Operation Gladio - Knowledge

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as a technical committee to bring national SBOs together. It took its guidance from the CPC and organized multinational exercises. The authority of SACEUR when it came to clandestine operations was discussed in the early 1950s as one can gather from the document 'SHAPE Problems Outstanding with the Standing Group', which, under sub-heading 'IV. Special Plans' calls for the 'Delineation of Responsibilities of the Clandestine Services and of SACEUR on Clandestine Matters Including Pertinent Definitions and Organizations' and 'Principles for Unorthodox Warfare Planning'. While all this concerned the highest level of NATO command, coordination in time of crisis had to be arranged. Thus, to coordinate these activities at different command levels in wartime, SACEUR created the Allied Clandestine Coordinating Groups (ACCG) staffed with personnel from NATO nations at SHAPE and the subordinate commands. In case of war, SACEUR was meant to exercise operational control of national clandestine services' assets, according to each nation's existing policies, through the ACCG. By 1961 though, 'both SHAPE and CPC accepted that such SB activity was a purely national responsibility'.

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secret structures met every year in one of the capitals... At the stay-behind meetings representatives of the CIA were always present. They had no voting rights and were from the CIA headquarters of the capital in which the meeting took place... members of the US Forces Europe Command were present, also without voting rights. " Next to the CPC a second secret command post was created in 1957, the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC). According to the Belgian Parliamentary Committee on Gladio, the ACC was "responsible for coordinating the 'Stay-behind' networks in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States". During peacetime, the activities of the ACC "included elaborating the directives for the network, developing its clandestine capability and organising bases in Britain and the United States. In wartime, it was to plan stay-behind operations in conjunction with SHAPE; organisers were to activate clandestine bases and organise operations from there". General Serravalle declared to the

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NATO's plans, their radios had to be hooked to a future exile location, and the specialised equipment had to be secured from CIA and secretly cached in snowy hideouts for later use. In the other set of countries, CIA would have to do the job alone or with, at best, "unofficial" local help, since the politics of those governments barred them from collaborating with NATO, and any exposure would arouse immediate protest from the local Communist press, Soviet diplomats and loyal Scandinavians who hoped that neutrality or nonalignment would allow them to slip through a World War III unharmed.

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exaggerated notions of the scale and impact of covert activities, misunderstandings of the management and coordination of operations within and between national governments, and... an almost complete failure to place the actions and decisions in question in the appropriate historical context." According to Davies, "the underlying problem is that Ganser has not really undertaken the most basic necessary research to be able to discuss covert action and special operations effectively." Olav Riste of the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, writing for the journal

692:(SACEUR) established such an 'ad hoc' committee, the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC) at SHAPE. The peacetime role of the CPC would have been to coordinate the different military and paramilitary plans and programmes in NATO nations (and partners like Switzerland and Austria) in order to avoid duplication of effort. The CPC itself had at least two working groups – one on communications and one on networks. SACEUR also established a Special Projects Branch to develop and coordinate 'clandestine forces operating in support of SACEUR's military forces'. 1920:, had suffered "like a dog" during the commission's investigations. Carlo Schmid declared to the press: "I was shocked that something like that is at all possible," and said to the press he was glad to leave the "conspirational atmosphere" which had weighted upon him like a "black shadow" during the investigations. Hubacher found it especially disturbing that, apart from its official mandate of organizing resistance in case of a Soviet invasion, P-26 had also a mandate to become active should the left succeed in achieving a parliamentary majority. 426: 344: 253: 146: 201: 266: 174: 1547:. While there is evidence suggesting that the activities of Soucek and Rössner were tolerated to an extent by local occupation authorities, available American archives do not suggest that they had any connection to U.S. intelligence. A secret review of the situation by US forces in Austria in early January 1948 implies that while the group were presenting themselves as anti-communist allies, the Americans did not trust them, viewing them as "adventurers and opportunists." 2134:, mentions several instances where his own research on the stay-behind network in Norway was twisted by Ganser and concludes that "a detailed refutation of the many unfounded allegations that Ganser accepts as historical findings would fill an entire book." In a later joint article with Leopoldo Nuti of the University of Rome, the two concluded that the book's "ambitious conclusions do not seem to be entirely corroborated by a sound evaluation of the sources available." 279: 357: 2036: 1269:

preferred not to inform other Cabinet members or Parliament about the secret organization. It was modelled on the nation's World War II experiences of having to evacuate the royal family and transfer government to a government-in-exile, originally aiming to provide an underground intelligence network to a government-in-exile in the event of a foreign invasion, although it included elements of guerrilla warfare. Former Dutch Defence Minister

413: 387: 331: 2142:, Beatrice Heuser praises Ganser's "fascinating study" while also noting that "it would definitely have improved the work if Ganser had used a less polemical tone, and had occasionally conceded that the Soviet Empire was by no means nicer." Security analyst John Prados writes "Ganser, the principal analyst of Gladio, presents evidence across many nations that Gladio networks amounted to anti-democratic elements in their own societies." 227: 305: 1564:"), with the cooperation of MI6 and the CIA. He later explained that "we bought cars under this name. We installed communication centres in several regions of Austria", confirming that "special units were trained in the use of weapons and plastic explosives". He stated that "there must have been a couple of thousand people working for us... Only very, very highly positioned politicians and some members of the union knew about it". 318: 292: 1934: 157: 400: 214: 240: 370: 868:". It stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organized or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence." The report stated that US intelligence agents were informed in advance about several terrorist bombings, including the December 1969 2920: 891:(new order) subversive organisation, received regular funding from a press officer at the US embassy in Rome. 'So even before the 'stabilising' plans that Atlantic circles had prepared for Italy became operational through the bombings, one of the leading members of the terrorist group was in the pay of the American embassy in Rome.' a report released by the 1899:

agreements with P-26 to provide training in combat, communications, and sabotage. The latest agreement was signed in 1987... P-26 cadres participated regularly in training exercises in Britain... British advisers – possibly from the SAS – visited secret training establishments in Switzerland." P-26 was led by Efrem Cattelan, known to British intelligence.

2189:. The alleged Soviet-authored forgery, disseminated in the 1970s, explicitly formulated the need for a "strategy of tension" involving violent attacks blamed on radical left-wing groups in order to convince allied governments of the need for counter-action. It also rejected a Communist Greek journalist's allegations made in December 2005. 684:

various bilateral, triparty, and multilateral fora in the creation, training, and running of clandestine Stay-behind organisations (SBO) soon after World War II. In 1947, France, the United Kingdom, and the Benelux countries had created a joint policy on SB in the Western Union Clandestine Committee (WUCC), a forum of the

2930: 1135:" whom he had recruited. A man with the name he put on file was arrested by the KGB following treason in the BND, but was obviously innocent, his name having been chosen at random from the public phone book by Juretzko. According to Juretzko, the BND built up its branch of Gladio, but discovered after the fall of the 2119:, describing Ganser's work as "a journalistic book with a big spoonful of conspiracy theories" that "fails to present proof of and an in-depth explanation of the claimed conspiracy between USA, CIA, NATO and the European countries." Hansen also criticized Ganser for basing his "claim of the big conspiracy" on 763:

plans, was outside the scope of the original stay-behind and, therefore, 'never to be considered among the purposes of the operation'. The pressure put forward by the Americans during the 1960s to use 'Gladio' for purposes other than those of a stay-behind network would appear to have failed in the long term."

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Civilians recruited as stay-behind partisans were equipped with a clandestine shortwave radio homed in on a fixed frequency. It had a keyboard with digital encryption, making use of traditional Morse code obsolete. They had a cache of further equipment for signalling helicopters or submarines to drop

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early on. When the network was dismantled, further odd details emerged. One fellow "spymaster" had kept the radio equipment in his cellar at home with his wife doing the engineering test call every four months, on the grounds that the equipment was too "valuable" to remain in civilian hands. Juretzko

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New legislation governing intelligence agencies' missions and methods was passed in 1998, following two government inquiries and the creation of a permanent parliamentary committee in 1991, which was to bring them under the authority of Belgium's federal agencies. The commission was created following

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NATO provided a forum to integrate, coordinate, and optimise the use of all SB assets as part of the Emergency War Plan. This coordination included the military SB units, which were part of NATO's order of battle, and the clandestine SBOs run by NATO nations. Western secret services had cooperated in

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In 1991, a report by Swiss magistrate Pierre Cornu was released by the Swiss defence ministry. It found that P-26 was without "political or legal legitimacy", and described the group's collaboration with British secret services as "intense". "Unknown to the Swiss government, British officials signed

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Already in 1990, it was known that the weapons cache near Velp, while accidentally 'discovered' in 1983, had been plundered partially before. It still contained dozens of hand grenades, semiautomatic rifles, automatic pistols, munitions and explosives at the time of discovery, but five hand grenades

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maintains that, "Ganser fails to document his thesis that the CIA, MI6, and NATO and its friends turned GLADIO into a terrorist organization." Philip HJ Davies of the Brunel University Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies likewise concludes that the book is "marred by imagined conspiracies,

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from 1975 to 1990, declared that although it had been known that "special services" existed within the army, as a politician he never at any time could have known that P-26 was behind this. Hubacher pointed out that the President of the parliamentary investigation into P26 (PUK-EMD), the right-wing

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between 1977 and 1980, explained how he was informed of the existence of a secret organisation in the middle of his term of office. According to him, it already became clear in 1980 in the wake of the Schilling/Bachmann affair that there was also a secret group in Switzerland. But former MP, Helmut

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In Austria, the first secret stay-behind army was exposed in 1947. It had been set up by the far-right Theodor Soucek and Hugo Rössner, who both insisted during their trial that "they were carrying out the secret operation with the full knowledge and support of the US and British occupying powers."

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Researcher Francesco Cacciatore, in an article based on recently de-classified documents, writes that a "note from March 1972 specified that the possibility of using 'Gladio' in the event of internal subversions, not provided for by the organization's statute and not supported by NATO directives or

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In 1957, the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Benelux countries, all of which ran SBOs in Western Europe, established the 'Six Powers Lines Committee' which became the Allied Clandestine Committee in 1958 and, after 1976, the Allied Coordination Committee (ACC). The ACC has been described

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published a communiqué in January 2006 that, while confirming the existence of NATO stay-behind efforts, in general, and the presence of the "Gladio" stay-behind unit in Italy, in particular, with the purpose of aiding resistance in the event of Soviet aggression directed westward, from the Warsaw

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had existed in the country, but incorrectly added that neither NATO nor the CIA had been involved. Paul Garbler, a CIA officer who had served in Sweden, corrected that Sweden was a "direct participant" in the network, adding, "I'm not able to talk about it without causing the Swedes a good deal of

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told the Dutch Parliament that his office was running a secret organisation that had been set up inside the Dutch defence ministry in the 1950s, but denied it was supervised directly by NATO or other foreign bodies. He went on to inform that successive prime ministers and defence chiefs had always

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General Gerardo Serravalle, who commanded the Italian Gladio from 1971 to 1974, related that "in the 1970s the members of the CPC were the officers responsible for the secret structures of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Italy. These representatives of the

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were required to defer in its foreign policy to the Soviet power directly on its borders. Thus, in one set of these countries the governments themselves would build their own stay-behind nets, counting on activating them from exile to carry on the struggle. These nets had to be co-ordinated with

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Lawrence Kaplan wrote a mixed review commending Ganser for making "heroic efforts to tease out the many strands that connect this interlocking right-wing conspiracy," but also arguing that "connecting the dots between terrorist organizations in NATO countries and a master plan centred in NATO's

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which the state department, as well as an independent congressional inquiry, have alleged to be a Soviet forgery. The State Department also highlighted the fact that, in the case of Richard Welch, "Grivas bizarrely accuses the CIA of playing a role in the assassination of one of its own senior

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in Belgium. In 1990, following France's denial of any "stay-behind" French army, Giulio Andreotti publicly said the last Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) meeting, at which the French branch of Gladio was present, had been on October 23 and 24, 1990, under the presidency of Belgian General Van

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During the Cold War, West European countries set up clandestine 'stay behind' networks, which were designed to form the nucleus of resistance movements if the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Western Europe. ... A thirty year-old Soviet forgery has been cited as one of the central pieces of

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review that "following the discovery of the stay-behind armies across Western Europe in late 1990, Swiss and international security researchers found themselves confronted with two clear-cut questions: Did Switzerland also operate a secret stay-behind army? And if yes, was it part of NATO's

4306: 1176:, who was sharply criticized in the US for having revealed sensitive information, insisted that "paramilitary groups, directed by CIA officers, operated in the sixties throughout Europe perhaps no activity of the CIA could be as clearly linked to the possibility of internal subversion." 798:

Andreotti declared that the Italian military services (predecessors of the SISMI) had joined in 1964 the Allied Clandestine Committee created in 1957 by the US, France, Belgium and Greece, and which was in charge of directing Gladio's operations. However, Gladio was actually set up under

1350:(who had taken part in the founding of the OAS), ran a secret stay-behind army and trained its members in covert action techniques amounting to terrorism, including bombings, silent assassinations, subversion techniques, clandestine communication and infiltration and colonial warfare. 1424:, the Turkish branch of Operation Gladio. Historians and outside investigators have speculated that Counter-Guerrilla and several subordinate Intelligence, Special Forces, and Gendarmerie units were possibly involved in numerous acts of state-sponsored terrorism and engineering the 827:, found out that several far-right terrorist organizations were the trench troops of a secret army who were linked to the CIA. Salvini said: "The role of the Americans was ambiguous, halfway between knowing and not preventing and actually inducing people to commit atrocities". 718:– a former member of the Belgian military security service and of the network – said Gladio was not just anti-Communist but was for fighting subversion in general. He added that his predecessor had given Gladio 142 million francs ($ 4.6 million) to buy new radio equipment." 1210:, forming the first socialist government of Greece's post-war history. According to his own testimony, Ganser alleges, he discovered the existence of the secret NATO army, then codenamed "Red Sheepskin", as acting prime minister in 1984 and had given orders to dissolve it. 1261:, chanced upon a large hidden cache of arms, containing dozens of hand grenades, semiautomatic rifles, automatic pistols, munitions and explosives. That discovery forced the Dutch government to confirm that the arms were related to NATO planning for unorthodox warfare. 4327: 4243: 4264: 807:'s supervision. Besides, the list of Gladio members given by Andreotti was incomplete. It didn't include, for example, Antonio Arconte, who described an organization very different from the one brushed by Giulio Andreotti: an organization closely tied to the 4114: 4201: 1628:'). This operation was organized by Finnish general staff officers (without foreign help) in 1944 to hide weapons in order to sustain large-scale guerrilla warfare in the event the Soviet Union tried to occupy Finland following the end of combat on the 2138:

military headquarters requires a stretch of facts that Ganser cannot manage." Kaplan believes that some of Ganser's conspiracy theories "may be correct," but that "they do damage to the book's credibility." In a mostly positive review for the journal

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revealed the existence of a secret stay-behind army in France codenamed "Plan Bleu". The next year, the "Western Union Clandestine Committee" (WUCC) was created to coordinate secret unorthodox warfare. In 1949, the WUCC was integrated into

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a list of 622 civilians who according to him were part of Gladio. Andreotti also stated that 127 weapons caches had been dismantled, and said that Gladio had not been involved in any of the bombings committed from the 1960s to the 1980s.

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behind enemy lines. Arms caches were hidden, escape routes prepared, and loyal members recruited, whether in Italy or in other European countries. Its clandestine "cells" were to stay behind in enemy-controlled territory and to act as

1602:—insisted: "The aim was noble, the aim was correct, to try to help Austria if it was under occupation. What went wrong is that successive Washington administrations simply decided not to talk to the Austrian government about it." 1610:

In 1944, Sweden worked with Finnish Intelligence to set up a stay-behind network of agents within Finland to keep track of post-war activities in that country. While this network was allegedly never put in place, Finnish codes,

1109:, a former German army officer referred to by the CIA as an "unreconstructed Nazi". "The network was disbanded in 1953 amid political concerns that some members' neo-Nazi sympathies would be exposed in the West German press." 1522: 1409:, Turkey is one of the first countries to participate in Operation Gladio and, some say, the only country where it has not been purged. The counter-guerrillas' existence in Turkey was revealed in 1973 by then-prime minister 3034:

Francesco Cacciatore (2021): Stay-behind networks and interim flexible strategy: the 'Gladio' case and US covert intervention in Italy in the Cold War, Intelligence and National Security, doi:10.1080/02684527.2021.1911436

1887:, a private foreign intelligence agency funded partly by the government, and by a special unit of Swiss army intelligence which had built up files on nearly 8,000 "suspect persons" including "leftists", "bill stickers", " 1597:

as the US Permanent Representative to the Atlantic Treaty Organization, where, as ambassador to NATO, he headed the combined State-Defense Department United States Mission to NATO and coordinated the NATO response to the

3347: 2206:. In Frank's version, U.S. Department of State officers recruit a stay-behind network in Hungary to fight an insurgency against the Soviet Union after the Soviet Union launches an attack on and captures Western Europe. 1098: 4348: 4129: 4180: 1241:

officials" while "Sheepskin" couldn't have assassinated Stephen Saunders for the simple reason that, according to the US government, "the Greek government stated it dismantled the 'stay behind' network in 1988."

1632:. Of those 5,000 to 10,000 people involved in the case, 1,488 of them were convicted. Most of them received prison terms of 1–4 months. Overall, the prison sentences of those convicted totaled nearly 400 years. 1164:, i.e., "mountain raiding companies"), were integrated into the European stay-behind network. The CIA and LOK reconfirmed on March 25, 1955, their mutual cooperation in a secret document signed by US General 1584:

insisted that they had known nothing of the existence of the secret army and demanded that the US launch a full-scale investigation into the violation of Austria's neutrality, which was denied by President

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In 2004 the German author Norbert Juretzko published a book about his work at the BND. He went into details about recruiting partisans for the German stay-behind network. He was sacked from BND following a

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had gone missing. A Dutch investigative television program revealed on 9 September 2007, that another arms cache that had belonged to Gladio had been ransacked in the 1980s. It was located in a park near

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In 1990, Colonel Herbert Alboth, a former commander of P-26, declared in a confidential letter to the Defence Department that he was willing to reveal "the whole truth". He was later found in his house,

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Documents shown to the Italian parliamentary terrorism committee revealed that in the 1970s British and French officials involved in the network visited a training base in Germany built with US money.

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In 1965, police discovered a stay-behind arms cache in an old mine close to Windisch-Bleiberg and forced the British authorities to hand over a list with the location of 33 other caches in Austria.

680:, which elaborated on the original. Farrar-Hockley had aroused controversy in 1983 when he became involved in trying to organise a campaign for a new Home Guard against a potential Soviet invasion. 1759:

newspaper revealed, quoting former Gladio agent Alberto Volo, who had a role in the revelations of the existence of the network in 1990, that a Gladio meeting had been organized in August 1991 on

1028:, whose headquarters were established in France, under the name "Clandestine Planning Committee" (CPC). In 1958, NATO founded the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) to coordinate secret warfare. 3615: 790:

publicly recognized the existence of Gladio on 24 October 1990. Andreotti spoke of a "structure of information, response and safeguard", with arms caches and reserve officers. He gave to the

583:, a Royal Engineers officer who specialised in demolition by explosives and covert raiding operations. To the extent that they were publicly visible, the Auxiliary Units were disguised as 1820:. In 1953, the police arrested Swedish Nazi Otto Hallberg and discovered the preparations for the Swedish stay-behind army. Hallberg was set free and charges against him were dropped. 6519: 1213:

Following Giulio Andreotti's revelations in 1990, the Greek defence minister confirmed that a branch of the network, known as Operation Sheepskin, operated in his country until 1988.

939:, the Minister of Defense, acknowledged the existence of a Belgian "stay-behind" army, raising concerns about a similar implication in terrorist acts as in Italy. The same year, the 1570:

In 1990, when secret "stay-behind" armies were uncovered all around Europe, the Austrian government said that no secret army had existed in the country. However, six years later,

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secret service and the Atlanticist strategy. According to Andreotti, the stay-behind organisations set up in all of Europe did not come "under broad NATO supervision until 1959."

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stated in 2006 that Ganser had been taken in by long-discredited Cold War era disinformation and "fooled by the forgery". In an article about the Gladio/stay-behind networks and

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described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in the Nordic countries, including Finland, with or without the assistance of local governments, to prepare for a Soviet invasion.

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Fram till krigsslutet och något år därefter verkar hans aktiviteter huvudsakligen ha kanaliserats genom partiet och dess tidning Den svenske folksocialisten, som han redigerade.

4285: 3343: 703:(EU) drafted a resolution sharply criticizing the fact. Yet only Italy, Belgium and Switzerland carried out parliamentary investigations, while the administration of President 2428: 824: 1032: 7854: 2099:

Ganser states that Gladio units closely cooperated with NATO and the CIA and that Gladio in Italy was responsible for terrorist attacks against its own civilian population.

4450: 1726:, Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after Franco's death, denied ever having heard of Gladio. President of the Spanish government in 1981–82, during the 4125: 1144:

found out because this spymaster had dismantled his section of the network so quickly, there had been no time for measures such as recovering all caches of supplies.

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A network of resistance fighters was formed across Britain and arms caches were established. The network was recruited, in part, from the 5th (Ski) Battalion of the

3053: 1203:" (1967–1974), complaining that it represented "a rape of democracy"—to which Jack Maury, the CIA chief of station in Athens, answered, "How can you rape a whore?" 1040: 835: 3798: 1647:

called the revelations "a fairy tale", adding cautiously "or at least an incredible story, of which I know nothing." However, in his memoirs, former CIA director

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rejected the view that they supported terrorists and maintains that the operation served only to resist a potential invasion of Western European countries by the

3973: 3814: 6705: 4015: 3684: 2759: 2638: 6136: 1172:, chief of staff of the Greek military. In addition to preparing for a Soviet invasion, the CIA instructed LOK to prevent a leftist coup. Former CIA agent 4854: 4817:

Francesco Cacciatore (2021). "Stay-behind Networks and Interim Flexible Strategy: The 'Gladio' Case and US Covert Intervention in Italy in the Cold War."

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gained control of communication centres, parliament, the royal palace, and according to detailed lists, arrested over 10,000 people. According to Ganser,

2276:. It gives an outline of Gladio together with the discovery of a hidden arms and equipment cache dating back to 1940 and subsequently assigned to Gladio. 1749:

from 1971 to 1974, France and the US had backed Spain's entrance to Gladio, but Italy would have opposed it. Following Andreotti's revelations, however,

6184: 2680:'evidence' for the false notion that West European 'stay-behind' networks engaged in terrorism, allegedly at U.S. instigation. This is not true ... . 1955: 1948: 1561: 553: 1077:

in France until his alleged suicide on April 7, 1994. Grossouvre would have asked Constantin Melnik, leader of the French secret services during the

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While David Lampe published a book on the Auxiliary Units in 1968, their existence did not become widely known by the public until reporters such as

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denied these allegations. Eventually, the matter was resolved in 1958, after Norway was assured about how stay-behind networks were to be operated.

660:, declared on November 16, 1990, that a contingency plan involving "stay behind and resistance in depth" was drawn up after the war. The same week, 7839: 7366: 6116: 4409: 2494: 932: 1253:

arose from the accidental discovery of large arms caches in 1980 and 1983. In the latter incident, people walking in a forest near the village of

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secretary Heidrun Hofer was arrested after having revealed the secrets of the West German stay-behind army to her husband, who was a spy of the

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is used as an informal name for all of them. Stay-behind operations were prepared in many NATO member countries, and in some neutral countries.

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André Moyen, former Belgian secret agent, also declared that Gladio had operated in Spain. He said that Gladio had bases in Madrid, Barcelona,

1324:), a businessman accused of being involved in selling illegal alcohol. Meyer claimed that the weapons were supplied by Norwegian intelligence. 8014: 1895:

demonstrators. On 14 November, the Swiss government hurriedly dissolved P26 – the head of which, it emerged, had been paid £100,000 a year."

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In 1945, Lauri Kumpulainen, a Finnish soldier with left-wing sympathies, exposed a secret stay-behind army which was closed down (so-called '

838:, there were instructions to infiltrate left-wing groups and provoke social tension by carrying out attacks and then blame them on the left. 4065: 8034: 7915: 5093: 4703: 3571: 2662: 1105:, "One network included at least two former Nazi SS members—Staff Sgt. Heinrich Hoffman and Lt. Col. Hans Rues—and one was run by Lt. Col. 5019: 3875: 552:. It was revealed half a century later that SOE was complemented by a stay-behind organisation in Britain, created in extreme secrecy, to 8069: 7889: 6776: 8064: 8054: 8009: 7879: 596: 4568: 2046: 8004: 7968: 4992: 3363: 1858:), Swiss members of parliament started investigating the Defense Department in the summer of 1990. According to Felix Würsten of the 1314: 161: 5108: 3511: 8059: 7920: 5953: 943:

sharply condemned NATO and the United States in a resolution for having manipulated European politics with the stay-behind armies.

7356: 6000: 3845: 1281:. Some of the stolen weapons, including hand grenades and machine guns, later turned up when police officials arrested criminals 1225: 1157: 4447: 3382: 7999: 7849: 6121: 3045: 2788: 1998: 1912: 1871:

stay-behind network? The answer to the first question is clearly yes... The answer to the second question remains disputed..."

1233: 8099: 8044: 7844: 5779: 5466: 5444: 4556: 4075: 3956: 3770: 3524: 3449: 3001: 2252: 1970: 1053:

and his Algerian policy. A section of the 11th Choc regiment split over the 1962 Évian peace accords, and became part of the

676: 6867: 3910: 3115: 2266:, a 2017 English drama with Gladio as a main plot point, produced in the Netherlands by Alex ter Beek and Klaas van Eikeren. 1313:. This concerned SB, Psywar and Counter Intelligence." These activities supposedly included the blacklisting of Norwegians. 8104: 8049: 6686: 6611: 6271: 5871: 3465: 1879:. The detailed parliamentary report on the Swiss secret army was presented to the public on 17 November 1990. According to 876:

in Brescia five years later, but did nothing to alert the Italian authorities or to prevent the attacks from taking place.

848: 1543:, to prevent them from potentially becoming martyrs. In August 1952, the convicts were pardoned and released by President 1187:, which took place one month before the scheduled national elections. Under the command of paratrooper Lieutenant Colonel 1036: 674:, which was a fictionalized scenario of a Soviet Army invasion of West Germany in 1985. The novel was followed in 1982 by 8039: 7884: 6291: 5424: 710:

NATO's "stay-behind" organizations were never called upon to resist a Soviet invasion. According to a November 13, 1990,

653: 5533: 5461: 1977: 8079: 7973: 7326: 6421: 5399: 5284: 5238: 5233: 5179: 5117: 5049: 4819: 4811: 4501: 4159: 2692: 1550: 689: 3589: 3547: 1659:

Several events prior to Spain's 1982 membership in NATO have also been tied to Gladio. In May 1976, half a year after

8089: 7058: 6621: 5891: 5832: 4970: 4952: 4930: 4890: 4872: 4850: 4692: 4378: 3876:"United States and NATO Inspired 'Psychological Warfare Operations' Against The 'Kurdish Communist Threat' in Turkey" 3274: 2730: 2017: 1328:, defence minister at that time, stated the network was not in any way answerable to NATO and had no CIA connection. 516: 58: 5629: 3155: 2153:

they stated, "Ganser treats the forgery as if it was a genuine document in his 2005 book on 'stay behind' networks,

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In 1978, the police discovered an arms cache and radio equipment at a mountain cabin and arrested Hans Otto Meyer (

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special agents who were to stay in the partisan's homes while mounting sabotage operations against the communists.

1081:(1954–62), to return to activity. He was living in comfortable exile in the US, where he maintained links with the 973: 6439: 6301: 5985: 3692: 3320: 2756: 2665:. USINFO. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. 20 January 2006. Archived from 2635: 1984: 688:, the European defence alliance predating NATO. The format entered into NATO structures around 1951–1952 when the 7481: 6862: 6791: 6691: 6569: 6341: 6331: 5918: 5305: 1917: 1727: 1289:

feared at the time that disclosure of the Gladio history of these weapons would have been politically sensitive.

1055: 588: 6256: 6143: 6131: 8084: 6912: 6681: 6261: 6163: 5896: 5340: 5335: 4789: 4771: 4751: 2955: 2305: 1298: 1101:, show that the CIA organized "stay-behind" networks of West German agents between 1949 and 1953. According to 6581: 6311: 5822: 5594: 2170:

Pact, dismissed claims of any United States ordered, supported, or authorized terrorism by stay-behind units.

1433: 1429: 1373: 7859: 6874: 6827: 6591: 6514: 6246: 4448:

The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland: An Unfinished Debate on NATO's Cold War Stay-behind Armies

3928: 1966: 1206:

Arrested and then exiled in Canada and Sweden, Andreas Papandreou later returned to Greece, where he won the

926:

After the 1967 withdrawal of France from NATO's military structure, the SHAPE headquarters were displaced to

6306: 6015: 5938: 5609: 4482: 4430: 1850:

was discovered, by coincidence, a few months before Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations. After the "

1544: 6892: 6852: 6822: 6771: 6631: 6549: 6545: 6416: 6346: 6111: 5928: 5694: 5589: 5521: 2810: 2347: 2056: 1518: 1309:, as described by the chairman of CPC: " was extremely worried about activities carried out by officers at 1078: 808: 649: 545: 5079: 4401: 4092: 1734:

stated that Spain had not been informed of Gladio when it entered NATO. Asked about Gladio's relations to

1184: 759:, and Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, had been involved in the Gladio organization and coverup ..." 670:

that a secret arms network was established in Britain after the war. Hackett had written in 1978 a novel,

8114: 7864: 7336: 7331: 7048: 6726: 6454: 6199: 6158: 6102: 6005: 5886: 5844: 5749: 5274: 5228: 3736: 2186: 2121: 1461: 921: 873: 800: 740: 732: 191: 8074: 7701: 6922: 6907: 6897: 6751: 6351: 5839: 5642: 5409: 4181:

Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio

3999: 1824: 1599: 1539:

Sentenced to death, they had their sentences commuted to life in prison and 20 years, respectively, by

1498: 1486: 1465: 1420:, who became President of Turkey following a successful coup d'état in 1980, served as the head of the 1220:, a Greek Sunday newspaper, in which he accused "Sheepskin" for the assassination of CIA station chief 1136: 5127: 3174: 7994: 7930: 7806: 7751: 7571: 6559: 6266: 5827: 5439: 5356: 4795: 4223:

Calvo Sotelo asegura que España no fue informada, cuando entró en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio

1862:, "P-26 was not directly involved in the network of NATO's secret armies but it had close contact to 1719:. Cicuttini was a naturalized Spaniard and exiled in Spain since 1972 (date of the Peteano bombing). 1237: 1236:' was responsible for both assassinations", and that Grivas's central piece of evidence had been the 657: 5027: 4050: 1070: 491:

According to several Western European researchers, the operation involved the use of assassination,

8094: 7556: 7123: 6386: 6276: 6030: 5574: 5085: 3092: 2908:"Secret Cold-War Network Group Hid Arms, Belgian Member Says". Brussels. Reuters. 13 November 1990. 1619: 685: 457: 150: 7296: 4922: 1753:, Spanish Minister of Defence, opened up an investigation concerning Spain's links to Gladio. The 8024: 8019: 6786: 6731: 6716: 6656: 6464: 6444: 6204: 5881: 5486: 3575: 2666: 2388: 2211: 1944: 1804:, based at the CIA station in Stockholm, supported the training of stay-behind armies in neutral 1716: 1712: 1708: 1445: 1116: 863: 859: 579:– an expert in guerrilla warfare (who would later lead SOE). The units were trained, in part, by 5689: 4466: 1876: 30:

This article is about the military operation. For the sword of ancient Roman foot soldiers, see

7576: 7080: 6474: 6148: 5624: 5384: 5379: 5172: 4370:

Brunt! Nationalistisk & nazistisk mobilisering i vår närmaste omvärld under efterkrigstiden

1888: 1365: 1347: 869: 664:, former commander-in-chief of NATO's Forces in Northern Europe from 1979 to 1982, declared to 661: 17: 7786: 3786:"Secret Anti-Communist Network Exposed in Norway in 1978". Associated Press. 14 November 1990. 1991: 548:(SOE) to both assist resistance movements and carry out sabotage and subversive operations in 7811: 7095: 7090: 6857: 6746: 6701: 6661: 6596: 6540: 6459: 6241: 6055: 5933: 5851: 5759: 5724: 5634: 5579: 5476: 5317: 4981: 4478: 3199: 3079: 1731: 1399: 892: 831: 820: 492: 469: 1763:

island. Alberto Volo also declared that as a Gladio operative, he had received trainings in

8119: 7351: 7118: 6973: 6927: 6842: 6837: 6636: 6535: 6484: 6479: 6371: 6326: 6281: 6219: 6050: 6025: 5975: 5903: 5817: 5667: 5269: 5248: 2378: 2337: 2092: 1851: 1704: 1692: 1672: 1369: 884: 804: 748: 736: 591:. The network was allegedly disbanded in 1944; some of its members subsequently joined the 508: 1059:(OAS), but it is unclear if this also involved members of the French stay-behind network. 8: 7796: 7711: 7706: 7606: 7469: 7266: 7150: 7065: 6953: 6806: 6801: 6781: 6766: 6676: 6671: 6576: 6509: 6499: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6296: 6236: 6209: 6035: 6020: 5990: 5968: 5754: 5744: 5471: 5394: 5364: 5348: 3470: 3318:

Official site of the Belgian Permanent Committee for the Control of Intelligence Services

3136: 3075: 2925: 2433: 2333: 2166: 2108: 2088: 2052: 1668: 1635:

In 1991, the Swedish media claimed that a secret stay-behind army had existed in neutral

1615:

equipment and documents were brought to Sweden and apparently exploited until the 1980s.

1387: 1306: 1273:

confirmed the group had set up arms caches around the Netherlands for sabotage purposes.

1229: 940: 909: 853: 638: 592: 6651: 6564: 3289:

Belgian Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Gladio, quoted by Daniele Ganser (2005)

3247: 1453: 747:

revealed it to the Chamber of Deputies on 24 October 1990, although far-right terrorist

7950: 7746: 7731: 7656: 7636: 7631: 7616: 7463: 7211: 6963: 6847: 6601: 6504: 6489: 6401: 6391: 6366: 6361: 6126: 6080: 5995: 5980: 5923: 5739: 5662: 5538: 5429: 5419: 4739: 3922: 3892: 3883: 3422: 2603: 2548: 1907: 1735: 1625: 1437: 1436:. Many of the high ranking plotters of the 1971 and 1980 coup, such as Generals Evren, 1325: 1321: 1199:, the US ambassador in Athens, disapproved of the military coup which established the " 1192: 1169: 1049:, that certain elements from the network were involved in terrorist activities against 584: 7646: 7475: 5064: 4520: 3658: 3300: 1020: 7963: 7816: 7761: 7736: 7691: 7621: 7596: 7561: 7551: 7520: 7407: 7291: 7261: 6998: 6988: 6902: 6796: 6641: 6356: 6153: 6010: 5963: 5861: 5812: 5786: 5764: 5604: 5584: 5528: 5516: 5330: 5165: 5045: 4966: 4948: 4926: 4904: 4886: 4868: 4846: 4807: 4785: 4767: 4747: 4688: 4552: 4462: 4374: 4071: 4035: 3952: 3766: 3520: 3445: 3426: 3390: 3270: 3123: 2997: 2726: 2607: 2595: 2556: 2540: 2438: 2398: 2329: 2317: 2301: 2285: 2263: 2248: 1590: 1457: 1421: 1395: 1359: 1050: 985:, released his memoirs in which he described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in 952: 948: 756: 751:

had already revealed its existence during his 1984 trial. According to media analyst

704: 633: 541: 7940: 7611: 1131:

against him because the BND could not find out the real name of his Russian source "

7726: 7651: 7581: 7566: 7546: 7493: 7276: 7271: 7251: 7201: 7191: 7018: 6983: 6968: 6917: 6646: 6586: 6426: 6085: 6065: 5774: 5710: 5677: 5657: 5647: 5496: 5297: 5289: 5143: 5102: 5023: 4824: 4803: 4761: 4328:

Indicios de que la red Gladio utilizó una vieja estación de la NASA en Gran Canaria

4244:

Italia vetó la entrada de España en Gladio, según un ex jefe del espionaje italiano

3942: 3530: 3414: 2974: 2874: 2840: 2587: 2532: 2383: 2289: 2219:

mentions having been involved in Operation Gladio when younger. It is described by

2146: 2091:. Ganser alleges that on various occasions, stay-behind movements became linked to 1739: 1688: 1676: 1660: 1629: 1572: 1490: 1384:

The Turkish Deep State: State Consolidation, Civil-Military Relations and Democracy

1188: 1082: 787: 767: 752: 744: 537: 512: 4828: 3800:

The Turkish Deep State State Consolidation, Civil Military Relations And Democracy

3097: 1789: 1723: 1410: 1093:

US intelligence also assisted in the set up of a West German stay-behind network.

7945: 7801: 7791: 7776: 7756: 7741: 7716: 7661: 7426: 7394: 7286: 7246: 7008: 7003: 6943: 6884: 6616: 6494: 6321: 6286: 6194: 6189: 5913: 5807: 5481: 5414: 5404: 5369: 5325: 5312: 5264: 5112: 4864: 4800:

Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia

4454: 4368: 4307:

El secretario de la OTAN elude precisar si España tuvo relación con la red Gladio

3946: 3490:(Secaucus: Lyle Stuart Inc., 1978), p.154 (quoted by Daniele Ganser) (2005) p.216 3351: 3324: 3151: 2806: 2763: 2642: 2623:

Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia

2341: 1700: 1581: 1441: 1406: 1196: 1165: 603: 572: 549: 5908: 4919:

L'Affaire Gladio. Les réseaux secrets américains au cœur du terrorisme en Europe

1750: 1576:

revealed the existence of secret CIA arms caches in Austria. Austrian President

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politician from Appenzell and member of the Council of States for that Canton,

1773:

also revealed that the Gladio organization was suspected of having used former

1644: 1594: 1577: 1270: 1180: 743:) supervision. Gladio's existence came to public knowledge when Prime Minister 700: 504: 206: 5137: 4483:

The Gladio File: did fear of communism throw West into the arms of terrorists?

4402:"Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies" 4115:"Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies" 3995: 3418: 2591: 715: 7988: 7935: 7781: 7676: 7641: 7626: 7586: 7128: 6958: 6696: 6606: 6469: 6449: 6336: 6097: 6075: 6040: 5619: 5614: 5569: 5491: 5451: 5200: 5010: 4997: 4777: 3339: 2879: 2862: 2845: 2828: 2599: 2544: 2442: 2216: 1801: 1648: 1425: 1343: 1337: 1302: 1282: 1221: 978: 927: 731:

The Italian NATO stay-behind organization, dubbed "Gladio", was set up under

576: 179: 117: 5089: 4167: 2700: 2575: 2320:. German documentary, 2011. Directed by Frank Gutermuth and Wolfgang Schoen. 1525:. Nazar was such a person, and he became the CIA's station chief to Turkey. 1224:

in Athens in 1975, as well as the assassination of British military attaché

563:(which had originally been formed, but was not deployed, to fight alongside 7721: 7671: 7601: 7591: 7445: 7433: 7420: 7226: 7053: 6554: 5802: 5652: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5207: 4979:

François Vitrani, "L'Italie, un Etat de 'souveraineté limitée' ?", in

4506: 4487: 4202:

Suárez afirma que en su etapa de presidente nunca se habló de la red Gladio

3552: 3405:

Cogan, Charles (2007). "'Stay-Behind' in France: Much ado about nothing?".

3252: 3160: 2960: 2793: 2560: 2393: 2373: 2228: 1892: 1782: 1760: 1711:

in Madrid, killing five people (including several lawyers), members of the

1586: 1514: 1502: 1482: 1278: 1265: 1128: 888: 775: 666: 625: 621: 608: 580: 560: 520: 232: 226: 81: 936: 503:

parties in Western European countries, and even went so far as to support

7766: 7371: 7341: 7196: 7186: 7085: 6948: 6741: 6230: 6060: 6045: 5856: 5704: 5672: 5559: 5374: 5279: 5218: 4644:

Olav Riste and Leopoldo Nuti, "Introduction: Strategy of 'Stay-Behind',"

4525: 3483: 2243: 2238: 1828: 1540: 1472: 1449: 1417: 1200: 1191:, LOK took control of the Greek Defence Ministry while Brigadier General 1173: 1106: 986: 771: 645: 481: 453: 431: 271: 113: 3225: 3017: 2323: 2311: 2295: 2279: 2257: 2198:

An analogue of Operation Gladio was described in the 1949 fiction novel

1528: 1132: 971:, and led by E. J. Harder. It was hidden in the military secret service 846:

In 2000, a parliamentary commission report from the left-wing coalition

841: 63:

Italian Military Secret Service (SIFAR) report on Operation Gladio, 1959

7525: 7236: 7206: 7160: 7075: 7043: 7035: 6978: 6666: 6381: 6070: 5958: 5564: 5072: 4434: 3758: 3317: 2771: 2650: 2552: 2520: 2269: 2174: 2084: 1884: 1859: 1847: 1841: 1778: 1764: 1553: 1478: 1377: 1305:, protested strongly against the pro-active intelligence activities at 1045: 912:

that the Italian Gladio members trained at a military base in Britain.

880: 568: 496: 284: 6179: 4763:

NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe

4353: 4332: 4311: 4290: 4269: 4248: 4227: 4206: 4185: 3513:

NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe

2480:

NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe

2125:, a supposed Cold War-era forged document. Hayden Peake's book review 2083:, accused Gladio of trying to influence policies through the means of 2081:

NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe

1769: 1216:

In December 2005, journalist Kleanthis Grivas published an article in

1005:

held to the neutrality that had taken her through two world wars, and

770:, during the 1980s and 1990s Andreotti was the political reference of 620:

After World War II, the UK and the US decided to create "stay-behind"

7821: 7666: 7515: 7488: 7301: 7256: 7165: 7133: 7113: 7105: 6434: 6224: 4715: 4349:

La red secreta de la OTAN operaba en España, según un ex agente belga

3046:"Gelli, Renzi e la P2 – Interviste a Claudio Martelli e Rino Formica" 2495:"Evolution in Europe; Italy Discloses Its Web Of Cold War Guerrillas" 2408: 2220: 2203: 1903: 1902:

In a 2005 conference presenting Daniele Ganser's research on Gladio,

1755: 1684: 1640: 1475: 1254: 652:. Following Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations, General Sir 500: 4128:, South Orange NJ, Winter/Spring 2005, Vol. 6, No. 1. Archived from 3175:"la Repubblica/fatti: Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente Usa" 2536: 2493:

Haberman, Clyde; Times, Special to The New York (16 November 1990).

1933: 1683:), demonstrating connections between Gladio and the South American " 1310: 781: 7400: 7241: 7138: 7013: 6832: 6736: 5876: 5734: 5188: 2521:"The United States and "Psychological Warfare" in Italy, 1948–1955" 1510: 1506: 1391: 629: 473: 362: 50: 6520:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5063: 4286:

La 'red Gladio' continúa operando, según el ex agente Alberto Volo

1471:

Additionally, the CIA employed people from the far-right, such as

7346: 7231: 7221: 7170: 6711: 5456: 3873: 2369: 2224: 2182: 1817: 1809: 1664: 1636: 1006: 998: 968: 711: 648:

units were created with the experience and involvement of former

564: 418: 392: 336: 258: 31: 5084:. Edited by Daniele Ganser and Christian Nuenlist, 29 Nov 2004. 3685:"Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies" 3659:"Secret Gladio Network Planted Weapons Caches in NATO Countries" 3364:"Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies" 2918: 2173:

The State Department said that the accusations of US-sponsored "

1523:

some of its spies found haven in the U.S. intelligence community

1285:

and Sam Klepper in 1991. The Dutch military intelligence agency

7414: 7216: 7155: 6090: 4437:, 2005. Published 10 February 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2007. 3572:"Misinformation about 'Gladio/Stay Behind' Networks Resurfaces" 3078:, in charge of investigations on bombings committed during the 2663:"Misinformation about 'Gladio/Stay Behind' Networks Resurfaces" 2157:

and includes it as a key document on his website on the book."

2155:

Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe

1813: 1805: 1612: 1390:

via Operation Gladio. Specifically, Operation Gladio empowered

1258: 1156:

When Greece joined NATO in 1952, the country's special forces,

1002: 994: 405: 349: 323: 310: 297: 219: 109: 5081:

Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies

2768:

Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies

2647:

Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies

1703:(who took part in the 1972 Peteano bombing in Italy alongside 1699:(executive committee for Intelligence and Security Services), 766:

According to the former Italian Ministry of Grace and Justice

624:

organizations, with the official aim of countering a possible

468:(established in 1947), in collaboration with several European 7899: 7855:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

7361: 7144: 5223: 5149: 4589:

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence

3941: 3582: 2232: 2113:

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence

1746: 1696: 1521:

for the creation of a Turkistan. After Germany lost the war,

834:

found out that in a conference that had the patronage of the

641:, conducting sabotage, guerrilla warfare and assassinations. 375: 245: 4011: 2896:

Intelligence, Crises and Security: Prospects and Retrospects

2723:

The Last Ditch: Britain's Resistance Plans against the Nazis

526: 456:" operations of armed resistance that were organized by the 443:

Continued operations into the 1990s, exposure and disclosure

7439: 7321: 5213: 5157: 4841:

Claudio Sestieri; Giovanni Pellegrino; Giovanni Fasanella:

4367:

Deland, Mats (2007). Deland, Mats; Westin, Charles (eds.).

1774: 1286: 1074: 1043:, Admiral Pierre Lacoste, alleged in a 1992 interview with 1025: 511:

as they tortured communists and assassinated them, such as

461: 165: 156: 27:

Clandestine Western military operations during the Cold War

4126:

Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations

2863:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War" 2829:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War" 1671:

by far-right terrorists, among whom were Gladio operative

993:

The situation in each Scandinavian country was different.

7894: 7874: 7869: 4010: 3815:"İtalyan Gladiosu'nu çözen savcı: En etkili Gladio sizde" 2576:"The CIA in Western Europe and the abuse of human rights" 2359:

includes stay-behind ammunition dumps as part of the plot

1863: 1140: 1120: 1094: 982: 531: 465: 4587:

Peer Henrik Hansen, "Falling Flat on the Stay-Behinds,"

1558:Österreichischer Wander-, Sport- und Geselligkeitsverein 1232:, who responded that "the Greek terrorist organization ' 4160:"CARLISMO MONTEJURRA LIBERTAD Actos de Montejurra 2006" 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3590:"Clarion: Nato network in France, Guardian 14 Nov 1990" 2919:

Pedrick, Clare; Lardner, George Jr (14 November 1990).

1745:

According to General Fausto Fortunato, head of Italian

1386:, Söyler details how certain Western forces encouraged 3765:. Routledge. pp. 45–48 (New problems with NATO). 3689:

Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP)

2994:

Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy

2160: 1738:, he said that such a network was not necessary under 1382:

In an excerpt from Mehtap Söyler's 2015 book entitled

699:

Upon learning of the discovery, the parliament of the

480:

specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO

1529:

Parallel stay-behind operations in non-NATO countries

842:

2000 parliamentary report and the strategy of tension

4618:

Philip HJ Davies, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies,"

4547:

Andreas Anton, Michael Schetsche, Michael K. Walter

3644: 3043: 2111:, wrote two scathing criticisms of the book for the 4670:Beatrice Heuser, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies," 4657:Lawrence Kaplan, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies," 3874:Fernandes, Desmond; Ozden, Iskender (Spring 2001). 3574:. United States Department of State. Archived from 2288:. Three-part BBC TV documentary, 1992. Directed by 5154:. Documentary (2009). Directed by Andreas Pichler. 4963:Andreotti. Politik zwischen Geheimdienst und Mafia 4843:Segreto di Stato: la verità da Gladio al caso Moro 4265:Serra ordena indagar sobre la red Gladio en España 3616:"Jongeren vinden wapenarsenaal van geheime dienst" 3074:The parliamentary commission later led by senator 2486: 1562:Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society 898: 5026:trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by 4965:, 1997, Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich ( 4577:Web Archive – archived website of August 26, 2007 3395:Quoted in Ganser's "Terrorism in Western Europe". 3327:See "history" section in the "Presentation" part. 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 1249:Speculation that the Netherlands was involved in 782:Giulio Andreotti's revelations on 24 October 1990 7986: 7840:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4461:review, vol.20, n°4, December 2005, pp. 553–580 4426: 4424: 4410:Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 3862:Türkiye'deki gizli ordunun adı kontr gerilladır. 3846:"Savcı, Ergenekon'u Kenan Evren'e sormalı asıl!" 3380: 6277:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 5684:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4883:Gladio. Die geheime Terrororganisation der Nato 4016:"Die Aktion Sacher deckte die Verschwörung auf" 3548:NATO's secret network 'also operated in France' 3346:," Chapter 3. (Former CIA director's memoirs.) 1923: 1456:, served at various times under the command of 721: 554:prepare for a possible invasion by Nazi Germany 4685:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA 4631:Olav Riste, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies," 3917:. Archived from the original on 17 April 2006. 3404: 2800: 2735: 2629: 1767:, on Gran Canaria in the 1960s and the 1970s. 866:, from reaching executive power in the country 5173: 4903:, 1991, RoRoRo-Taschenbuch Aktuell no 12993 ( 4885:, 1997, Elefanten Press Verlag GmbH, Berlin ( 4529:(in German) (50): 194b–200a. 10 December 1990 4421: 3948:The Rise and Fall of the Bulgarian Connection 3796: 3763:The Norwegian Intelligence Service: 1945–1970 3442:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volumen 1 2921:"CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe" 2783: 2781: 2779: 2492: 2429:"CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe" 2049:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 1031:The network was supported with elements from 7916:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 5467:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 5032:Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate 4433:, Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P-26," 4373:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bokförlaget Atlas. 3566: 3564: 3562: 3137:Gladio e caso Moro: Arconte su morte Ferraro 2811:Obituary: General Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley 2685: 1866:." Daniele Ganser (ETH Zurich) wrote in the 1297:In 1957, the director of the secret service 856:had been supported by the United States to " 460:(WU) (founded in 1948), and subsequently by 6777:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 4063: 3821:(in Turkish). 28 April 2008. Archived from 3715:"MIVD verzwijgt wapenvondst in onderwereld" 2950: 2948: 963:The Danish stay-behind army was code-named 612:revived interest in them during the 1990s. 571:). The network, which became known as the 7880:United States involvement in regime change 5435:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 5180: 5166: 5001:magazine, n°217 (January 1998) Concerning 4993:L'affaire Sofri: un procès en sorcellerie? 4472: 4108: 4106: 3807: 3757: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3301:"European Parliament resolution on Gladio" 3122:(in Italian). January 2005. Archived from 2776: 2059:this issue before removing this message. 1097:documents released in June 2006 under the 1073:was Gladio's leader for the region around 951:and the activities of the far-right group 931:Calster, director of the Belgian military 57: 4440: 3951:. New York: Sheridan Square. p. 63. 3911:"Oral Çelik: 'Ülkücüleri Naziler eğitti'" 3559: 3145: 2878: 2844: 2018:Learn how and when to remove this message 1891:", people with "abnormal tendencies" and 1069:("Rainbow") network were part of Gladio. 527:History and general stay-behind structure 162:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 5066:European Parliament resolution on Gladio 4395: 4393: 4064:Biddiscombe, Prof Perry (30 June 2004). 3458: 3335: 3333: 3248:US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy' 2945: 2620: 2518: 2462: 2177:" operations are rehashed former Soviet 2127:Intelligence in Recent Public Literature 1742:, since "the regime itself was Gladio." 1722:Following Andreotti's 1990 revelations, 1405:As one of the nations that prompted the 947:events in the 1980s, which included the 6006:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 4103: 4090: 4070:. The History Press. pp. 299–300. 3867: 3493: 2426: 2095:, crime and attempted coups d'état. In 1695:. According to a report by the Italian 1593:—appointed in August 2001 by President 14: 8110:Central Intelligence Agency operations 7987: 7850:Russian espionage in the United States 6122:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5142:. BBC documentary (1992). Directed by 5107:. by Daniele Ganser, 2005. Full text. 4941:Le Prisonnier. 55 jours avec Aldo Moro 4399: 4366: 3739:. Brandpunt Reporter. 9 September 2007 3506: 3383:"The C.I.A.'s Secret Armies in Europe" 3298: 2991: 2977:(June 1991). "Hiding Western Terror". 2973: 2967: 2787:Norton-Taylor, Richard and David Gow. 2573: 2477: 2102: 1954:Please improve this article by adding 1846:In Switzerland, a secret force called 1346:which, under the direction of Captain 849:Gruppo Democratici di Sinistra l'Ulivo 532:British experience during World War II 7845:Soviet espionage in the United States 6001:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 5780:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 5445:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 5161: 4939:Anna Laura Braghetti, Paola Tavella, 4494: 4390: 4149:, Frank Cass Publishers, 2002, p. 202 3971: 3908: 3843: 3488:Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe 3444:. Taylor & Francis. p. 510. 3330: 3044:Filippo D'Angelo (18 December 2015). 2860: 2826: 2465:Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe 2215:episode "Lo Scandalo", the character 2192: 1715:trade-unions closely linked with the 1185:military coup d'état on 21 April 1967 887:party, journalist and founder of the 814: 677:The Third World War: The Untold Story 8015:Organizations disestablished in 1990 7921:Soviet Union–United States relations 6272:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 5034:(Study group on immediate history). 4602:The Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf 3439: 2181:based on documents that the Soviets 2029: 1927: 1691:. This incident became known as the 1402:— a product of that CIA initiative. 1115:In 1976, West German secret service 1035:, and had military support from the 615: 8035:CIA activities in Russia and Europe 7885:Soviet involvement in regime change 4901:Gladio. Das Erbe des kalten Krieges 4091:Lendman, Stephen (September 2010). 3717:(in Dutch). Nu.nl. 9 September 2007 2427:Pedrick, Clare (14 November 1990). 2161:US State Department's 2006 response 2053:create a more balanced presentation 1556:set up a new secret army codenamed 1394:through the founding member of the 1099:1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act 862:, and to a certain degree also the 656:, former commander-in-chief of the 24: 8070:Military operations involving NATO 7926:Soviet Union–United States summits 5400:1947 Polish parliamentary election 5285:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 4820:Intelligence and National Security 4728: 4722:. J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1949 4633:Intelligence and National Security 4459:Intelligence and National Security 4112: 3389:. pp. 446–447. Archived from 3200:"Three jailed for 1969 Milan bomb" 3192: 3167: 2888: 2580:Intelligence and National Security 2574:Ganser, Daniele (1 October 2006). 2463:Agee, Philip; Wolf, Louis (1978). 2132:Intelligence and National Security 1868:Intelligence and National Security 786:Christian Democrat Prime Minister 690:Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 452:was the codename for clandestine " 25: 8131: 8065:History of the Republic of Turkey 8010:Organizations established in 1956 6687:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6622:United States invasion of Grenada 5892:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 5833:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 5056: 4943:, 1999 (translated from Italian: 4744:Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA 3972:Akbas, Tutkun (15 January 2008). 3623:Mijngelderlandmedia.azureedge.net 3381:Kwitny, Jonathan (6 April 1992). 2304:. Documentary, 2010. Directed by 2107:Peer Henrik Hansen, a scholar at 517:United States Department of State 8005:1990 disestablishments in Europe 6762:United States invasion of Panama 6612:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 6252:1971 Turkish military memorandum 6215:Communist insurgency in Thailand 6185:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 6117:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 5944:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 5872:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 5390:Restatement of Policy on Germany 4659:The International History Review 4646:The Journal of Strategic Studies 4620:The Journal of Strategic Studies 3056:from the original on 14 May 2020 2861:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020). 2827:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020). 2372:, a stay-behind organization by 2034: 1932: 1906:, General Chief of Staff of the 1677:Apostolic Anticommunist Alliance 1228:in 2000. This was denied by the 974:Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste 933:General Service for Intelligence 755:, "both the President of Italy, 672:The Third World War: August 1985 424: 411: 398: 385: 368: 355: 342: 329: 316: 303: 290: 277: 264: 251: 238: 225: 212: 199: 185: 172: 155: 144: 8060:History of the Italian Republic 7482:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6863:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6792:Fall of the inner German border 6692:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 6342:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 6332:Spanish transition to democracy 6292:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 5919:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 5425:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 5306:Occupation of the Baltic states 4709: 4697: 4677: 4664: 4651: 4638: 4625: 4612: 4594: 4581: 4573:Journal of Intelligence History 4561: 4541: 4513: 4360: 4342: 4321: 4300: 4279: 4258: 4237: 4216: 4195: 4174: 4152: 4139: 4084: 4057: 4004: 3965: 3935: 3902: 3837: 3790: 3779: 3751: 3729: 3707: 3677: 3608: 3540: 3477: 3433: 3398: 3374: 3356: 3311: 3292: 3283: 3259: 3240: 3218: 3130: 3108: 3085: 3068: 3037: 3028: 3010: 2996:. iUniverse. pp. 149–150. 2985: 2912: 2901: 2854: 2820: 2715: 2525:The Journal of American History 2353:The 2019 Dutch film and series 2332:. Drama, 2005. Concerning the " 2313:Gladio – Geheimarmeen in Europa 2117:Journal of Intelligence History 1139:that it was fully known to the 899:General Serravalle's statements 6262:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 5897:Mozambican War of Independence 5336:Indonesian National Revolution 5020:Les procès Andreotti en Italie 4917:Jean-François Brozzu-Gentile, 4835: 4569:Review of NATO's Secret Armies 3945:; Brodhead, Frank (May 1986). 3909:Gezer, Şenol (17 April 2006). 2655: 2614: 2567: 2512: 2471: 2456: 2420: 1835: 1244: 13: 1: 8055:History of Greece (1949–1974) 8000:1956 establishments in Europe 7860:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 6875:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6828:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 6550:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 6515:Seven Days to the River Rhine 6247:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 5534:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 5462:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 4829:10.1080/02684527.2021.1911436 4502:UK trained secret Swiss force 4164:Montejurra-jurramendi.3a2.com 3227:Gladio (TV Movie 1992) – IMDb 3116:"Caso Moro. Morire di Gladio" 2414: 1956:secondary or tertiary sources 1589:. State Department spokesman 1264:In 1990, then-Prime Minister 100:Western intelligence agencies 8100:Anti-communist organizations 8045:Contemporary British history 6853:Fall of communism in Albania 6823:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 6772:Polish Round Table Agreement 6112:1968 Polish political crisis 5929:Eritrean War of Independence 5695:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5590:East German uprising of 1953 5522:Chinese Communist Revolution 5187: 4145:C. G. McKay, Bengt Beckman, 3980:(in Turkish). Archived from 3844:Üstel, Aziz (14 July 2008). 3466:CIA Ties With Ex-Nazis Shown 3407:Journal of Strategic Studies 2964:, June 21, 2001. (Obituary.) 2894:Len Scott, R. Gerald Hughes 2348:Valley of the Wolves: Gladio 1924:Daniele Ganser and criticism 1877:stabbed with his own bayonet 1630:Finnish-Soviet front of WWII 1079:Algerian War of Independence 825:Italian Massacres Commission 722:Operations in NATO countries 546:Special Operations Executive 464:(formed in 1949) and by the 7: 8105:Organisations based in Rome 8050:Contemporary French history 6727:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 6455:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 6200:Corrective Movement (Syria) 6164:New People's Army rebellion 6159:Sino-Soviet border conflict 5887:Angolan War of Independence 5750:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 5630:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 5275:Jamaican political conflict 5007:The judge and the historian 4947:), Éditions Denoël, Paris ( 4863:Jan Willems, Gladio, 1991, 4622:, December 2005, 1064–1068. 4510:, September 20, 1991, p. 7. 4147:Swedish Signal Intelligence 3269:(Rome: Edizione Associate, 2363: 2151:US Army Field Manual 30-31B 2122:US Army Field Manual 30-31B 1911:Hubacher, President of the 1643:. Finnish Defence Minister 1462:Tactical Mobilisation Group 1331: 1019:In 1947, Interior Minister 922:Belgian stay-behind network 874:Piazza della Loggia bombing 499:operations to delegitimize 10: 8136: 8040:Cold War history of Norway 6923:Sino-Indian border dispute 6752:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6682:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 6440:1976 Argentine coup d'état 6352:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 6302:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 5986:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 5954:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 5643:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 5410:Asian Relations Conference 4742:and Peter Forbath (1978). 4733: 4661:, September 2006, 685-686. 4635:, September 2005, 550-551. 4551:p. 175, Springer VS 2014, 2621:Williams, Paul L. (2015). 1839: 1792:, and the Canary islands. 1617: 1605: 1600:September 11, 2001 attacks 1533: 1466:Special Warfare Department 1363: 1357: 1335: 1183:, LOK was involved in the 1137:German Democratic Republic 1088: 1056:Organisation armée secrète 958: 919: 915: 569:Soviet invasion of Finland 47:Secret stay-behind network 29: 8080:Stay-behind organizations 7959: 7908: 7830: 7807:William Appleman Williams 7752:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 7534: 7506: 7455: 7387: 7380: 7314: 7179: 7104: 7034: 7027: 6936: 6883: 6815: 6528: 6267:Bangladesh Liberation War 6257:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 6172: 6144:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 6132:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 5795: 5570:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 5547: 5257: 5195: 5028:University of Toulouse II 4845:. Torino: Einaudi, 2000. 4674:, November 2006, 567-568. 4431:The Dark Side of the West 4012:https://austria-forum.org 3927:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3556:, November 14, 1990, p. 6 3440:Cook, Bernard A. (2001). 3419:10.1080/01402390701676493 2898:, Routledge, 2008, p. 123 2592:10.1080/02684520600957712 2187:Westmoreland Field Manual 1795: 1517:in order to fight on the 1513:to join the Nazis during 1497:), the youth wing of the 1353: 1292: 1238:Westmoreland Field Manual 1162:Lochoi Oreinōn Katadromōn 1151: 1039:. The former director of 1014: 981:, former director of the 658:British Army on the Rhine 439: 139: 124: 104: 96: 88: 76: 68: 56: 46: 41: 8090:Western Union (alliance) 6582:1980 Turkish coup d'état 6417:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6387:1978 Somali coup attempt 6347:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 6312:1973 Chilean coup d'état 6137:Revolutionary Government 6031:South African Border War 5823:1960 Turkish coup d'état 5740:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 5595:1953 Iranian coup d'état 5575:1952 Egyptian revolution 5086:Parallel History Project 4855:civic website of Bologna 4591:, January 2006, 182-186. 4500:Norton-Taylor, Richard. 4400:Ganser, Daniele (2005). 3368:Parallel History Project 2992:Willan, Phillip (2002). 2880:10.1177/0968344520914345 2846:10.1177/0968344520914345 2697:Scots Guards Association 2519:Del Pero, Mario (2001). 2478:Ganser, Daniele (2004). 1812:and in the NATO members 1654: 1620:Operation Stella Polaris 1452:and Air Force Commander 1374:1980 Turkish coup d'état 1342:In 1966, the CIA set up 726: 128:1 January 1952 8030:Anti-communism in Italy 6787:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6732:People Power Revolution 6717:Central American crisis 6657:1986 Black Sea incident 6307:1973 Afghan coup d'état 6205:Western Sahara conflict 6016:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5939:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5882:Portuguese Colonial War 5845:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 5610:1954 Syrian coup d'état 5487:Annexation of Hyderabad 5430:1947–1949 Palestine war 5042:Gli assassini del karma 4957:(in Italian and French) 4469:print 1743–9019 online. 3974:"Türkeş'i CIA kurtardı" 3594:Cambridge Clarion Group 3156:How M16 and SAS Join In 3139:, "La Nuova Sardegna" 2389:CIA activities in Italy 2227:CIA shitshow, starring 1913:Social Democratic Party 1728:transition to democracy 1717:Spanish Communist Party 1709:1977 Massacre of Atocha 1707:), participated in the 883:, former leader of the 108:Counter an invasion of 7081:Neoclassical economics 6592:Gulf of Sidra incident 6149:1969 Libyan revolution 5840:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5625:1954 Geneva Conference 5385:Turkish straits crisis 5380:Corfu Channel incident 5111:July 19, 2023, at the 4093:"NATO's Secret Armies" 3797:Mehtap Söyler (2015). 3299:Parliament, European. 3120:La Voce della Campania 2231:and a bunch of former 1943:relies excessively on 1883:, "P-26 was backed by 1639:with an exile base in 1494: 1366:Ergenekon (allegation) 1201:Regime of the Colonels 1071:François de Grossouvre 1012: 879:It also reported that 870:Piazza Fontana bombing 836:Chief Staff of Defense 774:and the Masonic lodge 662:Anthony Farrar-Hockley 575:, was headed by Major 380:Others/Western states: 8085:False flag operations 7931:Russia–NATO relations 7812:Jonathan Reed Winkler 7096:Democratic capitalism 7091:Supply-side economics 7059:American conservatism 6858:Breakup of Yugoslavia 6747:Bougainville conflict 6662:South Yemen civil war 6597:Martial law in Poland 6460:Nicaraguan Revolution 6435:Dirty War (Argentina) 6242:1971 JVP insurrection 6056:Years of Lead (Italy) 5934:North Yemen civil war 5852:Berlin Crisis of 1961 5828:Albanian–Soviet split 5760:1959 Tibetan uprising 5725:Syrian Crisis of 1957 5580:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 5440:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4982:Le Monde diplomatique 4923:Éditions Albin Michel 4648:, December 2007, 930. 4567:Peer Henrik Hansen, " 4479:Richard Norton-Taylor 3093:Gladio: et la France? 2350:. Turkish drama, 2009 1509:who had deserted the 1336:Further information: 991: 893:Democrats of the Left 493:psychological warfare 470:intelligence agencies 7352:Non-Aligned Movement 6974:Peaceful coexistence 6928:North Borneo dispute 6843:German reunification 6838:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 6536:Salvadoran Civil War 6485:Grand Mosque seizure 6480:Yemenite War of 1979 6372:Mozambican Civil War 6327:Carnation Revolution 6282:Yemenite War of 1972 6220:1970 Polish protests 6051:1967 Hong Kong riots 6026:Argentine Revolution 5976:Guatemalan Civil War 5904:Cuban Missile Crisis 5818:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5690:1956 Poznań protests 5668:Geneva Summit (1955) 5270:Hukbalahap Rebellion 5249:Non-Aligned Movement 5151:NATO's Secret Armies 5132:NATO's Secret Armies 5122:NATO's Secret Armies 5120:from book launch of 5104:NATO's Secret Armies 4991:Patrick Boucheron, " 4521:"Schwarzer Schatten" 4457:", published by the 4336:, November 26, 1990 4315:, November 24, 1990 4273:, November 16, 1990 4252:, November 17, 1990 4231:, November 21, 1990 4210:, November 18, 1990 3536:on 11 December 2022. 3265:Gerardo Serravalle, 3126:on 15 February 2009. 3101:, November 10, 1990 2956:Paolo Emilio Taviani 2379:Operation Northwoods 2338:Banda della Magliana 2297:NATO's Secret Armies 2097:NATO's Secret Armies 2093:right-wing terrorism 2079:, in his 2005 book, 1852:secret files scandal 1713:Workers' Commissions 1705:Vincenzo Vinciguerra 1673:Stefano Delle Chiaie 1560:(OeWSGV, literally " 1370:Deep state in Turkey 935:(SGR). In November, 885:MSI Fiamma-Tricolore 823:, who worked in the 803:(from 1953 to 1958) 749:Vincenzo Vinciguerra 735:(from 1953 to 1958) 707:refused to comment. 639:resistance movements 567:forces fighting the 509:right-wing terrorism 7797:Alex von Tunzelmann 7787:Vladimir Tismăneanu 7712:Thomas J. McCormick 7707:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 7607:Robert Hugh Ferrell 7470:Crusade for Freedom 7267:Illiberal democracy 7151:Ho Chi Minh Thought 6954:Eisenhower Doctrine 6807:Peaceful Revolution 6802:Romanian Revolution 6782:Revolutions of 1989 6767:1988 Polish strikes 6677:Operation INFEKTION 6672:1987 Lieyu massacre 6577:Eritrean Civil Wars 6560:Peruvian Revolution 6510:1979 Herat uprising 6500:Sino-Vietnamese War 6465:Uganda–Tanzania War 6445:Egyptian–Libyan War 6412:Third Indochina War 6407:Sino-Albanian split 6397:Ethiopian Civil War 6297:Eritrean Civil Wars 6237:Ping-pong diplomacy 6210:Cambodian Civil War 6036:Korean DMZ Conflict 6021:Cultural Revolution 5991:Dominican Civil War 5969:Tlatelolco massacre 5755:1959 Mosul uprising 5745:1958 Lebanon crisis 5472:Al-Wathbah uprising 5395:First Indochina War 5365:Iran crisis of 1946 5044:Roma: Robin, 2004. 4357:, November 14, 1990 4189:, December 2, 1990 4170:on 26 October 2005. 4014:, Austria-Forum |. 3695:on 12 December 2008 3471:The Washington Post 3393:on 11 October 2007. 3076:Giovanni Pellegrino 3018:"Operazione Gladio" 2933:on 18 November 2010 2926:The Washington Post 2797:, November 17, 1990 2789:Secret Italian Unit 2703:on 22 December 2014 2434:The Washington Post 2334:strategy of tension 2223:as "a weird crypto- 2185:; specifically the 2167:US State Department 2109:Roskilde University 2103:Criticism of Ganser 2089:strategy of tension 1889:Jehovah's witnesses 1829:stay-behind network 1827:, confirmed that a 1800:In 1951, CIA agent 1693:Montejurra incident 1675:and members of the 1460:or the subordinate 1388:Turkish nationalism 1230:US State Department 1103:The Washington Post 969:a Danish archbishop 941:European Parliament 910:Giovanni Pellegrino 854:strategy of tension 801:Minister of Defence 733:Minister of Defense 593:Special Air Service 8115:Cold War conflicts 7951:Russian Revolution 7747:Mary Elise Sarotte 7732:William B. Pickett 7657:Patrick J. Hearden 7637:Gabriel Gorodetsky 7632:Timothy Garton Ash 7617:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 7212:Ethnic nationalism 6964:Hallstein Doctrine 6848:Yemeni unification 6637:1985 Geneva Summit 6602:Casamance conflict 6505:New Jewel Movement 6490:Iranian Revolution 6475:Chadian–Libyan War 6422:Cambodian conflict 6402:Lebanese Civil War 6392:Western Sahara War 6367:June 1976 protests 6362:Cambodian genocide 6127:17 July Revolution 6081:Nigerian Civil War 5996:Rhodesian Bush War 5981:Colombian conflict 5924:Ramadan Revolution 5663:Bandung Conference 5539:Operation Valuable 5420:Partition of India 4881:Jens Mecklenburg, 4740:William Egan Colby 4720:An Affair of State 4491:, December 5, 1990 4453:2010-07-13 at the 4446:Ganser, Daniele. " 4294:, August 19, 1991 3898:on 21 August 2023. 3825:on 13 January 2020 3665:. 13 November 1990 3596:. 14 November 1990 3464:Lee, Christopher. 3350:2016-04-29 at the 3344:A Scandinavian Spy 3323:2006-06-23 at the 3164:, December 5, 1990 3091:Barbera, Myriam. " 2762:2008-12-12 at the 2641:2008-12-12 at the 2499:The New York Times 2200:An Affair of State 2193:In popular culture 1967:"Operation Gladio" 1908:Swiss Armed Forces 1626:Weapons Cache Case 1446:Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu 1193:Stylianos Pattakos 1170:Konstantinos Dovas 1037:11th Choc regiment 1001:were NATO allies, 908:headed by senator 906:Commissione Stragi 832:Gerardo D'Ambrosio 815:Judicial Inquiries 792:Commissione Stragi 595:and saw action in 581:"Mad Mike" Calvert 8075:Military scandals 7982: 7981: 7969:List of conflicts 7817:Rudolph Winnacker 7762:Giles Scott-Smith 7737:Ronald E. Powaski 7692:Melvyn P. Leffler 7622:John Lewis Gaddis 7597:Robert D. English 7562:Warren H. Carroll 7552:Michael Beschloss 7521:Nuclear arms race 7502: 7501: 7408:Neues Deutschland 7310: 7309: 7292:White nationalism 7262:Liberal democracy 6999:Ulbricht Doctrine 6989:Brezhnev Doctrine 6797:Velvet Revolution 6541:Soviet–Afghan War 6357:Angolan Civil War 6154:Goulash Communism 6011:ASEAN Declaration 5964:Mexican Dirty War 5862:Annexation of Goa 5813:1960 U-2 incident 5787:Sino-Soviet split 5765:Laotian Civil War 5605:Bricker Amendment 5585:Mau Mau rebellion 5529:Malayan Emergency 5517:Chinese Civil War 5477:Tito–Stalin split 5331:Division of Korea 5040:Angelo Paratico: 4985:, December 1990. 4557:978-3-531-19324-3 4135:on 18 March 2023. 4113:Ganser, Daniele. 4077:978-0-7524-9642-9 4043:External link in 3958:978-0-940380-06-6 3772:978-0-7146-4900-9 3578:on 28 March 2008. 3526:978-0-7146-8500-7 3451:978-0-8153-4057-7 3305:En.wikisource.org 3277:, 1991), p.78-79 3246:Willan, Philip. " 3003:978-1-4697-1084-6 2954:Willan, Philip. " 2399:Alpo K. Marttinen 2325:Romanzo Criminale 2253:978-1-910-70108-9 2087:operations and a 2073: 2072: 2051:. Please help to 2043:This section may 2028: 2027: 2020: 2002: 1823:In 1990, General 1777:installations in 1551:Interior Minister 1458:Counter-Guerrilla 1422:Counter-Guerrilla 1396:Counter-Guerrilla 1360:Counter-Guerrilla 1348:Yves Guérin-Sérac 1168:for the CIA, and 1063:La Rose des Vents 953:Westland New Post 949:Brabant massacres 872:in Milan and the 757:Francesco Cossiga 705:George H. W. Bush 634:guerrilla warfare 628:invasion through 616:Post-war creation 597:North-West Europe 542:Winston Churchill 447: 446: 72:Covert operations 69:Operational scope 16:(Redirected from 8127: 7995:Operation Gladio 7727:David S. Painter 7652:John Earl Haynes 7582:Nicholas J. Cull 7567:Adrian Cioroianu 7547:Thomas A. Bailey 7494:Voice of America 7385: 7384: 7297:White separatism 7277:Social democracy 7272:Guided democracy 7252:Authoritarianism 7202:Ultranationalism 7192:Anti-imperialism 7119:Marxism–Leninism 7032: 7031: 7019:Kinmen Agreement 6984:Johnson Doctrine 6969:Kennedy Doctrine 6885:Frozen conflicts 6868:1991 August Coup 6757:Afghan Civil War 6652:Reykjavík Summit 6647:Somali Rebellion 6587:Ugandan Bush War 6565:Gdańsk Agreement 6086:Protests of 1968 6066:War of Attrition 5775:Cuban Revolution 5711:We will bury you 5678:Cyprus Emergency 5658:Kashmir Princess 5648:Jebel Akhdar War 5497:Western betrayal 5182: 5175: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5144:Allan Francovich 5139:Operation Gladio 5095:Internet Archive 5076: 5070: 5037: 5015: 4988: 4976: 4958: 4936: 4914: 4896: 4878: 4860: 4804:Prometheus Books 4796:Paul L. Williams 4723: 4713: 4707: 4704:State Department 4701: 4695: 4681: 4675: 4672:Cold War History 4668: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4598: 4592: 4585: 4579: 4565: 4559: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4517: 4511: 4498: 4492: 4476: 4470: 4444: 4438: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4364: 4358: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4166:. Archived from 4156: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3918: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3891:. Archived from 3880: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3691:. Archived from 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3625:. Archived from 3620: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3568: 3557: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3529:. Archived from 3518: 3504: 3491: 3486:and Louis Wolf, 3481: 3475: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3360: 3354: 3337: 3328: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3263: 3257: 3256:, June 24, 2000. 3244: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3171: 3165: 3152:Pallister, David 3149: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2975:Herman, Edward S 2971: 2965: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2929:. Archived from 2916: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2824: 2818: 2804: 2798: 2785: 2774: 2754: 2733: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2699:. Archived from 2689: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2669:on 28 March 2008 2659: 2653: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2531:(4): 1304–1334. 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2424: 2384:Operation Condor 2290:Allan Francovich 2147:State Department 2140:Cold War History 2075:Swiss historian 2068: 2065: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1960: 1936: 1928: 1825:Bengt Gustafsson 1785:, in the 1970s. 1689:Operation Condor 1573:The Boston Globe 1485:), to train the 1454:Tahsin Şahinkaya 1400:Alparslan Türkeş 1226:Stephen Saunders 1189:Costas Aslanides 1083:Rand Corporation 852:asserted that a 788:Giulio Andreotti 768:Claudio Martelli 753:Edward S. Herman 745:Giulio Andreotti 646:stay-behind (SB) 513:Eduardo Mondlane 486:Operation Gladio 450:Operation Gladio 430: 428: 427: 417: 415: 414: 404: 402: 401: 391: 389: 388: 374: 372: 371: 361: 359: 358: 348: 346: 345: 335: 333: 332: 322: 320: 319: 309: 307: 306: 296: 294: 293: 283: 281: 280: 270: 268: 267: 257: 255: 254: 244: 242: 241: 230: 229: 218: 216: 215: 205: 203: 202: 190: 189: 188: 178: 176: 175: 160: 159: 149: 148: 147: 140:Executed by 135: 133: 61: 42:Operation Gladio 39: 38: 21: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8095:History of NATO 7985: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7955: 7946:Second Cold War 7904: 7832: 7826: 7802:Odd Arne Westad 7792:Patrick Vaughan 7777:Athan Theoharis 7757:Ellen Schrecker 7742:Yakov M. Rabkin 7717:Timothy Naftali 7662:Tvrtko Jakovina 7647:Jussi Hanhimäki 7530: 7508: 7498: 7476:Paix et Liberté 7451: 7395:Active measures 7376: 7306: 7287:White supremacy 7247:Totalitarianism 7175: 7100: 7023: 7009:Reagan Doctrine 7004:Carter Doctrine 6944:Truman Doctrine 6932: 6879: 6811: 6706:Soviet reaction 6617:Ndogboyosoi War 6524: 6495:Saur Revolution 6322:1973 oil crisis 6287:Munich massacre 6195:Alcora Exercise 6190:Black September 6168: 5914:Sino-Indian War 5808:Simba rebellion 5791: 5635:Capture of the 5543: 5482:Berlin Blockade 5415:May 1947 crises 5405:Truman Doctrine 5370:Greek Civil War 5359:Blacklist Forty 5326:Gouzenko Affair 5313:Cursed soldiers 5265:Morgenthau Plan 5253: 5191: 5186: 5113:Wayback Machine 5062: 5059: 5035: 5013: 4986: 4974: 4956: 4934: 4912: 4899:Leo A. Müller, 4894: 4876: 4858: 4838: 4782:The Lone Gladio 4736: 4731: 4729:Further reading 4726: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4656: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4582: 4575:, Summer 2005. 4566: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4499: 4495: 4477: 4473: 4455:Wayback Machine 4445: 4441: 4429: 4422: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4179: 4175: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4009: 4005: 3987: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3940: 3936: 3920: 3919: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3855: 3853: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3663:AP News Archive 3657: 3656: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3632:on 21 June 2023 3629: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3516: 3508:Ganser, Daniele 3505: 3494: 3482: 3478: 3474:, June 7, 2006. 3463: 3459: 3452: 3438: 3434: 3403: 3399: 3379: 3375: 3370:. October 2016. 3362: 3361: 3357: 3352:Wayback Machine 3338: 3331: 3325:Wayback Machine 3316: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3264: 3260: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3090: 3086: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3022:Rough Diplomacy 3016: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2990: 2986: 2972: 2968: 2953: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2889: 2859: 2855: 2825: 2821: 2817:. 15 March 2006 2807:Dan van der Vat 2805: 2801: 2786: 2777: 2764:Wayback Machine 2755: 2736: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2643:Wayback Machine 2634: 2630: 2619: 2615: 2572: 2568: 2537:10.2307/2674730 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2491: 2487: 2476: 2472: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2366: 2342:Michele Placido 2306:Andreas Pichler 2195: 2163: 2105: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2039: 2035: 2024: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1961: 1959: 1953: 1949:primary sources 1937: 1926: 1844: 1838: 1798: 1736:Francoist Spain 1701:Carlo Cicuttini 1667:militants were 1657: 1622: 1608: 1582:Franz Vranitzky 1580:and Chancellor 1536: 1531: 1501:. Nazar was an 1407:Truman Doctrine 1380: 1362: 1356: 1340: 1334: 1295: 1247: 1197:Phillips Talbot 1154: 1091: 1021:Édouard Depreux 1017: 977:(FE). In 1978, 961: 924: 918: 901: 844: 817: 784: 729: 724: 618: 604:David Pallister 589:GHQ Home Forces 573:Auxiliary Units 550:occupied Europe 534: 529: 484:organizations, 425: 423: 412: 410: 399: 397: 386: 384: 378: 369: 367: 356: 354: 343: 341: 330: 328: 317: 315: 304: 302: 291: 289: 278: 276: 265: 263: 252: 250: 239: 237: 224: 213: 211: 200: 198: 186: 184: 173: 171: 154: 153: 145: 143: 131: 129: 97:Planned by 84: 64: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8133: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8025:1950s in Italy 8022: 8020:1940s in Italy 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7772:Timothy Snyder 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7702:Vojtech Mastny 7699: 7697:Geir Lundestad 7694: 7689: 7687:Walter Laqueur 7684: 7682:Walter LaFeber 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7612:André Fontaine 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7542:Gar Alperovitz 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7512: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7282:Third-Worldism 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7071:Libertarianism 7068: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7051: 7049:Chicago school 7046: 7040: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6994:Nixon Doctrine 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6937:Foreign policy 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6722:Operation RYAN 6719: 6714: 6709: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6627:Able Archer 83 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6377:Oromo conflict 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6317:Yom Kippur War 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5949:Aden Emergency 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5867:Papua conflict 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5770:Kitchen Debate 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5730:Sputnik crisis 5727: 5722: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5700:Polish October 5697: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5600:Pact of Madrid 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5555:Bamboo Curtain 5551: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5295: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5135: 5125: 5115: 5100: 5077: 5058: 5057:External links 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050:978-8873710646 5038: 5016: 5003:Carlo Ginzburg 4989: 4977: 4959: 4945:Il Prigioniero 4937: 4915: 4897: 4879: 4861: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4815: 4812:978-1616149741 4793: 4775: 4758:Daniele Ganser 4755: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4708: 4696: 4676: 4663: 4650: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4609:April 15, 2007 4605:Hayden Peake, 4593: 4580: 4560: 4540: 4512: 4493: 4471: 4439: 4420: 4389: 4379: 4359: 4341: 4320: 4299: 4278: 4257: 4236: 4215: 4194: 4173: 4151: 4138: 4102: 4083: 4076: 4067:The Last Nazis 4056: 4003: 3984:on 22 May 2011 3964: 3957: 3943:Herman, Edward 3934: 3901: 3866: 3836: 3806: 3789: 3778: 3771: 3750: 3728: 3706: 3676: 3643: 3607: 3581: 3558: 3539: 3525: 3519:. Frank Cass. 3492: 3476: 3457: 3450: 3432: 3413:(6): 937–954. 3397: 3373: 3355: 3340:Colby, William 3329: 3310: 3291: 3282: 3258: 3239: 3217: 3191: 3166: 3144: 3129: 3107: 3084: 3067: 3052:(in Italian). 3036: 3027: 3009: 3002: 2984: 2966: 2944: 2911: 2900: 2887: 2873:(3): 681–700. 2867:War in History 2853: 2839:(3): 681–700. 2833:War in History 2819: 2799: 2775: 2734: 2714: 2684: 2654: 2628: 2613: 2586:(5): 760–781. 2566: 2511: 2485: 2470: 2455: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2404:Propaganda Due 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2356:Amsterdam Vice 2351: 2345: 2340:. Directed by 2321: 2309: 2293: 2277: 2272:'s 2001 novel 2267: 2255: 2241:'s 2015 novel 2236: 2207: 2194: 2191: 2179:disinformation 2162: 2159: 2104: 2101: 2077:Daniele Ganser 2071: 2070: 2055:. Discuss and 2042: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2025: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1840:Main article: 1837: 1834: 1797: 1794: 1663:'s death, two 1656: 1653: 1645:Elisabeth Rehn 1607: 1604: 1591:Nicholas Burns 1578:Thomas Klestil 1545:Theodor Körner 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1426:military coups 1358:Main article: 1355: 1352: 1333: 1330: 1294: 1291: 1271:Henk Vredeling 1246: 1243: 1218:To Proto Thema 1181:Daniele Ganser 1153: 1150: 1090: 1087: 1016: 1013: 960: 957: 920:Main article: 917: 914: 900: 897: 843: 840: 816: 813: 783: 780: 728: 725: 723: 720: 701:European Union 617: 614: 538:fall of France 536:Following the 533: 530: 528: 525: 505:anti-communist 445: 444: 441: 437: 436: 435: 434: 421: 408: 395: 382: 365: 352: 339: 326: 313: 300: 287: 274: 261: 248: 235: 222: 209: 207:United Kingdom 196: 195: 194: 141: 137: 136: 126: 122: 121: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 82:Western Europe 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8132: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 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7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7677:Gabriel Kolko 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7642:Fred Halliday 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7627:Lloyd Gardner 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7587:Norman Davies 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572:John Costello 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7507:Technological 7505: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388:Pro-communist 7386: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315:Organizations 7313: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129:Eurocommunism 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Domino theory 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6913:South Ossetia 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697:8888 Uprising 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:Iran–Iraq War 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Falklands War 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470:NDF Rebellion 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:German Autumn 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337:Metapolitefsi 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6099: 6098:Prague Spring 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Al-Wadiah War 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:12-3 incident 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:Domino theory 5618: 5616: 5615:Petrov Affair 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Madiun Affair 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:Marshall Plan 5450: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5201:United States 5198: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5011:Adriano Sofri 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4971:3-7766-1951-1 4968: 4964: 4961:Regine Igel, 4960: 4954: 4953:2-207-24888-7 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4931:2-226-06919-4 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4891:3-88520-612-9 4888: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4873:2-87262-051-6 4870: 4867:, Bruxelles ( 4866: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4851:9788806156251 4848: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778:Sibel Edmonds 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4693:9781615780112 4690: 4687:2006, p. 95, 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4380:9789185677535 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4052: 4037: 4021: 4020:Austria-Forum 4017: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3738: 3732: 3716: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3286: 3276: 3275:88-267-0145-8 3272: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3206:. 2 July 2001 3205: 3201: 3195: 3180: 3179:Repubblica.it 3176: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3138: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3080:Years of Lead 3077: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3031: 3024:. April 2018. 3023: 3019: 3013: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2732: 2731:0-304-92519-5 2728: 2725:Cassell 1968 2724: 2721:David Lampe, 2718: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2474: 2466: 2459: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Malory Archer 2214: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2019: 2011: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: – 1968: 1964: 1963:Find sources: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1941:This article 1939: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:William Colby 1793: 1791: 1790:San Sebastián 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:Adolfo Suárez 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1649:William Colby 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1519:Eastern Front 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:Memduh Tağmaç 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1411:Bülent Ecevit 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1344:Aginter Press 1339: 1338:Aginter Press 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:Vilhelm Evang 1300: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283:John Mieremet 1280: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:Richard Welch 1219: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1208:1981 election 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179:According to 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 988: 984: 980: 979:William Colby 976: 975: 970: 966: 956: 954: 950: 944: 942: 938: 934: 929: 923: 913: 911: 907: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 865: 861: 855: 851: 850: 839: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 821:Guido Salvini 812: 810: 806: 805:Paolo Taviani 802: 796: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737:Paolo Taviani 734: 719: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 697: 693: 691: 687: 686:Western Union 681: 679: 678: 673: 669: 668: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 635: 631: 627: 623: 613: 611: 610: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 587:units, under 586: 582: 578: 577:Colin Gubbins 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 524: 522: 518: 515:in 1969. The 514: 510: 507:militias and 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:Western Union 455: 451: 442: 438: 433: 422: 420: 409: 407: 396: 394: 383: 381: 377: 366: 364: 353: 351: 340: 338: 327: 325: 314: 312: 301: 299: 288: 286: 275: 273: 262: 260: 249: 247: 236: 234: 228: 223: 221: 210: 208: 197: 193: 183: 182: 181: 180:United States 170: 169: 167: 163: 158: 152: 151:Western Union 142: 138: 127: 123: 119: 118:US Government 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 60: 55: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7941:Brinkmanship 7833:intelligence 7722:Marius Oprea 7672:Harvey Klehr 7602:Herbert Feis 7592:Willem Drees 7557:Archie Brown 7474: 7462: 7444: 7434:Trybuna Ludu 7432: 7425: 7421:Radio Moscow 7413: 7406: 7399: 7227:Anti-Zionism 7143: 7066:Keynesianism 7054:Conservatism 6918:Transnistria 6898:China-Taiwan 6555:Gera Demands 6428: 6229: 6104: 5909:El Porteñazo 5803:Congo Crisis 5718: 5716: 5653:Algerian War 5636: 5512:Western Bloc 5507:Eastern Bloc 5502:Iron Curtain 5358: 5350: 5342: 5319: 5299: 5291: 5208:Soviet Union 5206: 5199: 5150: 5138: 5131: 5121: 5103: 5094: 5080: 5071:– via 5065: 5041: 5031: 5006: 4996: 4980: 4962: 4944: 4940: 4918: 4900: 4882: 4859:(in Italian) 4842: 4818: 4799: 4781: 4762: 4743: 4719: 4711: 4699: 4684: 4679: 4671: 4666: 4658: 4653: 4645: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4619: 4614: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4549:Konspiration 4548: 4543: 4531:. 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