Regional accents of English

520: 468: 494: 456: 508: 534: 272: 222: 482: 555: 282: 3219: 2901: 2760: 2062: 1213: 579: 567: 2825:. Phonetically, these are centralised or raised versions of the short "i", "e", and "a" vowels, which in New Zealand are close to , , and , respectively, rather than , , and . New Zealand pronunciations are often popularly represented outside New Zealand by writing "fish and chips" as "fush and chups", "yes" as "yiss", and "sixty-six" as "suxty-sux". 2832:. Another difference between New Zealand and Australian English is the length of the vowel in words such as "dog" and "job", which are longer than in Australian English, which shares the short and staccato pronunciation shared with British English. There is a tendency in New Zealand English, found in some but not all Australian English, to add a 3104:(Tswana, Northern Sotho, and Southern Sotho) speakers have a similar accent, with slight variations. Tsonga and Venda speakers have very similar accents with far less intonation than Ngunis and Sothos. Some Black speakers have no distinction between the "i" in "determine" and the one in "decline", pronouncing it similarly to the one in "mine". 3694:

Students in primary and secondary schools learning English as the language of instruction also learn a second language called their "Mother Tongue" by the Ministry of Education, where they are taught Mandarin Chinese, Malay, or Tamil. A main point to note is while "Mother Tongue" generally refers to

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Philippine English employs a rhotic accent that originated from the time it was first introduced by Americans during the colonization period in an attempt to replace Spanish as the dominant political language. As there are no /f/ or /v/ sounds in most native languages in the Philippines, is used as

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Zimbabwean accents vastly vary, with some Black Africans sounding British while others will have a much stronger accent influenced by their mother tongues. Usually, this distinction is brought about by where speakers grew up and the school attended. For example, most people who grew up in and around

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has several main groups of accents, including (1) the accents of Ulster, with a strong influence from Scotland as well as the underlying Gaelic linguistic stratum, which in that province approaches the Gaelic of Scotland, (2) those of Dublin and surrounding areas on the east coast where English has

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The Hull accent's rhythm is more like that of northern Lincolnshire than that of the rural East Riding, perhaps due to migration from Lincolnshire to the city during its industrial growth. One feature that it shares with the surrounding rural area is that an /aɪ/ sound in the middle of a word often

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Accents and dialects vary widely across Great Britain, Ireland and nearby smaller islands. The UK has the most local accents of any English-speaking country. As such, a single "British accent" does not exist. Someone could be said to have an English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish accent, although these

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Black, Indian, and Coloured students educated in former Model C schools or at formerly White tertiary institutions will generally adopt a similar accent to their White English-home-language speaking classmates. Code-switching and the "Cape Flats" accent are becoming popular among White learners in

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The accents heard in the islands when English is used are similarly influenced but in a much milder way. In the case of Norfolk Island, Australian English is the primary influence, producing an accent that is like a softened version of an Australian accent. The Pitcairn accent is for the most part

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anywhere in particular. The region of the United States that most resembles this is the central Midwest, specifically eastern Nebraska, including Omaha and Lincoln; southern and central Iowa, including Des Moines; and parts of Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, and western Illinois, including Peoria and the

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Similar to the Cork accent but without the same intonation, Kerry puts even heavier emphasis on the "brrr" sound to the letter "R.", for example, the word "forty". Throughout the south, this word is pronounced whereby the "r" exhibits the typified Irish "brrr". In Kerry, especially in rural areas,

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South African accents vary between major cities, particularly Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg, and provinces (regions). Accent variation is observed within respective cities—for instance, Johannesburg, where the northern suburbs (Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown North, Saxonwold, etc.) tend to be

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refers to the various varieties of the English language used by Indigenous Australians. These varieties, which developed differently in different parts of Australia, vary along a continuum, from forms close to General Australian to more nonstandard forms. There are distinctive features of accent,

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There are many foreigners working in Singapore. 36% of the population in Singapore are foreigners, and foreigners make up 50% of the service sector. Therefore, it is very common to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English. Most of these staff speak Mandarin Chinese. Those who do not

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The accents of native English speakers from the southern suburbs (Rosettenville, Turffontein, etc.) tend to be more strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are populated by tradesmen and factory workers, with lower incomes. The extent of Afrikaans influence is explained by the fact that

3031:"Saint" is not just a different pronunciation of English; it also has its own distinct words. So "bite" means "spicy, as in full of chillies"; "us" is used instead of "we" ("us has been shopping"); and "done" is used to generate a past tense, hence "I done gorn fishing" ("I have been fishing"). 2847:, both in the south of the South Island, harbour a "Celtic fringe" of people speaking with what is known as the "Southland burr" in which "R" is pronounced with a soft burr, particularly in words that rhyme with "nurse". The area formed a traditional repository of immigration from Scotland. 2731:, there is a tendency for centring diphthongs to be pronounced as full diphthongs. Those in the eastern states will tend to pronounce "fear" and "sheer" without any jaw movement, while the westerners would pronounce them like "fia" and "shia", respectively, which slightly resembles 3081:

of South Africa. The range of accents found among English-speaking Coloureds, from the distinctive "Cape Flats or Coloured English" to the standard "colloquial" South African English accent, are of special interest. Geography and education levels play major roles therein.

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Apart from the frequent inability to pronounce certain fricatives (e.g., , , , , , ), in reality, there is no single Philippine English accent. This is because native languages influence spoken English in different ways throughout the archipelago. For instance, those from

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Some Cork accents have a unique lyrical intonation. Every sentence typically ends in the trademark elongated tail-off on the last word. In Cork, heavier emphasis yet is put on the "brrr" sound to the letter "R." This is usually the dialect in northern parts of Cork City.

3518:"Three" becomes /tri/ while "that" becomes /dat/. This feature is consistent with many other Malayo-Polynesian languages. /z/ is often devoiced to , whereas is often devoiced to or affricated to , so words like "zoo", "measure", and "beige" may be pronounced , , and . 3123:, Westdene, etc.) are predominantly Afrikaans-speaking. In a similar fashion, people from predominantly or traditionally Jewish areas in the Johannesburg area (such as Sandton, Linksfield, and Victory Park) may have accents influenced by Yiddish or Hebrew ancestry. 3072:

and Cape Coloureds, both descendants of mainly Dutch settlers, tend to pronounce English phonemes with a strong Afrikaans inflection. The English accents of both related groups are significantly different and easily distinguishable, primarily because of prevalent

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The Coloured community is generally bilingual. English accents are strongly influenced by one's primary mother tongue, Afrikaans, or English. A range of accents can be seen, with the majority of Coloureds showing a strong Afrikaans inflection. Similarly,

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Another feature in the Kerry accent is the "S" before the consonant. True to its Gaelic origins in a manner similar to parts of Connacht, "s" maintains the "shh" sound as in "shop" or "sheep". The word "start" becomes "shtart", and "stop" becomes "shtop".

1654:, is an exception to the Lancashire regional variant of English. It has spread to some of the surrounding towns. Before the 1840s, Liverpool's accent was similar to others in Lancashire, though with some distinct features due to the city's proximity to 1601:. Although many Yorkshire accents sound similar, accents in areas around Hull and Middlesbrough are markedly different. Due to this, the Middlesbrough accent is sometimes grouped, with modern Northumbrian accents being a midway between the two regions. 2129:, particularly the English of south-eastern Ireland. Many Irish Travellers who were born in parts of Dublin or Britain have the accent in spite of it being strikingly different from the local accents in those regions. They have their own language, 2820:

The New Zealand accent is most similar to Australian accents, particularly those of Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and South Australia, but is distinguished from these accents by the presence of three "clipped" vowels, slightly resembling

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Many Malaysians adopt different accents and usages depending on the situation. For example, an office worker may speak with less colloquialism and with a more British accent on the job than with friends or while out shopping.

2044:"Are you?" becomes a cojoined "A-rrou?" single tongue flutter, especially in rural areas. This extra emphasis on "R" is also seen in varying measures through parts of West Limerick and West Cork in closer proximity to Kerry. 2853:

The trilled "r" is used by some Māori, who may pronounce "t" and "k" sounds without aspiration, striking other English speakers as similar to "d" and "g". This is also encountered in South African English, especially among

3028:"Saints", as Saint Helenan islanders are called, have a variety of different influences on their accent. To outsiders, the accent has resemblances to the accents of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. 389:

are easily identified by key characteristics, but others are more obscure or easily confused. Broad regions can possess subforms. For instance, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city of

3345:. Most Namibians who grew up in and around the capital city, Windhoek, have developed an English accent. Those in rural areas have an accent strongly influenced by their mother tongue, particularly 3097:(Xhosa, Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele) speakers have a distinct accent, with the pronunciation of words like "the" and "that" as would "devil" and "dust", respectively, and words like "rice" as "lice". 3533:. Ilocano people generally pronounce the schwa sound /ə/ better than other Filipinos because they use a similar sound in their native language that is missing from many other Philippine languages. 2292:

of "father" heard in Southern England as well as in most of the Southern Hemisphere. In North America, the vowel of "father" has merged with that of "lot" and "bother" (see above). Related to the

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Regardless of regional and ethnic differences (in accents), South African English accents are sometimes confused with Australian (or New Zealand) English by British and American English speakers.

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Some sections of the main urban areas of Auckland and Wellington show a stronger influence of Māori and Pacific island (e.g., Samoan) pronunciations and speech patterns than most of the country.

3287:, native English speakers, mainly the White and Coloured minority, have a similar speech pattern to that of South Africa. Those with high degrees of Germanic inflection pronounce "Zimbabwe" as 4141: 2300:. This results in /æ/ in some environments, particularly nasals to be raised and even diphthongized, typically transcribed as . Thus, "answer" is typically pronounced as rather than . 2839:

Geographical variations appear slight and are mainly confined to individual special local words. One group of speakers holds a recognised place as "talking differently": The regions of

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People from the northern Philippines may pronounce /r/ as a strong trill instead of a tap, which is more commonly used in the rest of the Philippines, as the trill is a feature of the

3909: 3587:, a federation of former British colonies and similar dependencies. English is a foreign language with no official status, but it is commonly learnt as a second or third language. 2866:

The English spoken in the isolated Pacific islands of Norfolk and Pitcairn shows evidence of the islands' long isolation from the world. In the case of Pitcairn, the local creole,

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an alternative to /f/ as is to /v/. The words "fifty" and "five" are often pronounced as "pipty" and "pibe" by many Filipinos. Similarly, /θ/ is often changed to and /ð/ to .

2333:. A form of speech known to linguists as General American is perceived by many Americans to be "accent-less", meaning a person who speaks in such a manner does not appear to be 3490:, in which a roughly equal time is allocated to each syllable, akin to the English of Singapore and Malaysia. Elsewhere, English speech timing is based predominantly on stress. 2217: 3056:

has 11 official languages, one of which is English. Accents vary significantly between ethnic and language groups. Home-language English speakers, Black, White, Indian, and

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Afrikaans urbanisation would historically have been from failed marginal farms or failing economies in rural towns, into the southern and western suburbs of Johannesburg.

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accent has an east–west variation, with the east of the county having influences from West Country English and the west of the county having direct influences from the

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are raised to approximately and before voiceless consonants. For example, the vowel sound of "out" is different from that of "loud" . This feature is known as

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and many more, creating a variety of accents of English. Accents originating in this part of the world tend to display several distinctive features, including:

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Television is a reasonably recent arrival there and is only just beginning to have an effect. American terms are becoming more common, e.g. "chips" for crisps.

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Black Africans have developed an English accent, with similar inflection as first-language English speakers. Within this ethnic group, variations exist: Most

414:. These sub-dialects are very similar to each other, but non-local listeners can identify firm differences. On the other side of the spectrum, Australia has a 3650:, or words inserted at the end of sentences that indicate the role of the sentence in discourse and the mood it conveys, like "lah", "leh", "mah", "hor", etc. 3526:

usually interchange the sounds /e/ and /i/ as well as /o/ and /u/ because the distinction between those phonemes is not very pronounced in Visayan languages.

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Historically, the Dublin City and county area, parts of Wicklow and Louth, came under heavy exclusive influence from the first English settlements, known as

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Tayao, Ma. Lourdes (2008). "A lectal description of the phonological features of Philippine English". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.).

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Tayao, Ma. Lourdes (2008). "A lectal description of the phonological features of Philippine English". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.).

1643:. Many of the Lancashire accents may sound similar to outsiders, with the exception of Manchester and Wigan, where an older dialect has been maintained. 2210: 65: 2716:. In words like "chance", "plant", "branch", "sample", and "demand", the vast majority of Australians use the short /æ/ vowel from the word "cat". In 3764: 4131: 332:

has a wide variety of accents, and no single "British accent" exists. This article provides an overview of the numerous identifiable variations in

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less strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are more affluent and populated by individuals with tertiary education and higher incomes.

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generally speak English as a second language. One's accent is strongly influenced by one's mother tongue, particularly Bantu languages. Urban

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accent has an east–west variation, with the county's west having Estuary English speech features and the county's east having the traditional

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has its own distinctive accent, influenced to some extent by the Lancashire dialect and to a lesser extent by some variant of Irish English.

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after a stressed syllable and between vowels or syllabic consonants, making the words "latter" and "ladder" homophones, either as or .

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Mergers of the low back vowels: Other North American mergers that are absent in Received Pronunciation are the merger of the vowels of

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English accents can differ enough to create room for misunderstandings. For example, the pronunciation of "pearl" in some variants of

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the first language (L1) overseas, in Singapore, it is used by the Ministry of Education to denote the traditional language of one's

2870:, shows strong evidence of its rural English 19th-century origins, with an accent that has traces of both the English southwest and 4546: 3926: 3779: 2944: 2836:

between some grouped consonants in words, such that — for example — "shown" and "thrown" may be pronounced "showun" and "throwun".

363: 4346: 4488: — Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website 3016:. In rural areas, the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The accent has resemblances to both Australia-NZ English and that of 1670:. While many of the Irish refugees moved away, a vast number remained in Liverpool and permanently influenced the local accent. 4180: 2216:

that do not happen in most other native dialects. In many North American accents, "Mary", "merry", and "marry" sound the same (

1658:. The city's population of around 60,000 was swelled in the 1840s by the arrival of around 300,000 Irish refugees escaping the 1861:

been spoken since the earliest period of colonisation from Britain, and (3) the various accents of west, midlands, and south.

1316:(again, less common in eastern Wiltshire). A range of variations can be heard within different parts of the West Country: The 5674: 5459: 4412: 2951: 2284:

found in Southern England: Words like "ask", "answer", "grass", "bath", "staff", and "dance" are pronounced with the short-a

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can sound like the entirely unrelated word "petal" to an American. For a summary of the differences between accents, see the

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Rhoticity: Most North American English accents differ from Received Pronunciation and some other British dialects by being

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varies by constituent units. The accents are influenced by the various mother tongues of the Nigerian constituent units.

2550: 1881:. The language is spoken throughout the nine counties of Ulster and in some northern areas of bordering counties such as 4216: 3875: 2933: 5280: 4060: 3395:

A number of distinct dialects of English are spoken in South Asia. There are many languages spoken in South Asia like

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Harare have a British-sounding accent, while those in the rural areas have a more "pidgin-english" sort of accent.

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In Australian English, pronunciations vary regionally according to the type of vowel that occurs before the sounds

4242: 3988: 3910:"Speyk Wiganese: How the town of Wigan preserved its language through mining, pies and Facebook weather forecasts" 1273:

There are considerable variations within the accents of English across England, one of the most obvious being the

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speak Mandarin Chinese tend to speak either broken English or Singlish, which they have learnt from the locals.

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The short "a" of "bat" is more open than almost everywhere else in North America . The other front lax vowels

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fluctuates greatly from the flat tone of the midlands counties of Laois, Kildare, and Offaly to the perceived

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is used as a syllable nucleus. For example, while the words "hard" and "singer" would be pronounced and in

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is a collective term for the dialects of the United States and Canada. It does not include the varieties of

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A series of web pages by PBS that attempts to discuss the differences between dialects in the United States

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An article on the connection of class and accent in the UK, its decline, and the spread of Estuary English

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Searchable free-access archive of 681 speech samples, England only, wma format with linguistic commentary

3611: 3179: 2958: 1520: 561: 171: 115: 33: 4509: 3321: 3174: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 2720:, there is a high proportion of people who use the broad /aː/ vowel from the word "cart" in these words. 5730: 5639: 5354: 5212: 4623: 4535: 3774: 3703: 3101: 2728: 1918: 1819: 1691: 386: 4575: 3822:

Yes before fricatives: /-f/, /-s/, /-θ/; Variable before nasals: /-mpəl/, /-nd/, /-nt/, /-ntʃ/, /-ns/.

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A 2005 census showed that around 30% of Singaporeans speak English as their main language at home.

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Includes class handouts describing Cockney, Scottish, Australian, and Scouse, among other things.

3672: 3233: 3086: 2911: 2774: 2273:( and in RP) in many accents, and the merger of "father" (RP ) and "bother" (RP ) in almost all. 2076: 1227: 249: 225: 166: 120: 5471: 5449: 5253: 4950: 4919: 4797: 3590:

The Malaysian accent appears to be a melding of British, Chinese, Tamil, and Malay influences.

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Primary English speakers show great variability in terms of regional accents. Examples such as

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The western suburbs of Johannesburg (Newlands, Triomf, which has now reverted to its old name

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Scottish English influence is most evident in the southern regions of New Zealand, notably in

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The United States does not have a concrete "standard" accent in the same way that Britain has

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Three major dialect areas can be found in Canada: Western/Central Canada, the Maritimes, and

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the roll on the "r" is enforced with vibrations from the tongue, not unlike Scottish here.

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published a quiz that maps the geographical differences between British and Irish dialects.

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is within this group, found across the region. It includes terms specific to coal mining.

8: 5689: 5519: 5511: 5409: 5372: 5258: 5243: 5118: 5108: 5035: 4874: 4435: 4294: 3408: 3382: 2749: 2736: 2519: 2489: 2293: 2281: 2183: 1764: 1753: 1628: 1274: 1107: 526: 481: 239: 5579: 5546: 5481: 5464: 5319: 5140: 4687: 4677: 4515: 4353: 3832: 3711: 3647: 3509: 3460: 3386: 3208: 2727:, which are the vowels that occur in words like "ear", "beard", "air", and "sheer". In 2584: 2566: 2536: 2410:

The pronunciation of certain words shows a British influence. For instance, "shone" is

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A quick, staccato style, with "puncturing" syllables and well-defined, drawn-out tones

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becomes an /ɑː/, for example, "five" may sound like "fahve", and "time" like "tahme".

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has been registered. This has been referred to as the start of a new accent called

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and sentence structure, which are both strongly influenced by Malay and the many

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in General American. The table above shows some of these dialectal differences.

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each have distinct accents, all of which are grouped together under the broader

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shows great variation across regions where it is the predominant language. The

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Three main varieties of Australian English are spoken according to linguists:

2402:, too, can be lowered and/or retracted. This phenomenon has been labelled the 5719: 5699: 5614: 5270: 5187: 5128: 5040: 4991: 4869: 4851: 4482:

1254 audio samples of people with various accents reading the same paragraph.

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is pronounced approximately , but wide variation exists, especially between

1889:. It bears many similarities to Scottish English through influence from the 5202: 5050: 4929: 4572:

Short videos demonstrating differences in English accents around the world.

4527: 4061:"Robert Mannell, "Impressionistic Studies of Australian English Phonetics"" 3696: 3090: 3078: 3053: 3013: 3012:

have a large non-native-born population, mainly from Britain but also from

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English dialects differ greatly in their pronunciation of open vowels. In

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Yes in Southern England, No in Northern England and most of the Midlands.

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Additional samples of South African accents and dialects can be found at

3064:, modified with varying degrees of Germanic inflection due to Afrikaans. 1951:). But the monophthong remains when inflectional endings are added, thus 1733: 1729: 1724:, which more than 20% of the population of Wales speak as their first or 1501:) and in rural areas (such as in Herefordshire and south Worcestershire). 1394: 533: 5113: 4605: 4521: 4246: 3738: 3607: 3120: 2724: 2562: 1666:

and a popular departure point for people leaving for a new life in the

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among the majority of Coloured English speakers, particularly in the

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is pronounced before consonants and at the end of syllables, and the

1647: 1632: 1620: 1594: 1552: 1455: 1439: 1382: 1313: 519: 337: 151: 3218: 2900: 2759: 2449:; therefore, "sorry" rhymes with "story" rather than with "starry". 2061: 1212: 4697: 4491: 3861:

International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English

3707: 3666: 3584: 3574: 3280: 3057: 1999: 1749: 1741: 1582: 1568: 1538: 1486: 1332: 1297: 1157:. Which words have which vowel varies between dialects. Words like 554: 403: 341: 206: 191: 53: 4524:

Homepage of the telephone survey of North American English accents

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Britain's crumbling ruling class is losing the accent of authority

4504: 4485: 3060:, in South Africa have an accent that generally resembles British 2429:

Words like "drama", "pajamas"/"pyjamas", and "pasta" tend to have

5634: 5629: 5439: 4785: 4712: 4707: 3559:

of a few consonants and vowels, sentence grammar, and structure.

3523: 3338: 3333: 3017: 2871: 2867: 2829: 2243:, respectively, in RP. Similarly, "nearer" rhymes with "mirror" ( 1933: 1857: 1683: 1616: 1556: 1412: 1408: 1386: 1347: 1305: 566: 371: 359: 146: 3100:

This may be a result of the inadequacy of "r" in the languages.

2133:, which strongly links in with their dialect/accent of English. 32:"English accent" redirects here. For the accent of England, see 4702: 4682: 2875: 2578: 2130: 1870: 1737: 1651: 1636: 1612: 1560: 1494: 1447: 1443: 1343: 1309: 1198:

English language in England § Overview of regional accents

467: 418:

accent which remains almost unchanged over thousands of miles.

399: 395: 201: 2541:

Australian English is relatively homogeneous when compared to

4563: 3400: 2840: 2833: 2691: 1717: 1655: 1640: 1578: 1459: 1431: 1378: 1293: 578: 4492:'Hover & Hear' Accents of English from Around the World 3480: 2598:, education, and urban or rural background of the speaker. 1598: 1451: 3790:

International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

3551:

follows mainly British, with rather strong influence from

3187:

http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htm

2026:

of Cork and Kerry to the soft accents of Mayo and Galway.

427:

International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

4479: 4085:. International.mq.edu.au. 23 August 2007. Archived from 3702:

There are two main types of English spoken in Singapore:

3313: 3136: 2878:, was greatly influenced in its development by Pitkern. 2297: 1795: 3618:(in actuality, or ), "can't" rhymes with "aren't", etc. 3126:

South African English accents, across the spectrum, are

3020:

in England and contains a number of Spanish loanwords.

2882:

largely indistinguishable from the New Zealand accent.

2182:. Exceptions are certain traditional accents found in 2125:

have a very distinct accent closely related to a rural

1947:) but an ingliding diphthong in closed syllables (e.g. 354:

is the part of dialect concerning local pronunciation.

4269:

E.W. Post-colonial English: Varieties around the world

2606:

grammar, words, and meanings, as well as language use.

2549:

English. There is some regional variation between the

3699:, which sometimes can be their second language (L2). 2688: 2671: 2657: 2654: 2637: 1897:. Some characteristics of the Ulster accent include: 1153:, and in most dialects of Canadian English only two, 3990:

Google Books | The phonetics of Cardiff English

3671:

Singapore is effectively a multilingual nation. The

3493:"sing-song" pitch, somewhat reminiscent of those of 2708: 2674: 2640: 2441:. Words like "sorrow", "Florida", and "orange" have 1744:

accents. South East Wales accents are influenced by

366:. Secondary English speakers tend to carry over the 52:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 3646:Depending on how colloquial the situation is: many 2925:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2705: 4501:, listen and compare side by side instantaneously. 2387:is even more raised in Atlantic Canada, closer to 2296:, North American dialects have a feature known as 2013: 1756:shows a deep cross-fertilisation between the two. 4019: 4017: 3765:American and British English spelling differences 3614:. Hence, "caught" and "court" are homophonous as 2609:The furthest extent of the Aboriginal dialect is 2280:: Most North American accents lack the so-called 1763:and accent is quite distinctive from that of the 438:Varieties of Standard English and their features 378:in English speech. For more details on this, see 5717: 3987:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990). 1720:are strongly influenced by the phonology of the 1577:is distinctive, having regional variants around 1149:, but in General American there are only three, 66:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 4335:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 157–174. 4320:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 157–174. 3959:"Phonetic characteristics of dialect districts" 3621:The "ay" and "ow" sounds in "raid" and "road" ( 2254:), though the two have different vowels in RP: 1547:has local variants in Northern Northumberland ( 4456:Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles 4058: 4014: 3986: 3942: 3855: 2861: 1362:being found all throughout the region and the 4591: 4153: 4151: 3863:(4th ed.). London: Arnold. pp. 4–6. 344:, as well as from broader differences in the 305: 4949: 4371: 3180:Northern Sotho (Primary): Female (Polokwane) 336:. Such distinctions usually derive from the 4339: 4333:Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary 4318:Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary 4188:. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. 4109:"regional accents — Australian Voices" 3733:Phonetic change in the English spoken at a 3341:English tends to be strongly influenced by 3247:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2788:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2090:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1280:Two main sets of accents are spoken in the 1241:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 348:of different primary-speaking populations. 5625:Comparison of American and British English 4598: 4584: 4549:A newspaper article on Philadelphia speech 4235: 4148: 3947:. Aberdeen University Press. p. xxxi. 3295:, as opposed to the African pronunciation 2885: 2475: 1529:has regional variants in Western Cumbria ( 312: 298: 4505:International Dialects of English Archive 4261: 4209: 4132:"The Southland accent - a rolling change" 4075: 4027:. Bl.uk. 15 December 1935. Archived from 4025:"Accents and dialects of the UK: Cardiff" 3980: 3907: 3785:International Dialects of English Archive 3267:Learn how and when to remove this message 2985:Learn how and when to remove this message 2808:Learn how and when to remove this message 2459:North American English regional phonology 2266:occur in various North American dialects. 2143:North American English regional phonology 2110:Learn how and when to remove this message 1943:is a monophthong in open syllables (e.g. 1261:Learn how and when to remove this message 5318: 4287: 4245:. Varsitynewspaper.co.za. Archived from 4129: 4101: 4043: 3780:List of dialects of the English language 1873:accent has two main sub accents, namely 1698:accents are more strongly influenced by 1342:There is great variation within Greater 1320:is distinctive from the accent heard in 364:list of dialects of the English language 4274: 4052: 3908:Andersson, Jasmine (24 February 2020). 3835:speakers have more open pronunciations. 3368: 3310:Example of a Zimbabwean English accent 14: 5718: 4410:Phonetic change in an Antarctic winter 4144:from the original on 16 February 2024. 3643:as ; hence, "thin" is and "then" is . 3165:Afrikaans (Primary): Female (Pretoria) 2338:Quad Cities but not the Chicago area. 1702:than other forms of Scottish English. 1477:(in the major towns and conurbations ( 1292:, spoken primarily in the counties of 1176: 4579: 4453: 4330: 4315: 3155:Native English: Male (Port Elizabeth) 1523:have a range of regional variations. 1493:(considered by many to have tones of 1473:A range of accents are spoken in the 1277:of the southern half of the country. 5695:Non-native pronunciations of English 4559:Evaluating English Accents Worldwide 4541:Linguistic Geography of Pennsylvania 4428: 4169:from the original on 4 January 2024. 3873: 3245:adding citations to reliable sources 3212: 3175:Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria) 3170:Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria) 2923:adding citations to reliable sources 2894: 2786:adding citations to reliable sources 2753: 2178:, they would be pronounced and in 2088:adding citations to reliable sources 2055: 1736:. North East Wales is influenced by 1239:adding citations to reliable sources 1206: 380:non-native pronunciations of English 56:. For the distinction between , 4282:South African English pronunciation 2997: 2051: 1514: 1202: 1145:, there are four open back vowels, 24: 4553:J.C. Wells' English Accents course 4429:Bard, Susanne (11 December 2019). 3629:, respectively) are pronounced as 3322:Shona (Primary): Female (Bulawayo) 3150:Native English: Female (Cape Town) 3133:Examples of South African accents 3037: 2288:of "trap", not with the broad "A" 1784:pronounced or in broader accents 1771:Rounding of the second element of 1188:all have many different subtypes. 25: 5747: 4473: 4205:from the original on 13 May 2015. 4059:Robert Mannell (14 August 2009). 3108:public schools within Cape Town. 2890: 2874:. The Norfolk Island equivalent, 2624:, a distinctive dialect known as 362:are described elsewhere; see the 4431:"Linguists hear an accent begin" 4130:Ballance, Alison (22 May 2019). 3967:Dictionary of the Scots Language 3931:, BBC Liverpool, 11 January 2005 3876:"The British-Irish Dialect Quiz" 3547:The accent of English spoken in 3217: 3145:Native English: Male (Cape Town) 2899: 2758: 2735:but in a dialect different from 2701: 2684: 2667: 2650: 2633: 2617:with General Australian English. 2452: 2136: 2060: 1917:are homophonous. The vowel is a 1791: 1211: 577: 565: 553: 532: 518: 506: 492: 480: 466: 454: 280: 271: 270: 221: 220: 4528:Pittsburgh Speech & Society 4447: 4422: 4403: 4324: 4309: 4173: 4123: 3874:Katz, Josh (15 February 2019). 3042: 3023: 2910:needs additional citations for 2014:Connacht, Leinster, and Munster 1346:, with various accents such as 1312:(not as common in Dorset), and 1169:in Received Pronunciation, but 48:International Phonetic Alphabet 5645:English-based creole languages 4458:. Cambridge University Press. 3951: 3936: 3920: 3901: 3867: 3849: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3633:, i.e. with no "glide": and . 3503: 2743: 2211:vowel mergers before historic 1835: 1567:. A specialist dialect called 13: 1: 5685:List of English-based pidgins 4530:A site for non-linguists, by 4083:"The Macquarie Globe ::" 3842: 3728: 2934:"Regional accents of English" 2603:Australian Aboriginal English 2361:West/Central Canadian English 2313:: In North American English, 1662:, as Liverpool was England's 5680:Linguistic purism in English 4510:English Accents and Dialects 4182:Census 2011: Census in brief 3945:The Concise Scots Dictionary 3943:Mairi Robinson, ed. (1985). 3654: 3536: 3160:Native English: Male (Nigel) 2553:, particularly in regard to 2530: 2231:), but they have the vowels 1824:, giving a pronunciation of 1611:, with regional variants in 1356:Multicultural London English 7: 4781:London & Thames Estuary 3748: 3612:English language in England 3562: 3499:retroflexion of "t" and "d" 3202: 2862:Norfolk Island and Pitcairn 2158:spoken in the West Indies. 1901:As in Scotland, the vowels 1673: 1551:), Eastern Northumberland ( 1369:Other accents are those of 432: 34:English language in England 10: 5752: 5640:English as a lingua franca 4536:Carnegie Mellon University 4243:"Varsity Newspaper Online" 3933:. Retrieved 13 August 2018 3775:Survey of English Dialects 3704:Standard Singapore English 3664: 3658: 3572: 3566: 3540: 3507: 3372: 3352: 3331: 3327: 3206: 3046: 3001: 2747: 2729:Western Australian English 2534: 2525: 2456: 2345: 2209:-coloring has led to some 2140: 2018:The accent of these three 1919:high central rounded vowel 1850: 1846: 1789:A closer pronunciation of 1716:The accents of English in 1709: 1692:Scottish vowel length rule 1195: 1191: 1180: 387:Pennsylvania Dutch English 31: 5620:Broad and general accents 5602: 5555: 5530:regional and occupational 5510: 5497: 5490: 5402: 5363: 5311: 5289: 5229: 5161: 5026: 5015: 4960: 4942: 4915: 4887: 4850: 4827: 4766: 4728: 4651: 4642: 4631: 4622: 4480:The Speech Accent Archive 3610:, like most varieties of 2611:Australian Kriol language 2341: 1864: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1084: 1065: 1060: 1036: 1012: 1007: 976:Dialects and open vowels 525: 513: 499: 487: 473: 461: 447: 442: 255:Sociocultural linguistics 29:English accents by region 4379:"Population Trends 2009" 4347:"Education and Language" 4284:, McGrath Pub. Co (1970) 4271:, Cambridge Press.(2007) 4163:Saint Helena Island Info 3993:. Multilingual Matters. 3800: 3004:Falkland Islands English 2718:South Australian English 2196:African-American English 1732:accent is distinct from 1705: 1678:The regional accents of 1563:, and mid- and southern 3859:; Hannah, Jean (2002). 3363: 2886:Africa and the Atlantic 2476:West Indies and Bermuda 2262:. Other mergers before 2166:. The rhotic consonant 662:consistent intervocalic 250:Linguistic anthropology 167:Phono-semantic matching 44:phonetic transcriptions 4798:Received Pronunciation 4564:Do You Speak American? 3639:is pronounced as and 3062:Received Pronunciation 2463:North American English 2331:Received Pronunciation 2192:Southern United States 2176:Received Pronunciation 2152:North American English 2147:North American English 1816:is widely realised as 1682:generally draw on the 1505:In February 2019, the 1360:Received Pronunciation 1143:Received Pronunciation 245:Historical linguistics 187:Linguistic description 157:Homophonic translation 41:This article contains 4992:Multicultural Toronto 4295:"Dialects of English" 3929:The origins of Scouse 3343:South African English 3314:http://accent.gmu.edu 3192:16 April 2012 at the 3137:http://accent.gmu.edu 3049:South African English 2823:South African English 2733:South African English 2626:Torres Strait English 2622:Torres Strait Islands 2615:mutually intelligible 2591:Cultivated Australian 2480:For discussion, see: 1533:), Southern Cumbria ( 1324:(especially south of 867:rhotic or non-rhotic 260:Sociology of language 5153:Western Pennsylvania 4089:on 27 September 2009 3718:spoken in the city. 3716:varieties of Chinese 3673:Singapore government 3369:India and South Asia 3241:improve this section 2919:improve this article 2782:improve this section 2084:improve this section 1909:are merged, so that 1235:improve this section 5726:Dialects of English 5690:Mid-Atlantic accent 5281:Trinidad and Tobago 4543:by Claudio Salvucci 4454:Wells, J C (1982). 4436:Scientific American 4359:on 13 November 2010 4297:. Webspace.ship.edu 3648:discourse particles 3383:Bangladeshi English 2750:New Zealand English 2737:New Zealand English 2520:Trinidadian English 2422:, "process" can be 2184:eastern New England 1765:South Wales Valleys 1754:South Wales Valleys 1686:of the dialects of 1609:Historic Lancashire 1545:Modern Northumbrian 1177:Britain and Ireland 977: 439: 340:inventory of local 240:Applied linguistics 5213:Pennsylvania Dutch 4522:The Telsur Project 4497:2011-04-29 at the 4415:2022-05-18 at the 3880:The New York Times 3833:Australian English 3677:official languages 3510:Philippine English 3387:Sri Lankan English 3209:Zimbabwean English 2585:General Australian 2567:Northern Territory 2537:Australian English 2418:, "lieutenant" is 2414:, "been" is often 2271:"caught" and "cot" 1875:Mid Ulster English 1664:main Atlantic port 1549:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1318:Bristolian dialect 975: 897:Mostly non-rhotic 664:alveolar-flapping 437: 416:General Australian 286:Linguistics portal 182:Language varieties 177:Discourse analysis 162:Macaronic language 5731:English phonology 5713: 5712: 5598: 5597: 5398: 5397: 5307: 5306: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5146:Pacific Northwest 5007:Standard Canadian 4938: 4937: 4883: 4882: 4823: 4822: 4570:Language by Video 4532:Barbara Johnstone 4137:Radio New Zealand 3770:English phonology 3743:Antarctic English 3661:Singapore English 3569:Malaysian English 3543:Hong Kong English 3379:Pakistani English 3277: 3276: 3269: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2969: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2571:Western Australia 2505:Caribbean English 2500:Bermudian English 2490:Barbadian English 2359:The phonology of 2156:Caribbean English 2120: 2119: 2112: 1684:phoneme inventory 1650:accent, known as 1535:Barrow-in-Furness 1479:The Black Country 1271: 1270: 1263: 1139: 1138: 973: 972: 908:close vowels for 885:Mostly non-rhotic 412:Lancashire accent 322: 321: 106:Language planning 101:Language ideology 16:(Redirected from 5743: 5610:English language 5495: 5494: 5316: 5315: 5299:Falkland Islands 5198:General American 5171:African-American 5024: 5023: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4946: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4639: 4629: 4628: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4486:Sounds Familiar? 4469: 4441: 4440: 4426: 4420: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4391:on 21 March 2012 4390: 4384:. Archived from 4383: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4352:. Archived from 4351: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4249:on 13 March 2012 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4223:on 28 March 2022 4219:. Archived from 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4187: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4111:. Clas.mq.edu.au 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4063:. Ling.mq.edu.au 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4031:on 5 August 2011 4021: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3853: 3836: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3755:American English 3685:Mandarin Chinese 3675:recognises four 3642: 3638: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3531:Ilocano language 3391:Nepalese English 3358:Nigerian English 3272: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3221: 3213: 3010:Falkland Islands 2998:Falkland Islands 2990: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2927: 2903: 2895: 2813: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2762: 2754: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2579:Broad Australian 2510:Jamaican English 2485:Bahamian English 2471:General American 2467:American English 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2386: 2381:Canadian raising 2378: 2374: 2365:General Canadian 2348:Canadian English 2321:both become the 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2291: 2287: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2214: 2204: 2180:General American 2169: 2123:Irish Travellers 2115: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2064: 2056: 2052:Irish Travellers 1998:often undergoes 1997: 1976: 1968: 1942: 1927: 1908: 1904: 1891:Ulster varieties 1830: 1823: 1815: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1783: 1774: 1696:Highland English 1680:Scottish English 1521:Northern England 1515:Northern England 1337:Cornish language 1328:), for example. 1266: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1215: 1207: 1203:Southern England 1172: 1168: 1165:have the vowels 1156: 1152: 1148: 1135: 1130: 1123: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1087: 1082: 1063: 1058: 1039: 1034: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 978: 974: 944: 911: 905: 801: 797: 593: 589: 582: 581: 570: 569: 558: 557: 537: 536: 523: 522: 511: 510: 497: 496: 485: 484: 471: 470: 459: 458: 440: 436: 423:Scottish English 346:Standard English 314: 307: 300: 284: 274: 273: 224: 223: 77:Sociolinguistics 73: 72: 63: 59: 21: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5594: 5551: 5506: 5486: 5394: 5390:Solomon Islands 5359: 5303: 5285: 5217: 5208:New York Latino 5183:American Indian 5163: 5157: 5018: 5011: 4952: 4934: 4920:Channel Islands 4911: 4879: 4846: 4819: 4762: 4724: 4634: 4618: 4604: 4499:Wayback Machine 4476: 4466: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4427: 4423: 4417:Wayback Machine 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4329: 4325: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3872: 3868: 3857:Trudgill, Peter 3854: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3760:British English 3751: 3731: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3599:Syllable-timing 3577: 3571: 3565: 3545: 3539: 3512: 3506: 3488:syllable-timing 3393: 3373:Main articles: 3371: 3366: 3355: 3347:Bantu languages 3336: 3330: 3312:(obtained from 3273: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3238: 3222: 3211: 3205: 3194:Wayback Machine 3135:(obtained from 3051: 3045: 3040: 3038:Southern Africa 3026: 3006: 3000: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2904: 2893: 2888: 2864: 2843:and especially 2814: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2779: 2763: 2752: 2746: 2704: 2700: 2687: 2683: 2670: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2636: 2632: 2613:, which is not 2555:South Australia 2539: 2533: 2528: 2478: 2473: 2457:Main articles: 2455: 2371:The diphthongs 2350: 2344: 2294:trap–bath split 2282:trap–bath split 2201:Mergers before 2172:r-colored vowel 2149: 2141:Main articles: 2139: 2127:Hiberno-English 2116: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2081: 2065: 2054: 2016: 2006:syllable, e.g. 1955:contrasts with 1867: 1855: 1853:Hiberno-English 1849: 1838: 1794: 1790: 1761:Cardiff dialect 1726:second language 1714: 1708: 1700:Scottish Gaelic 1676: 1519:The accents of 1517: 1428:Buckinghamshire 1352:Estuary English 1322:Gloucestershire 1302:Gloucestershire 1275:trap–bath split 1267: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1232: 1216: 1205: 1200: 1194: 1185: 1183:British English 1179: 1128: 1121: 1092: 1080: 1056: 1032: 998: 940: 907: 799: 795: 726: 693: 663: 594: 576: 564: 552: 544: 531: 528: 517: 505: 502: 491: 479: 476: 465: 453: 450: 444: 435: 318: 111:Multilingualism 96:Language change 71: 70: 69: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5749: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5652: 5650:Englishisation 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5557:Southeast Asia 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5472:South Atlantic 5469: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5324: 5322: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5254:Cayman Islands 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5167: 5165: 5164:ethno-cultural 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4756:Stoke-on-Trent 4753: 4748: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4615:Modern English 4603: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4502: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4474:External links 4472: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4421: 4402: 4370: 4338: 4323: 4308: 4286: 4273: 4260: 4234: 4208: 4194: 4172: 4147: 4122: 4100: 4074: 4051: 4042: 4013: 3999: 3979: 3950: 3935: 3927:Paul Coslett, 3919: 3900: 3866: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3824: 3815: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3795:Koiné language 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3730: 3727: 3659:Main article: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3634: 3619: 3605: 3602: 3567:Main article: 3564: 3561: 3557:pronunciations 3541:Main article: 3538: 3535: 3508:Main article: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3375:Indian English 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3354: 3351: 3332:Main article: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3275: 3274: 3225: 3223: 3216: 3207:Main article: 3204: 3201: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3075:code-switching 3047:Main article: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3025: 3022: 3002:Main article: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2892: 2891:South Atlantic 2889: 2887: 2884: 2863: 2860: 2816: 2815: 2766: 2764: 2757: 2748:Main article: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2721: 2629: 2618: 2607: 2535:Main article: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2495:Bequia English 2492: 2487: 2477: 2474: 2454: 2451: 2408: 2407: 2404:Canadian Shift 2392: 2363:, also called 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2301: 2274: 2267: 2199: 2138: 2135: 2118: 2117: 2068: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2002:to before an 1993: 1964:alveolar stops 1960: 1937: 1930:social classes 1924:The diphthong 1922: 1866: 1863: 1851:Main article: 1848: 1845: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1811: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1722:Welsh language 1710:Main article: 1707: 1704: 1675: 1672: 1516: 1513: 1508:New York Times 1503: 1502: 1491:Stoke-on-Trent 1471: 1420: 1417:Cambridgeshire 1402: 1269: 1268: 1219: 1217: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1196:Main article: 1193: 1190: 1181:Main article: 1178: 1175: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1064: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 971: 970: 967: 964: 962: 959: 956: 954: 952: 949: 947: 945: 936: 935: 932: 929: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 902:monophthongal 899: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 846: 844: 841: 839: 837: 826: 825: 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 812: 809: 807: 805: 803: 792: 791: 789: 787: 785: 783: 781: 778: 775: 773: 770: 767: 756: 755: 753: 751: 749: 747: 745: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 722: 721: 719: 717: 715: 713: 711: 709: 707: 704: 701: 698: 689: 688: 686: 683: 681: 679: 677: 675: 673: 671: 668: 665: 659: 658: 656: 654: 652: 650: 648: 646: 644: 642: 639: 636: 625: 624: 622: 620: 618: 616: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 584: 583: 571: 559: 547: 539: 538: 524: 512: 498: 489:United Kingdom 486: 472: 460: 446: 434: 431: 330:United Kingdom 320: 319: 317: 316: 309: 302: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 278: 265: 264: 263: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 234: 233: 232:Related fields 229: 228: 226:Sociolinguists 217: 216: 212: 211: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 131: 130: 129:Areas of study 126: 125: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 91:Code-switching 85: 84: 80: 79: 64:⟩, see 40: 39: 38: 28: 18:English accent 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5748: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:International 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350:Torres Strait 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5085:North-Central 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5063:New York City 5061: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997:Ottawa Valley 4995: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4791:Multicultural 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751:Black Country 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4741:West Midlands 4739: 4737: 4736:East Midlands 4734: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4465:0-521-28541-0 4461: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4312: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4201: 4197: 4195:9780621413885 4191: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159:"Speak Saint" 4154: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4062: 4055: 4049:Wells, p. 494 4046: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4002: 4000:9781853590313 3996: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3834: 3831:Many younger 3828: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3632: 3620: 3613: 3609: 3608:Non-rhoticity 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3581:lingua franca 3579:Malay is the 3576: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3498: 3496: 3495:Welsh English 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3271: 3268: 3260: 3257:November 2006 3250: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3226:This section 3224: 3220: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2989: 2986: 2978: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: – 2935: 2931: 2930:Find sources: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2908:This article 2906: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2812: 2809: 2801: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2767:This section 2765: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2696: 2679: 2662: 2645: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2515:Saban English 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453:United States 2450: 2427: 2405: 2393: 2382: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2349: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2323:alveolar flap 2312: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:New York City 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2137:North America 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2111: 2103: 2100:November 2006 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2069:This section 2067: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1859: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1827: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1788: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767:, primarily: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1748:accents. The 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1712:Welsh English 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1668:United States 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591:Middlesbrough 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565:County Durham 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1500: 1499:Wolverhampton 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:West Midlands 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:Hertfordshire 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Home Counties 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:East Midlands 1372: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1364:Home Counties 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1265: 1262: 1254: 1251:November 2013 1244: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1220:This section 1218: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1199: 1189: 1184: 1174: 1164: 1160: 1144: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1091: 1090: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1002: 997: 996: 993:sound change 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 979: 968: 965: 963: 960: 957: 955: 953: 950: 948: 946: 938: 937: 933: 930: 927: 925: 923: 921: 919: 917: 915: 913: 901: 900: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 870:Mostly rhotic 869: 866: 865: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 847: 845: 842: 840: 838: 835: 831: 828: 827: 824: 822: 820: 818: 816: 813: 810: 808: 806: 804: 794: 793: 790: 788: 786: 784: 782: 779: 776: 774: 771: 768: 765: 761: 758: 757: 754: 752: 750: 748: 746: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 730: 724: 723: 720: 718: 716: 714: 712: 710: 708: 705: 702: 699: 697: 691: 690: 687: 684: 682: 680: 678: 676: 674: 672: 669: 666: 661: 660: 657: 655: 653: 651: 649: 647: 645: 643: 640: 637: 634: 630: 627: 626: 623: 621: 619: 617: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 598: 586: 585: 580: 575: 572: 568: 563: 560: 556: 551: 548: 546: 541: 540: 535: 530: 521: 516: 509: 504: 495: 490: 483: 478: 469: 464: 457: 452: 441: 430: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 383: 381: 377: 376:mother tongue 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 334:pronunciation 331: 327: 315: 310: 308: 303: 301: 296: 295: 293: 292: 287: 283: 279: 277: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 235: 231: 230: 227: 219: 218: 214: 213: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 142:Bilingual pun 140: 138: 135: 134: 133: 132: 128: 127: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 82: 81: 78: 75: 74: 67: 55: 51: 49: 45: 35: 27: 19: 5455:South Africa 5450:Sierra Leone 5203:Miami Latino 5092:Philadelphia 5080:Inland North 4985:Newfoundland 4803:West Country 4617:by continent 4610: 4455: 4448:Bibliography 4434: 4424: 4405: 4393:. 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Retrieved 3879: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3732: 3723: 3720: 3701: 3697:ethnic group 3693: 3670: 3631:monophthongs 3592: 3589: 3578: 3546: 3528: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3394: 3356: 3337: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3263: 3254: 3239:Please help 3227: 3198: 3184: 3134: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3091:middle-class 3084: 3079:Western Cape 3066: 3054:South Africa 3052: 3043:South Africa 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024:Saint Helena 3014:Saint Helena 3007: 2981: 2975:October 2007 2972: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2929: 2917:Please help 2912:verification 2909: 2880: 2865: 2852: 2849: 2838: 2827: 2819: 2804: 2795: 2780:Please help 2768: 2596:social class 2589: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2540: 2479: 2445:rather than 2433:rather than 2428: 2420:/lɛfˈtɛnənt/ 2409: 2364: 2358: 2354:Newfoundland 2351: 2334: 2328: 2304:Flapping of 2277: 2249: 2245: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2206: 2151: 2150: 2121: 2106: 2097: 2082:Please help 2070: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2017: 2007: 1987: 1985: 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