223:President 214:In office 162:In office 152:44th 79:In office 69:32nd 26729:New Deal 26581:Politics 26081:Ray Kroc 25034:Asa Gray 24506:David Ho 23684:(mother) 23678:(father) 23595:(husband 22990:McKinley 22962:Harrison 22606:McKinley 22593:Garfield 22521:in honor 22469:Category 22207:New Deal 22164:New Deal 22107:A. Cuomo 22097:A. Cuomo 22091:Paterson 22057:M. Cuomo 22051:DelBello 22047:M. Cuomo 22041:M. Cuomo 22021:Paterson 22017:Goldberg 22007:O'Connor 21987:Harriman 21866:Paterson 21831:Hennessy 21711:Campbell 21706:Danforth 21701:Hinckley 21676:Faulkner 21651:Richmond 21399:Factions 21370:Congress 21295:Virginia 21245:Oklahoma 21225:New York 21200:Nebraska 21190:Missouri 21175:Michigan 21165:Maryland 21150:Kentucky 21130:Illinois 21105:Delaware 21095:Colorado 21085:Arkansas 21048:Harrison 21009:Grossman 20951:Westwood 20916:Mitchell 20911:McKinney 20896:Hannegan 20856:Cummings 20746:Mitchell 20704:Robinson 20579:Jeffries 20567:Gephardt 20525:Bankhead 20483:Williams 20453:Carlisle 20348:Speakers 20259:Buchanan 19941:Eagleton 19937:McGovern 19917:Humphrey 19901:Humphrey 19861:Kefauver 19841:Sparkman 19721:Robinson 19701:C. Bryan 19697:J. Davis 19661:Marshall 19641:Marshall 19624:W. Bryan 19615:H. Davis 19598:W. Bryan 19585:W. Bryan 19442:Buchanan 19321:National 19081:Bob Dole 18528:Material 18419:Robinson 18399:Winthrop 18389:Newberry 18342:Pre–1954 18312:Davidson 18267:Goodrich 18197:T. Gates 18172:Sullivan 18167:A. Gates 18110:Del Toro 18020:Ignatius 18005:Connally 17995:T. Gates 17985:Anderson 17975:Matthews 17970:Sullivan 17907:Newberry 17862:Chandler 17797:Bancroft 17767:Paulding 17747:Southard 17727:Hamilton 17717:Stoddert 17624:Benjamin 17569:Paterson 17548:Anderson 17542:DelBello 17537:M. Cuomo 17526:Anderson 17371:Woodruff 17350:McCarthy 17329:Robinson 17319:Woodford 17304:Campbell 17267:Gardiner 17234:Stebbins 17118:A. Cuomo 17113:Paterson 17098:M. Cuomo 17078:Harriman 16963:Robinson 16841:Tompkins 16807:New York 16579:Nominees 16509:Nominees 16229:Nominees 16149:Nominees 15404:Nominees 15369:campaign 15365:Al Smith 15311:Nominees 14988:Al Smith 14944:Nominees 14830:Nominees 14376:Category 14278:Coolidge 14253:McKinley 13571:Al Smith 13479:Al Smith 13381:Category 13317:(mother) 13311:(father) 12747:speeches 12285:overview 12280:New Deal 12230:timeline 12120:LibriVox 11942:(1984), 11899:(2014). 11852:(2005). 11770:(2007). 11681:(2010). 11597:(1985), 11549:(1963). 11504:(1971). 11479:(1999). 11359:(1995). 11170:(1995). 11146:(1977). 11114:(1974). 11100:40267912 10979:(2013), 10954:(2009). 10907:(2023). 10884:(2006), 10733:June 19, 10277:Politico 9802:345, 381 9794:(1992). 9705:Politico 9685:44889213 9677:16946692 9433:July 25, 9407:July 25, 9364:Politico 7952:26369842 7888:Archived 7771:June 28, 7642:March 3, 7565:March 1, 6668:June 28, 6141:Archived 6137:39957366 6129:14562158 5239:April 6, 4796:Bulgaria 4687:in 1913. 4527:See also 4501:, London 4450:, and a 4165:lynching 4147:and the 4123:towards 3894:causing 3727:Normandy 3574:and the 3315:format). 3281:format). 2693:incident 2687:and the 2667:and the 2601:withdrew 2312:overtime 2106:Al Smith 2007:and the 1875:New Deal 1832:from FDR 1673:new deal 1496:Al Smith 1462:In 1923 1425:Al Smith 1238:George V 1220:and the 1081:Columbia 1077:Dutchess 1023:Val-Kill 1008:Franklin 947:law firm 919:Fly Club 816:and the 666:New Deal 629:nominee 407:Children 268:district 187:Al Smith 26545:History 26495:Portals 26475:Bill W. 24739:Wa Lone 23541:Related 23092:funeral 23019:funeral 23014:Kennedy 22998:Harding 22983:funeral 22978:Lincoln 22811:funeral 22769:funeral 22747:funeral 22735:funeral 22715:Blassie 22703:Johnson 22665:funeral 22660:Kennedy 22629:Harding 22571:funeral 22566:Lincoln 22474:Commons 22121:Delgado 22087:Spitzer 22071:Frankel 22067:Vallone 22061:Lundine 22031:Krupsak 22011:Samuels 21961:Poletti 21957:Bennett 21951:Poletti 21861:O'Neill 21856:Farrell 21816:Crangle 21771:Corning 21756:Kellogg 21731:Huppuch 21721:Conners 21686:O'Brien 21681:Manning 21671:Purcell 21646:Bingham 21550:Debates 21533:Related 21315:Wyoming 21290:Vermont 21195:Montana 21135:Indiana 21115:Georgia 21110:Florida 21080:Arizona 21070:Alabama 21062:parties 21014:Rendell 20986:Wilhelm 20956:Strauss 20946:O'Brien 20936:O'Brien 20926:Jackson 20901:McGrath 20846:McCombs 20836:Taggart 20826:Harrity 20801:Belmont 20796:Smalley 20786:Hallett 20766:(2017–) 20764:Schumer 20752:Daschle 20728:Johnson 20710:Barkley 20614:Wallace 20592:leaders 20581:(2023–) 20549:O'Neill 20531:Rayburn 20501:Garrett 20495:Kitchin 20447:Randall 20435:Niblack 20429:Randall 20425:Niblack 20419:Houston 20343:leaders 20332:(2021–) 20318:Clinton 20300:Kennedy 20235:Jackson 20106:Edwards 20026:Bentsen 20022:Dukakis 20006:Ferraro 20002:Mondale 19986:Mondale 19966:Mondale 19945:Shriver 19877:Kennedy 19821:Barkley 19781:Wallace 19563:Thurman 19537:English 19533:Hancock 19507:Greeley 19494:Seymour 19455:Douglas 19364:Jackson 19355:Calhoun 19351:Jackson 19330:tickets 19284:History 18464:Koehler 18459:Andrews 18439:Compton 18424:Jahncke 18384:Darling 18379:Hackett 18272:Garrett 18257:Woolsey 18237:Sanders 18222:Baldwin 18182:Kimball 18100:Spencer 18085:England 18070:O'Keefe 18065:Garrett 18045:Hidalgo 18040:Claytor 17980:Kimball 17937:Swanson 17917:Daniels 17902:Metcalf 17877:Herbert 17867:Whitney 17842:Robeson 17817:Kennedy 17807:Preston 17782:Henshaw 17649:Italics 17636:Delgado 17602:Ravitch 17564:Donohue 17554:Lundine 17532:Krupsak 17509:Mahoney 17486:Wallace 17474:Poletti 17459:Corning 17393:Chanler 17376:Higgins 17361:Sheehan 17339:Hoskins 17294:Raymond 17257:Bradish 17209:Pitcher 17177:Clinton 17108:Spitzer 17068:Poletti 17038:Whitman 17008:Higgins 16968:Cornell 16948:Hoffman 16938:Seymour 16918:Seymour 16868:Pitcher 14428:Cabinet 14338:Clinton 14303:Kennedy 14273:Harding 13047:Statues 12560:Cabinet 12133:at the 12070:, from 11642:(1983) 11310:(1973). 10784:May 11, 10462:2657937 10148:Current 10093:2677909 9711:May 21, 9612:May 14, 9501:4908628 8446:(2013). 7876:3985917 7766:nps.gov 6150:July 4, 4804:Romania 4800:Hungary 4674:degree. 4654:-ə-noh 4517:at the 4446:on the 4433:⁄ 4239:Italian 4031:of the 3842:in the 3452:project 3070:of the 3068:U-boats 3041:invaded 2854:At the 2718:Potomac 2679:. 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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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