2396:
945:
833:
675:
663:
651:
639:
285:
273:
261:
225:
207:
3272:
2996:
2733:
2408:
surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery.... Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question. Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the
Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies. In such warfare no single general could strike a blow that would make him immortal; the "glory of fighting" sank down into the dirt and mire of trenches and dugouts.
3325:
381:
1075:
801:
789:
615:
965:
853:
723:
481:
3062:
336:
426:
237:
2847:
1065:
777:
765:
753:
741:
598:
2720:, part of the Third Battle of Artois, which was meant to supplement the larger Champagne attack. The attack was preceded by a four-day artillery bombardment of 250,000 shells and a release of 5,100 cylinders of chlorine gas. The attack involved two corps in the main assault and two corps performing diversionary attacks at Ypres. The British suffered heavy losses, especially due to machine gun fire during the attack and made only limited gains before they ran out of shells. A renewal of the attack on 13 October fared little better. In December, French was replaced by General
995:
893:
546:
411:
2111:
351:
2647:
3089:, had to negotiate rough, upward-sloping terrain in extremely bad weather. Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority, making reconnaissance difficult and in places, the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops. Within a week the French suffered 120,000 casualties. Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough, Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May.
2076:
56:
3192:
British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early
October, the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes, which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat. Both sides lost a combined total of over a half million men during this offensive. The battle has become a byword among some British revisionist historians for bloody and futile slaughter, whilst the Germans called Passchendaele "the greatest martyrdom of the war."
458:
5495:
711:
2988:, Germany had stopped unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic because of concerns of drawing the United States into the conflict. With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages, the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. They calculated that a successful submarine and warship siege of Britain would force that country out of the war within six months, while American forces would take a year to become a serious factor on the Western Front. The
2906:
2505:
955:
843:
699:
687:
321:
303:
3215:
4,000 British casualties. The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the
British in the south and failed in the north. Despite the reversal, the attack was seen as a success by the Allies, proving that tanks could overcome trench defences. The Germans realised that the use of tanks by the Allies posed a new threat to any defensive strategy they might mount. The battle had also seen the first mass use of German
3234:
396:
3187:. The battle had the original aim of capturing the ridges east of Ypres then advancing to Roulers and Thourout to close the main rail line supplying the German garrisons on the Western front north of Ypres. If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast. It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres, as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress. The Canadian Corps relieved the
2093:
2871:, supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned. They suffered the greatest number of casualties (killed, wounded and missing) in a single day in the history of the British Army, about 57,000.
366:
2418:
440:
1015:
985:
903:
873:
567:
505:
2956:
2785:
975:
863:
249:
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unreliability. The final phase of the battle took place in
October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres (5 mi) and failed to reach the original objectives. The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000. It is estimated that the Germans lost 465,000, although this figure is controversial.
3134:
2551:, creating an undefended 3.7-mile (6 km) gap in the Allied line. The Germans were unprepared for the level of their success and lacked sufficient reserves to exploit the opening. Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and halted the German advance. The gas attack was repeated two days later and caused a 3.1 mi (5 km) withdrawal of the Franco-British line but the opportunity had been lost.
1005:
883:
526:
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also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements, Germany could concentrate on
Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal. Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to believe that Russia could be defeated by a series of battles which cumulatively would have a decisive effect, after which Germany could finish off France and Britain.
3019:, completing the capture of the ridge and the Third Army to the south achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began. Later attacks were confronted by German reinforcements defending the area using the lessons learned on the Somme in 1916. British attacks were contained and, according to Gary Sheffield, a greater rate of daily loss was inflicted on the British than in "any other major battle".
2183:. On 7 August, the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar. The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine. In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French. The French Third and Fourth Armies advanced toward the
3257:
divisions in the line. Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the
British on the Somme, to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports. The attack would combine the new storm troop tactics with over 700 aircraft, tanks and a carefully planned artillery barrage that would include gas attacks.
2832:, the French recaptured Fort Vaux in November and by December 1916 they had pushed the Germans back 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) from Fort Douaumont, in the process rotating 42 divisions through the battle. The Battle of Verdun—also known as the 'Mincing Machine of Verdun' or 'Meuse Mill'—became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice.
2875:
of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the
British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of
3838:
going to be defeated, Ludendorff had ordered the destruction of the mines in France and
Belgium. His goal was to cripple the industries of Germany's main European rival. To prevent similar German attacks in the future, France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the
2891:
sufficient equipment and weapons, the army made the platoon the basic tactical unit, similar to the French and German armies. At the time of the Somme, British senior commanders insisted that the company (120 men) was the smallest unit of manoeuvre; less than a year later, the section of ten men would be so.
3302:. By summer, between 250,000 and 300,000 American soldiers were arriving every month. A total of 2.1 million American troops would be deployed on this front before the war came to an end. The rapidly increasing American presence served as a counter for the large numbers of redeployed German forces.
3191:
and took the village of
Passchendaele on 6 November, despite rain, mud and many casualties. The offensive was costly in manpower for both sides for relatively little gain of ground against determined German resistance but the ground captured was of great tactical importance. In the drier periods, the
3154:
had been digging tunnels under the ridge, and about 500 t (490 long tons) of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences. Following several weeks of bombardment, the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated, killing up to 7,000 German troops. The infantry advance that
3097:
occurred in 54 French divisions and 20,000 men deserted. Other Allied forces attacked but suffered massive casualties. Appeals to patriotism and duty followed, as did mass arrests and trials. The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action.
2874:
The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until
September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations
2666:
and advance into the Douai plain. The French Tenth Army attacked on 9 May after a six-day bombardment and advanced 5 kilometres (3 mi) to capture Vimy Ridge. German reinforcements counter-attacked and pushed the French back towards their starting points because French reserves had been held back
2450:
to capture Aubers Ridge. The assault was made by four divisions on a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. Preceded by a hurricane bombardment lasting only 35 minutes, the village was captured within four hours. The advance then slowed because of supply and communication difficulties. The Germans brought up
3837:
France suffered more casualties relative to its population than any other great power and the industrial north-east of the country was devastated by the war. The provinces overrun by Germany had produced 40 percent of French coal and 58 percent of its steel output. Once it was clear that Germany was
3246:
was signed and Russia withdrew from the war. This would now have a dramatic effect on the conflict as 33 divisions were released from the Eastern Front for deployment to the west. The Germans occupied almost as much Russian territory under the provisions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as they did in
3214:
on their fronts to bridge trenches and the 13-foot-wide (4 m) German tank traps. Special "grapnel tanks" towed hooks to pull away the German barbed wire. The attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months, at a cost of only
2890:
The Somme led directly to major new developments in infantry organisation and tactics; despite the terrible losses of 1 July, some divisions had managed to achieve their objectives with minimal casualties. In examining the reasons behind losses and achievements, once the British war economy produced
2757:
Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to 5–6 kilometres (3–4 mi) to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive. He also kept tight control of the main reserve, feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going. In preparation for their attack,
2687:
were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the Allies were nearly blinded by German fighters. However, the impact of German air superiority was diminished by their primarily defensive doctrine in which they tended to remain over their own lines, rather than fighting over
2407:
Trenches were longer, deeper, and better defended by steel, concrete, and barbed wire than ever before. They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the
2380:
Falkenhayn hoped that the Russians would be made amenable to peace overtures. In his discussions with Bethmann Hollweg, Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain. A peace with only a few annexations of territory
3256:
The Allies lacked unity of command and suffered from morale and manpower problems, the British and French armies were severely depleted and not in a position to attack in the first half of the year, while the majority of the newly arrived American troops were still training, with just six complete
2195:
The German Army swept through Belgium, executing civilians and razing villages. The application of "collective responsibility" against a civilian population further galvanised the allies. Newspapers condemned the German invasion, violence against civilians and destruction of property, which became
3751:, signed in June 1919 by a delegation of the new German government. The terms of the treaty constrained Germany as an economic and military power. The Versailles treaty returned the border provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France, thus limiting the quantity of coal available to German industry. The
3026:
and better aircraft with twin guns were introduced. The result was higher losses of Allied aircraft, particularly for the British, Portuguese, Belgians and Australians who were struggling with outmoded aircraft, poor training and tactics. The Allied air successes over the Somme were not repeated.
2917:
In August 1916 the German leadership along the Western Front had changed as Falkenhayn resigned and was replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff. The new leaders soon recognised that the battles of Verdun and the Somme had depleted the offensive capabilities of the German Army. They decided that the
2597:
became the first to shoot down an enemy aircraft by using a machine-gun that shot forward through the propeller blades. This was achieved by crudely reinforcing the blades to deflect bullets. Several weeks later Garros force-landed behind German lines. His aeroplane was captured and sent to Dutch
3241:
Following the successful Allied attack and penetration of the German defences at Cambrai, Ludendorff and Hindenburg determined that the only opportunity for German victory lay in a decisive attack along the Western front during the spring, before American manpower became overwhelming. On 3 March
2671:
describing a new system of defence. Rather than relying on a heavily fortified front line, the defence was to be arranged in a series of echelons. The front line would be a thinly manned series of outposts, reinforced by a series of strongpoints and a sheltered reserve. If a slope was available,
2123:
The Western Front was the place where the most powerful military forces in Europe, the German and French armies, met and where the First World War was decided. At the outbreak of the war, the German Army, with seven field armies in the west and one in the east, executed a modified version of the
2886:
on the battlefield. The Allies prepared an attack that would involve 13 British and Imperial divisions and four French corps. The attack made early progress, advancing 3,200–4,100 metres (3,500–4,500 yd) in places but the tanks had little effect due to their lack of numbers and mechanical
3098:
On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command, replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive. The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command, while the British assumed greater responsibility.
3114:
until October. The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort, and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts. Despite this, however, their presence provided a much-needed boost to Allied morale, with the promise of further
3297:
was appointed commander of all Allied forces in France. The unified Allies were better able to respond to each of the German drives and the offensive turned into a battle of attrition. In May, the American divisions also began to play an increasing role, winning their first victory in the
2808:
on the west bank of the Meuse which blocked the route to French artillery emplacements, from which the French fired across the river. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. After a change in French command at Verdun from the
3168:(Yellow Cross) gas. The artillery deployment allowed heavy concentrations of the gas to be used on selected targets. Mustard gas was persistent and could contaminate an area for days, denying it to the British, an additional demoralising factor. The Allies increased production of
2796:
began on 21 February 1916 after a nine-day delay due to snow and blizzards. After a massive eight-hour artillery bombardment, the Germans did not expect much resistance as they slowly advanced on Verdun and its forts. Sporadic French resistance was encountered. The Germans took
3826:) was propagated by Hindenburg, Ludendorff and other defeated generals, that the defeat was not the fault of the 'good core' of the army but due to certain left-wing groups within Germany who signed a disastrous armistice; this would later be exploited by nationalists and the
2758:
the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress. In the opening phase, they swept the air space of French aircraft, which allowed German artillery-observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference. In May, the French countered by deploying
2152:, a siege that lasted from 5–16 August. Liège was well fortified and surprised the German Army under Bülow with its level of resistance. German heavy artillery was able to demolish the main forts within a few days. Following the fall of Liège, most of the Belgian field army
3092:
On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Lacking the means to punish an entire division, its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers.
3817:
Germany in 1919 was bankrupt, the people living in a state of semi-starvation and having no commerce with the remainder of the world. The Allies occupied the Rhine cities of Cologne, Koblenz and Mainz, with restoration dependent on payment of reparations. In Germany a
3155:
followed relied on three creeping barrages which the British infantry followed to capture the plateau and the east side of the ridge in one day. German counter-attacks were defeated and the southern flank of the Gheluvelt plateau was protected from German observation.
3782:
The war in the trenches of the Western Front left tens of thousands of maimed soldiers and war widows. The unprecedented loss of life had a lasting effect on popular attitudes toward war, resulting later in an Allied reluctance to pursue an aggressive policy toward
2672:
troops were deployed along the rear side for protection. The defence became fully integrated with command of artillery at the divisional level. Members of the German high command viewed this new scheme with some favour and it later became the basis of an elastic
2305:(those countries opposing the German alliance), the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front. From the coast in the north, the primary forces were from Belgium, the British Empire and then France. Following the
2740:
Falkenhayn believed that a breakthrough might no longer be possible and instead focused on forcing a French defeat by inflicting massive casualties. His new goal was to "bleed France white." As such, he adopted two new strategies. The first was the use of
2745:
to cut off Allied supplies arriving from overseas. The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat, for reasons of strategy and
3247:
the Second World War but this considerably restricted their troop redeployment. The Germans achieved an advantage of 192 divisions in the west to the 178 Allied divisions, which allowed Germany to pull veteran units from the line and retrain them as
3349:, also participated in the operations around Reims. German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain. The Allies fielded 216 divisions against 197 German divisions. The
3141:
In June, the British launched an offensive in Flanders, in part to take the pressure off the French armies on the Aisne, after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops
2187:
and attempted to capture Saarburg, attacking Briey and Neufchateau but were repulsed. The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement first on 7 August, and then again on 23 August, but German reserve forces engaged them in the
2704:
and the British at Loos. The French had spent the summer preparing for this action, with the British assuming control of more of the front to release French troops for the attack. The bombardment, which had been carefully targeted by means of
3759:
opened to international traffic. The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe. It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and prohibiting a navy or air force. The navy was sailed to
3742:
The war along the Western Front led the German government and its allies to sue for peace in spite of German success elsewhere. As a result, the terms of the peace were dictated by France, Britain and the United States, during the 1919
2570:
in September 1915. Fickle winds and inexperience led to more British casualties from the gas than German. French, British and German forces all escalated the use of gas attacks through the rest of the war, developing the more deadly
2862:
were modified to let the British make the main effort. This would serve to relieve pressure on the French, as well as the Russians who had also suffered great losses. On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in
2709:, began on 22 September. The main French assault was launched on 25 September and, at first, made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts. Rather than retreating, the Germans adopted a new
2269:(6–12 September), French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies, ending the German advance into France. The German Army retreated north of the
2273:
and dug in there, establishing the beginnings of a static western front that was to last for the next three years. Following this German retirement, the opposing forces made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the
5995:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
3910:
German casualties from "Reichsarchiv 1918". Appendix F additionally breaks down the German killed figures (per the Reichsarchiv) as: 829,400 killed in action; 300,000 died of wounds; 364,000 missing reclassified as
6773:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
2441:
formed the northern attack force and was to attack eastwards into the Douai plain on a 16 km (9.9 mi) front between Loos and Arras. On 10 March, as part of the larger offensive in the Artois region, the
3293:, very nearly succeeded in driving the Allied armies apart, advancing to within shelling distance of Paris for the first time since 1914. As a result of the battle, the Allies agreed on unity of command. General
2606:, in which the machine gun is synchronised with the propeller so it fires in the intervals when the blades of the propeller are out of the line of fire. This advance was quickly ushered into service, in the
3340:
began two days later, with Franco-British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops, along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft. Hindenburg named 8 August as the "Black Day of the German army." The
9915:
6699:
5976:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. Nashville, TN: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press.
6792:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.).
2975:
to be occupied by the Allies. This withdrawal negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient, as it no longer existed. The British continued offensive operations as the
2979:
claimed, with some justification, that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun, despite the Allies suffering greater losses.
2667:
and the success of the attack had come as a surprise. By 15 May the advance had been stopped, although the fighting continued until 18 June. In May the German Army captured a French document at
6131:. Economic and Social History of the World War. Supplementary Volumes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History.
3206:
On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire (aiming artillery without firing the guns to obtain target data) at the
3085:), would be 1.2 million men strong, preceded by a week-long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks. The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops, with the help of two
3863:"General Brusilov, situated on the Austro-German border, of the General Staff, still managed to make available four special brigades to France or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers."
2437:
on both flanks to cut it off. The Fourth Army had attacked in Champagne from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 but the French were not able to attack in Artois at the same time. The
3210:. The Allies attacked with 324 tanks (with one-third held in reserve) and twelve divisions, advancing behind a hurricane bombardment, against two German divisions. The machines carried
1129:
1970:, and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Among the most costly of these offensives were the
9243:
9258:
2858:
In the spring, Allied commanders had been concerned about the ability of the French Army to withstand the enormous losses at Verdun. The original plans for an attack around the
2937:
and shortened the front by about 50 kilometres (30 mi). British long-range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916.
9442:
6463:
3353:
beginning in August proved the final straw and following this string of military defeats, German troops began to surrender in large numbers. As the Allied forces advanced,
2754:
was chosen for this because it was an important stronghold, surrounded by a ring of forts, that lay near the German lines and because it guarded the direct route to Paris.
1883:
2128:, bypassing French defenses along the common border by moving quickly through neutral Belgium, and then turning southwards to attack France and attempt to encircle the
2925:
behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line, using the defensive principles elaborated since the defensive battles of 1915, including the use of
2355:
judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution. The Chancellor,
9340:
3077:, General Robert Nivelle, ordered a new offensive against the German trenches, promising that it would end the war within 48 hours. The 16 April attack, dubbed the
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of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable. The German government surrendered in the
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Bailey, George (2005). "Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War".
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put a new government in power. The Armistice of Compiègne was quickly signed, stopping hostilities on the Western Front on 11 November 1918, later known as
2967:
was built between 2 mi (3.2 km) and 30 mi (48 km) behind the German front line. On 25 February the German armies west of the line began
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actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.
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2235:. In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day. A
2002:
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Bostyn, Franky (2002). "Zero Hour: Historical Note on the British Underground War in Flanders, 1915–17". In Doyle, Peter; Bennett, Matthew R. (eds.).
2485:, which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare. In 1914, there had been small-scale attempts by both the French and Germans to use various
2029:, the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres (60 miles) to the west, the deepest advance by either side since 1914, but the result was indecisive.
9489:
1632:
3003:
By 1917, the size of the British Army on the Western Front had grown to two-thirds of the size of the French force. In April 1917 the BEF began the
2626:
on 1 August. Both sides developed improved weapons, engines, airframes and materials, until the end of the war. It also inaugurated the cult of the
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3164:(Operation Beachparty) at Nieuport on the coast, the Germans introduced a new weapon into the war when they fired a powerful blistering agent
8181:
2593:
Specialised aeroplanes for aerial combat were introduced in 1915. Aircraft were already in use for scouting and on 1 April, the French pilot
1888:
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and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system, bringing a large reduction in shipping losses.
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Trench warfare in 1914, while not new, quickly improved and provided a very high degree of defense. According to two prominent historians:
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was a westward bulge in the trench line, named the Noyon salient after the French town at the maximum point of the German advance near
1839:
5911:
Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917)
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in 1917, which could linger for days and could kill slowly and painfully. Countermeasures also improved and the stalemate continued.
2213:
1342:
17:
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German Army in the west would go over to the strategic defensive for most of 1917, while the Central powers would attack elsewhere.
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1997:. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918. The
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2168:, falling to the Germans on 20 August. Although the German army bypassed Antwerp, it remained a threat to their flank. Another
2136:; this caused Britain to join the war at the expiration of its ultimatum at midnight on 4 August. Armies under German generals
2333:. Meanwhile, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) occupied a position on the flank, having occupied a more central position.
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6210:
6191:
6172:
6153:
6117:
6098:
6091:
The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and its Conduct
6076:
6057:
6038:
6019:
6000:
5993:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918 May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive
5981:
5959:
5937:
5918:
5899:
5863:
5844:
5825:
5806:
5787:
5751:
5680:
5661:
3111:
3086:
2929:. This was intended to shorten the German front, freeing 10 divisions for other duties. This line of fortifications ran from
1713:
1625:
530:
7207:
9865:
9711:
9131:
7916:
7456:
6296:
Hersch, L. (1927). "La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron-" [Causes of Death in the First World War].
3358:
1755:
464:
7679:
2995:
2547:
and drifted into the French trenches. The green-yellow cloud started killing some defenders and those in the rear fled in
9482:
8806:
8434:
7939:
3361:
in October to negotiate an armistice. Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden. The German retreat continued and the
3151:
2489:, which were not strictly prohibited by the early treaties but which were also ineffective. The first use of more lethal
1791:
9696:
2683:" began to have an effect on the battlefront as Allied reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies. These
9681:
8971:
8373:
8131:
3271:
2482:
1844:
1207:
9556:
9250:
9066:
8338:
7809:
7486:
7232:
3812:
1160:
3803:
marine deaths. Another 62,000 Belgian, 107,000 British and 300,000 French civilians died due to war-related causes.
2566:
withstood several German gas attacks. The British retaliated, developing their own chlorine gas and using it at the
1951:
to the Swiss frontier with France, the position of which changed little except during early 1917 and again in 1918.
9900:
8736:
7774:
3872:"The losses for the two Russian brigades were 70 officers and 4,472 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action."
1618:
1576:
7572:. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London:
3755:, which formed the west bank of the Rhine, would be demilitarized and controlled by Britain and France, while the
2713:
scheme that consisted of a series of defensive zones and positions with a depth of up to 8.0 km (5 mi).
2516:
9807:
9612:
9592:
9379:
9315:
9138:
9007:
7911:
7831:
7769:
7703:
7412:
3169:
2732:
2476:
2376:, continued to believe that victory was achievable through decisive battles. During the Lodz offensive in Poland
1990:
1750:
1655:
1278:
43:
8472:
2825:
gas, came within 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) of the last ridge before Verdun before being contained on 23 June.
9885:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9587:
9281:
7926:
7901:
7799:
3787:. Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 (including 3,000 merchant sailors). The British lost
3184:
2742:
2220:
1762:
1740:
745:
691:
6750:"The Volunteers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Moroccan Division during the Second Battle of Marne"
3022:
During the winter of 1916–1917, German air tactics had been improved, a fighter training school was opened at
2347:
From 19 October until 22 November, the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the
793:
9895:
9582:
9577:
9541:
9475:
9367:
9213:
8796:
8648:
8186:
8114:
8045:
7814:
7784:
7779:
7641:
3319:
3180:
3107:
2817:, the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed. The Germans captured
2554:
The success of this attack would not be repeated, as the Allies countered by introducing gas masks and other
2356:
2041:
1986:
1300:
124:
6541:
To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships
5974:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)
5892:
With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I
1224:
9531:
9158:
9098:
8995:
8900:
8663:
8449:
8153:
7992:
7891:
7471:
argues that the extremely high casualty rate in the first month of fighting permanently transformed France.
7352:. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. I. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
6652:
6328:
Herwig, Holger (1996). "Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany After the Great War". In Wilson, Keith (ed.).
3744:
3150:, south of Ypres, to retake the ground lost in the First and Second battles in 1914. Since 1915 specialist
2851:
2248:
1856:
1849:
1730:
1399:
1229:
571:
9769:
9206:
9191:
9049:
9001:
8766:
8317:
8191:
8104:
8099:
7868:
7856:
6875:
The Western Front 1914–1916: The History of World War I: From the Schlieffen Plan to Verdun and the Somme
3324:
2950:
2721:
2528:
2018:
1920:
1684:
1667:
1599:
1571:
1551:
1384:
106:
8378:
6069:
German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916
1241:
9749:
9706:
8983:
8741:
8726:
8628:
8497:
8065:
7977:
7934:
6722:
The II Italian Corps deployment on the Western Front during the First World War (April 1918 – May 1919)
3354:
3333:
3311:
3082:
2701:
1834:
1769:
1546:
1536:
1514:
1448:
1364:
1354:
1327:
1155:
2498:
9691:
9459:
9043:
9031:
8786:
8771:
8492:
8383:
8077:
8055:
7804:
7794:
7727:
7540:
6279:
The Battles of the British Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1915: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
3777:
3147:
3143:
3124:
3056:
2266:
2260:
1936:
1594:
1566:
1521:
1504:
1460:
1374:
1295:
1251:
1246:
510:
8638:
9666:
9153:
9143:
9072:
9025:
9013:
8953:
8761:
8756:
8678:
8087:
8060:
7764:
7244:
The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames
3752:
3390:
3207:
3201:
2520:
2459:, forestalling the attempt to capture the ridge. Since the British had used about a third of their
2447:
1932:
1561:
1499:
1475:
1379:
1305:
444:
416:
277:
7664:
6771:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme
2982:
On 6 April the United States declared war on Germany. In early 1915, following the sinking of the
2204:, the Germans advanced into northern France in late August, where they met the French Army, under
9737:
9729:
9671:
9431:
9126:
8889:
8716:
8711:
8643:
8502:
8487:
8482:
8462:
8343:
8220:
7695:
3337:
3290:
3266:
3243:
3225:
to penetrate British defences, bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear.
2868:
2684:
2659:
2594:
2588:
2224:
2157:
2133:
2070:
1998:
1526:
1487:
1465:
1315:
1256:
1182:
371:
8683:
9504:
9228:
9163:
9019:
8746:
8673:
8623:
8608:
8590:
8563:
8477:
8444:
8109:
8070:
8050:
7861:
7754:
7308:
Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918
3350:
3315:
3048:
3004:
2697:
2631:
2559:
2544:
2524:
2509:
2037:
1672:
1541:
1509:
1470:
1438:
1369:
1337:
1310:
1283:
1192:
72:
3253:(40 infantry and 3 cavalry divisions were retained for German occupation duties in the east).
2132:
and trap it on the German border. Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain under the
1320:
9494:
9148:
9037:
8813:
8776:
8706:
8653:
8575:
8543:
8517:
8467:
8398:
8300:
8253:
8037:
7906:
7789:
6992:
Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918
6972:
5673:
The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940
3819:
3370:
3342:
3176:
3128:
2971:
a withdrawal to the line and completed the retirement on 5 April, leaving a supply desert of
2563:
2348:
2342:
2302:
2169:
2153:
2033:
2022:
1979:
1735:
1556:
1531:
1389:
1271:
1175:
386:
212:
190:
147:
120:
6599:
The Dynamics of Doctrine, The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War
6409:
International Labour Office. "Les tués et les disparus" [The Dead and the Missing].
5746:. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book (2nd ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
3061:
2846:
9920:
9844:
9759:
8439:
8413:
8363:
7720:
5969:
3950:"Austro-Hungarian Army: Ludwig Goiginger - Austro-Hungarian Divisional and Corps Commander"
3949:
3748:
3222:
3094:
3016:
2934:
2663:
2635:
2603:
2543:
in high concentrations or prolonged exposure. Being heavier than air, the gas crept across
2464:
2352:
2045:
2026:
1443:
757:
8388:
7699:
6895:
Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I
8:
9826:
8965:
8829:
8781:
8658:
8618:
8613:
8558:
8241:
8235:
8136:
7688:
2841:
2829:
2363:
2326:
2240:
2228:
2209:
2180:
2137:
1975:
1808:
1453:
1409:
1404:
1219:
1197:
769:
715:
80:
64:
9779:
6980:
6720:
3031:
and the Canadians lost 114 compared to 44 lost by the Germans. This became known to the
9786:
9701:
9060:
8924:
8906:
8871:
8835:
8668:
8633:
8585:
8570:
8457:
8408:
8247:
8206:
7886:
6982:
The Development Of Modern Europe. Volume II: The Merging Of European Into World History
6830:
6605:. Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College.
6597:
5702:
5651:
3299:
3074:
3032:
2968:
2706:
2531:
and disrupt Franco-British planning. After a two-day bombardment, the Germans released
2523:
planned an offensive at Ypres, site of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914. The
2460:
2438:
2434:
2306:
2189:
2110:
2014:
1725:
1426:
1266:
1187:
265:
7264:
Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920
6728:(Master's Thesis). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
3377:, the successor to Ludendorff, backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under
3137:
Two United States soldiers run toward a bunker past the bodies of two German soldiers.
2810:
2646:
2149:
2148:
had been occupied without opposition on 2 August. The first battle in Belgium was the
1165:
667:
9819:
9813:
9774:
9676:
9509:
9092:
8947:
8930:
8731:
8553:
8533:
8368:
8353:
8283:
8271:
7972:
7949:
7896:
7633:
7577:
7567:
7554:
7544:
7521:
7511:
7492:
7482:
7462:
7452:
7391:
7372:
7353:
7334:
7311:
7292:
7268:
7262:
7247:
7228:
7199:
7189:
7168:
7149:
7130:
7111:
7092:
7073:
7054:
7035:
7014:
6995:
6958:
6939:
6920:
6899:
6893:
6878:
6859:
6840:
6834:
6816:
6797:
6774:
6705:
6681:
6662:
6656:
6638:
6606:
6582:
6563:
6544:
6525:
6506:
6487:
6439:
6418:
6395:
6373:
6354:
6348:
6333:
6314:
6282:
6263:
6244:
6225:
6206:
6187:
6168:
6149:
6132:
6113:
6094:
6072:
6053:
6034:
6015:
5996:
5977:
5955:
5947:
5933:
5914:
5895:
5878:
5859:
5840:
5821:
5802:
5783:
5766:
5747:
5723:
5676:
5657:
3362:
3346:
3286:
3078:
3052:
2926:
2668:
2452:
2244:
2075:
1912:
1829:
1781:
1720:
1677:
1492:
1433:
1236:
76:
6753:
3336:, a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August. The
2766:
fighters and the air over Verdun turned into a battlefield as both sides fought for
2558:. An example of the success of these measures came a year later, on 27 April in the
2141:
8877:
8847:
8841:
8751:
8580:
8548:
8538:
8277:
8201:
8196:
8124:
7944:
7844:
7612:
6976:
6695:
6392:
Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany
2793:
2779:
2710:
2673:
2615:
2373:
2010:
1985:
To break the deadlock of the trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried
1971:
1955:
1813:
1801:
1786:
1774:
1699:
1694:
1394:
1170:
805:
781:
727:
551:
289:
84:
7668:
9686:
9526:
8865:
8418:
8393:
8092:
8000:
7839:
7534:
7505:
7183:
6417:] (in French). Vol. 4. Part II. Paris et al.: Berger-Levrault, 1923–25.
6086:
3831:
3414:
3378:
3374:
2964:
2946:
2900:
2828:
Over the summer, the French slowly advanced. With the development of the rolling
2767:
2696:
In September 1915 the Entente allies launched another offensive, with the French
2490:
2275:
2197:
2125:
2080:
2062:
1940:
1916:
1863:
1704:
1689:
1589:
1261:
620:
152:
2515:
Despite the German plans to maintain the stalemate with the French and British,
55:
9519:
9499:
9170:
8883:
8721:
8512:
8403:
8259:
8163:
8146:
6387:
5717:
3294:
3188:
3165:
3159:
3028:
3008:
2972:
2814:
2798:
2717:
2680:
2599:
2567:
2555:
2497:. The Germans had already deployed gas against the Russians in the east at the
2390:
2232:
2099:
2006:
1944:
1332:
1202:
679:
655:
586:
308:
253:
241:
229:
139:
135:
68:
7616:
7466:
7449:
August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever
5722:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: United States War Department, General Staff.
9859:
9630:
8918:
8912:
8348:
8265:
8176:
7680:
Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe
7637:
7558:
7525:
7272:
6610:
6184:
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–18
6136:
5856:
Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918
5727:
3366:
2983:
2922:
2921:
During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a
2905:
2876:
2805:
2619:
2504:
2456:
2310:
2270:
2236:
2217:
2205:
1214:
643:
603:
486:
161:
7581:
7496:
7203:
3233:
2309:
in October, the Belgian army controlled a 35 km (22 mi) length of
9080:
8507:
6701:
Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
6432:
6422:
5882:
3897:
A modern author uses the term only in the narrower sense of describing the
3839:
3784:
3249:
3217:
3036:
3023:
2443:
2184:
703:
95:
6914:
6813:
Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An illustrated History of their Impact
6012:
1918: Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History
5770:
4529:
3172:
but took until late 1918 to copy the Germans and begin using mustard gas.
2430:
1610:
9291:
9196:
8894:
8322:
7743:
7327:
5695:
Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 (no oclc)
3279:
2859:
2576:
2295:
2291:
2279:
2129:
1967:
1745:
1643:
401:
47:
2417:
2265:
The German Army came within 70 km (43 mi) of Paris but at the
2092:
5405:
4202:
3761:
3756:
3115:
reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the Allies.
2976:
2910:
2822:
2747:
2627:
2607:
2314:
2145:
1924:
157:
99:
92:
3834:
in 1930 and the imposition of the Nazi dictatorship after March 1933.
3106:
On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France, forming the
2527:, April 1915, was intended to divert attention from offensives in the
9086:
8853:
7626:"Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918"
7087:
Smith, Leonard V.; Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, Annette (2003).
3898:
2989:
2955:
2818:
2493:
on the Western Front was against the French near the Belgian town of
2283:
2176:
2066:
1959:
1948:
356:
5930:
Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War
3381:, to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year.
2882:
The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the
2784:
9346:
7669:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
7031:
Command and Morale: The British Army on the Western Front 1914–1918
5246:
4481:
4289:
2763:
2572:
2540:
2539:
onto the battlefield. Though primarily a powerful irritant, it can
2536:
2486:
2368:
2330:
2322:
2287:
2201:
2165:
1963:
1931:, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in
9916:
Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving Australia
7632:(10). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute (CSI) Press.
7536:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
7091:. New Approaches to European History. Cambridge University Press.
6790:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai
3133:
2801:
and then reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.
2618:
to combine a reasonable maximum speed with an effective armament.
5603:
5507:
4154:
3211:
2864:
2651:
1928:
457:
431:
143:
5952:
Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
4337:
2351:, which ended in a mutually-costly stalemate. After the battle,
1107:
7034:(eBook ed.). Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Praetorian Press.
5691:
Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919
4517:
3827:
2751:
2426:
1954:
Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this
341:
88:
7712:
7674:
5369:
5210:
4991:
4853:
2286:. The territory occupied by Germany held 64 percent of French
9514:
5531:
5434:
5432:
5393:
5150:
5092:
5090:
4279:
4277:
4166:
4130:
4058:
3066:
2930:
2548:
2494:
2161:
1978:, also in 1916, with more than a million casualties, and the
7310:. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge University Press.
7291:. Wordsworth Military History. London: Wordsworth Editions.
5485:
5483:
5330:
4981:
4979:
4964:
4916:
4894:
4892:
4469:
4214:
4082:
3110:. However, the American units did not enter the trenches in
2175:
The French deployed five armies on the frontier. The French
7573:
7185:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
7182:
Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura M.; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).
7011:
Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities
6793:
6311:
The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918
6129:
The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary
5417:
5342:
5318:
5306:
5258:
5198:
5027:
4928:
4709:
4577:
4313:
4250:
4031:
2883:
2318:
1994:
102:
5429:
5359:
5357:
5087:
4793:
4757:
4601:
4409:
4274:
4262:
4238:
4190:
4118:
4106:
3146:. The offensive began on 7 June, with a British attack on
105:
moving in the Argonne Forest to the front line during the
7691:. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916
7086:
6456:
The Austro-Hungarian Divisions on the Western Front, 1918
5627:
5591:
5480:
5444:
5234:
5186:
4976:
4889:
4829:
4625:
4565:
4535:
4445:
4208:
3275:
2562:
40 km (25 mi) to the south of Ypres, where the
1943:, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified
7013:(Reprinted ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing.
5615:
5579:
5102:
4841:
4697:
4493:
4433:
4325:
3995:
2999:
British Army advancing on the Western Front (March 1917)
6579:
Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres
6560:
Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres
6201:
Griffiths, William R. (1986). Griess, Thomas E. (ed.).
5780:
Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918
5778:
Barton, Peter; Doyle, Peter; Vandewalle, Johan (2005).
5354:
5282:
5270:
5174:
5114:
5063:
5039:
4745:
4685:
4505:
4421:
4385:
4226:
4178:
4094:
3881:
424,000 German civilians died from war-related causes,
6543:. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6239:
Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H., eds. (2003).
5519:
5456:
5162:
5138:
5126:
5003:
4877:
4805:
4721:
4637:
4553:
4457:
4361:
4048:
4046:
3221:
on the Western front in the attack, who used infantry
2200:." After marching through Belgium, Luxembourg and the
2056:
7707:
6955:
Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I
6260:
Bloody April: Slaughter in the Skies over Arras, 1917
5777:
5567:
5468:
5294:
5075:
5015:
4952:
4940:
4817:
4781:
4649:
4613:
4589:
4541:
4349:
4301:
4295:
4142:
79:
comrade from the battlefield on the first day of the
7388:
The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I
7223:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).
5543:
5381:
5222:
5051:
4904:
4865:
4769:
4733:
4661:
4397:
4373:
4070:
2463:, General Sir John French blamed the failure on the
2172:
followed at Namur, lasting from about 20–23 August.
1919:. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, the
7369:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
6281:. Bibliographies of Battles and leader. Greenwood.
5555:
4673:
4043:
4019:
4007:
3985:
3983:
3027:During their attack at Arras, the British lost 316
2602:, who soon produced a significant improvement, the
2278:and quickly extended their trench systems from the
1974:, in 1916, with a combined 700,000 casualties, the
1966:advances. Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements,
7326:
6856:Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present
6431:
2658:The final Entente offensive of the spring was the
6107:
5913:(repr. ed.). Milton Keynes: Military Press.
5853:
5609:
4523:
2116:German infantry on the battlefield, 7 August 1914
611:
9857:
7181:
7148:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6148:. Vol. II. Oxford/New York: Facts on File.
5839:. Sydney, New South Wales: MacMillan Australia.
4037:
3980:
3968:
3830:party propaganda to excuse the overthrow of the
2508:An artist's rendition of Canadian troops at the
317:
8689:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
6836:Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War
3101:
2850:British infantry advance near Ginchy. Photo by
2614:, or monoplane, Mark 1), the first single seat
477:
9876:Military history of Belgium during World War I
6661:. American Heritage: Oxford University Press.
6238:
6126:
5927:
4922:
4172:
4136:
4088:
2372:(Eastern Front high command); and his deputy,
407:
377:
7728:
7565:
7222:
7129:(pbk. Penguin ed.). London: Allen Lane.
7127:1914–1918: The History of the First World War
6971:
6503:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment
6484:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment
5799:Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History
5375:
4343:
3920:Including soldiers killed, wounded or missing
2298:– dealing a serious blow to French industry.
2044:, and the terms of peace were settled by the
1626:
1123:
362:
6718:
6658:The American Heritage History of World War I
6350:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
5928:Dockrill, Michael L.; French, David (1996).
4064:
3901:committed by the Germans during this period.
3305:
2254:
9179:
7566:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922).
6912:
6346:
6276:
6165:Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18
6108:Granatstein, Jack; Morton, Desmond (2003).
5719:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary
5649:
5537:
4859:
4631:
4220:
3764:under the terms of surrender but was later
3260:
2736:German soldier on the Western Front in 1916
2433:. Joffre's plan for 1915 was to attack the
2239:followed, resulting in more clashes at the
2179:was intended to bring about the capture of
1640:
347:
67:, concentrated in the trench, right before
7735:
7721:
7260:
6411:Enquête sur la production. Rapport général
5707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4001:
1633:
1619:
1130:
1116:
501:
7700:films made on the Western Front 1917–1918
7385:
7241:
7124:
7070:The German Army on the Western Front 1915
7027:
7008:
6500:
6219:
6200:
6146:Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–21
5889:
5872:
5854:Chickering, Roger; Förster, Stig (2000).
5670:
5633:
5489:
5450:
5399:
5192:
5108:
5045:
5033:
4997:
4970:
4799:
4763:
4268:
4232:
4196:
4184:
4160:
4124:
2788:French soldiers observing enemy movements
2399:German trench on the Western Front, 1915.
2251:(also called the First Battle of Guise).
1935:. The German advance was halted with the
594:
422:
8978:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
7162:
7143:
6651:
6370:World War I: People, Politics, and Power
6181:
6162:
5908:
5815:
5621:
5336:
5069:
5009:
4934:
4883:
4811:
4727:
4715:
4583:
4571:
4319:
4256:
4244:
4148:
3323:
3270:
3237:Map of the final German offensives, 1918
3232:
3132:
3060:
2994:
2954:
2904:
2845:
2783:
2731:
2645:
2503:
2416:
2394:
2336:
2192:and forced the French to retreat twice.
2074:
332:
203:
9355:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
7503:
7474:
7446:
7390:. New York: New York University Press.
7350:Canadian Airmen and the First World War
7067:
7048:
6989:
6952:
6891:
6872:
6853:
6829:
6519:
6429:
6353:. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press.
5990:
5968:
5946:
5834:
5760:
5513:
5423:
5411:
5363:
5348:
5324:
5312:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5204:
5180:
5156:
5144:
5120:
5096:
5081:
4985:
4958:
4946:
4823:
4787:
4619:
4607:
4536:Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003
4487:
4475:
4451:
4439:
4415:
4403:
4367:
4307:
4283:
4209:Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003
4112:
2867:began the Battle of the Somme with the
2716:On 25 September, the British began the
2634:(the Red Baron). Contrary to the myth,
2223:. A series of engagements known as the
542:
392:
14:
9858:
7623:
7602:
7532:
7510:(in Portuguese). IBRASA. p. 593.
7305:
7286:
6933:
6810:
6747:
6694:
6675:
6595:
6576:
6557:
6394:. London: Cambridge University Press.
6327:
6308:
6298:The International Review of Statistics
6295:
6085:
5858:. London: Cambridge University Press.
5796:
5741:
5597:
5585:
5525:
5462:
5438:
5300:
5252:
5168:
5132:
4898:
4871:
4835:
4751:
4643:
4595:
4559:
4547:
4427:
4391:
4355:
4100:
4052:
3795:were killed in air and naval attacks,
2835:
2750:and thus trap the French. The town of
2622:scored the first confirmed kill in an
87:; American infantry storming a German
9926:Campaigns and theatres of World War I
9308:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
8644:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
7716:
7624:Heller, Charles E. (September 1984).
7366:
7324:
7210:from the original on 17 February 2024
7188:. Taylor & Francis. p. 783.
7108:The Illustrated Directory of Fighters
7105:
6913:Prior, Robin; Wilson, Trevor (2005).
6787:
6768:
6632:
6522:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
6481:
6452:
6367:
6347:Horne, John N.; Kramer, Alan (2001).
6262:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
6066:
6047:
6028:
6009:
5715:
5573:
5501:
5474:
5387:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5057:
4910:
4847:
4775:
4739:
4703:
4667:
4655:
4499:
4463:
4379:
4331:
4076:
4025:
4013:
3974:
3118:
1923:opened the Western Front by invading
1614:
1111:
9712:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
7347:
7072:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military.
6735:from the original on 21 January 2020
6538:
6501:Jones, Simon; Hook, Richard (2007).
6415:Survey of production. General Report
6386:
6372:. New York: Britannica Educational.
6257:
6186:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6143:
5549:
5021:
4691:
4679:
4511:
3195:
3042:
2724:as commander of the British forces.
2164:isolated, with the Belgian capital,
1982:, in 1917, with 487,000 casualties.
83:; A young German soldier during the
27:Theatre of WWI in France and Belgium
9641:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
8435:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
7507:Dicionário das batalhas Brasileiras
7089:France and the Great War, 1914–1918
6438:. London: Oxford University Press.
6408:
5782:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
5689:
5561:
4296:Barton, Doyle & Vandewalle 2005
3989:
3152:Royal Engineer tunnelling companies
2773:
2691:
2641:
2144:attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914.
2057:War plans – Battle of the Frontiers
24:
8374:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
7481:. Burt: University of California.
7406:
7329:Haig: The Evolution of a Commander
6858:. New York and London: Routledge.
6469:from the original on 19 March 2020
5653:The Making of the Second World War
3956:from the original on 11 April 2023
3799:were killed at sea and there were
2894:
2804:The Germans turned their focus to
2676:doctrine against Entente attacks.
2638:claimed more kills than fighters.
2483:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
25:
9937:
7657:
6620:from the original on 4 March 2017
6462:(Thesis). Ohio State University.
6434:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
6277:Hartesveldt, Fred R. van (2005).
6127:Grebler, L.; Winkler, W. (1940).
3806:
2654:after it was recaptured by France
2535:of 168 long tons (171 t) of
2421:Map of the Western Front, 1915–16
2384:
2079:Map of the Western Front and the
2001:of 1918 was made possible by the
1137:
8737:Second Battle of the Piave River
8359:Russian invasion of East Prussia
7051:The German Army at Passchendaele
6898:. University of Nebraska Press.
6678:Verdun 1916: They Shall Not Pass
6596:Lupfer, Timothy T. (July 1981).
5954:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
5818:Aces and Aircraft of World War I
5650:Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1989).
3923:
3914:
3904:
3175:From 31 July to 10 November the
2679:During the autumn of 1915, the "
2109:
2091:
1073:
1063:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
841:
831:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
613:
596:
565:
544:
524:
503:
479:
456:
438:
424:
409:
394:
379:
364:
349:
334:
319:
301:
283:
271:
259:
247:
235:
223:
205:
54:
9808:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
9008:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
7742:
7704:National Film and Sound Archive
7685:'That Contemptible Little Army'
7167:. London: Wordsworth Editions.
7053:. London: Pen and Sword Books.
6815:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
6637:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
5763:World War I: An Outline History
5742:Bailey, Jonathan B. A. (2004).
5642:
5414:, pp. 2, 31, 242, 245–246.
3891:
3875:
3866:
2664:offensive to capture Vimy Ridge
2575:gas in 1915, then the infamous
2477:Chemical weapons in World War I
2032:The unstoppable advance of the
1958:. The attacks employed massive
9871:Austria-Hungary in World War I
9631:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
9490:Deportations from East Prussia
9287:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
6719:Massimiliano, Fassero (2015).
6704:. New York: Ballantine Books.
6313:. London: St. Martin's Press.
6243:. Cambridge University Press.
6220:Griffiths, William R. (2003).
5816:Campbell, Christopher (1981).
5716:Ayres, L. P. (1 August 1919).
5675:. Cambridge University Press.
4038:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999
3942:
3857:
3185:Second Battle of Passchendaele
3015:of the First Army, fought the
2959:Map of the Western Front, 1917
2821:on 7 June and with the aid of
2743:unrestricted submarine warfare
2582:
2470:
2313:along the coast, known as the
13:
1:
9906:United Kingdom in World War I
9881:British Empire in World War I
9542:Ukrainian Canadian internment
7371:. New York: Greenwood Press.
6938:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
6562:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
6330:Forging the Collective Memory
6110:Canada and the Two World Wars
5744:Field Artillery and Firepower
5671:Alexander, Martin S. (2003).
5610:Chickering & Förster 2000
4524:Granatstein & Morton 2003
3882:
3845:
3813:French war planning 1920–1940
3771:
3768:as a reaction to the treaty.
3725:
3703:
3693:
3638:
3446:
3427:
3320:Armistice of 11 November 1918
3181:First Battle of Passchendaele
2517:Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg
2467:, despite the early success.
2357:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
2042:Armistice of 11 November 1918
9911:United States in World War I
9891:German Empire in World War I
9697:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
8996:Estonian War of Independence
8664:Southern Palestine offensive
7432:Resources in other libraries
7165:Mons: The Retreat to Victory
7146:The First World War: To Arms
6635:World War I: A Short History
6368:Hosch, William, ed. (2010).
5890:Cockfield, Jamie H. (1999).
5255:, pp. 393–397, 400–401.
4490:, pp. 182–183, 210–211.
3936:
3384:
3108:American Expeditionary Force
3102:American Expeditionary Force
75:; British soldier carries a
7:
9866:Western Front (World War I)
9651:USA against Austria-Hungary
9050:Turkish War of Independence
9002:Latvian War of Independence
8727:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
8318:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
7596:
7418:Western Front (World War I)
7246:. Barsnley: Pen and Sword.
7227:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio.
7225:Encyclopedia of World War I
6093:. New York: Da Capo Press.
5909:Corkerry, S., ed. (2001) .
5820:. Dorset: Blandford Press.
3733:
3723:
3718:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3423:
3073:The same month, the French
2951:Western Front tactics, 1917
2227:ensued, which included the
2214:British Expeditionary Force
1600:Western Front tactics, 1917
10:
9942:
9734:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
9282:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
8742:Second Battle of the Marne
8629:Second battle of the Aisne
8498:Second Battle of Champagne
8339:German invasion of Belgium
7569:Principal Events 1914–1918
7306:Watson, Alexander (2008).
7242:Uffindell, Andrew (2015).
6633:Lyons, Michael J. (2000).
6309:Herwig, Holger H. (1997).
6241:The Origins of World War I
5873:Churchill, W. S. (1938) .
4923:Dockrill & French 1996
4173:Hamilton & Herwig 2003
4137:Hamilton & Herwig 2003
4089:Grebler & Winkler 1940
3929:plus another 3,500 missing
3810:
3775:
3388:
3355:Prince Maximilian of Baden
3334:Second Battle of the Marne
3312:Second Battle of the Marne
3309:
3264:
3199:
3122:
3083:Second Battle of the Aisne
3046:
2944:
2898:
2839:
2777:
2702:Second Battle of Champagne
2586:
2474:
2425:Between the coast and the
2388:
2340:
2258:
2160:, leaving the garrison of
2060:
2005:that ended the war of the
9840:
9799:
9720:
9659:
9621:
9565:
9554:
9515:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
9458:
9430:
9378:
9300:
9274:
9226:
9119:
9112:
9044:Irish War of Independence
8940:
8822:
8787:Armistice of Villa Giusti
8772:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
8697:
8599:
8526:
8427:
8384:First Battle of the Marne
8331:
8293:
8228:
8219:
8162:
8036:
8025:
7991:
7963:
7925:
7877:
7830:
7823:
7750:
7617:10.1108/00251740510572489
7541:Stanford University Press
7533:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
7478:Our Part in the Great War
7451:. Yale University Press.
7427:Resources in your library
7386:Zuckerman, Larry (2004).
7325:Wiest, Andrew A. (2005).
7009:Sheffield, Gary (2002) .
6919:. Yale University Press.
6873:Neiberg, Michael (2008).
6854:Neiberg, Michael (2004).
6839:. Dulles: Potomac Books.
5516:, pp. 743 & 760.
5376:Tucker & Roberts 2005
4344:Robinson & Beard 1930
3778:Casualties of World War I
3328:Italian regiments in 1918
3306:Allied counter-offensives
3125:Battle of Messines (1917)
3057:1917 French Army mutinies
2481:All sides had signed the
2267:First Battle of the Marne
2261:First Battle of the Marne
2255:First Battle of the Marne
1651:
1147:
917:
814:
627:
180:
112:
53:
41:
36:
18:France and Flanders, 1915
9667:Constantinople Agreement
8960:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
8823:Co-belligerent conflicts
8792:Second Romanian campaign
8762:Third Transjordan attack
8473:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
8379:Battle of Grand Couronné
7675:The Western Front Museum
7504:Hernâni, Donato (1996).
7475:Gleason, Arthur (1917).
7440:
7261:War Office, The (1922).
7028:Sheffield, Gary (2014).
6990:Samuels, Martin (1995).
6892:Palazzo, Albert (2000).
6676:Martin, William (2001).
6539:Knox, MacGregor (2007).
6182:Griffith, Paddy (1994).
6163:Griffith, Paddy (2004).
6050:The World War I Databook
6031:The World War I Databook
5991:Edmonds, J. E. (1994) .
5877:. London: Odhams Press.
5761:Baldwin, Hanson (1962).
5219:, pp. 13–15, 32–35.
4163:, pp. 22–24, 25–26.
3850:
3391:Aftermath of World War I
3332:In July, Foch began the
3291:German spring offensives
3261:German spring offensives
3170:gas for chemical warfare
3158:On 11 July 1917, during
2813:to the offensive-minded
2630:, the most famous being
2448:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
2023:"hurricane" bombardments
1962:bombardments and massed
1894:Indian and Pacific Ocean
61:Clockwise from top left:
9901:Portugal in World War I
9730:Modus vivendi of Acroma
9682:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
8990:Greater Poland Uprising
8890:National Protection War
8767:Meuse–Argonne offensive
8717:German spring offensive
8712:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
8488:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
8463:Second Battle of Artois
8344:Battle of the Frontiers
7708:australianscreen online
7696:Australian War Memorial
7447:Cabanes, Bruno (2016).
7287:Warner, Philip (2000).
7163:Terraine, John (2002).
7125:Stevenson, D. (2005) .
6934:Rawson, Andrew (2014).
6877:. London: Amber Books.
6811:Murphy, Justin (2005).
6453:Jones, Ian (May 2019).
6112:. Toronto: Key Porter.
6052:. London: Aurum Press.
6033:. London: Aurum Press.
5697:]. Bruxelles. 1922.
4860:Prior & Wilson 2005
4221:Horne & Kramer 2001
3399:Western Front 1914–1918
3345:, commanded by General
3267:German spring offensive
3244:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3228:
2940:
2909:The Hindenburg Line at
2727:
2688:Allied held territory.
2685:reconnaissance aircraft
2660:Second Battle of Artois
2589:Aviation in World War I
2499:Battle of Humin-Bolimów
2412:
2225:Battle of the Frontiers
2071:Battle of the Frontiers
2051:
2021:. Using short, intense
2003:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1999:German spring offensive
1987:new military technology
1980:Battle of Passchendaele
1488:German spring offensive
107:Meuse–Argonne offensive
98:; American troops with
9755:Paris Peace Conference
9743:Ukraine–Central Powers
9537:Massacres of Albanians
9505:Late Ottoman genocides
9312:Bulgarian occupations
9020:Third Anglo-Afghan War
8984:Hungarian–Romanian War
8802:Naval Victory Bulletin
8797:Armistice with Germany
8747:Hundred Days Offensive
8674:Battle of La Malmaison
8624:Second battle of Arras
8591:Battle of Transylvania
8445:Second Battle of Ypres
8313:Sarajevo assassination
8202:South African Republic
7367:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
6973:Robinson, James Harvey
6957:. London: Leo Cooper.
6748:Maurel, Henri (2001).
6653:Marshall, Samuel L. A.
6581:. London: Leo Cooper.
6577:Liddle, Peter (2013).
6558:Liddle, P. H. (1997).
6520:Kennedy, Paul (1989).
6067:Foley, R. T. (2007) .
6010:Ekins, Ashley (2010).
5765:. London: Hutchinson.
3745:Paris Peace Conference
3351:Hundred Days Offensive
3329:
3316:Hundred Days Offensive
3283:
3238:
3183:and culminated in the
3161:Unternehmen Strandfest
3138:
3070:
3049:Battle of Arras (1917)
3000:
2960:
2914:
2855:
2789:
2737:
2698:Third Battle of Artois
2655:
2632:Manfred von Richthofen
2560:Gas attacks at Hulluch
2525:Second Battle of Ypres
2512:
2510:Second Battle of Ypres
2422:
2400:
2294:and 40 percent of the
2237:general Allied retreat
2134:Treaty of London, 1839
2084:
2038:Hundred Days Offensive
1947:, stretching from the
628:Commanders and leaders
73:First day on the Somme
9886:France in World War I
9765:Treaty of St. Germain
9738:Russia–Central Powers
9692:Sykes–Picot Agreement
9520:Pontic Greek genocide
9495:Destruction of Kalisz
9471:Eastern Mediterranean
9032:Polish–Lithuanian War
8814:Armistice of Belgrade
8777:Armistice of Salonica
8707:Operation Faustschlag
8654:Third Battle of Oituz
8576:Baranovichi offensive
8544:Lake Naroch offensive
8518:Battle of Robat Karim
8493:Vistula–Bug offensive
8468:Battles of the Isonzo
8399:First Battle of Ypres
7694:Watch clips from the
7333:. London: Brassey's.
7144:Strachan, H. (2001).
6482:Jones, Simon (2002).
6144:Gray, Randal (1991).
5835:Carlyon, Les (2006).
5656:. London: Routledge.
5159:, pp. 35–36, 39.
4764:Jones & Hook 2007
4478:, pp. 69–73, 88.
3820:Stab-in-the-back myth
3747:. The result was the
3359:Chancellor of Germany
3327:
3274:
3236:
3177:Third Battle of Ypres
3136:
3129:Third Battle of Ypres
3064:
2998:
2958:
2908:
2849:
2787:
2760:escadrilles de chasse
2735:
2649:
2564:16th (Irish) Division
2507:
2420:
2398:
2349:First Battle of Ypres
2343:First Battle of Ypres
2337:First Battle of Ypres
2249:Battle of St. Quentin
2078:
1731:Sinai & Palestine
918:Casualties and losses
794:Conrad von Hötzendorf
9896:Italy in World War I
9760:Treaty of Versailles
9476:Mount Lebanon famine
9391:in the United States
9359:Russian occupations
9073:Turkish–Armenian War
9014:Polish–Ukrainian War
8954:Ukrainian–Soviet War
8901:Central Asian Revolt
8684:Armistice of Focșani
8414:Battle of Sarikamish
8364:Battle of Tannenberg
7760:Military engagements
7348:Wise, S. F. (1981).
7106:Spick, Mike (2002).
7068:Sheldon, J. (2012).
7049:Sheldon, J. (2007).
6994:. Psychology Press.
6953:Richter, D. (1994).
6430:Jackson, J. (2001).
6258:Hart, Peter (2005).
6205:. Wayne, NJ: Avery.
6048:Ellis, John (2001).
6029:Ellis, John (1993).
3749:Treaty of Versailles
3223:infiltration tactics
3017:Battle of Vimy Ridge
2465:Shell Crisis of 1915
2461:artillery ammunition
2361:Generalfeldmarschall
2353:Erich von Falkenhayn
2290:, 24 percent of its
2046:Treaty of Versailles
2027:infiltration tactics
1911:was one of the main
1595:French Army mutinies
1590:1914 Christmas truce
1360:Hohenzollern Redoubt
1047:Military casualties:
927:Military casualties:
758:Erich von Falkenhayn
148:north-eastern France
9827:They shall not pass
9750:Treaty of Bucharest
9707:Treaty of Bucharest
9646:USA against Germany
9623:Declarations of war
9327:German occupations
9240:British casualties
9099:Soviet–Georgian War
9026:Egyptian Revolution
8966:Armeno-Georgian War
8830:Somaliland campaign
8782:Armistice of Mudros
8659:Battle of Caporetto
8649:Battle of Mărășești
8619:Zimmermann telegram
8614:February Revolution
8559:Battle of the Somme
8483:Bug-Narew Offensive
8458:Battle of Gallipoli
8450:Sinking of the RMS
8242:Scramble for Africa
8236:Franco-Prussian War
7892:Sinai and Palestine
7689:E. Alexander Powell
7605:Management Decision
6985:. Ginn and Company.
6831:Neiberg, Michael S.
6769:Miles, W. (1992) .
5441:, pp. 426–428.
5426:, pp. 266–302.
5402:, pp. 155–156.
5351:, pp. 141–143.
5339:, pp. 353–357.
5327:, pp. 544–545.
5315:, pp. 140–141.
5267:, pp. 139–140.
5243:, pp. 176–248.
5207:, pp. vi, 316.
5099:, pp. 101–102.
4973:, pp. 144–145.
4937:, pp. 288–289.
4901:, pp. 246–252.
4862:, pp. 280–281.
4850:, pp. 245–249.
4838:, pp. 140–158.
4718:, pp. 236–237.
4706:, pp. 207–208.
4694:, pp. 295–296.
4610:, pp. 168–171.
4586:, pp. 155–156.
4514:, pp. 349–350.
4502:, pp. 326–327.
4418:, pp. 148–151.
4346:, pp. 324–325.
4334:, pp. 105–110.
4322:, pp. 273–278.
4286:, pp. 265–266.
4259:, pp. 242–262.
4115:, pp. 361–363.
3401:
3396:Military Casualties
3289:, the first of the
3112:divisional strength
3081:(also known as the
2842:Battle of the Somme
2836:Battle of the Somme
2519:, commander of the
2364:Paul von Hindenburg
2292:steel manufacturing
2288:pig-iron production
2241:Battle of Le Cateau
2229:Battle of Charleroi
2138:Alexander von Kluck
1976:Battle of the Somme
1937:Battle of the Marne
1845:North-West Frontier
1584:Associated articles
1301:Hartmannswillerkopf
1161:Invasion of Belgium
770:Paul von Hindenburg
9787:Treaty of Lausanne
9702:Paris Economy Pact
9636:UK against Germany
9566:Entry into the war
9532:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
9251:Ottoman casualties
9061:Franco-Turkish War
8941:Post-War conflicts
8925:Russian Revolution
8907:Invasion of Darfur
8872:Kelantan rebellion
8860:Kurdish rebellions
8836:Mexican Revolution
8669:October Revolution
8634:Kerensky offensive
8609:Capture of Baghdad
8586:Monastir offensive
8571:Brusilov offensive
8409:Battle of Kolubara
8248:Russo-Japanese War
7663:Krause, Jonathan:
7630:Leavenworth Papers
7289:The Battle of Loos
7110:. Zenith Imprint.
6936:The Somme Campaign
6788:Miles, W. (1991).
6756:on 19 January 2008
6680:. Oxford: Osprey.
6505:. Oxford: Osprey.
6486:. Oxford: Osprey.
6332:. Berghahn Books.
6167:. Oxford: Osprey.
6087:Fuller, John F. C.
6071:. Cambridge: CUP.
5600:, pp. 87–127.
5036:, pp. 91–114.
4988:, pp. 99–100.
4454:, pp. 95–121.
4247:, pp. 78–175.
3395:
3330:
3300:Battle of Cantigny
3284:
3239:
3139:
3119:Flanders offensive
3075:Commander-in-chief
3071:
3033:Royal Flying Corps
3001:
2969:Operation Alberich
2961:
2927:Eingreif divisions
2915:
2856:
2790:
2738:
2707:aerial photography
2656:
2636:anti-aircraft fire
2513:
2423:
2401:
2307:Battle of the Yser
2190:Battle of Mulhouse
2085:
2036:armies during the
1746:Hejaz & Levant
746:Helmuth von Moltke
69:going over the top
65:Royal Irish Rifles
9853:
9852:
9836:
9835:
9820:The Golden Virgin
9814:Mutilated victory
9795:
9794:
9775:Treaty of Trianon
9770:Treaty of Neuilly
9677:Damascus Protocol
9550:
9549:
9510:Armenian genocide
9467:Allied blockades
9439:Belgian refugees
9222:
9221:
9132:Strategic bombing
9108:
9107:
9093:Franco-Syrian War
9067:Greco-Turkish War
9055:Anglo-Turkish War
9038:Polish–Soviet War
8972:German Revolution
8948:Russian Civil War
8931:Finnish Civil War
8757:Battle of Megiddo
8732:Battle of Goychay
8679:Battle of Cambrai
8639:Battle of Mărăști
8554:Battle of Jutland
8534:Erzurum offensive
8389:Siege of Przemyśl
8369:Siege of Tsingtao
8354:Battle of Galicia
8284:Second Balkan War
8272:Italo-Turkish War
8229:Pre-War conflicts
8215:
8214:
8105:Portuguese Empire
8021:
8020:
7983:German New Guinea
7965:Asian and Pacific
7698:'s collection of
7550:978-0-804-73222-2
7517:978-8-534-80034-1
7413:Library resources
7397:978-0-8147-9704-4
7378:978-0-8371-5029-1
7359:978-0-8020-2379-7
7340:978-1-57488-684-9
7317:978-0-521-88101-2
7298:978-1-84022-229-6
7253:978-1-78303-034-7
7195:978-0-8153-3351-7
7174:978-1-84022-243-2
7155:978-0-19-926191-8
7136:978-0-14-026817-1
7117:978-0-7603-1343-5
7098:978-0-521-66631-2
7079:978-1-84884-466-7
7060:978-1-84415-564-4
7041:978-1-4738-3466-8
7020:978-0-7472-7157-4
7001:978-0-7146-4570-4
6977:Beard, Charles A.
6964:978-0-85052-388-1
6945:978-1-78303-051-4
6926:978-0-300-10694-7
6905:978-0-8032-8774-7
6884:978-1-906626-12-9
6865:978-0-41532-718-3
6846:978-1-57488-551-4
6822:978-1-85109-488-2
6803:978-0-89839-162-6
6780:978-0-901627-76-6
6711:978-0-345-40878-5
6696:Massie, Robert K.
6687:978-1-85532-993-5
6668:978-0-517-38555-5
6644:978-0-13-020551-3
6588:978-1-4738-1708-1
6569:978-0-85052-588-5
6550:978-0-521-87860-9
6531:978-0-679-72019-5
6524:. Vintage Books.
6512:978-1-84603-151-9
6493:978-1-84603-151-9
6445:978-0-19-820706-1
6401:978-0-521-84193-1
6379:978-1-61530-048-8
6360:978-0-300-08975-2
6339:978-1-57181-862-1
6320:978-0-340-67753-7
6288:978-0-313-30625-9
6269:978-0-297-84621-5
6250:978-0-521-81735-6
6231:978-0-7570-0158-1
6212:978-0-89529-312-1
6193:978-0-300-06663-0
6174:978-1-84176-760-4
6155:978-0-8160-2139-0
6119:978-1-55263-509-4
6100:978-0-306-80467-0
6078:978-0-521-04436-3
6059:978-1-85410-766-4
6040:978-1-85410-766-4
6021:978-1-921497-42-1
6002:978-0-89839-211-1
5983:978-0-89839-166-4
5961:978-0-674-01880-8
5939:978-1-85285-099-9
5920:978-0-85420-250-8
5901:978-0-312-22082-2
5865:978-0-521-77352-2
5846:978-1-4050-3799-0
5827:978-0-7137-0954-4
5808:978-1-4020-0433-9
5789:978-0-7735-2949-6
5753:978-1-59114-029-0
5682:978-0-521-52429-2
5663:978-0-415-90716-3
5588:, pp. 47–61.
5540:, pp. 25–26.
5024:, pp. 11–13.
4802:, pp. 71–72.
4766:, pp. 23–24.
4754:, pp. 28–83.
4574:, pp. 26–27.
4538:, pp. 79–80.
4466:, pp. 22–23.
4442:, pp. 81–95.
4430:, pp. 172–3.
4394:, pp. 166–7.
4271:, pp. 31–37.
4223:, pp. 1–608.
4199:, pp. 29–30.
4127:, pp. 44–45.
4103:, pp. 45–58.
4065:Massimiliano 2015
3740:
3739:
3729: 15,158,783
3642: 10,029,670
3400:
3371:Imperial Monarchy
3363:German Revolution
3357:was appointed as
3347:Alberico Albricci
3343:Italian 2nd Corps
3287:Operation Michael
3208:Battle of Cambrai
3202:Battle of Cambrai
3196:Battle of Cambrai
3079:Nivelle Offensive
3053:Nivelle Offensive
3043:Nivelle Offensive
2913:seen from the air
2809:defensive-minded
2669:La Ville-aux-Bois
2378:(11–25 November),
2245:Siege of Maubeuge
2102:(1913 photograph)
1902:
1901:
1770:South West Africa
1608:
1607:
1434:Nivelle offensive
1208:Trouée de Charmes
1106:
1105:
278:Equatorial Africa
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
9933:
9780:Treaty of Sèvres
9672:Treaty of London
9563:
9562:
9341:Northeast France
9272:
9271:
9244:Parliamentarians
9177:
9176:
9139:Chemical weapons
9117:
9116:
8878:Senussi campaign
8848:Muscat rebellion
8842:Maritz rebellion
8810:
8752:Vardar offensive
8581:Battle of Romani
8549:Battle of Asiago
8539:Battle of Verdun
8503:Kosovo offensive
8278:First Balkan War
8226:
8225:
8125:Russian Republic
8034:
8033:
7828:
7827:
7770:Economic history
7737:
7730:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7640:. Archived from
7620:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7562:
7529:
7500:
7470:
7458:978-0-30022494-8
7401:
7382:
7363:
7344:
7332:
7321:
7302:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7267:. London: HMSO.
7257:
7238:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7178:
7159:
7140:
7121:
7102:
7083:
7064:
7045:
7024:
7005:
6986:
6968:
6949:
6930:
6909:
6888:
6869:
6850:
6826:
6807:
6784:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6752:. Archived from
6744:
6742:
6740:
6734:
6727:
6715:
6691:
6672:
6648:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6619:
6604:
6592:
6573:
6554:
6535:
6516:
6497:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6468:
6461:
6449:
6437:
6426:
6405:
6383:
6364:
6343:
6324:
6305:
6292:
6273:
6254:
6235:
6216:
6197:
6178:
6159:
6140:
6123:
6104:
6082:
6063:
6044:
6025:
6006:
5987:
5965:
5943:
5924:
5905:
5886:
5875:The World Crisis
5869:
5850:
5831:
5812:
5793:
5774:
5757:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5712:
5706:
5698:
5686:
5667:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5538:Adamthwaite 1989
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4646:, pp. 4–31.
4641:
4635:
4632:Hartesveldt 2005
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4562:, pp. 1–36.
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4067:, p. 23-24.
4062:
4056:
4050:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3946:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3824:Dolchstoßlegende
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3730:
3727:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3697: 5,129,113
3695:
3643:
3640:
3451:
3450: 3,000,500
3448:
3432:
3431: 6,000,000
3429:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3338:Battle of Amiens
3087:Russian brigades
2869:Battle of Albert
2794:Battle of Verdun
2780:Battle of Verdun
2774:Battle of Verdun
2711:defence-in-depth
2692:Autumn offensive
2674:defence in depth
2642:Spring offensive
2616:fighter aircraft
2604:interrupter gear
2491:chemical weapons
2379:
2374:Erich Ludendorff
2113:
2095:
1993:, aircraft, and
1972:Battle of Verdun
1939:. Following the
1646:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1547:St Quentin Canal
1142:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
996:
988:
987:
986:
978:
977:
976:
968:
967:
966:
958:
957:
956:
948:
947:
946:
937:
906:
905:
904:
896:
895:
894:
886:
885:
884:
876:
875:
874:
866:
865:
864:
856:
855:
854:
846:
845:
844:
836:
835:
834:
825:
806:Ludwig Goiginger
804:
803:
802:
792:
791:
790:
782:Erich Ludendorff
780:
779:
778:
768:
767:
766:
756:
755:
754:
744:
743:
742:
728:John J. Pershing
726:
725:
724:
714:
713:
712:
702:
701:
700:
690:
689:
688:
678:
677:
676:
666:
665:
664:
654:
653:
652:
642:
641:
640:
623:
619:
617:
616:
606:
602:
600:
599:
576:
570:
569:
568:
557:
554:
550:
548:
547:
535:
529:
528:
527:
516:
513:
509:
507:
506:
494:
493:
489:
485:
483:
482:
463:
461:
460:
443:
442:
441:
434:
430:
428:
427:
419:
415:
413:
412:
404:
400:
398:
397:
389:
385:
383:
382:
374:
370:
368:
367:
359:
355:
353:
352:
344:
340:
338:
337:
329:
325:
323:
322:
312:
307:
305:
304:
288:
287:
286:
276:
275:
274:
264:
263:
262:
252:
251:
250:
240:
239:
238:
228:
227:
226:
217:
215:
211:
209:
208:
155:
125:11 November 1918
114:
113:
85:Battle of Ginchy
58:
44:European theatre
34:
33:
21:
9941:
9940:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9856:
9855:
9854:
9849:
9832:
9791:
9723:
9716:
9687:Treaty of Darin
9655:
9617:
9573:Austria-Hungary
9559:
9546:
9527:Rape of Belgium
9454:
9426:
9374:
9368:Western Armenia
9363:Eastern Galicia
9296:
9270:
9234:
9233:Civilian impact
9232:
9218:
9175:
9104:
8936:
8866:Ovambo Uprising
8818:
8804:
8693:
8595:
8522:
8440:Battle of Łomża
8423:
8419:Christmas truce
8394:Race to the Sea
8327:
8289:
8211:
8182:Austria-Hungary
8158:
8093:Empire of Japan
8030:
8028:
8017:
8001:U-boat campaign
7987:
7959:
7921:
7873:
7819:
7800:Popular culture
7746:
7741:
7660:
7647:
7645:
7644:on 5 March 2017
7599:
7586:
7584:
7551:
7543:. p. 593.
7518:
7489:
7459:
7443:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7407:Further reading
7404:
7398:
7379:
7360:
7341:
7318:
7299:
7277:
7275:
7254:
7235:
7213:
7211:
7196:
7175:
7156:
7137:
7118:
7099:
7080:
7061:
7042:
7021:
7002:
6965:
6946:
6927:
6906:
6885:
6866:
6847:
6823:
6804:
6781:
6759:
6757:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6725:
6712:
6688:
6669:
6645:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6602:
6589:
6570:
6551:
6532:
6513:
6494:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6459:
6446:
6402:
6388:Hull, Isabel V.
6380:
6361:
6340:
6321:
6289:
6270:
6251:
6232:
6213:
6194:
6175:
6156:
6120:
6101:
6079:
6060:
6041:
6022:
6003:
5984:
5962:
5940:
5921:
5902:
5866:
5847:
5828:
5809:
5790:
5754:
5732:
5730:
5700:
5699:
5683:
5664:
5645:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5604:
5596:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5410:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5378:, p. 1254.
5374:
5370:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4658:, p. xvii.
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4002:War Office 1922
4000:
3996:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3832:Weimar Republic
3815:
3809:
3801:14,661 merchant
3800:
3796:
3793:1,260 civilians
3792:
3791:civilian dead;
3788:
3780:
3774:
3728:
3706:
3696:
3641:
3449:
3430:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3379:Friedrich Ebert
3375:General Groener
3373:collapsed when
3322:
3310:Main articles:
3308:
3282:, 21 March 1918
3269:
3263:
3231:
3204:
3198:
3144:began to mutiny
3131:
3123:Main articles:
3121:
3104:
3059:
3047:Main articles:
3045:
3005:Battle of Arras
2965:Hindenburg Line
2953:
2947:Hindenburg Line
2945:Main articles:
2943:
2903:
2901:Hindenburg Line
2897:
2895:Hindenburg line
2844:
2838:
2811:Philippe Pétain
2782:
2776:
2768:air superiority
2730:
2694:
2644:
2591:
2585:
2556:countermeasures
2479:
2473:
2457:counterattacked
2415:
2393:
2387:
2377:
2345:
2339:
2276:Race to the Sea
2263:
2257:
2221:Sir John French
2198:Rape of Belgium
2181:Alsace–Lorraine
2150:Battle of Liège
2126:Schlieffen Plan
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2081:Race to the Sea
2073:
2063:Schlieffen Plan
2059:
2054:
1941:Race to the Sea
1917:First World War
1913:theatres of war
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1609:
1604:
1581:
1385:Vimy Ridge 1916
1262:Race to the Sea
1230:1st St. Quentin
1152:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1102:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1002:
994:
992:
984:
982:
974:
972:
964:
962:
954:
952:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
931:
910:
902:
900:
892:
890:
882:
880:
872:
870:
862:
860:
852:
850:
842:
840:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
810:
800:
798:
788:
786:
776:
774:
764:
762:
752:
750:
740:
738:
732:
722:
720:
710:
708:
698:
696:
686:
684:
674:
672:
668:Philippe Pétain
662:
660:
650:
648:
638:
636:
621:Austria-Hungary
614:
612:
610:
597:
595:
579:
574:
566:
564:
560:
555:
545:
543:
538:
533:
525:
523:
519:
514:
504:
502:
497:
491:
480:
478:
475:
471:
455:
453:
449:
439:
437:
425:
423:
410:
408:
395:
393:
380:
378:
365:
363:
350:
348:
335:
333:
320:
318:
314:
313:
302:
300:
298:
294:
284:
282:
272:
270:
260:
258:
248:
246:
236:
234:
224:
222:
219:
218:
206:
204:
201:
197:
164:
153:Alsace-Lorraine
151:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9939:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9847:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9811:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9752:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9732:
9726:
9724:
9722:Peace treaties
9721:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9663:
9661:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9627:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9608:United Kingdom
9605:
9600:
9598:Ottoman Empire
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9569:
9567:
9560:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9502:
9500:Sack of Dinant
9497:
9492:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9464:
9462:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9448:United Kingdom
9445:
9436:
9434:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9408:
9402:POW locations
9400:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9384:
9382:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9357:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9310:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9278:
9276:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9253:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9237:
9235:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9202:United Kingdom
9199:
9197:Ottoman Empire
9194:
9189:
9183:
9181:
9174:
9173:
9171:Trench warfare
9168:
9167:
9166:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9123:
9121:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9070:
9064:
9058:
9047:
9041:
9035:
9029:
9023:
9017:
9011:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8987:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8928:
8922:
8916:
8910:
8904:
8898:
8892:
8887:
8884:Volta-Bani War
8881:
8875:
8869:
8863:
8857:
8851:
8845:
8839:
8833:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8722:Zeebrugge Raid
8719:
8714:
8709:
8703:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8605:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8530:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8513:Battle of Loos
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8431:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8404:Black Sea raid
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8335:
8333:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8306:Historiography
8297:
8295:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8260:Bosnian Crisis
8257:
8254:Tangier Crisis
8251:
8245:
8239:
8232:
8230:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8187:Ottoman Empire
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8164:Central Powers
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8147:British Empire
8142:United Kingdom
8139:
8134:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8120:Russian Empire
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8038:Entente Powers
8031:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8006:North Atlantic
7997:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7917:Central Arabia
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7883:
7881:
7879:Middle Eastern
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7854:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7836:
7834:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7780:Historiography
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7692:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7659:
7658:External links
7656:
7655:
7654:
7621:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7563:
7549:
7530:
7516:
7501:
7487:
7472:
7457:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7396:
7383:
7377:
7364:
7358:
7345:
7339:
7322:
7316:
7303:
7297:
7284:
7258:
7252:
7239:
7233:
7220:
7194:
7179:
7173:
7160:
7154:
7141:
7135:
7122:
7116:
7103:
7097:
7084:
7078:
7065:
7059:
7046:
7040:
7025:
7019:
7006:
7000:
6987:
6969:
6963:
6950:
6944:
6931:
6925:
6910:
6904:
6889:
6883:
6870:
6864:
6851:
6845:
6827:
6821:
6808:
6802:
6785:
6779:
6766:
6745:
6716:
6710:
6692:
6686:
6673:
6667:
6649:
6643:
6630:
6593:
6587:
6574:
6568:
6555:
6549:
6536:
6530:
6517:
6511:
6498:
6492:
6479:
6450:
6444:
6427:
6406:
6400:
6384:
6378:
6365:
6359:
6344:
6338:
6325:
6319:
6306:
6293:
6287:
6274:
6268:
6255:
6249:
6236:
6230:
6224:. Square One.
6217:
6211:
6198:
6192:
6179:
6173:
6160:
6154:
6141:
6124:
6118:
6105:
6099:
6083:
6077:
6064:
6058:
6045:
6039:
6026:
6020:
6007:
6001:
5988:
5982:
5970:Edmonds, J. E.
5966:
5960:
5948:Doughty, R. A.
5944:
5938:
5925:
5919:
5906:
5900:
5887:
5870:
5864:
5851:
5845:
5832:
5826:
5813:
5807:
5794:
5788:
5775:
5758:
5752:
5739:
5713:
5687:
5681:
5668:
5662:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5636:, p. 180.
5634:Alexander 2003
5626:
5624:, p. 460.
5614:
5612:, p. 297.
5602:
5590:
5578:
5576:, p. 269.
5566:
5564:, p. 100.
5554:
5552:, p. 292.
5542:
5530:
5528:, p. 787.
5518:
5506:
5494:
5492:, p. 558.
5490:Churchill 1938
5479:
5477:, p. 270.
5467:
5465:, p. 446.
5455:
5453:, p. 163.
5451:Griffiths 1986
5443:
5428:
5416:
5404:
5400:Griffiths 1986
5392:
5380:
5368:
5366:, p. 146.
5353:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5305:
5293:
5291:, p. 543.
5281:
5279:, p. 140.
5269:
5257:
5245:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5195:, p. 216.
5193:Sheffield 2002
5185:
5183:, p. 103.
5173:
5171:, p. 112.
5161:
5149:
5137:
5135:, p. 227.
5125:
5123:, p. 144.
5113:
5111:, p. 124.
5109:Griffiths 1986
5101:
5086:
5074:
5072:, p. 292.
5062:
5060:, p. 243.
5050:
5046:Uffindell 2015
5038:
5034:Cockfield 1999
5026:
5014:
5002:
4998:Sheffield 2014
4990:
4975:
4971:Griffiths 1986
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4915:
4913:, p. 290.
4903:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4800:Griffiths 1986
4792:
4780:
4778:, p. 224.
4768:
4756:
4744:
4742:, p. 143.
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4684:
4682:, p. 153.
4672:
4670:, p. 141.
4660:
4648:
4636:
4624:
4612:
4600:
4598:, p. 245.
4588:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4550:, p. 165.
4540:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4382:, p. 112.
4372:
4370:, p. 110.
4360:
4358:, p. 165.
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4273:
4269:Griffiths 1986
4261:
4249:
4237:
4233:Zuckerman 2004
4225:
4213:
4201:
4197:Griffiths 1986
4189:
4185:Griffiths 2003
4177:
4175:, p. 254.
4165:
4161:Griffiths 1986
4153:
4141:
4139:, p. 159.
4129:
4125:Stevenson 2005
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4079:, p. 137.
4069:
4057:
4042:
4030:
4028:, p. 219.
4018:
4016:, p. 105.
4006:
4004:, p. 742.
3994:
3979:
3967:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3903:
3890:
3888:in air raids.
3874:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3808:
3807:Economic costs
3805:
3776:Main article:
3773:
3770:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3707: 779,403
3700:
3690:
3685:
3683:Central Powers
3679:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3668:Austro-Hungary
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3444:
3441:
3440:United Kingdom
3437:
3436:
3433:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3389:Main article:
3386:
3383:
3307:
3304:
3295:Ferdinand Foch
3265:Main article:
3262:
3259:
3230:
3227:
3200:Main article:
3197:
3194:
3189:II ANZAC Corps
3166:Sulfur mustard
3148:Messines Ridge
3120:
3117:
3103:
3100:
3044:
3041:
3009:Canadian Corps
2973:scorched earth
2942:
2939:
2899:Main article:
2896:
2893:
2840:Main article:
2837:
2834:
2815:Robert Nivelle
2799:Fort Douaumont
2778:Main article:
2775:
2772:
2762:with superior
2748:national pride
2729:
2726:
2718:Battle of Loos
2693:
2690:
2681:Fokker Scourge
2643:
2640:
2600:Anthony Fokker
2587:Main article:
2584:
2581:
2568:Battle of Loos
2533:a lethal cloud
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2391:Trench warfare
2389:Main article:
2386:
2385:Trench warfare
2383:
2341:Main article:
2338:
2335:
2280:Swiss frontier
2259:Main article:
2256:
2253:
2233:Battle of Mons
2196:known as the "
2142:Karl von Bülow
2115:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2100:bayonet charge
2097:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2007:Central Powers
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:Naval theatres
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:Central Arabia
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1577:Lys and Escaut
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1306:Neuve Chapelle
1303:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1279:Winter actions
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:Grand Couronné
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:Civilian dead:
1091:
1086:Military dead:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:Civilian dead:
1029:
1025:Military dead:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
934:
933:
932:
930:
929:
923:
920:
919:
915:
914:
911:
909:
908:
898:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
822:
821:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
748:
735:
733:
731:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
680:Ferdinand Foch
670:
658:
656:Robert Nivelle
646:
633:
630:
629:
625:
624:
609:
608:
591:
587:Central Powers
582:
580:
578:
577:
561:
559:
558:
539:
537:
536:
520:
518:
517:
498:
496:
495:
472:
470:
469:
450:
448:
447:
435:
420:
405:
390:
375:
360:
345:
330:
327:United Kingdom
309:British Empire
297:
296:
295:
293:
292:
280:
268:
256:
244:
232:
200:
199:
198:
196:
195:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:Allied victory
170:
166:
165:
140:Central Europe
134:
132:
128:
127:
118:
110:
109:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9938:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9829:
9828:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9798:
9788:
9785:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9719:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9620:
9614:
9613:United States
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9558:
9553:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9377:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9349:
9348:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9299:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9273:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9245:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9230:
9225:
9215:
9214:United States
9212:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9169:
9165:
9164:Convoy system
9162:
9161:
9160:
9159:Naval warfare
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9118:
9115:
9111:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9065:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9039:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8919:Kaocen revolt
8917:
8914:
8913:Easter Rising
8911:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8867:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8840:
8837:
8834:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8821:
8815:
8812:
8808:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8478:Great Retreat
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8349:Battle of Cer
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8292:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8266:Agadir Crisis
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8155:
8154:United States
8152:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8072:
8071:French Empire
8069:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8024:
8014:
8013:Mediterranean
8011:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7993:Naval warfare
7990:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7869:Italian Front
7867:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7857:Eastern Front
7855:
7853:
7852:Western Front
7850:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7810:Puppet states
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7733:
7731:
7726:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7665:Western Front
7662:
7661:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7601:
7600:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7537:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7488:9781508654254
7484:
7480:
7479:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7399:
7393:
7389:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7234:1-85109-420-2
7230:
7226:
7221:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7170:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7109:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7090:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7071:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7012:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6772:
6767:
6755:
6751:
6746:
6731:
6724:
6723:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6465:
6458:
6457:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6222:The Great War
6218:
6214:
6208:
6204:
6203:The Great War
6199:
6195:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:. Continuum.
5931:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:. Macmillan.
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5837:The Great War
5833:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5622:Marshall 1964
5618:
5611:
5606:
5599:
5594:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5425:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5390:, p. 24.
5389:
5384:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5350:
5345:
5338:
5337:Marshall 1964
5333:
5326:
5321:
5314:
5309:
5303:, p. 69.
5302:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5231:, p. 88.
5230:
5225:
5218:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5147:, p. 87.
5146:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5084:, p. 53.
5083:
5078:
5071:
5070:Marshall 1964
5066:
5059:
5054:
5048:, p. 26.
5047:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5012:, p. 71.
5011:
5010:Campbell 1981
5006:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4972:
4967:
4961:, p. 46.
4960:
4955:
4949:, p. 99.
4948:
4943:
4936:
4935:Marshall 1964
4931:
4925:, p. 68.
4924:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4886:, p. 88.
4885:
4884:Corkerry 2001
4880:
4874:, p. 11.
4873:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4826:, p. 79.
4825:
4820:
4814:, p. 42.
4813:
4812:Campbell 1981
4808:
4801:
4796:
4790:, p. 28.
4789:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4730:, p. 40.
4729:
4728:Campbell 1981
4724:
4717:
4716:Marshall 1964
4712:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4634:, p. 17.
4633:
4628:
4622:, p. 66.
4621:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4584:Griffith 1994
4580:
4573:
4572:Campbell 1981
4568:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4526:, p. 40.
4525:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4320:Strachan 2001
4316:
4310:, p. 27.
4309:
4304:
4298:, p. 17.
4297:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4257:Strachan 2001
4253:
4246:
4245:Terraine 2002
4241:
4235:, p. 23.
4234:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4211:, p. 33.
4210:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4187:, p. 30.
4186:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4149:Griffith 2004
4145:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4091:, p. 78.
4090:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3992:, p. 29.
3991:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3926:
3917:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3804:
3797:908 civilians
3786:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3667:
3666:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3612:
3611:
3598:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3556:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3528:
3527:
3514:
3513:
3500:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3473:United States
3472:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3439:
3438:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3369:. The German
3368:
3367:Armistice Day
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3179:included the
3178:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:in April 1917
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:fortification
2919:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2852:Ernest Brooks
2848:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2806:Le Mort Homme
2802:
2800:
2795:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:Max Immelmann
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2595:Roland Garros
2590:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:no man's land
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:Eastern Front
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2366:, commanding
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:West Flanders
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2296:coal industry
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:Field Marshal
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Joseph Joffre
2203:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2112:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Eastern Front
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Western Front
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Mediterranean
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:Eastern Front
1666:
1664:
1663:Western Front
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Meuse-Argonne
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Passchendaele
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:2nd Champagne
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:1st Champagne
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:Great Retreat
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:Western Front
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1071:
1069:5,490,300
1061:
1060:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
959:2,264,200
951:
949:4,808,000
941:
940:
928:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
912:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
857:2,200,000
849:
847:5,399,563
839:
837:7,935,000
829:
828:
819:
818:
813:
807:
797:
795:
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761:
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749:
747:
737:
736:
734:
729:
719:
717:
707:
705:
695:
693:
683:
681:
671:
669:
659:
657:
647:
645:
644:Joseph Joffre
635:
634:
632:
631:
626:
622:
607:
605:
592:
590:
588:
584:
583:
581:
573:
563:
562:
553:
541:
540:
532:
522:
521:
512:
500:
499:
490:
488:
487:United States
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
459:
452:
451:
446:
436:
433:
421:
418:
406:
403:
391:
388:
376:
373:
361:
358:
346:
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331:
328:
316:
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310:
291:
281:
279:
269:
267:
257:
255:
245:
243:
233:
231:
221:
220:
216:
214:
194:
192:
191:Allied Powers
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
171:
168:
167:
163:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:2 August 1914
119:
116:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:Western Front
35:
30:
19:
9825:
9818:
9806:
9413: /
9345:
9180:Conscription
9144:Cryptography
9081:Iraqi Revolt
8508:Siege of Kut
8451:
8029:participants
7978:German Samoa
7912:South Arabia
7851:
7646:. Retrieved
7642:the original
7629:
7611:(1): 56–71.
7608:
7604:
7585:. Retrieved
7568:
7535:
7506:
7477:
7448:
7417:
7387:
7368:
7349:
7328:
7307:
7288:
7276:. Retrieved
7263:
7243:
7224:
7212:. Retrieved
7184:
7164:
7145:
7126:
7107:
7088:
7069:
7050:
7030:
7010:
6991:
6981:
6954:
6935:
6915:
6894:
6874:
6855:
6835:
6812:
6789:
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6754:the original
6737:. Retrieved
6721:
6700:
6677:
6657:
6634:
6622:. Retrieved
6598:
6578:
6559:
6540:
6521:
6502:
6483:
6471:. Retrieved
6455:
6433:
6414:
6410:
6391:
6369:
6349:
6329:
6310:
6301:
6297:
6278:
6259:
6240:
6221:
6202:
6183:
6164:
6145:
6128:
6109:
6090:
6068:
6049:
6030:
6011:
5992:
5973:
5951:
5929:
5910:
5891:
5874:
5855:
5836:
5817:
5801:. Springer.
5798:
5779:
5762:
5743:
5731:. Retrieved
5718:
5694:
5690:
5672:
5652:
5643:Bibliography
5629:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5521:
5514:Carlyon 2006
5509:
5497:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5424:Kennedy 1989
5419:
5412:Edmonds 1994
5407:
5395:
5383:
5371:
5364:Baldwin 1962
5349:Baldwin 1962
5344:
5332:
5325:Carlyon 2006
5320:
5313:Baldwin 1962
5308:
5296:
5289:Carlyon 2006
5284:
5277:Baldwin 1962
5272:
5265:Baldwin 1962
5260:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5205:Sheldon 2007
5200:
5188:
5181:Baldwin 1962
5176:
5164:
5157:Sheldon 2007
5152:
5145:Edmonds 1991
5140:
5128:
5121:Baldwin 1962
5116:
5104:
5097:Baldwin 1962
5082:Neiberg 2003
5077:
5065:
5053:
5041:
5029:
5017:
5005:
5000:, Chapter 7.
4993:
4986:Baldwin 1962
4966:
4959:Neiberg 2004
4954:
4947:Baldwin 1962
4942:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4879:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4824:Baldwin 1962
4819:
4807:
4795:
4788:Jackson 2001
4783:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4620:Palazzo 2000
4615:
4608:Samuels 1995
4603:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4488:Richter 1994
4483:
4476:Richter 1994
4471:
4459:
4452:Sheldon 2012
4447:
4440:Sheldon 2012
4435:
4423:
4416:Doughty 2005
4411:
4406:, p. 7.
4404:Richter 1994
4399:
4387:
4375:
4368:Neiberg 2008
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4308:Baldwin 1962
4303:
4291:
4284:Kennedy 1989
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4151:, p. 9.
4144:
4132:
4120:
4113:Edmonds 1991
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4060:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3944:
3925:
3916:
3906:
3893:
3886: 1,000
3877:
3868:
3859:
3840:Maginot Line
3836:
3823:
3816:
3785:Adolf Hitler
3781:
3741:
3735:c. 1,536,710
3734:
3724:
3720:c. 4.034,720
3719:
3714:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3585:South Africa
3331:
3285:
3255:
3250:Stosstruppen
3248:
3240:
3218:Stosstruppen
3216:
3205:
3174:
3160:
3157:
3140:
3105:
3091:
3072:
3037:Bloody April
3024:Valenciennes
3021:
3013:5th Division
3002:
2984:
2981:
2962:
2920:
2916:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2857:
2827:
2803:
2791:
2759:
2756:
2739:
2722:Douglas Haig
2715:
2695:
2678:
2657:
2623:
2611:
2592:
2553:
2514:
2480:
2444:British Army
2424:
2402:
2367:
2360:
2346:
2317:, along the
2303:Entente side
2300:
2264:
2194:
2174:
2122:
2031:
1989:, including
1984:
1953:
1908:
1906:
1850:Central Asia
1823:Asia-Pacific
1797:North Africa
1775:South Africa
1751:South Arabia
1662:
1642:Theatres of
1583:
1582:
1542:Saint-Mihiel
1510:Belleau Wood
1493:
1481:
1480:
1471:La Malmaison
1427:
1415:
1414:
1380:Kink Salient
1348:
1347:
1343:Gas: Wieltje
1289:
1288:
1149:
1139:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1046:
1032:
1024:
926:
704:Douglas Haig
593:
585:
476:
465:
454:
417:Newfoundland
387:South Africa
299:
202:
189:
181:Belligerents
96:heavy bomber
60:
42:Part of the
29:
9921:World War I
9443:Netherlands
9420:Switzerland
9301:Occupations
9292:Spanish flu
9069:(1919–1922)
9063:(1918–1921)
9057:(1918–1923)
9046:(1919–1921)
9040:(1919–1921)
9034:(1919–1920)
9010:(1918–1920)
9004:(1918–1920)
8998:(1918–1920)
8980:(1918–1920)
8962:(1918–1920)
8956:(1917–1921)
8950:(1917–1921)
8897:(1916-1918)
8895:Arab Revolt
8886:(1915–1917)
8880:(1915–1917)
8868:(1914-1917)
8862:(1914–1917)
8856:(1914–1921)
8850:(1913–1920)
8838:(1910–1920)
8832:(1900–1920)
8805: [
8323:July Crisis
8244:(1880–1914)
7907:Mesopotamia
7785:Home fronts
7744:World War I
5598:Herwig 1996
5586:Hersch 1927
5526:Massie 2004
5504:, p. .
5463:Herwig 1997
5439:Herwig 1997
5301:Murphy 2005
5253:Herwig 1997
5169:Liddle 2013
5133:Bostyn 2002
4899:Herwig 1997
4872:Watson 2008
4836:Rawson 2014
4752:Martin 2001
4644:Warner 2000
4596:Bailey 2004
4560:Lupfer 1981
4548:Herwig 1997
4428:Fuller 1992
4392:Fuller 1992
4356:Fuller 1992
4101:Liddle 1997
4053:Maurel 2001
3715:Grand Total
3515:New Zealand
3405:Nationality
3276:German tank
2860:River Somme
2583:Air warfare
2577:mustard gas
2471:Gas warfare
2446:fought the
2130:French Army
1968:barbed wire
1921:German Army
1915:during the
1792:East Africa
1736:Mesopotamia
1714:Middle East
1644:World War I
1562:2nd Cambrai
1400:Boar's Head
1390:Mont Sorrel
969:286,330
867:380,000
692:John French
575:(from 1918)
556:(from 1918)
534:(from 1916)
515:(from 1916)
492:(from 1917)
372:New Zealand
266:West Africa
91:; A German
63:Men of the
48:World War I
9860:Categories
9660:Agreements
9460:War crimes
9336:Luxembourg
9229:Casualties
8100:Montenegro
7935:South West
7815:Technology
7805:Propaganda
7795:Opposition
7467:1129923334
6624:16 January
6014:. Exisle.
5574:Ellis 1993
5502:Jones 2019
5475:Ellis 2001
5388:Ekins 2010
5241:Miles 1991
5229:Miles 1991
5217:Miles 1991
5058:Lyons 2000
4911:Wynne 1976
4848:Miles 1992
4776:Foley 2007
4740:Lyons 2000
4704:Foley 2007
4668:Lyons 2000
4656:Wiest 2005
4500:Spick 2002
4464:Jones 2002
4380:Lyons 2000
4332:Foley 2007
4077:Jones 2019
4026:Hosch 2010
4014:Ayres 1919
3975:Jones 2019
3899:war crimes
3846:References
3811:See also:
3772:Casualties
3762:Scapa Flow
3757:Kiel Canal
3648:c. 757,310
3242:1918, the
2977:War Office
2935:St Quentin
2911:Bullecourt
2877:small unit
2823:diphosgene
2608:Fokker E.I
2541:asphyxiate
2487:tear gases
2439:Tenth Army
2327:Nieuwpoort
2315:Yser Front
2208:, and the
2146:Luxembourg
2061:See also:
1991:poison gas
1925:Luxembourg
1889:Baltic Sea
1840:New Guinea
1809:Somaliland
1375:Wulverghem
1338:3rd Artois
1316:2nd Artois
1284:1st Artois
999:15,000
989:22,120
979:93,100
913:13,250,000
897:40,000
887:44,292
877:55,000
824:15,900,000
160:, western
158:Luxembourg
100:Renault FT
93:Gotha G.IV
9557:Diplomacy
9264:Olympians
9187:Australia
9154:Logistics
9087:Vlora War
9016:(1918–19)
8992:(1918–19)
8986:(1918–19)
8974:(1918–19)
8921:(1916–17)
8903:(1916–17)
8854:Zaian War
8844:(1914–15)
8564:first day
8452:Lusitania
8280:(1912–13)
8274:(1911–12)
8262:(1908–09)
8256:(1905–06)
8238:(1870–71)
8027:Principal
7887:Gallipoli
7790:Memorials
7775:Geography
7765:Aftermath
7638:463454950
7559:469729065
7526:491067508
7273:924169428
6916:The Somme
6611:784236109
6137:254453292
5972:(1991) .
5728:869902118
5703:cite book
5550:Gray 1991
5022:Hart 2005
4692:Hull 2005
4680:Knox 2007
4512:Wise 1981
3937:Footnotes
3688:1,593,779
3660:5,116,000
3657:1,593,000
3633:2,440,941
3487:Australia
3424:1,395,000
3385:Aftermath
3065:Ruins of
3029:air crews
2990:submarine
2985:Lusitania
2933:south to
2819:Fort Vaux
2650:Ruins of
2624:Eindecker
2612:Eindecker
2598:engineer
2431:Compiègne
2284:North Sea
2210:divisions
2177:Plan XVII
2154:retreated
2067:Plan XVII
2048:in 1919.
1960:artillery
1949:North Sea
1884:Black Sea
1869:North Sea
1726:Gallipoli
1700:Macedonia
1557:5th Ypres
1537:2nd Somme
1515:2nd Marne
1505:3rd Aisne
1454:The Hills
1449:2nd Aisne
1410:Fromelles
1405:1st Somme
1355:The Bluff
1321:Hébuterne
1311:2nd Ypres
1272:1st Ypres
1252:1st Aisne
1247:1st Marne
1220:Le Cateau
1198:Charleroi
1183:Frontiers
1088:1,495,000
1056:5,500,000
1027:2,041,000
1009:4,542
936:7,500,000
357:Australia
290:Indochina
9845:Category
9432:Refugees
9398:Italians
9387:Germans
9347:Ober Ost
9127:Aviation
8221:Timeline
8192:Bulgaria
7973:Tsingtao
7950:Togoland
7897:Caucasus
7832:European
7824:Theatres
7597:Journals
7582:17673086
7497:12893987
7208:Archived
7204:40417794
6979:(1930).
6833:(2003).
6730:Archived
6698:(2004).
6655:(1964).
6615:Archived
6464:Archived
6390:(2005).
6089:(1992).
5950:(2005).
5562:ASB 1922
3990:ILO 1925
3960:12 April
3954:Archived
3766:scuttled
3663:774,000
3599:Portugal
3543:Pakistan
3454:223,600
3435:508,000
3212:fascines
3095:Mutinies
3011:and the
2764:Nieuport
2573:phosgene
2537:chlorine
2521:4th Army
2453:reserves
2369:Ober Ost
2331:Boezinge
2323:Ieperlee
2321:and the
2247:and the
2231:and the
2202:Ardennes
2166:Brussels
2009:against
1964:infantry
1945:trenches
1874:Atlantic
1830:Tsingtao
1814:Ethiopia
1787:Cameroon
1782:Togoland
1721:Caucasus
1567:Courtrai
1522:Soissons
1461:Messines
1428:Alberich
1237:Maubeuge
1193:Ardennes
1188:Lorraine
1156:Moresnet
815:Strength
716:Albert I
511:Portugal
445:Rhodesia
131:Location
9583:Germany
9483:Germany
9411:Germany
9331:Belgium
9316:Albania
9275:Disease
9255:Sports
9207:Ireland
9120:Warfare
9113:Aspects
8301:Origins
8294:Prelude
8197:Senussi
8177:Germany
8172:Leaders
8110:Romania
8051:Belgium
8046:Leaders
7945:Kamerun
7927:African
7862:Romania
7840:Balkans
7755:Outline
7702:on the
7648:4 March
7587:3 March
7278:4 March
6739:6 March
6473:6 March
6423:6445561
5883:4945014
5733:4 March
3654:Germany
3510:10,200
3507:144,700
3501:Belgium
3493:175,900
3479:330,100
3476:117,000
3465:259,700
3443:700,600
3411:Wounded
2865:Picardy
2830:barrage
2652:Carency
2435:salient
2301:On the
2282:to the
2212:of the
2158:Antwerp
2098:French
2017:on the
2015:Romania
1929:Belgium
1690:Balkans
1678:Finland
1673:Romania
1532:Ailette
1500:The Lys
1494:Michael
1476:Cambrai
1370:Hulluch
1365:St Eloi
1257:Antwerp
1099:424,000
1037:534,500
604:Germany
466:Belgium
432:Bermuda
254:Morocco
242:Tunisia
230:Algeria
162:Germany
144:Belgium
136:Western
77:wounded
71:on the
9603:Russia
9578:France
9406:Canada
9321:Serbia
9192:Canada
9149:Horses
9101:(1921)
9095:(1920)
9089:(1920)
9083:(1920)
9075:(1920)
9028:(1919)
9022:(1919)
8968:(1918)
8933:(1918)
8927:(1917)
8915:(1916)
8909:(1916)
8874:(1915)
8286:(1913)
8268:(1911)
8250:(1905)
8207:Darfur
8132:Serbia
8115:Russia
8078:Greece
8066:France
8056:Brazil
7902:Persia
7845:Serbia
7667:, in:
7636:
7580:
7557:
7547:
7524:
7514:
7495:
7485:
7465:
7455:
7415:about
7394:
7375:
7356:
7337:
7314:
7295:
7271:
7250:
7231:
7214:8 July
7202:
7192:
7171:
7152:
7133:
7114:
7095:
7076:
7057:
7038:
7017:
6998:
6961:
6942:
6923:
6902:
6881:
6862:
6843:
6819:
6800:
6777:
6760:8 July
6708:
6684:
6665:
6641:
6609:
6585:
6566:
6547:
6528:
6509:
6490:
6442:
6421:
6398:
6376:
6357:
6336:
6317:
6285:
6266:
6247:
6228:
6209:
6190:
6171:
6152:
6135:
6116:
6097:
6075:
6056:
6037:
6018:
5999:
5980:
5958:
5936:
5917:
5898:
5881:
5862:
5843:
5824:
5805:
5786:
5771:988365
5769:
5750:
5726:
5679:
5660:
3789:16,829
3677:5,403
3674:13,113
3628:Allies
3608:6,680
3605:13,750
3594:2,220
3577:10,500
3563:20,000
3557:Russia
3552:1,090
3549:15,750
3538:1,090
3535:15,750
3521:34,800
3518:12,900
3504:80,200
3490:48,900
3482:4,430
3462:56,400
3459:Canada
3421:France
3408:Killed
3318:, and
3055:, and
3007:. The
2752:Verdun
2427:Vosges
2243:, the
2216:under
2083:, 1914
2069:, and
2034:Allied
2011:Russia
1933:France
1864:U-boat
1763:Africa
1741:Persia
1705:Greece
1695:Serbia
1656:Europe
1572:Sambre
1527:Amiens
1395:Verdun
1225:Étreux
1171:Dinant
1079:19,295
618:
601:
549:
531:Russia
508:
484:
429:
414:
399:
384:
369:
354:
342:Canada
339:
324:
306:
213:France
210:
169:Result
89:bunker
9800:Other
9593:Japan
9588:Italy
9415:camps
9259:Rugby
8809:]
8088:Japan
8083:Italy
8061:China
7955:North
7441:Books
6733:(PDF)
6726:(PDF)
6618:(PDF)
6603:(PDF)
6467:(PDF)
6460:(PDF)
6413:[
5693:[
4055:, §1.
3911:dead.
3851:Notes
3602:1,290
3591:8,720
3588:3,250
3574:4,500
3571:Italy
3560:7,542
3546:6,670
3532:6,670
3529:India
3067:Arras
2931:Arras
2662:, an
2549:panic
2495:Ypres
2325:from
2271:Aisne
2170:siege
2162:Namur
1995:tanks
1956:front
1835:Samoa
1802:Libya
1685:Italy
1439:Arras
1422:Ancre
1176:Namur
1166:Liège
907:1,284
552:Italy
402:India
103:tanks
81:Somme
9380:POWs
8699:1918
8601:1917
8527:1916
8428:1915
8332:1914
8137:Siam
7940:East
7650:2017
7634:OCLC
7589:2017
7578:OCLC
7574:HMSO
7555:OCLC
7545:ISBN
7522:OCLC
7512:ISBN
7493:OCLC
7483:ISBN
7463:OCLC
7453:ISBN
7392:ISBN
7373:ISBN
7354:ISBN
7335:ISBN
7312:ISBN
7293:ISBN
7280:2017
7269:OCLC
7248:ISBN
7229:ISBN
7216:2018
7200:OCLC
7190:ISBN
7169:ISBN
7150:ISBN
7131:ISBN
7112:ISBN
7093:ISBN
7074:ISBN
7055:ISBN
7036:ISBN
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