1526:, and are typically flexible and are able to be changed if need be. The other type of elicitation is analysis controlled elicitation which is elicitation that is not under a schedule. The analysis of the language here in fact controls the elicitation. There are many sub types of analysis controlled elicitation, such as target language interrogation elicitation, stimulus driven elicitation, and many other types of elicitation. Target language interrogation elicitation is when the researcher asks individuals questions in the target language, and the researcher records all the different answers from all the individuals and compares them. Stimulus driven elicitation is when a researcher provides pictures, objects or video clips to the language speakers and asks them to describe the items presented to them. These types of elicitation help the researcher build a
470:
1355:. A descriptive grammarian would state that both statements are equally valid, as long as the meaning behind the statement can be understood. A prescriptive grammarian would analyze the rules and conventions behind both statements to determine which statement is correct or otherwise preferable. Andrews also believes that, although most linguists would be descriptive grammarians, most public school teachers tend to be prescriptive.
531:
1521:
There are different types of elicitation used in the fieldwork for linguistic description. These include schedule controlled elicitation, and analysis controlled elicitation, each with their own sub branches. Schedule controlled elicitation is when the researcher has a questionnaire of material to
1346:
As
English-linguist Larry Andrews describes it, descriptive grammar is the linguistic approach which studies what a language is like, as opposed to prescriptive, which declares what a language should be like. In other words, descriptive grammarians focus analysis on how all kinds of people in all
1347:
sorts of environments, usually in more casual, everyday settings, communicate, whereas prescriptive grammarians focus on the grammatical rules and structures predetermined by linguistic registers and figures of power. An example that
Andrews uses in his book is
1462:
Even though more and more languages were discovered, the full diversity of language was not yet fully recognized. For centuries, language descriptions tended to use grammatical categories that existed for languages considered to be more prestigious, like
1510:, by asking speakers for translations, grammar rules, pronunciation, or by testing sentences using substitution frames. Substitution frames are pre-made sentences put together by the researcher that are like fill in the blanks. They do this with
1315:
is descriptive; like all other scientific disciplines, it seeks to describe reality, without the bias of preconceived ideas about how it ought to be. Modern descriptive linguistics is based on a
1323:
and others. This type of linguistics utilizes different methods in order to describe a language such as basic data collection, and different types of elicitation methods.
1537:
This process is long and tedious and spans over several years. This long process ends with a corpus, which is a body of reference materials, that can be used to test
2202:
1522:
elicit to individuals and asks the questions in a certain order according to a schedule. These types of schedules and questionnaires usually focus on
1494:
of their choice, and they record samples from different speakers. The data they collect often comes from different kind of speech genres that include
1482:), and the notion that every language forms a unique symbolic system, different from other languages, worthy of being described âin its own termsâ.
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Fundamental
Concepts of Language Teaching: Historical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Applied Linguistic Research
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2015:
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collects words as well as their derivations and transformations: it has not given rise to much generalized theory.
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The first critical step of language description is to collect data. To do this, a researcher does fieldwork in a
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to see how the structure of the sentence might change or how the noun and verb might change in structure.
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1931:â entry for "Descriptivism and prescriptivism" quotation: "Contrasting terms in linguistics." (p.286)
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Linguistic description as a discipline really took off at the end of the 19th century, with the
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community in northern India; the most well-known scholar of that linguistic tradition was
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31:
1794:(2007). "Bahasa dan Linguistik". In Kushartanti; Untung Yuwono; Multamia Lauder (eds.).
1977:
Linguistic Purism in Action: How auxiliary tun was stigmatized in Early New High German
1943:
1631:
1479:
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2011:
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has developed to describe how words relate to each other in order to form sentences.
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30:"Linguistic analysis" redirects here. For the logical and philosophical school, see
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Linguistics description might aim to achieve one or more of the following goals:
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and many others. While speech that comes naturally is preferred, researchers use
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53:
2144:"Generating Spoken Sentences: The Relationship Between Words and Syntax"
1709:. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 60.
1411:. The description of modern European languages did not begin before the
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978:
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1858:(in Indonesian). Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. pp. 5â6, 18.
1561:) deals with the function and interpretation of sound in language.
1376:
1301:
1800:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 11â12.
1732:
1558:
1553:
has its origin in practical problems of descriptive linguistics.
1531:
1440:
1088:
1068:
1036:
826:
2008:
Language
Exploration and Awareness: A Resource Book for Teachers
1387:. Philological traditions later arose around the description of
1383:, whose works are commonly dated to around the 5th century
1591:
1562:
1499:
1375:
The earliest known descriptive linguistic work took place in a
1063:
120:
2010:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
1326:
1464:
1392:
2181:
Catching language: the standing challenge of grammar writing
1439:; the same period saw the first grammatical descriptions of
2210:
Theory in Social and
Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia
2037:
Theory in Social and
Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia
1515:
1511:
1503:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1073:
2212:. Vol. 1. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 184â187.
1851:
530:
1304:
is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a
1790:
2040:. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. pp. 184â187.
1940:
1879:
Hans
Heinrich Stern (1983). "Concepts of language".
27:
Work of objectively describing a particular language
1878:
2093:"Phonology: the function and patterning of sounds"
1942:
2269:
1331:Linguistic description is often contrasted with
2034:McGee, R. Jon; Warms, Richard L., eds. (2013).
1918:
1797:Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik
1557:(and its theoretical developments, such as the
2242:Renouf, Antoinette & Andrew Kehoe (2006).
1820:
1265:
491:
2208:. In Jon R. McGee; Richard L. Warms (eds.).
2078:Handbook of Descriptive Linguistic Fieldwork
1927:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
1912:Handbook of Descriptive Linguistic Fieldwork
1358:
1973:
1827:(in French). Paris: Armand Colin. pp.
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1327:Descriptive versus prescriptive linguistics
1319:to language, as exemplified in the work of
2229:Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge
2033:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1608:, including at least one thousand entries.
1594:of well-formed sentences of that language.
1272:
1258:
498:
484:
1384:
2141:
2075:
1945:Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics
1924:
1909:
1855:Cakrawala Linguistik Arab (Edisi Revisi)
1664:
2245:The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics
2090:
2005:
1994:
14:
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1691:
1611:A reproduction of a few genuine texts.
2115:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2029:
2027:
1587:of words belonging to that language.
1541:regarding the language in question.
388:Conservative and innovative language
2142:Wheeldon, Linda R. (June 1, 2011).
24:
2183:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 662.
2062:
2024:
1980:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 223.
1903:
1852:Moch. Syarif Hidayatullah (2017).
25:
2294:
1824:Eléments de linguistique générale
2254:A Descriptive Grammar of English
1772:from the original on 1 June 2012
529:
468:
2165:
2135:
2109:
2084:
1967:
1680:François & Ponsonnet (2013)
1459:, followed by numerous others.
1335:, which is found especially in
2197:
1941:Robert Lawrence Trask (1999).
1934:
1872:
1845:
1814:
1784:
1685:
1679:
1219:Anthropologists by nationality
13:
1:
2226:Haviland, William A. (2005).
1657:
1544:
1300:analyzing and describing how
1580:of the language in question.
328:Functional discourse grammar
194:Ethnography of communication
36:Ordinary language philosophy
7:
2076:Chelliah, Shobhana (2011).
1925:McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992).
1910:Chelliah, Shobhana (2011).
1615:
448:Second-language acquisition
10:
2299:
2201:; Ponsonnet, MaĂŻa (2013).
1929:. Oxford University Press.
1485:
1368:
1362:
1239:List of indigenous peoples
126:Syntaxâsemantics interface
29:
2251:Rossiter, Andrew (2020).
2203:"Descriptive linguistics"
1359:History of the discipline
1311:All academic research in
984:Cross-cultural comparison
438:Philosophy of linguistics
338:Interactional linguistics
1703:Language and Nationalism
1472:Structuralist revolution
1156:Historical particularism
2080:. Springer Netherlands.
2006:Andrews, Larry (2006).
1914:. Springer Netherlands.
1887:Oxford University Press
1821:André Martinet (1980).
1604:A documentation of the
1498:, daily conversations,
1333:linguistic prescription
1294:descriptive linguistics
989:Participant observation
18:Descriptive linguistics
2175:; Alan Charles Dench;
2091:Dobrovolsky, Michael.
1949:. Routledge. pp.
1792:Harimurti Kridalaksana
1642:Language documentation
1532:grammatical structures
1131:Cross-cultural studies
275:Theoretical frameworks
229:Philosophy of language
209:History of linguistics
2232:. Thomson Wadsworth.
2118:"Phonology: Overview"
1647:Linguistic relativity
1590:A description of the
1583:A description of the
1576:A description of the
1476:Ferdinand de Saussure
1363:Further information:
169:Conversation analysis
2248:408 pp. p. 377.
2148:Wiley Online Library
1974:Nils Langer (2013).
1715:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
1698:Jezik i nacionalizam
1224:Anthropology by year
1161:Boasian anthropology
1136:Cultural materialism
1121:Actorânetwork theory
719:Paleoanthropological
413:Internet linguistics
323:Construction grammar
2199:François, Alexandre
1652:Linguistic typology
1317:structural approach
1176:Performance studies
1069:Kinship and descent
1009:Cultural relativism
659:Paleoethnobotanical
634:Ethnoarchaeological
348:Systemic functional
143:Applied linguistics
85:General linguistics
32:Analytic philosophy
2116:Wiese, R. (2006).
1632:Grammatical gender
1599:lexical derivation
1480:Leonard Bloomfield
1365:History of grammar
1321:Leonard Bloomfield
1196:Post-structuralism
955:Research framework
453:Theory of language
423:Origin of language
378:Autonomy of syntax
333:Grammaticalization
179:Discourse analysis
174:Corpus linguistics
2047:978-1-4522-7631-1
1724:978-953-188-311-5
1597:A description of
1551:linguistic theory
1524:language families
1286:study of language
1282:
1281:
1181:Political economy
1004:Thick description
801:Political economy
664:Zooarchaeological
624:Bioarchaeological
508:
507:
296:Distributionalism
239:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
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1693:KordiÄ, SnjeĆŸana
1689:
1683:
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1637:Text linguistics
1492:speech community
1386:
1306:speech community
1274:
1267:
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802:
684:Anthrozoological
533:
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500:
493:
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418:LGBT linguistics
408:Internationalism
383:Compositionality
244:Sociolinguistics
219:Neurolinguistics
214:Interlinguistics
199:Ethnomethodology
41:
40:
21:
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2173:Ameka, Felix K.
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1889:. p. 136.
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1627:GOLD (ontology)
1618:
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1488:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1329:
1296:is the work of
1278:
1249:
1248:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1186:Practice theory
1126:Alliance theory
1116:
1108:
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1103:Postcolonialism
1032:
1024:
1023:
957:
947:
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912:Anthropological
907:
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263:Writing systems
154:Anthropological
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2263:979-8645611750
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2238:978-0534624873
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2177:Nicholas Evans
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2190:3-11-018603-9
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2017:0-8058-4308-6
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360:Structuralism
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343:Prague circle
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2166:Bibliography
2151:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2086:
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2007:
1976:
1969:
1944:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1905:
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1774:. Retrieved
1702:
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1571:
1548:
1536:
1530:, and basic
1520:
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1469:
1461:
1374:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1330:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1229:Bibliography
1171:Interpretive
1146:Diffusionism
1115:Key theories
1101: /
1031:Key concepts
942:Sociological
922:Ethnological
916:
709:Neurological
694:Evolutionary
639:Experiential
523:Anthropology
392:
306:Glossematics
286:Constituency
258:interpreting
96:Lexicography
2278:Linguistics
1549:Almost all
1508:elicitation
1413:Renaissance
1313:linguistics
1298:objectively
1290:description
1099:Colonialism
1042:Development
999:Reflexivity
967:Ethnography
917:Descriptive
775:Development
714:Nutritional
689:Biocultural
614:Battlefield
458:Terminology
433:Orthography
353:Usage-based
254:Translating
149:Acquisition
54:Linguistics
2272:Categories
2257:. 207 pp.
1733:2011520778
1658:References
1622:Mondegreen
1606:vocabulary
1585:morphology
1567:Lexicology
1545:Challenges
1539:hypothesis
1528:vocabulary
1496:narratives
1369:See also:
1349:fewer than
1341:publishing
1079:Prehistory
932:Historical
905:Linguistic
817:Historical
785:Ecological
677:Biological
579:Linguistic
569:Biological
428:Orismology
313:Functional
301:Generative
291:Dependency
111:Pragmatics
101:Morphology
91:Diachronic
2056:855731853
1776:11 August
1749:15270636W
1741:729837512
1578:phonology
1555:Phonology
1457:New World
1455:) in the
1371:Philology
1353:less than
1337:education
1052:Evolution
1047:Ethnicity
979:Ethnology
857:Political
765:Cognitive
704:Molecular
403:Iconicity
398:Etymology
318:Cognitive
281:Formalist
234:Phonetics
224:Philology
116:Semantics
106:Phonology
2283:Analysis
2179:(2006).
2153:July 28,
2127:July 28,
2101:July 28,
1767:Archived
1763:13436977
1695:(2010).
1616:See also
1377:Sanskrit
1302:language
1234:Journals
1151:Feminism
937:Semiotic
877:Symbolic
872:Religion
807:Feminist
795:Economic
745:Cultural
699:Forensic
654:Maritime
649:Forensic
644:Feminist
619:Biblical
609:Aviation
574:Cultural
515:a series
513:Part of
204:Forensic
184:Distance
131:Typology
46:a series
44:Part of
1559:phoneme
1486:Methods
1449:Quechua
1441:Nahuatl
1433:English
1417:Spanish
1415:â e.g.
1397:Chinese
1339:and in
1284:In the
1089:Society
1037:Culture
852:Musical
847:Museums
842:Medical
827:Kinship
780:Digital
755:Applied
547:History
542:Outline
159:Applied
69:History
64:Outline
2261:
2236:
2216:
2187:
2054:
2044:
2014:
1984:
1957:
1893:
1862:
1835:
1804:
1761:
1759:COBISS
1747:
1739:
1731:
1721:
1705:]
1592:syntax
1563:Syntax
1500:poetry
1474:(from
1425:French
1409:Arabic
1407:, and
1405:Hebrew
1381:PÄáčini
1064:Gender
994:Holism
892:Visual
867:Public
770:Cyborg
740:Social
604:Aerial
584:Social
474:Portal
372:Topics
121:Syntax
2206:(PDF)
2096:(PDF)
1953:â48.
1770:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1701:[
1516:verbs
1512:nouns
1504:songs
1465:Latin
1447:) or
1401:Tamil
1393:Latin
1389:Greek
1213:Lists
1094:Value
972:cyber
887:Urban
837:Media
832:Legal
558:Types
74:Index
2259:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2155:2024
2129:2024
2103:2024
2052:OCLC
2042:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1831:â7.
1802:ISBN
1778:2019
1737:OCLC
1729:LCCN
1719:ISBN
1514:and
1453:1560
1445:1547
1437:1586
1429:1532
1421:1492
1084:Race
1074:Meme
812:Food
256:and
249:Text
34:and
1711:doi
1478:to
1435:in
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1292:or
760:Art
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