2786:
and meaning under the guise of non-existent scientific authority and no scientific evidence. Some impressions these six authors make that are erroneous and false include: science is mainly about origins and that most scientists work in some aspect of either cosmic or biological evolution, scientists are either agnostic or atheistic and science is incompatible and even hostile to religion. To these impressions, Giberson and
Artigas note that the overwhelming majority of science articles in any journal in any field have nothing to do with origins because most research is funded by taxpayers or private corporations so ultimately practical research that benefit people, the environment, health and technology are the core focus of science; significant portions of scientists are religious and spiritual; and the majority of scientists are not hostile to religion since no scientific organization has any stance that is critical to religion, the scientific community is diverse in terms of worldviews and there is no collective opinion on religion.
1614:
God who would permit such evil. The latter can be dealt with in a diverse manner. Concerning the "intellectual" argument, it is often cast as an incompatibility between statements such as "an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God exists" and "the quantity and kinds of suffering in the world exist". Craig argues that no one has shown that both statements are logically incompatible or improbable with respect to each other. Others use another version of the intellectual argument called the "evidential problem of evil" which claims that the apparently unnecessary or "gratuitous" suffering in the world constitutes evidence against God's existence. Craig argues that it is not clear that the suffering that appears to be gratuitous actually is gratuitous for various reasons, one of which is similar to an objection to utilitarian ethical theory, that it is quite simply impossible for us to estimate which action will ultimately lead to the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure in the world.
6717:
strengthen the fledgling atheism's case."; "The renowned Denis
Diderot, atheist and deist in turns, could still say in 1746 that science posed a greater threat to atheism than metaphysics. Well into the eighteenth century it could be argued that it was atheism and not theism which required a sacrifice of the intellect. As Schroeder has pointed out, atheists were scientifically retrograde until at least the mid eighteenth century, and suffered from their reputation as scientifically unserious."; "As John Hedley Brooke has pointed out, for every nineteenth century person considering these issues who followed figures such as Thomas Henry Huxley or Francis Galton in regarding evolution as devastating for religious belief, there were others, such as the Oxford theologian Aubrey Moore, who regarded Darwin's evolutionary theory as an opportunity for religion.At the beginning of the twenty first century the situation remains very similar:..
1521:, a theist, rejected the presumption of atheism forwarding a two-part argument. First, he shows that there is no objection to belief in God unless the belief is shown to be false. Second, he argues that belief in God could be rationally warranted if it is a properly basic or foundational belief through an innate human "sense of the divine". Plantinga argues that if we have the innate knowledge of God which he theorizes as a possibility, we could trust belief in God the same way we trust our cognitive faculties in other similar matters, such as our rational belief that there are other minds beyond our own, something we believe, but for which there can be no evidence. Alvin Plantinga's argument puts theistic belief on equal evidential footing with atheism even if Flew's definition of atheism is accepted.
2179:. In such a doctrine, as is evident, there is no room for the idea of God; there is no difference between matter and spirit, between soul and body; there is neither survival of the soul after death nor any hope in a future life. Insisting on the dialectical aspect of their materialism, the Communists claim that the conflict which carries the world towards its final synthesis can be accelerated by man. Hence they endeavor to sharpen the antagonisms which arise between the various classes of society. Thus the class struggle with its consequent violent hate and destruction takes on the aspects of a crusade for the progress of humanity. On the other hand, all other forces whatever, as long as they resist such systematic violence, must be annihilated as hostile to the human race.
2097:
4843:"Where morality is divorced from religion, reason will, it is true, enable a man to recognize to a large extent the ideal to which his nature points. But much will be wanting. He will disregard some of his most essential duties. He will, further, be destitute of the strong motives for obedience to the law afforded by the sense of obligation to God and the knowledge of the tremendous sanction attached to its neglect â motives which experience has proved to be necessary as a safeguard against the influence of the passions. And, finally, his actions even if in accordance with the moral law, will be based not on the obligation imposed by the Divine will, but on considerations of human dignity and on the good of human society."
1619:
infinite universes one is in essence explaining too much and that it even opens up the possibility that certain features of the universe still would require explanation beyond the hypothesis itself. He also argues from induction for fine tuning in that if one supposed that infinite universes existed there should be infinite ways in which observations can be wrong and only one way in which observations can be right at any point in time, for instance, that the color of gems stay the same every time we see them. In other words, if infinite universes existed, then there should be infinite changes to our observations of the universe and in essence be unpredictable in infinite ways, yet this is not what occurs.
5247:
regard among members of these groups as nonreligious comrades-in-arms. There is shared concern about misrepresentation or misunderstanding of nonreligious people, erosion of church-state separation, public and political influence of conservative religion, and aspects of
American domestic and international policy. But there are also notes of irreligious sectarianism. In a meeting of secular humanists, one audience member proclaims, "We have our fundamentalists, too. Theyâre called Atheists." In an Atheist meeting across town, derisive asides make reference to "a lack of spine" or "going soft onreligion" among "the humanists." These groups struggle for public recognition and legitimacy.
2820:" and Darwin himself, in their "atheist apologetics" in order to propagate and defend their worldviews. He notes that in atheist writings there is often an implicit appeal to an outdated "conflict" model of science and religion which has been discredited by historical scholarship, there is a tendency to go beyond science to make non-scientific claims like lack of purpose and characterizing Darwin as if he was an atheist and his ideas as promoting atheism. McGrath notes that Darwin never called himself an atheist nor did he and other early advocates of evolution see his ideas as propagating atheism and that numerous contributors to evolutionary biology were Christians.
2426:
2958:
similarities between the new atheism and evangelical
Christianity and conclude that the all-consuming nature of both "encourages endless conflict without progress" between both extremities. Sociologist William Stahl notes: "What is striking about the current debate is the frequency with which the New Atheists are portrayed as mirror images of religious fundamentalists". He discusses where both have "structural and epistemological parallels" and argues that "both the New Atheism and fundamentalism are attempts to recreate authority in the face of crises of meaning in late modernity".
1951:
only our reason, but our instincts; and that it cannot prevail long. But if, in the moment of riot, and in a drunken delirium from the hot spirit drawn out of the alembic of hell, which in France is now so furiously boiling, we should uncover our nakedness, by throwing off that
Christian religion which has hitherto been our boast and comfort, and one great source of civilization amongst us, and among many other nations, we are apprehensive (being well aware that the mind will not endure a void) that some uncouth, pernicious, and degrading superstition might take place of it.
6885:
and
Darwinian evolution must be simply the result of sick capitalist propaganda. Accordingly, Lysenko and his cronies took over Russian genetics and agriculture, exiling or putting to death the best scientists of that country and causing an economic catastrophe...It is somewhat amusing to ponder the symmetry between the two cases: communist and atheist ideology for Lysenko, religious and conservative for Johnson. The real danger does not seem to be either religion or atheism, but blind commitment to an a priori view of the world that ignores how things really are.
1502:
2445:
2867:
2593:
there exists a bias towards indifferentism and the elimination of any real reference to binding truths and moral values. When the basic principles which inspire and direct human behavior are fragmentary and even at times contradictory, society increasingly struggles to maintain harmony and a sense of its own destiny. In a desire to find some common ground on which to build its programmes and policies, it tends to restrict the contribution of those whose moral conscience is formed by their religious beliefs.
2256:, saying: "Perhaps the many who have not grasped the importance of the educational and pastoral mission of the Church will now understand better her warnings, scouted in the false security of the past. No defense of Christianity could be more effective than the present straits. From the immense vortex of error and anti-Christian movements there has come forth a crop of such poignant disasters as to constitute a condemnation surpassing in its conclusiveness any merely theoretical refutation".
1543:
2891:
law sometimes tells us that the right thing to do is very self-destructive. If I'm walking down the riverbank, and a man is drowning, even if I don't know how to swim very well, I feel this urge that the right thing to do is to try to save that person. Evolution would tell me exactly the opposite: preserve your DNA. Who cares about the guy who's drowning? He's one of the weaker ones, let him go. It's your DNA that needs to survive. And yet that's not what's written within me".
2034:
2661:
theists have said that science supports their worldviews. Historian of science John Henry has noted that before the 19th century science was generally cited to support many theological positions. However, materialist theories in natural philosophy became more prominent from the 17th century onwards, giving more room for atheism to develop. Since the 19th century, science has been employed in both theistic and atheistic cultures, depending on the prevailing popular beliefs.
530:
2069:" â this being not a reason to think that atheism is necessarily evil, though it is a refutation of the idea that atheism must always be benign as "there is I believe a salutary lesson to be learned from the way in which atheism formed an essential part of Soviet Communism, even though Communism does not form an essential part of atheism. This lesson concerns what can happen when atheism becomes too militant and Enlightenment ideals too optimistic".
9292:
542:
1890:(2125) The imputability of this offense can be significantly diminished in virtue of the intentions and the circumstances. "Believers can have more than a little to do with the rise of atheism. To the extent that they are careless about their instruction in the faith, or present its teaching falsely, or even fail in their religious, moral, or social life, they must be said to conceal rather than to reveal the true nature of God and of religion.
2805:
scientific authority on their non-scientific philosophical conclusions like there being no point or no meaning to the universe as the only viable option when the scientific method and science never have had any way of addressing questions of meaning or lack of meaning, or the existence or non-existence of God in the first place. Atheists do the same thing theists do on issues not pertaining to science like questions on God and meaning.
1639:
lower numbers of atheists. He concludes that correlation does not necessarily indicate causation in either case. Another study found similar trends. A 2004 study of religious affiliation and suicide attempts, concluded: "After other factors were controlled, it was found that greater moral objections to suicide and lower aggression level in religiously affiliated subjects may function as protective factors against suicide attempts".
1429:... in this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. The introduction of this new interpretation of the word 'atheism' may appear to be a piece of perverse Humpty-Dumptyism, going arbitrarily against established common usage. 'Whyever', it could be asked, don't you make it not the presumption of atheism but the presumption of agnosticism?
1498: criticized the presumption of atheism arguing that without an independent concept of rationality or a concept of rationality that atheists and theists can mutually accept, there is no common foundation on which to adjudicate rationality of positions concerning the existence of God. Because the atheist's conceptualization of "rational" differs from the theist, Nielsen argues, both positions can be rationally justified.
1900:
554:
2158:
2747:
2950:
intellectual tunnel vision and failure to accurately examine religious belief honestly in favour of labelling religion as violent, averse to critical debate, scientific development, tolerance, and social advancement; secondly, treating fundamentalist forms of religion as the root of all evil and as the norm on all religion; and, thirdly, intellectual intolerance toward religious thought and belief.
3393:
common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.
2272:
religious who spoke the truth in love, opposed the Nazis and paid for that opposition with their lives. As we reflect on the sobering lessons of the atheist extremism of the twentieth century, let us never forget how the exclusion of God, religion and virtue from public life leads ultimately to a truncated vision of man and of society and thus to a reductive vision of the person and his destiny
1678:
2223:"the same materialist outlook, based on the nineteenth century rationalists' certainty that the progress of science would destroy all myths and had already proved Christian doctrine to be an absurdity". By 1939, all Catholic denominational schools in the Third Reich had been disbanded or converted to public facilities. In this climate, Pope Pius XI issued his anti-Nazi encyclical,
1941:, an 18th-century Irish philosopher and statesman praised by both his conservative and liberal peers for his "comprehensive intellect", wrote that "man is by his constitution a religious animal; that atheism is against, not only our reason, but our instincts; and that it cannot prevail long". Burke wrote of a "literary cabal" who had "some years ago formed something like a regular
2640:, the findings of biology did not play a major part in the atheist's arguments since it was difficult to argue that life arose randomly as opposed to being designed. As Schroeder has noted, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries theists excelled atheists in their ability to make contributions to the serious study of biological processes. In the time of the Enlightenment,
1759:, an evangelical theologian, argues that while atheists can behave morally, belief is necessary for an individual "to give a rational and coherent account" of why they are obligated to lead a morally responsible life. Wilson says that atheism is unable to "give an account of why one deed should be seen as good and another as evil". Cardinal
2061:, the author notes: "One of the most serious charges laid against atheism is that it is responsible for some of the worst horrors of the 20th century, including the Nazi concentration camps and Stalin's gulags". However, the author concludes that Nazi Germany was not a "straightforwardly atheist state", but one which sacralized notions of
1248:, an 18th-century Irish philosopher and statesman praised by both his conservative and liberal peers for his "comprehensive intellect", saw religion as the basis of civil society and wrote that "man is by his constitution a religious animal; that atheism is against, not only our reason, but our instincts; and that it cannot prevail long".
4751:, United States v. Miller, 236 F. 798, 799 (W.D. Wash., N.D. 1916) (citing Thurston v. Whitney et al., 2 Cush. (Mass.) 104; Jones on Evidence, Blue Book, vol. 4, §§ 712, 713) ("Under the common-law rule a person who does not believe in a God who is the rewarder of truth and the avenger of falsehood cannot be permitted to testify.")
2021:
to this: a
Christian who does evil does so because he is a Christian; an atheist who does evil does so despite being an atheist. The absolute reverse could be argued, but either way it's nothing but spin. The obvious fact is that some Christians do evil in the name of Christianity and some atheists do evil in the name of atheism".
1646:, atheism is common among people whose social obligations are weak and is also connected to lower fertility rates in some industrial nations. Extended length of sobriety in alcohol recovery is related positively to higher levels of theistic belief, active community helping and self-transcendence. Some studies state that in
6716:
Atheists have appealed to science in defence of their atheism since the first avowedly atheistic manuscripts of the mid seventeenth century. However, as the German expert on atheism
Winfried Schroeder has shown, the relationship between early modern atheism and science tended to embarrass rather than
3891:
The 'evidentialist challenge' is the gauntlet thrown down by atheist writers such as Antony Flew, Norwood
Russell Hanson, and Michael Scriven. They argue that in debates over the existence of God, the burden of proof should fall on the theist. They contend that if theists are unable to provide cogent
2944:
This is not the philosophical atheism of
Schopenhauer or Marx or Freud or Feuerbach. This is a sort of unthinking, simplistic religious criticism. It is primarily being fostered by individualsâlike Sam Harris, Richard Dawkinsâwho have absolutely no background in the study of religion at all. ... What
2890:
came to believe that a rational person would be more likely to believe in a god. Collins argues: "How is it that we, and all other members of our species, unique in the animal kingdom, know what's right and what's wrong... I reject the idea that that is an evolutionary consequence, because that moral
2785:
which have engaged popular writing which include commentary on what science is, society and religion for the lay public. Giberson and Artigas note that though such authors provide insights from their fields, they often misinform the public by engaging in non-scientific commentary on society, religion
2611:
discourage looking for deeper root causes of conflicts when they assume that religion is the sole root of the problem. Wright argues that this can discourage people from working to change the circumstances that actually give rise to those conflicts. Mark Chaves has said that the New Atheists, amongst
2536:
and a host of others, all committed atrocities in the name of a Communist ideology that was explicitly atheistic? Who can dispute that they did their bloody deeds by claiming to be establishing a 'new man' and a religion-free utopia? These were mass murders performed with atheism as a central part of
2401:, along with Yugoslavia, became one-party Communist states, which like the Soviet Union were antipathetic to religion. Persecutions of religious leaders followed. The Soviet Union ended its truce against the Russian Orthodox Church and extended its persecutions to the newly Communist Eastern bloc. In
2024:
William Husband, a historian of the Soviet secularization has noted: "But the cultivation of atheism in Soviet Russia also possessed distinct characteristic, none more important than the most obvious: atheism was an integral part of the world's first large-scale experiment in communism. The promotion
1792:
According to some critics, atheism is a faith in itself as a belief in its own right, with a certainty about the falseness of religious beliefs that is comparable to the certainty about the unknown that is practiced by religions. Activist atheists have been criticized for positions said to be similar
1557:
wrote that if Flew's broader definition of atheism is seen as "merely the absence of belief in God", atheism "ceases to be a view" and "even infants count as atheists". For atheism to be a view, Craig adds: "One would still require justification in order to know either that God exists or that He does
1424:
What I want to examine is the contention that the debate about the existence of God should properly begin from the presumption of atheism, that the onus of proof must lie upon the theist. The word 'atheism', however, has in this contention to be construed unusually. Whereas nowadays the usual meaning
4616:
In sum, with the exception of suicide, countries marked by high rates of organic atheism are among the most societally healthy on earth, while societies characterized by nonexistent rates of organic atheism are among the most unhealthy. Of course, none of the above correlations demonstrate that high
2979:
for being "as contemptible as any other form of dreary fundamentalism" because it "consists entirely in vacuous arguments afloat on oceans of historical ignorance, made turbulent by storms of strident self-righteousness." Of the leading New Atheists, Hart has the most respect for Daniel Dennett, but
2953:
Professor of anthropology and sociology Jack David Eller believes that the four principal New Atheist authorsâHitchens, Dawkins, Dennett and Harrisâwere not offering anything new in terms of arguments to disprove the existence of gods. He also criticized them for their focus on the dangers of theism
2832:
because sometimes it results in dismissals of things like philosophy based on ignorance of what philosophy entails and the limits of science. He also notes that atheist scientists in trying to avoid the visible evidence for God ascribe creative power to less credible candidates like mass and energy,
2088:
energetically pursued the persecution of the Church through the 1920s and 1930s. It was made a criminal offence for priests to teach a child the faith. Many priests were killed and imprisoned. Thousands of churches were closed, some turned into temples of atheism. In 1925, the government founded the
1984:
wrote that during the 20th century atheists in Western societies became more active and even militant, expressing their arguments with clarity and skill. They reject the idea of an interventionist God and they argue that Christianity promotes war and violence. However, Blainey notes that anyone, not
1925:
criticized the dispositions towards atheism as being "contrary to wisdom and moral gravity" and being associated with fearing government or public affairs. He also stated that knowing a little science may lead one to atheism, but knowing more science will lead one to religion. In another work called
1847:
quotes an Arab atheist named Adonis who has said: "The sacred for atheism is the human being himself, the human being of reason, and there is nothing greater than this human being. It replaces revelation by reason and God with humanity". To which Asad points out: "But an atheism that deifies Man is,
1707:
wrote: "Promises, covenants, and oaths, which are the bonds of human society, can have no hold upon an atheist. The taking away of God, though but even in thought, dissolves all". Although Locke was believed to be an advocate of tolerance, he urged the authorities not to tolerate atheism because the
1693:
criticised established religion to a wide audience, but conceded a fear of the disappearance of the idea of God: "After the French Revolution and its outbursts of atheism, Voltaire was widely condemned as one of the causes", wrote Geoffrey Blainey. "Nonetheless, his writings did concede that fear of
1638:
In a global study on atheism, sociologist Phil Zuckerman noted that though there are positive correlations with societal health in many countries where the atheist population is significantly high, countries with higher number of atheists also had the highest suicide rates compared to countries with
1629:
C. Stephen Evans argues that our normative propensities for our natural persistence to commit to be moral and our ability to generate value in a supposedly absurd world, offer normative objections to atheism. He also argues that it is appropriate for God to make the process whereby one comes to know
1216:
that science sits more comfortably with theistic notions on the basis that men became scientific in Western Europe in the 16th and 17th century "ecause they expected law in nature, and they expected law in nature because they believed in a lawgiver." In other words, it was belief in God that was the
5246:
Pasquale, Frank. "Secularism & Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives". Hartford, CT: Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture (ISSSC), 2007. p. 46. "Some self-identified Atheists consequently distinguish between "positive" and "negative" forms. There is general
3392:
an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is
2984:
Richard Dawkins ...does not hesitate, for instance, to claim that "natural selection is the ultimate explanation for our existence." But this is a silly assertion and merely reveals that Dawkins does not understand the words he is using. The question of existence does not concern how it is that the
2668:
notes that science does work without atheism and that atheism largely remains a position that is adopted for philosophical or ethical, rather than scientific reasons. The history of atheism is heavily invested in the philosophy of religion and this has resulted in atheism being weakly tied to other
2574:
and concludes that while Stalin and Mao happened to be atheists, they did not do their deeds "in the name of atheism". On other occasions, Dawkins has replied to the argument that Hitler and Stalin were antireligious with the response that Hitler and Stalin also grew moustaches in an effort to show
2020:
has argued that "atheist rulers such as Lenin, Hitler, Stalin, Mao Zedong and Pol Pot tortured, starved and murdered more people in the twentieth century than all the combined religious regimes of the world during the previous nineteen centuries". He also states: "The antitheist argument boils down
2012:
regime in Cambodia in the 1970s. That does not, however, show that the atrocities committed by these totalitarian dictatorships were all the result of atheist beliefs, carried out in the name of atheism, or caused primarily by the atheistic aspects of the relevant forms of communism". However, they
1950:
We know, and, what is better, we feel inwardly, that religion is the basis of civil society, and the source of all good, and of all comfort. In England we are so convinced of this We know, and it is our pride to know, that man is by his constitution a religious animal; that atheism is against, not
1817:
as "reiterating the point that the dogmatic intensity of atheists is the secular equivalent of the blinkered zeal of fanatical mullahs and biblical fundamentalists". Though the media often portrays atheists as "angry" and studies show that the general population and "believers" perceive atheists as
1613:
can be split into two different concerns: the "intellectual" problem of evil concerns how to give a rational explanation of the co-existence of God and evil and the "emotional" problem of evil concerns how to comfort those who are suffering and how to dissolve the emotional dislike people have of a
6884:
Lysenko's wacky ideas fit perfectly well with Stalin's ideology: if the twisted version of dialectical materialism officially endorsed by the Soviet Union was true, then plants and animals (and by extension people) had to be infinitely pliable by changes in their environment and Mendelian genetics
3360:
for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by
2853:
has argued that science itself sits more comfortably with theism than with atheism and "as a scientist I would say... where did modern science come from? It didn't come from atheism... modern science arose in the 16th and 17th centuries in Western Europe, and of course people ask why did it happen
2592:
he disciple of Christ is constantly challenged by a spreading "practical atheism" â an indifference to God's loving plan which obscures the religious and moral sense of the human heart. Many either think and act as if God did not exist, or tend to "privatize" religious belief and practice, so that
2584:
Historian Borden Painter assessed Dawkins' claims on Stalin, atheism and violence in light of mainstream historical scholarship, stating that Dawkins did not use reliable sources to reach his conclusions. He argues: "He omits what any textbook would tell him: Marxism included atheism as a piece of
1750:
notes that such a conception of evolution and morality is a misunderstanding of sociobiology and at worst it is an attempt to abolish any meaningful system of morality since though evolution would have provided the biological drives and desires we have, it does not tell us what is good or right or
1650:
health, life expectancy and other correlates of wealth tend to be statistical predictors of a greater percentage of atheists, compared to countries with higher proportions of believers. Multiple methodological problems have been identified with cross-national assessments of religiosity, secularity
1599:
is the claim that if God existed, God would have prevented the world's unbelief by making his existence starkly apparent. Craig argues that the problem with this argument is that there is no reason to believe that any more evidence than what is already available would increase the number of people
1419:
in which he argued that the question of God's existence should begin by assuming atheism as the default position. According to Flew, the norm for academic philosophy and public dialogue was at that time for atheists and theists to both share their respective "burdens of proof" for their positions.
2549:
The problem with fascism and communism, however, is not that they are too critical of religion; the problem is that they are too much like religions. Such regimes are dogmatic to the core and generally give rise to personality cults that are indistinguishable from cults of religious hero worship.
2233:
It is on faith in God, preserved pure and stainless, that man's morality is based. All efforts to remove from under morality and the moral order the granite foundation of faith and to substitute for it the shifting sands of human regulations, sooner or later lead these individuals or societies to
1770:
According to William Lane Craig, in a world without God people are living in a state where evil is completely unregulated and also permissible, while at the same time good and self-sacrificing people would live in an unrewarded state where noble deeds lose their virtue and are rendered valueless.
3124:
An atheist is someone who is certain that God does not exist, someone who has compelling evidence against the existence of God. I know of no such compelling evidence. Because God can be relegated to remote times and places and to ultimate causes, we would have to know a great deal more about the
2660:
who saw a self-sustained and autonomous universe as an intrinsically Christian belief. The mechanical world was seen as providing strong evidence against atheism since nature had evidence of order and providence, instead of chaos and spontaneity. However, since the 19th century both atheists and
1565:
uch an alleged presumption is clearly mistaken. For the assertion that "There is no God" is just as much a claim to knowledge as is the assertion that "There is a God." Therefore, the former assertion requires justification just as the latter does. It is the agnostic who makes no
3306:
atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. ...an
2949:
Professor of comparative studies Jeff Nall argues that the New Atheists provide a foundation that is embedded in errors and fallacies for "fundamentalist atheists". He asserts that fundamentalist atheism seeks to eradicate religion and anoint atheism, based on three major fallacies: firstly, an
1622:
Helen De Cruz argues there are two general positions of atheistic arguments: "global" which "denies the existence of any god" and "local" which "denies the existence of a particular concept of God" such as polytheism, pantheism, monotheism, etc. She states that most evidential arguments against
1479:
Many different definitions may be offered of the word 'God'. Given this fact, atheism makes a much stronger claim than theism does. The atheist says that no matter what definition you choose, 'God exists' is always false. The theist only claims that there is some definition which will make 'God
2676:
wrote: "Atheism as a positive doctrine has done precious little for science". He notes: "More generally, Atheism has not figured as a force in the history of science not because it has been suppressed but because whenever it has been expressed, it has not specifically encouraged the pursuit of
2416:
became in 1967 the first (and to date only) formally declared atheist state, going far beyond what most other countries had attemptedâcompletely prohibiting religious observance and systematically repressing and persecuting adherents. The right to religious practice was restored in the fall of
1618:
T.J. Mawson makes a case against atheism by citing some lines of evidence and reasoning such as the high level of fine-tuning whereby the life of morally sentient and significantly free creatures like humans has implications. On the maximal multiverse hypothesis, he argues that in appealing to
2957:
Professors of philosophy and religion Jeffrey Robbins and Christopher Rodkey take issue with "the evangelical nature of the new atheism, which assumes that it has a Good News to share, at all cost, for the ultimate future of humanity by the conversion of as many people as possible". They find
2421:
to extinguish religious life in Albania and by year's end over two thousand religious buildings were closed or converted to other uses and religious leaders were imprisoned and executed. Albania was declared to be the world's first atheist country by its leaders and Article 37 of the Albanian
2965:
has said that saying that religion is damaging to mankind is just as ridiculous as saying that love is damaging to mankind. Like love, religion leads to conflict, cruelty, abuse and even wars, yet it also brings people joy, solitude, hope and redemption. He therefore states that New Atheists
2804:
has argued that when scientists make claims on science and theism or atheism, they are not arguing scientifically at all and are stepping beyond the scope of science into discourses of meaning and purpose. What he finds particularly odd and unjustified is in how atheists often come to invoke
2271:
Even in our own lifetime, we can recall how Britain and her leaders stood against a Nazi tyranny that wished to eradicate God from society and denied our common humanity to many, especially the Jews, who were thought unfit to live. I also recall the regime's attitude to Christian pastors and
1945:
This object they pursued with a degree of zeal which hitherto had been discovered only in the propagators of some system of piety... These atheistical fathers have a bigotry of their own; and they have learnt to talk against monks with the spirit of a monk". In turn, wrote Burke, a spirit of
1840:(atheism), self-creation (pantheism), or creation by an external agency (theism). Spencer argued that it is "impossible to avoid making the assumption of self-existence" in any of the three hypotheses and concluded that "even positive Atheism comes within the definition" of religion.
2093:, a "nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism" whose pro-atheism activities included active proselytizing of people's personal beliefs, sponsoring lectures, organizing demonstrations, printing and distribution of pamphlets and posters.
1396:
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its secular ideology that claimed a basis in scientific thinking originating in the Enlightenment". D'Souza responds to Dawkins that an individual need not explicitly invoke atheism in committing atrocities if it is already implied in his worldview as is the case in Marxism.
1606:
is the claim that the notion of God is incoherent. Craig argues that a coherent doctrine of God's attributes can be formulated based on scripture like Medieval theologians had done and "Perfect Being Theology"; and that the argument actually helps in refining the concept of
1985:
just Christians, can promote violence, writing "that the most ruthless leaders in the Second World War were atheists and secularists who were intensely hostile to both Judaism and Christianity. Later massive atrocities were committed in the East by those ardent atheists,
1455:" arguing that atheism should be the default position. In today's debates, atheists forward the presumption of atheism arguing that atheism is the default position with no burden of proof and assert that the burden of proof for God's existence rests solely on the theist.
2372:
According to Tom Rees, some researches suggest that atheists are more numerous in peaceful nations than they are in turbulent or warlike ones, but causality of this trend is not clear and there are many outliers. However, opponents of this view cite examples such as the
2727:, leading various thinkers to question the idea that God created the universe at all. However, he also notes: "Other scholars replied that the universe was so astonishing, so systematic, and so varied that it must have a divine maker. Criticisms of the accuracy of the
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who formulated it better than anybody I know... 'Men became scientific. Why? Because they expected law in nature, and they expected law in nature because they believed in a lawgiver.' In other words, it was belief in God that was the motor that drove modern science".
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The "a-" in "atheism" must be understood as negation instead of absence, as "not" instead of "without". Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no
4261:
Prof. Ralph McInerny goes a step further to argue that the burden of proof should fall on the unbeliever. Here I shall rebut Prof. McInerny's claim and argue that, in the context of public debate over the truth of theism, theists cannot shirk a heavy burden of
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has written that the very notion of physical law is a theological one in the first place: "Isaac Newton first got the idea of absolute, universal, perfect, immutable laws from the Christian doctrine that God created the world and ordered it in a rational way".
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The repeated arguments presented by atheists using science as evidence against the existence of God is erroneous -- and can be demonstrated such." and "This essay from this point will refer to active atheists as dogmatic atheists to better reflect their true
2076:, which took hold in Russia following the 1917 Revolution and involved a systematic effort to eradicate religion. In the Soviet Union after the Revolution, teaching religion to the young was criminalized. MarxistâLeninist atheism and other adaptations of
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concludes that "Dennett's argument consists in little more than the persistent misapplication of quantitative and empirical terms to unquantifiable and intrinsically nonempirical realities" and "sustained by classifications that are entirely arbitrary."
2405:, Hungary, Lithuania and other Eastern European countries, Catholic leaders who were unwilling to be silent were denounced, publicly humiliated or imprisoned by the Communists. According to Geoffrey Blainey, leaders of the national Orthodox Churches in
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as opposed to the falsifying of theism, which results in mischaracterizing religions, taking local theisms as the essence of religion itself and for focusing on the negative aspects of religion in the form of an "argument from benefit" in the reverse.
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cherry-pick, ignoring the most crucial arguments in the favour of religion, whilst also reiterating the few arguments against religion. He has also stated that religion is an irrefutable part of the human condition, and that denying this is futile.
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weâre seeing now instead is a sort of armchair atheismâpeople who are inundated by what they see on the news or in media, and who then draw these incredibly simplistic generalizations about religion in general based on these examples that they see.
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writes: "The crimes of atheism have generally been perpetrated through a hubristic ideology that sees man, not God, as the creator of values. Using the latest techniques of science and technology, man seeks to displace God and create a secular
1474:
rejected the presumption of atheism on any definition of atheism arguing that "the true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism" adding "a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated, ignorance need only be confessed".
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argues that Dawkins' conception of evolution and morality is a misunderstanding of sociobiology since though evolution would have provided the biological drives and desires we have, it does not tell us what is good or right or wrong or moral.
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theism assume local, not global atheism, and that as such, numerous theistic arguments are not ruled out. She argues that the widespread beliefs in various god configurations and religious experiences provide evidence against global atheism.
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has written that the issues one hears about science and religion have nothing to do with science, but are merely about theism and atheism because top level scientists abound on both sides. Furthermore, he criticizes atheists who argue from
2197:, the Pope denounced the efforts of the state to supplant the role of the Church as chief educator of youth and denounced Fascism's "worship" of the state rather than the divine, but Church and state settled on mutual, shaky, toleration.
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Critics assert that natural law provides a foundation on which people may build moral rules to guide their choices and regulate society, but does not provide as strong a basis for moral behavior as a morality that is based in religion.
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were not examples of what happens when human beings reject religious dogma; they are examples of political, racial and nationalistic dogma run amok. There is no society in human history that ever suffered because its people became too
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The last 50 years has seen an increase in academic philosophical arguments critical of the positions of atheism arguing that they are philosophically unsound. Some of the more common of these arguments are the presumption of atheism,
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some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substanceâe.g., "God" is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals.
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His books God and Philosophy (1966) and The Presumption of Atheism (1976) made the case, now followed by today's new atheists, that atheism should be the intelligent person's default until well-established evidence to the contrary
2204:
wrote that the Nazis encouraged atheism and deism over Christianity and encouraged party functionaries to abandon their religion. Priests were watched closely and frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps. In
6102:^ a b Baynes, Norman H., ed. (1969). The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922-August 1939. New York: Howard Fertig. pp. 19-20, 37, 240, 370, 371, 375, 378, 382, 383, 385-388, 390-392, 398-399, 402, 405-407, 410, 1018, 1544, 1594.
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but instead to a deistic deity conceived of much later in history. Along the way, Hart covers many other specific topics including extended critiques of Daniel Dennett's philosophy of mind and an outline of logical failures in
1727:, but that religion provides a more solid foundation. For many years in the United States, atheists were not allowed to testify in court because it was believed that an atheist would have no reason to tell the truth (see also
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and ultimately impeded biological and agricultural research for many years, including the exiling and deaths of many valuable scientists. This part of history has symmetries with other ideologically driven ideas such as
2290:". In contrast, historian Alan Bullock wrote that Hitler was a rationalist and a materialist with no feeling for the spiritual or emotional side of human existence: a "man who believed neither in God nor in conscience".
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In the last twenty years or so atheists and theists have taken to debating on college campuses, and in town halls, all across this country. By using the above definition, atheists have attempted to shift the burden of
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moral degradation. The fool who has said in his heart "there is no God" goes straight to moral corruption (Psalms xiii. 1), and the number of these fools who today are out to sever morality from religion, is legion.
2318:, were atheists who were savagely hostile to religion" and Hitler and the Nazis "repudiated what they perceived as the Christian values of equality, compassion and weakness and extolled the atheist notions of the
2483:. Under Communism, China became officially atheist, and though some religious practices were permitted to continue under state supervision, religious groups deemed a threat to order have been suppressedâas with
1805:, Peter Murphy wrote: "The dogmatic atheist like the dogmatic theist is obsessed with conformity and will spew a tirade of angry words against anyone who does not conform to their own particular world view".
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Deism is knowledge of God based on the application of our reason on the designs/laws found throughout Nature. The designs presuppose a Designer. Deism is therefore a natural religion and is not a "revealed"
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societal ills. Rather, societal health seems to cause widespread atheism, and societal insecurity seems to cause widespread belief in God, as has been demonstrated by Norris and Inglehart (2004), mentioned
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We too have frequently and with urgent insistence denounced the current trend to atheism which is alarmingly on the increase... We raised a solemn protest against the persecutions unleashed in Russia, in
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Deism: A religious belief holding that God created the universe and established rationally comprehensible moral and natural laws but does not intervene in human affairs through miracles or supernatural
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Early modern atheism developed in the 17th century and Winfried Schroeder, a historian of atheism, has noted that science during this time did not strengthen the case for atheism. In the 18th century,
2797:, thereby propagating a myth that has been dispelled by history. He notes that there are dogmatic parallels between atheists and some religious people in terms of how they argue about many issues.
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Flew's proposition saw little acceptance in the 20th century though in the early 21st century Flew's broader definition of atheism came to be forwarded more commonly. In 2007, analytic philosopher
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hierarchs were summarily shot" and "hildren were deprived of any religious education outside the home". Increasingly draconian measures were employed. In addition to direct state persecution, the
2013:
do admit that some forms of persecutions such as those done on churches and religious people were partially related to atheism, but insist it was mostly based on economics and political reasons.
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But it is common these days to find atheists who define the term to mean "without theism"... Many of them then go on to argue that this means that the "burden of proof" is on the theist...
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In a 1993 address to American bishops, Pope John Paul II spoke of a spreading "practical atheism" in modern societies which was clouding the moral sense of humans and fragmenting society:
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2422:
constitution of 1976 stated: "The State recognises no religion, and supports and carries out atheistic propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialistic world outlook in people".
1767:, expressed this position by describing a lack of faith as "the greatest of evils" and blamed atheism for war and destruction, implying that it was a "greater evil even than sin itself".
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Schroeder, Winfried. Ursprunge des Atheismus: Untersuchungen zur Metaphysik- und Religionskritik des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Tubingen: Frommann- Holzboog, 1998. Pg 79-80, 291, 297-302
2581:: "What matters is not whether Hitler and Stalin were atheists, but whether atheism systematically influences people to do bad things. There is not the smallest evidence that it does".
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Atheists tend to claim that the theist bears the burden of proof to justify the existence of God, whereas the theist tends to claim that both parties have an equal burden of proof.
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In a study on American secularity, Frank Pasquale notes that some tensions do exist among secular groups where, for instance, atheists are sometimes viewed as "fundamentalists" by
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argument against atheism. McInerny's position goes further than Plantinga's, arguing that theism is evidenced and that the burden of proof rests on the atheist, not on the theist.
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The sceptical element of sceptical theism can be used to undermine various arguments for atheism including both the argument from evil and the argument from divine hiddenness.
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after him, argued that "when God is excluded, then it is not surprising when morality itself is sacrificed in the process and chaos and horror is unleashed on the world".
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Dawkins addresses this criticism by showing that the evolutionary process can account for the development of altruistic traits in organisms. However, molecular biologist
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When Christians and atheists engage in debate concerning the question, Does God exist? atheists frequently assert that the entire burden of proof rests on the Christian.
2377:(in Soviet Russia) who were inspired by "an ideological creed which professed that all religion would atrophy resolved to eradicate Christianity as such". In 1918, "en
1315:
and C. S. Lewis, have also criticised atheism. For example, a quote often attributed to Chesterton holds that "e who does not believe in God will believe in anything".
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criticised a spreading "practical atheism" as clouding the "religious and moral sense of the human heart" and leading to societies which struggle to maintain harmony.
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1942:
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Dervic, Kanita; Oquendo, Maria A.; Grunebaum, Michael F.; Ellis, Steve; Burke, Ainsley K.; Mann, J. John (2004-12-01). "Religious Affiliation and Suicide Attempt".
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reigned from 1922 to 1939 and responded to the rise of totalitarianism in Europe with alarm. He issued three papal encyclicals challenging the new creeds: against
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was founded in 1925, churches were closed and vandalized and "by 1938 eighty bishops had lost their lives, while thousands of clerics were sent to labour camps".
1307:'s Cambodia. Critics of atheism often associate the actions of 20th-century state atheism with broader atheism in their critiques. Various poets, novelists and
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2248:
Pius XI died on the eve of World War II. Following the outbreak of war and the 1939 Nazi, and subsequently Soviet, invasion of Poland, the newly elected
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The presumption of atheism has been the subject of criticism by atheists, agnostics and theists since Flew advanced his position more than 40 years ago.
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Amanda Askell argues that our capacity to be and rationalize prudence along with the acceptance of Pascal's Wager provide prudential objections to atheism.
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present arrangement of the world came about, from causes already internal to the world, but how it is that anything (including any cause) can exist at all.
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McGrath, Alister (2010). "The Ideological Uses of Evolutionary Biology in Recent Atheist Apologetics". In Alexander, Denis R.; Numbers, Ronald L. (eds.).
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branches of philosophy and almost completely disconnected from science which means that it risks becoming stagnant and completely irrelevant to science.
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interview in 2014, Aslan argued that the New Atheists held an "often comically simplistic view of religion that gave atheism a bad name" and continued:
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2911:"âhave argued that religion must be proactively countered, criticized so as to reduce its influence on society. Prominent among these voices have been
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goes further than Plantinga, arguing that belief in God reasonably follows from our observations of the natural order and the law-like character of
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in which God created the universe and established rationally comprehensible moral and natural laws but does not intervene in human affairs through
1236:, saw godlessness as weakening "the sacred bonds of society", writing: "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him". The father of
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7779:
1930:, Bacon stated that superficial knowledge of philosophy inclines one to atheism while more knowledge of philosophy inclines one toward religion.
1746:" helps describe how moral imperatives and values naturalistically evolve over time from biological and cultural origins. Evolutionary biologist
1051:
2150:, Pius XI said that atheistic Communism being led by Moscow was aimed at "upsetting the social order and at undermining the very foundations of
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In this article I will show that atheism is a belief about the world and that it does require a justification in the same way that theism does.
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atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.
2080:
enjoyed the official patronage of various one-party Communist states since 1917. The Bolsheviks pursued "militant atheism". The Soviet leaders
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7223:
Jeffrey Robbins and Christopher Rodkey (2010). "Beating 'God' to Death: Radical Theology and the New Atheism". In Amarnath Amarasingam (ed.).
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According to a global study, there is a prevalence of distrust in moral perceptions of atheists even in secular countries and among atheists.
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1971:
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William Stahl (2010). "One-Dimensional Rage: The Social Epistemology of the New Atheism and Fundamentalism". In Amarnath Amarasingam (ed.).
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of an antireligious society therefore constitutes an important development in Soviet Russia and in the social history of atheism globally".
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was a significant figure in the spread of political atheism in the 20th century and the figure of a priest is among those being swept away
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before him, frequently employed the language of "Providence" in defence of his own myth, but ultimately shared with the Soviet dictator
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and Udo SchĂźklenk have written: "By contrast to all of this, the Soviet Union was undeniably an atheist state, and the same applies to
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arguments for theism, i.e. arguments showing that it is at least more probable than not that God exists, then atheism wins by default.
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criticised Pope Benedict's remarks and said that "Hitler certainly was not an atheist. In 1933 he claimed to have 'stamped atheism out
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God was an essential policeman in a disorderly world: 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him', wrote Voltaire".
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groups in Germanyâother than those that supported the Nazis. The regime strongly opposed "godless communism" and most of Germany's
1447:'s described the presumption of atheism as "one of the most commonly proffered justifications of atheism". In 2010, BBC journalist
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The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, pp. 69-85. Ed. M. Martin. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2007
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Norman H. Baynes, ed. The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922-August 1939, Vol. 1 of 2, pp. 19â20, Oxford University Press, 1942
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In the early 21st century, a group of authors and media personalities in Britain and the United Statesâoften referred to as the "
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Like the agnostic Anthony Kenny, Craig argues that there is no presumption for atheism because it is distinct from agnosticism:
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1874:, calling it "a sin against the virtue of religion". The catechism is careful to acknowledge that atheism may be motivated by
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of 'atheist' in English is 'someone who asserts that there is no such being as God, I want the word to be understood not
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Chaves, Mark (2010). "SSSR Presidential Address Rain Dances in the Dry Season: Overcoming the Religious Congruence Fallacy".
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3321:"Draper, Paul, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)"
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William Lane Craig listed some of the more prominent arguments forwarded by proponents of atheism along with his objections:
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in their writings by assuming that beliefs and practices remain static and coherent through time. He believes that the late
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Gill, Anton (1994). An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback
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6124:. Ralph Mannheim, ed., New York: Mariner Books, pp. 65, 119, 152, 161, 214, 375, 383, 403, 436, 562, 565, 622, 632â633.
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have responded to criticism-as-faith by emphasizing that atheism can be the rejection of belief, or absence of belief.
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where belief in God is based on application of reason and evidence observed in the designs and laws found in nature.
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2995:(2013), Hart primarily makes the case that most criticisms of theism by the New Atheists do not apply to the God of
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has done it by overlooking the fact that religious actions are dependent on the situation, just like other actions.
2499:: "old ideas, customs, culture, and habits of mind". In Buddhist Cambodia, influenced by Mao's Cultural Revolution,
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in a way that is "foreign to mainstream rational atheism," whereas the Soviet Union was "avowedly and officially an
1818:"angry", Brian Meier et al. found that individual atheists are no more angry than individuals in other populations.
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Interview with Richard Dawkins conducted by Stephen Sackur for BBC News 24's HardTalk programme, July 24th 2007.
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has criticized atheists for often presenting science and religion to audiences in a simplistic and false view of
2511:, when all religious practices were forbidden and Buddhist monasteries were closed. Evangelical Christian writer
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1975:
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wrote that Communist atheism was aimed at "upsetting the social order and at undermining the very foundations of
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119:
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When Hitler was out campaigning for power in Germany, he made opportunistic statements apparently in favour of "
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and social health which undermine conclusive statements on religiosity and secularity in developed democracies.
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states formed in the 20th century is often cited in critical assessments of the implications of atheism. In his
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the laws of nature and theories of those laws. Lennox notes that theories that Hawking appeals to such as the
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3177:"To the Bishops of the United States of America on their ad Limina visit (November 11, 1993) - John Paul II"
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One of the most commonly proffered justifications of atheism has been the so-called presumption of atheism.
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their ideological inspiration, they were not mass murders done by people who simply happened to be atheist.
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also cites Lewis as persuasive in convincing him that theism is the more rational world view than atheism.
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might conceivably be good grounds for agnosticism, but not for atheism; and points to the observation of a
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2884:, argues that theism is more rational than atheism. Collins also found Lewis persuasive and after reading
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committed this error by assuming that the drive for congruence is a defining feature of religion and that
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and philosopher of science Mariano Artigas reviewed the views of some notable atheist scientists such as
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6469:"Evolution in Europe; Albanian Leader Says the Country Will Be Democratized but Will Retain Socialism,"
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exists' true. In my view, neither the stronger nor the weaker claim has been convincingly established.
19:"Atheistic criticism" redirects here. For the persecution of and discrimination against atheists, see
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Edis, Taner (2013). "Atheism and the Rise of Science". In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.).
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organizations were banned. The regime also stated that the Nazi Germany needed some kind of belief.
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Zemore, SE; Kaskutas, LA (May 2004). "Helping, spirituality and Alcoholics Anonymous in recovery".
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Certain atheists in the mid-twentieth century were promoting the so-called "presumption of atheism.
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2475:. China itself had been a cradle of religious thought since ancient times, being the birthplace of
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Another familiar strategy of atheists is to insist that the burden of proof falls on the believer.
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1244:, believed that the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos.
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Fuller, Steve (2010). "What Has Atheism Ever Done For Science?". In Amarnath Amarasingam (ed.).
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2703:, in recent centuries literalist biblical accounts were undermined by scientific discoveries in
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8782:
8770:
8699:
8608:
8603:
8540:
8022:
7965:
7960:
7821:
6565:
6546:
5597:
4720:
4301:
3472:
2382:
2333:". In political speeches, Hitler spoke of an "almighty creator". According to Samuel Koehne of
2294:
has written that Hitler wanted Catholicism to have "nothing at all to do with German society".
2151:
2017:
1993:. All religions, all ideologies, all civilizations display embarrassing blots on their pages".
1685:
believed that the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos.
1420:
Flew proposed instead that his academic peers redefine "atheism" to bring about these changes:
1253:
8676:
6774:
6251:
6224:
6197:
6165:
5305:
4960:
4820:
4319:
Mawson, T.J. (2013). "The Case Against Atheism". In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.).
3665:
3149:
9111:
9027:
8933:
8879:
8758:
8671:
8530:
8513:
8461:
8442:
8117:
8049:
8039:
7980:
7886:
7874:
7709:
7452:
7096:
6408:
Majeska, George P (1976). "Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Review".
6311:
5485:
4853:
4739:, "Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam" (Basic Books, 0465006345, 2006).
4599:
4157:
3109:
3051:
2991:
2688:
2641:
2425:
2330:
1802:
1787:
1739:
1672:
1197:
973:
638:
176:
109:
8165:
5297:
4952:
4812:
4420:
3141:
1886:
to focus on their own role in encouraging atheism by their religious or moral shortcomings:
215:
9250:
9193:
9069:
8896:
8856:
8841:
8824:
8753:
8743:
8577:
8552:
8547:
8399:
8383:
8368:
8059:
8034:
7997:
7975:
7913:
7908:
7859:
7695:
7524:
7462:
6151:, April 1922-August 1939. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942, pp. 240, 378, 386.
4899:
4867:
3962:
3062:
2912:
2881:
2617:
2299:
2077:
2046:
1708:
denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos. According to
1237:
1225:
959:
796:
648:
494:
445:
330:
7970:
6389:
Peter Hebblethwaite; Paul VI, the First Modern Pope; Harper Collins Religious; 1993; p.211
5356:
4067:, New York: Harper One, p. Part II, Chapter 3 Following the Evidence where it Leads,
3905:
3343:
2448:
2341:". Hitler made various comments against "atheistic" movements. He associated atheism with
8:
8955:
8911:
8906:
8797:
8613:
8278:
8273:
8233:
8180:
8170:
8137:
8012:
7955:
7928:
7716:
7403:
6929:
5070:
4421:
2935:
2924:
2740:
2736:
2542:
2492:
2133:
2123:
1201:
980:
601:
360:
245:
220:
193:
5079:
I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist," Crossway Books, March 01, 2004, 447 Pages,
3234:
Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none.
8962:
8901:
8871:
8831:
8661:
8646:
8525:
8112:
8097:
8071:
8064:
7950:
7933:
7869:
7749:
7586:
7529:
7477:
7347:
7319:
7291:
7180:
6762:
6471:
6425:
5786:
5781:
5590:
5395:
5229:
5050:
5013:
4911:
4879:
4788:
4275:
4133:
God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism
4110:
3637:
3519:
3031:
2970:
2855:
2693:
2508:
2253:
2139:
2105:
1713:
1554:
1547:
1444:
1349:
1283:
1204:
as more likely to be explained by theism than atheism. Oxford Professor of Mathematics
1152:
1021:
829:
716:
663:
521:
345:
335:
171:
161:
76:
6531:
5671:
Richard Pipes; Russia under the Bolshevik Regime; The Harvill Press; 1994; pp. 339â340
4815:
Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution
3144:
Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution
2444:
1178:, the effects of atheism on the individual, or the assumptions that underpin atheism.
9225:
9062:
8921:
8283:
8029:
7985:
7938:
7734:
7646:
7622:
7617:
7380:
7355:
7327:
7299:
7253:
7228:
7203:
7184:
7053:
7028:
6984:
6843:
6818:
6793:
6748:
6688:
6640:
6448:
6317:
6257:
6230:
6203:
6173:
6086:
6026:
5878:
5793:
5626:
5601:
5572:
5568:
5491:
5464:
5402:
5335:
5309:
5298:
5221:
5095:
5080:
5017:
5005:
4964:
4953:
4824:
4813:
4774:
4732:
4605:
4564:
4503:
4495:
4432:
4399:
4394:
Evans, C. Sthephen (2019). "Normative Objections to Atheism". In Oppy, Graham (ed.).
4374:
4349:
4324:
4190:
4165:
4136:
4091:
4068:
4034:
3794:
3644:
3615:
3576:
3546:
3478:
3381:
3289:
3217:
3153:
3142:
3113:
3102:
2975:
2895:
2886:
2801:
2770:
2680:
2512:
2334:
2311:
2303:
2264:
2176:
1997:
1914:: "They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that does good."
1747:
1709:
1668:
1647:
1451:
explained that Flew's presumption of atheism "made the case, now followed by today's
1360:
refers to a deist who believes in the moral teachings but not the divinity of Jesus.
1264:
1257:
1185:
1006:
910:
880:
875:
854:
736:
545:
541:
380:
271:
8582:
6711:
6297:, April 1922-August 1939. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942, p. 378â386.
5058:
2866:
2649:
2570:
has stated that Stalin's atrocities were influenced not by atheism, but by dogmatic
9090:
9083:
9076:
9041:
8719:
8363:
8054:
7992:
7845:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7596:
7591:
7564:
7472:
7447:
7172:
6790:
The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition : An Encyclopedia
6684:
6417:
6365:
5944:
5837:
5761:
5704:
5546:
5424:
5233:
5213:
4997:
4847:
4768:
4556:
4487:
3540:
3254:
3046:
3002:
2996:
2758:
2700:
2577:
2484:
2378:
2201:
2194:
1981:
1822:
1783:
1743:
1353:
1335:
1312:
945:
938:
931:
839:
834:
802:
658:
633:
533:
485:
438:
431:
424:
370:
315:
104:
7163:
Nall, Jeff (August 2008). "Fundamentalist Atheism and its Intellectual Failures".
6085:
Paul Berben; Dachau: The Official History 1933-1945; Norfolk Press; London; 1975;
5877:
Paul Berben; Dachau: The Official History 1933â1945; Norfolk Press; London; 1975;
4985:
4369:
Askell, Amanda (2019). "Prudential Objections to Atheism". In Oppy, Graham (ed.).
4344:
De Cruz, Helen (2019). "Evidential Objections to Atheism". In Oppy, Graham (ed.).
2930:
One critic of New Atheism has been the American-Iranian religious studies scholar
2418:
1184:
said he sees no compelling evidence against the existence of God. Theists such as
9296:
9215:
9198:
8916:
8851:
8132:
8127:
8107:
7467:
6611:
6553:
6293:
6278:
6147:
5932:
5910:
5431:
5330:
5217:
5065:
5038:
4920:
4888:
4764:
4654:
4581:
4491:
4453:
3753:
3275:
3021:
2916:
2877:
2871:
2809:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2732:
2728:
2657:
2613:
2567:
2307:
2283:
2118:
1883:
1836:
wrote that as regards the origin of the universe, three hypotheses are possible:
1833:
1735:
1720:
1610:
1518:
1506:
1448:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1224:
Other criticisms focus on perceived effects on morality and social cohesion. The
1218:
1208:
holds that atheism is an inferior world view to that of theism and attributes to
1189:
1160:
1156:
653:
417:
340:
300:
285:
240:
235:
225:
188:
8666:
4522:
8804:
7803:
7497:
7176:
6398:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; p.566 & 568
5743:
5728:
5200:
Meier, Brian; Fetterman, Adam; Robinson, Michael; Lappas, Courtney (May 2015).
4701:
2920:
2637:
2621:
2559:
2315:
2162:
2081:
2062:
2054:
1837:
1811:
arts and entertainment writer Ian Johns described the 2006 British documentary
1528:
1308:
1084:
683:
320:
305:
280:
124:
8681:
8378:
5965:"Meeting with state authorities in the grounds of the Palace of Holyroodhouse"
5868:
Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 546
2103:
reigned during the rise of the dictators in the 1930s and his 1937 encyclical
9306:
9255:
8950:
8945:
7923:
7534:
7482:
6042:
5092:
God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens
5009:
4736:
4560:
4499:
3056:
2962:
2790:
2633:
2525:
2437:
2433:
2295:
2249:
2220:
2109:
denounced the "current trend to atheism which is alarmingly on the increase".
2085:
2066:
1922:
1471:
1326:
is the absence of belief that any gods exist, the position that there are no
1292:
1288:
1213:
769:
668:
365:
310:
139:
6580:"'Richard Dawkins on Hardtalk' by BBC, Richard Dawkins - RichardDawkins.net"
5001:
4706:
God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought
4210:
Nielsen, Kai (1977). "Review of The Presumption of Atheism by Antony Flew".
3477:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69â85.
8846:
8792:
8787:
8765:
8323:
8253:
7764:
7442:
7274:"Humans hunger for the sacred. Why can't the new atheists understand that?"
6899:
Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; pp.438-439
6532:
Atheism, not religion, is the real force behind the mass murders of history
6058:
6007:
5683:
5225:
5123:
4934:"Archbishop of Westminster attacks atheism but says nothing on child abuse"
4677:
Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; pp.390-391
4568:
4507:
2782:
2653:
2645:
2476:
2394:
2260:
2212:
2172:
2100:
2033:
1938:
1903:
1281:, Burke railed against "atheistical fanaticism". The 1937 papal encyclical
1272:
1249:
1245:
1188:
criticise atheism for being an unscientific position. Analytic philosopher
1036:
628:
375:
355:
295:
6076:
Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler; Ebury Press; 2012; p135.
2049:
have enjoyed the official patronage of various one-party Communist states.
1910:
Those who assert that "there is no God" are described as "foolish" in the
9188:
9161:
8630:
8353:
8333:
8243:
7578:
7539:
7457:
6604:
6307:
5723:
5623:
Godless Communists: Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia : 1917-1932
5390:
3445:
3016:
2908:
2850:
2841:
2824:
2751:
2704:
2608:
2504:
2413:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2319:
2009:
1724:
1514:
1467:
1452:
1412:
1400:
1209:
1205:
819:
764:
643:
480:
475:
290:
86:
8411:
3862:
There are very many atheists who think they have no worldview to defend.
2397:
and its allies and conquered states that had been overrun by the Soviet
9166:
8358:
8313:
8293:
8288:
8002:
7569:
7492:
7487:
7434:
7426:
7352:
Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies
7324:
Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies
7296:
Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies
4986:"Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists"
4984:
Gervais, Will M.; Xygalatas, Dimitris; McKay, Ryan T. (7 August 2017).
4686:
4584:. 2002. The Secular Revolution of the West, Free Inquiry, Summer: 28â34
4095:
4072:
4065:
There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind
2931:
2834:
2762:
2720:
2684:
2665:
2529:
2488:
2468:
2429:
2291:
1990:
1844:
1704:
1682:
1296:
1241:
1181:
1167:
787:
678:
673:
618:
609:
466:
325:
129:
7222:
6710:. Investigating Atheism project - Cambridge and Oxford. Archived from
6429:
5826:
Divini Redemptoris - Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on Atheistic Communism
4189:. London & New York: Continuum 0-8264-8971-0. pp. Chapter 3.
3376:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). p.
3195:"When Man Ceases to Worship God â Society of Gilbert Keith Chesterton"
8373:
8348:
8318:
8308:
8298:
7601:
6496:
EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Online - China - History: Cultural Revolution
6202:. Vol. Organisierter Atheismus. VS Verlag. pp. 122, 124â6.
5487:
Edmund Burke, Volume 6 of Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers
3833:
A notable modern view is Antony Flew's Presumption of Atheism (1984).
2829:
2817:
2813:
2716:
2708:
2551:
2496:
2374:
2346:
2342:
2263:
continued the Christian critique. In 2010, his successor, the German
1807:
1542:
1263:
The advocacy of atheism by some of the more violent exponents of the
1144:
844:
350:
6747:. Chicago (Ill.): the University of Chicago press. pp. 80, 84.
2731:
were therefore illuminating, but minor". Some philosophers, such as
2072:
From the outset, Christians were critical of the spread of militant
9291:
9220:
9183:
8343:
8238:
6421:
6226:
Disruptive religion: the force of faith in social-movement activism
5888:
5571:, Udo SchĂźklenk; John Wiley & Sons, 2013; Pgs. 85-90; 141-144;
4604:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
2859:
2683:
noted that the Soviet Union had adopted an atheist ideology called
2636:
argued that atheism was less scientific than metaphysics. Prior to
2398:
2216:
1690:
1229:
1175:
1164:
7843:
3817:
2837:
are speculative and untestable and thus do not amount to science.
1899:
9171:
8328:
8258:
8248:
8191:
7512:
7198:
Eller, Jack (2010). "What Is Atheism?". In Phil Zuckerman (ed.).
6865:"The Wedge: what happens when science is taken over by ideology?"
6729:
6727:
6725:
6270:
5625:. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press. p. XII.
2724:
2712:
2571:
2533:
2500:
2452:
2114:
2005:
1986:
1501:
1323:
1304:
1148:
704:
34:
6981:
Oracles of Science: Celebrity Scientists Versus God and Religion
6958:
2854:
there and then, and the general consensus which is often called
2467:
In 1949, China became a Communist state under the leadership of
2161:
A picture saying "Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth" as
8388:
8303:
8268:
8222:
6895:
6893:
5788:
Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless
5300:
Formations of the Secular : Christianity, Islam, Modernity
4846:
4062:
2812:
points out that atheists have misused biology in terms of both
2517:
2480:
2157:
2128:
1911:
1875:
1532:
1345:
1331:
1330:, the proposition that God does not exist, or the rejection of
1171:
6722:
6445:
A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture
6285:
5862:
5304:(10. printing. ed.). Stanford University Press. pp.
4638:
Moreno-RiaĂąo, Gerson; Smith, Mark Caleb; Mach, Thomas (2006).
3847:"Atheist, meet Burden of Proof. Burden of Proof, meet Atheist"
2746:
2612:
others who comment on religions, have committed the religious
2252:
again denounced the eradication of religious education in his
1509:
is viewed as an important contributor to Christian philosophy.
1395:
8263:
7395:
6139:
5094:, Westminster John Knox Press, December 31, 2007, 156 pages,
2555:
2338:
1879:
1832:(1862), the 19th-century English philosopher and sociologist
1794:
1341:
1327:
1233:
1155:, philosophical and logical criticisms, findings in both the
6890:
5461:
The Major Works : Including New Atlantis and the Essays
5199:
3125:
universe than we do know to be sure that no such God exists.
2137:(1937; "With deep concern"); and against atheist Communism,
1677:
7200:
Atheism and Secularity Vol.1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions
6788:
Henry, John (2000). "35. Atheism". In Gary Ferngren (ed.).
5926:, Encyclical of Pope Pius XII on the Unity of Human Society
4477:
2436:
in 1949 as both leaders repressed religion and established
2393:
Across Eastern Europe following World War II, the parts of
7087:; ABC Radio National - The Spirit of Things; 7 August 2011
5236:– via The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College.
1461:
7147:
Reza Aslan on What the New Atheists Get Wrong About Islam
7102:
6196:
Kaiser, Jochen-Christoph (2003). Christel Gärtner (ed.).
3135:
3133:
16:
Criticism of the concepts, validity and impact of atheism
4716:
4714:
4445:
2739:. Atheists have sometimes responded by referring to the
1906:
wrote that atheism is against human reason and instinct.
7097:
The Question of God - an interview with Francis Collins
6330:
4452:
Bertolote, Jose Manoel; Fleischmann, Alexandra (2002).
2575:
the argument as fallacious. Instead, Dawkins argues in
2463:, while Pol Pot banned religious practices in Cambodia.
2417:
communism in 1991. In 1967, Hoxha's regime conducted a
1848:
ironically, close to the doctrine of the incarnation".
1566:
knowledge claim at all with respect to God's existence.
1217:"motor that drove modern science". American geneticist
6743:
Lindberg, ed. by David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (2003).
4621:
societal health or that low levels of organic atheism
3130:
2322:
superman and a new society based on the 'will to power
1291:, which was later influential in the establishment of
9280:
7354:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 103.
6136:; Samuel Koehne; ABC Religion and Ethics; 18 Apr 2012
6036:
5831:
4983:
4711:
4637:
4454:"A Global Perspective in the Epidemiology of Suicide"
3545:(Reprinted ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.
1363:
5206:
Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied
4451:
2880:, the American physician and geneticist who led the
7326:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 7.
7298:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 4.
7050:
God and Stephen Hawking: Whose Design is it Anyway?
6702:
6700:
6698:
6605:
The Video: Bill O'Reilly Interviews Richard Dawkins
6520:
EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Online - Cambodia: Religion
6134:
Hitler's faith: The debate over Nazism and religion
6079:
6070:
5871:
5423:Catechism of the Catholic Church, English version,
4806:
4804:
4135:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 21.
4090:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 86.
3787:Craig, William Lane (2007). Martin, Michael (ed.).
3471:Craig, William Lane (2006). Martin, Michael (ed.).
3470:
1943:
plan for the destruction of the Christian religion.
7377:The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss
5785:
5614:
5589:
5397:God, Freedom, and Immortality: A Critical Analysis
5394:
4546:
4348:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 476â487.
4306:Abridged from "The Cambridge Companion to Atheism"
3636:
3216:(2008 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3101:
2409:and Bulgaria had to be "cautious and submissive".
7250:Religion and the New Atheism A Critical Appraisal
7225:Religion and the New Atheism A Critical Appraisal
6840:Religion and the New Atheism A Critical Appraisal
6542:
6540:
6508:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Online - Cambodia History
6282:. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1979, p. 241.
4530:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion
3370:(2005) . "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert (ed.).
2750:British mathematician and philosopher of science
2127:(1931; 'We do not need to acquaint you); against
1738:have proposed that human morality is a result of
1630:him, to require moral and spiritual development.
9304:
6695:
6484:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Online - China: Religion
5679:
5677:
5463:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95â96, 125.
4801:
4759:
4757:
4721:Dinesh D'Souza. "Answering Atheist's Arguments."
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
3643:. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3575:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2353:. In 1933, the regime banned most atheistic and
2306:argues that "Hitler's leading advisers, such as
1587:
1287:denounced the atheism of the Soviet Union under
7780:Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics
6978:
6742:
5757:
5755:
5753:
4419:Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael (ed.).
3698:"Antony Flew: the atheist who changed his mind"
3207:
2507:also instigated a purge of religion during the
1550:is a well-known critic of atheist philosophies.
1295:across Eastern Europe and elsewhere, including
1052:Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics
8939:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
7075:; Paul Davies, The New York Times, 24 Nov 2007
7052:. Oxford: Lion. pp. 11â12, 17â21, 47â66.
7025:Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins
6537:
6525:
6340:; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p234-240
6052:
5385:. Vol. 1. Collier-MacMillan. p. 175.
4931:
4299:
3793:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69â85.
2337:, some recent works have "argued Hitler was a
1734:Atheists such as biologist and popular author
8427:
8207:
7829:
7411:
7247:
7003:
6353:, Epiphenom.com. Retrieved September 16, 2010
5962:
5674:
4754:
4726:
4047:
4026:Philosophy and Atheism: In Defense of Atheism
2440:throughout their respective Communist spheres
1972:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
1633:
1388:
1121:
578:
6677:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
6662:"The Trouble with the New Atheists: Part II"
6361:
6359:
5750:
5621:Husband, William B. (2003). "Introduction".
5483:
4908:"Is Christianity Good for the World? Part 6"
4876:"Is Christianity Good for the World? Part 2"
4640:"Religiosity, Secularism, and Social Health"
3268:
3171:
3169:
3108:. University Press of Mississippi. pp.
1946:atheistic fanaticism had emerged in France.
6792:. New York, NY: Garland. pp. 182â188.
6249:
5596:. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Books. pp.
5116:"Dogmatic Atheism and Scientific Ignorance"
1318:
9098:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
8434:
8420:
8214:
8200:
7836:
7822:
7418:
7404:
6983:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1â13.
6300:
6191:
6189:
6114:
5700:
5698:
5662:, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 85â87
5260:. London: Williams and Norgate, pp. 30-35.
4844:
4520:
4063:Antony Flew; Roy Abraham Varghese (2007),
3524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3312:
2259:Post-war Christian leaders including Pope
2028:
1843:In an anthropological study on modernity,
1723:believes that morality is ensured through
1192:, Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the
1128:
1114:
585:
571:
8441:
7006:"Has militant atheism become a religion?"
6979:Giberson, Karl; Artigas, Mariano (2009).
6356:
6105:
5806:
5519:"Reflections on the Revolution in France"
5417:
5168:"Viewing guide: The Trouble with Atheism"
5151:"Atheism gets a kick in the fundamentals"
4959:(3rd ed.). Crossway Books. pp.
4593:
4418:
3634:
3609:
3565:
3538:
3331:
3253:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3166:
2664:In reviewing the rise of modern science,
2495:, Mao instigated "struggles" against the
1870:identifies atheism as a violation of the
1799:Dogmatic Atheism and Scientific Ignorance
1584:, his proposition remains controversial.
797:Relationship between atheism and religion
6170:Religiosität in der säkularisierten Welt
5773:
5558:
5454:
5452:
5450:
3990:
3906:"The New Atheism, Where's The Evidence?"
3663:
3614:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3201:
2865:
2745:
2443:
2424:
2156:
2095:
2041:in Moscow during its 1931 demolition as
2032:
1898:
1676:
1541:
1500:
1394:
1147:of the concepts, validity, or impact of
7108:
7022:
6634:
6622:
6407:
6253:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
6186:
6159:
6157:
5988:
5719:
5717:
5695:
5620:
5587:
5581:
5375:
5351:
4819:. New York: Harper Perennial. pp.
4763:
4653:. Cedarville University. Archived from
4587:
4343:
4243:
4209:
4130:
4022:
3932:
3873:
3366:
3338:
3148:. New York: Harper Perennial. pp.
2541:In response to this line of criticism,
1965:
1958:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1935:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1894:
1861:
1462:Criticism of the presumption of atheism
1278:Reflections on the Revolution in France
82:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
9305:
8040:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
7047:
6837:
6674:
6659:
6195:
6172:. VS Verlag fnr Sozialw. p. 157.
5649:, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 85
5322:
5165:
4810:
4368:
4318:
4244:Parsons, Keith M. (14 December 1997).
3935:"Putting the Atheist on the Defensive"
3874:Parsons, Keith M. (14 December 1997).
3844:
3695:
3318:
3139:
2627:
1703:, the influential English philosopher
8415:
8195:
7817:
7399:
7197:
6862:
6787:
6442:
6306:
6222:
5956:
5779:
5458:
5447:
5148:
5142:
4950:
4398:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 491â503.
4396:A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy
4393:
4373:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 506â517.
4371:A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy
4346:A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy
4273:
4246:"Do Atheists Bear a Burden of Proof?"
4184:
4155:
4085:
4018:
4016:
3876:"Do Atheists Bear a Burden of Proof?"
3786:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3691:
3689:
3491:
3099:
3042:List of former atheists and agnostics
2388:
2193:In Fascist Italy, led by the atheist
1740:evolutionary, sociobiological history
7374:
7346:
7318:
7290:
7252:. Haymarket Books. pp. 97â108.
7162:
6812:
6745:When Science & Christianity Meet
6566:10 myths and 10 truths about Atheism
6410:The Slavic and East European Journal
6338:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
6163:
6154:
6016:; HarperPerennial Edition 1991; p216
5714:
5477:
5389:
5334:. Cambridge University Press. 2006.
5295:
4936:. The Times (London). Archived from
4857:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4692: ; Translated by William Popple
4222:
3939:Christian Research Institute Journal
3504:
3285:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3274:
2644:was developed by Christians such as
6842:. Haymarket Books. pp. 75â76.
6639:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 132.
6447:. New York: NYU Press. p. 18.
6199:Atheismus und religiĂśse Indifferenz
5991:"Ratzinger is an enemy of humanity"
5178:
5077:Norman L. Geisler and Frank Turek,
5032:"Does atheism require more faith?,"
4274:Craig, William Lane (28 May 2007).
4124:
3670:Rutledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3628:
3559:
3214:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
2969:American religious studies scholar
2598:Pope John Paul II, 11 November 1993
1777:
1170:arguments, arguments pertaining to
553:
13:
8221:
7120:
6871:. Tufts University. Archived from
6371:HarperCollins (2006) p41, p42, p43
5894:Evans, Richard J. 2005 pp. 245-246
5660:Atheism: A Very Short Introduction
5647:Atheism: A Very Short Introduction
5331:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
5113:
4601:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
4427:. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp.
4423:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
4203:
4013:
3997:The Christian Apologetics Alliance
3984:
3955:
3903:
3845:Rauser, Randall (1 October 2012).
3775:
3745:
3700:. British Broadcasting Corporation
3686:
3474:The Cambridge companion to atheism
2520:here on earth". He also contends:
2457:persecution of religion in Romania
2059:Atheism: A Very Short Introduction
1689:The influential deist philosopher
1364:Arguments and critiques of atheism
14:
9329:
6637:The New Atheist Denial of History
6351:Atheist nations are more peaceful
6064:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
5689:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
5592:Exposing Myths about Christianity
4845:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
4723:; tothesource (December 6, 2006).
4108:
3993:"Atheism and the burden of proof"
3991:Playford, Richard (9 June 2013).
3724:"Atheists, agnostics and theists"
3696:Crawly, William (16 April 2010).
3076:There are no atheists in foxholes
2300:skeptical of all religious belief
2277:Speech by Pope Benedict XVI, 2010
2208:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
1580:Forty years after Flew published
1375:the evidential argument from evil
998:List of irreligious organizations
9290:
8502:Unification Church in Japan
7755:Freedom From Religion Foundation
7368:
7340:
7312:
7284:
7266:
7241:
7216:
7191:
7156:
7140:
7114:
7090:
7078:
7066:
7041:
7016:
7004:Frans de Waal (March 24, 2013).
6997:
6972:
6943:
6914:
6902:
6856:
6831:
6806:
6781:
6736:
6689:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01489.x
6668:
6653:
6628:
6616:
6598:
6571:
6559:
6513:
6501:
6489:
6477:
6461:
6436:
6401:
6392:
6383:
6374:
6343:
6316:. Psychology Press. p. 97.
6279:The German Churches Under Hitler
6243:
6216:
6127:
6096:
6019:
6001:
5982:
5938:
5916:
5897:
5849:
5828:; by Pope Pius XI; 19 March 1937
5812:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Online:
5588:Russell, Jeffrey Burton (2012).
4229:"Modernizing the Case for God",
3822:Internet Encyclopedia of Atheism
3413:The American Heritage Dictionary
2823:Oxford Professor of Mathematics
1868:Catechism of the Catholic Church
1027:Freedom From Religion Foundation
552:
540:
529:
528:
7227:. Haymarket Books. p. 35.
7027:. University of Chicago Press.
5989:Dawkins, Richard (2010-09-22).
5950:A Short History of Christianity
5843:A Short History of Christianity
5819:
5767:A Short History of Christianity
5735:
5709:A Short History of Christianity
5665:
5652:
5639:
5552:A Short History of Christianity
5540:
5511:
5436:
5345:
5289:
5276:
5263:
5250:
5240:
5202:"The Myth of the Angry Atheist"
5193:
5107:
5024:
4977:
4944:
4932:Gledhill, Ruth (May 22, 2009).
4925:
4893:
4861:
4837:
4742:
4695:
4680:
4671:
4647:Journal of Religion and Society
4631:
4575:
4540:
4514:
4471:
4412:
4387:
4362:
4337:
4312:
4302:"Theistic Critiques Of Atheism"
4293:
4267:
4237:
4178:
4149:
4102:
4079:
3926:
3897:
3867:
3838:
3818:"Atheism; Atheistic Naturalism"
3810:
3754:"Atheism - Etymology"
3751:
3716:
3657:
3603:
3532:
3464:
3430:
3401:
2735:, have argued the universe was
2039:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
1976:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
1729:discrimination against atheists
1712:, Locke, like Russian novelist
120:Discrimination against atheists
21:Discrimination against atheists
9127:Books critical of Christianity
7844:Arguments for and against the
7745:Atheist Alliance International
7503:Separation of church and state
7425:
7123:"The rise of the New Atheists"
6815:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
6250:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007).
6229:. Routledge. pp. 156â57.
5382:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4915:magazine (web only, May 2007)
4883:magazine (web only, May 2007)
4690:A Letter Concerning Toleration
4480:American Journal of Psychiatry
4321:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
3933:Samples, Kenneth (Fall 1991).
3373:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3319:Draper, Paul (2 August 2017).
3239:
3187:
3093:
2902:
2870:American physician geneticist
2383:League of the Militant Godless
1882:considerations and admonishes
1700:A Letter Concerning Toleration
1513:Analytic philosopher and
1371:the logical argument from evil
1267:, the subsequent militancy of
1017:Atheist Alliance International
689:Separation of church and state
135:Separation of church and state
1:
9147:Books critical of Scientology
7740:American Humanist Association
6660:Wright, Robert (2009-08-20).
6547:Answering Atheist's Arguments
6380:Burleigh op. cit. p49 and p47
6256:. Routledge. pp. 136â8.
6067:; Fontana Press; 1993; pp.413
5692:; Fontana Press; 1993; pp.412
5490:. A&C Black. p. 93.
5179:Sam, Wollaston (2006-12-19).
5041:Townhall.com, April 20, 2004
4549:Journal of Studies on Alcohol
4164:. A&C Black. p. 21.
4156:Kenny, Anthony (2006-07-03).
4029:. Prometheus Books. pp.
3208:Simon Blackburn, ed. (2008).
3104:Conversations with Carl Sagan
3087:
3037:Implicit and explicit atheism
2459:to implement the doctrine of
2200:Historian of the Nazi period
1588:Other arguments and critiques
1411:In 1976, atheist philosopher
1383:absence of evidence arguments
1271:and prominence of atheism in
1012:American Humanist Association
404:Atheism: The Case Against God
59:Negative and positive atheism
49:Implicit and explicit atheism
9056:Letter to a Christian Nation
7689:Letter to a Christian Nation
6911:; New York Times; 9 Feb 2014
6294:The Speeches of Adolf Hitler
6148:The Speeches of Adolf Hitler
6047:The Third Reich, A Chronicle
5792:. Cornell University Press.
5565:50 Great Myths About Atheism
5218:10.1080/00223980.2013.866929
4951:Craig, William Lane (2008).
4708:; Cambridge, UK; 2002; p.217
4521:Bainbridge, William (2005).
4492:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2303
2491:in recent years. During the
953:Letter to a Christian Nation
7:
9142:Books critical of Mormonism
7202:. Praeger. pp. 14â15.
7085:An Evening with John Lennox
6817:. Oxford University Press.
6522:; accessed 10 November 2013
6510:; accessed 10 November 2013
6498:; accessed 10 November 2013
6486:; accessed 10 November 2013
6313:New Religions and the Nazis
5913:Pope Pius XI; 14 March 1937
5747:; Vintage; 2003; pp.184-185
5401:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.
4811:Miller, Kenneth R. (1999).
4773:. Ch. 7: Houghton Mifflin.
4323:. Oxford University Press.
3612:Warrant and Proper Function
3569:Warrant: The Current Debate
3444:. p. 1. Archived from
3140:Miller, Kenneth R. (1999).
3009:
2143:(1937; "Divine Redeemer").
2091:League of Militant Atheists
2078:Marxian thought on religion
2047:Marxian thought on religion
1928:The Advancement of Learning
1654:
1604:"The Incoherence of Theism"
1505:Modal logician philosopher
1196:, argues that a failure of
10:
9334:
9049:God: The Failed Hypothesis
9035:God in the Age of Science?
7550:Discrimination/Persecution
7177:10.1177/016059760803200304
6013:Hitler: a Study in Tyranny
5909:September 2, 2013, at the
4919:December 20, 2008, at the
4887:December 20, 2008, at the
4617:levels of organic atheism
4185:Kenny, Anthony A. (2006).
3639:Warranted Christian Belief
3508:The Presumption of Atheism
3396:(page 175 in 1967 edition)
2973:criticized New Atheism in
1969:
1781:
1658:
1634:Atheism and the individual
1582:The Presumption of Atheism
1575:, William Lane Craig, 2007
1436:The Presumption of Atheism
1417:The Presumption of Atheism
1405:The Presumption of Atheism
1401:Antony Garrard Newton Flew
1390:The Presumption of Atheism
727:Discrimination/Persecution
251:Theological noncognitivism
18:
9206:
9155:
9137:Books critical of Judaism
9003:
8870:
8690:
8639:
8596:
8482:Latter Day Saint movement
8449:
8229:
8085:
7852:
7787:
7726:
7636:
7610:
7577:
7511:
7433:
7379:. Yale University Press.
6552:October 14, 2007, at the
6223:Smith, Christian (1996).
5484:O'Keeffe, Dennis (2010).
5256:Spencer, Herbert (1862).
4158:"Why I am Not an Atheist"
3664:McBrayer, Justin (2015).
3635:Plantinga, Alvin (2000).
3610:Plantinga, Alvin (1993).
3566:Plantinga, Alvin (1993).
3539:Plantinga, Alvin (1983).
3282:. In Edward Craig (ed.).
2045:and other adaptations of
1765:Archbishop of Westminster
1661:Morality without religion
1494:Atheist philosopher
1427:positively but negatively
9105:Why I Am Not a Christian
8692:Religious discrimination
8148:Inconsistent revelations
7799:Disestablishmentarianism
7775:Recovering from Religion
7703:Why I Am Not a Christian
7048:Lennox, John C. (2010).
6635:Painter, Borden (2016).
6610:January 6, 2010, at the
5904:Mit Brennender Sorge: 29
5846:; Viking; 2011; pp.495-6
5157:. London. Archived from
5059:"The Church of Atheism,"
4793:: CS1 maint: location (
4733:Josef Cardinal Ratzinger
4561:10.15288/jsa.2004.65.383
4212:Religious Studies Review
3288:. Taylor & Francis.
3027:Criticism of New Atheism
2961:The English philosopher
2846:Arizona State University
2461:MarxistâLeninist atheism
2215:wrote that Hitler, like
2074:MarxistâLeninist atheism
2043:MarxistâLeninist atheism
1814:The Trouble with Atheism
1742:. He proposes that the "
1681:The liberal philosopher
1546:Theoretical philosopher
1525:University of Notre Dame
1319:Definitions and concepts
1269:MarxistâLeninist atheism
1212:the best formulation of
1194:University of Notre Dame
1080:Disestablishmentarianism
1047:Recovering from Religion
967:Why I Am Not a Christian
9241:Criticism of monotheism
9132:Books critical of Islam
9119:The Demon-Haunted World
8976:Anti-Christian violence
8507:Westboro Baptist Church
8143:Incompatible properties
7794:Countries by irreligion
7770:Rational Response Squad
7760:Humanists International
7661:The Demon-Haunted World
7073:Taking Science on Faith
6291:Norman H. Baynes, ed.,
6145:Norman H. Baynes, ed.,
5859:; Penguin; 2005; p. 263
5459:Bacon, Francis (2002).
5362:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
5046:"Atheism and Evidence,"
5002:10.1038/s41562-017-0151
4276:"Definition of Atheism"
4131:Parsons, Keith (1989).
4111:"Definition of atheism"
4086:Kenny, Anthony (1983).
3851:The Tentative Apologist
3514:. Common Sense Atheism.
3349:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
3081:Weak and strong atheism
3070:The Twilight of Atheism
2800:Evolutionary biologist
2699:According to historian
2473:Chinese Communist Party
2365:), atheist and largely
2029:Early twentieth century
1665:Ethics without religion
1597:"The Hiddenness of God"
1379:argument from nonbelief
1075:Countries by irreligion
1042:Rational Response Squad
1032:Humanists International
925:The Demon-Haunted World
206:Inconsistent revelation
200:Incompatible properties
115:Demographics of atheism
8563:New religious movement
7165:Humanity & Society
6951:"James Schombert v7.0"
6909:Is Atheism Irrational?
6168:. In Hanne May (ed.).
6120:Hitler, Adolf (1999).
5780:Peris, Daniel (1998).
5523:ebooks.adelaide.edu.au
5430:June 28, 2015, at the
5166:Chater, David (2006).
4594:Zuckerman, P. (2007).
3542:God, freedom, and evil
3505:Flew, Anthony (1976).
2987:
2947:
2874:
2754:
2601:
2565:
2539:
2524:And who can deny that
2464:
2441:
2280:
2246:
2191:
2166:
2152:Christian civilization
2110:
2050:
2018:Jeffrey Burton Russell
1963:
1907:
1761:Cormac Murphy-O'Connor
1686:
1578:
1551:
1510:
1492:
1441:
1408:
1254:Christian civilization
9318:Criticism of religion
9194:Nontheistic religions
9112:Why I Am Not a Muslim
9028:Christianity Unveiled
8492:Seventh-day Adventist
8443:Criticism of religion
8118:Fate of the unlearned
7710:Why I Am Not a Muslim
7560:Negative and positive
7555:Implicit and explicit
7453:Criticism of religion
6922:"Anthropic Principle"
6708:"Atheism and Science"
6049:; Quercus; 2010; p.99
5953:; Viking; 2011; p.540
5931:July 3, 2013, at the
5770:; Viking; 2011; p.494
5555:; Viking; 2011; p.543
5120:World Union of Deists
4940:on November 15, 2010.
4854:Catholic Encyclopedia
4109:Craig, William Lane.
4023:Nielsen, Kai (1985).
3963:"The burden of truth"
3758:The Divine Conspiracy
3442:World Union of Deists
3409:"Definition of Deism"
3052:Nontheistic religions
2992:The Experience of God
2982:
2942:
2869:
2808:Theologian scientist
2749:
2689:dialectic materialism
2642:mechanical philosophy
2607:has argued that some
2590:
2547:
2522:
2447:
2428:
2331:positive Christianity
2269:
2231:
2168:
2160:
2099:
2036:
1948:
1902:
1803:World Union of Deists
1788:nontheistic religions
1782:Further information:
1680:
1673:Divine command theory
1611:"The Problem of Evil"
1573:Definition of Atheism
1563:
1545:
1504:
1477:
1470:analytic philosopher
1422:
1398:
1102:Irreligion by country
974:Why I Am Not a Muslim
760:Negative and positive
755:Implicit and explicit
639:Criticism of religion
178:Fate of the unlearned
156:Arguments for atheism
110:Criticism of religion
9313:Criticism of atheism
9237:Criticism of atheism
9070:The Blind Watchmaker
8652:Charles Taze Russell
8497:Unification movement
8369:Religious naturalism
7696:The System of Nature
7463:Organized secularism
7375:Hart, David (2014).
6863:Pigliucci, Massimo.
6586:on February 29, 2008
6164:Bock, Heike (2006).
5296:Asad, Talal (2003).
4900:Christopher Hitchens
4868:Christopher Hitchens
4300:William Lane Craig.
3100:Sagan, Carl (2006).
3063:The Rage Against God
3006:by Richard Dawkins.
2913:Christopher Hitchens
2882:Human Genome Project
2618:Christopher Hitchens
2455:in 1978, launched a
2298:describes Hitler as
2243:, Pope Pius XI, 1937
2241:Mit brennender Sorge
2225:Mit Brennender Sorge
2188:, Pope Pius XI, 1937
2134:Mit brennender Sorge
1966:Atheism and politics
1960:, Edmund Burke, 1790
1895:Historical criticism
1862:Catholic perspective
1238:classical liberalism
1141:Criticism of atheism
960:The System of Nature
746:Forms and variations
649:Organized secularism
504:Criticism of atheism
495:Atheism and religion
446:The System of Nature
331:Christopher Hitchens
8619:Mormon sacred texts
8477:Jehovah's Witnesses
7929:Fine-tuned universe
7717:Why I Am an Atheist
7348:Hart, David Bentley
7320:Hart, David Bentley
7292:Hart, David Bentley
6869:Rationally Speaking
6336:William L. Shirer;
5963:Pope Benedict XVI.
5379:(1967). "Atheism".
5149:Johns, Ian (2006).
5126:on 28 November 2013
5074:, December 14, 2008
5071:The Harvard Crimson
3448:on 25 February 2021
3251:Oxford Dictionaries
2741:anthropic principle
2737:fine-tuned for life
2628:Atheism and science
2493:Cultural Revolution
2124:Non abbiamo bisogno
1648:developed countries
1438:, Antony Flew, 1976
1303:'s North Korea and
1202:fine-tuned universe
981:Why I Am an Atheist
361:Friedrich Nietzsche
221:Omnipotence paradox
29:Part of a series on
9021:Breaking the Spell
8963:Sectarian violence
8872:Religious violence
8820:Oriental Orthodoxy
8677:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
8536:Twelver Shia Islam
7981:Necessary existent
7934:Intelligent Design
7924:Existential choice
7892:Kalam cosmological
7750:Center for Inquiry
7654:Breaking the Spell
7478:Secular liberalism
6773:has generic name (
6664:. Huffington Post.
6472:The New York Times
6443:Elsie, R. (2000).
5924:Summi Pontificatus
5161:on March 19, 2007.
5064:2009-02-07 at the
5057:DHRUV K. SINGHAL,
5051:The New York Times
5037:2017-01-18 at the
4912:Christianity Today
4880:Christianity Today
4536:(Article 2): 1â26.
3666:"Sceptical theism"
3257:on August 21, 2010
3032:History of atheism
2971:David Bentley Hart
2875:
2755:
2694:intelligent design
2614:congruence fallacy
2509:Cambodian genocide
2465:
2442:
2389:After World War II
2302:Critic of atheism
2282:British biologist
2186:Divini Redemptoris
2167:
2148:Divini Redemptoris
2140:Divini Redemptoris
2111:
2106:Divini redemptoris
2051:
1908:
1714:Fyodor Dostoyevsky
1687:
1644:William Bainbridge
1555:William Lane Craig
1552:
1548:William Lane Craig
1511:
1445:William Lane Craig
1409:
1350:special revelation
1284:Divini Redemptoris
1198:theistic arguments
1153:history of science
1022:Center for Inquiry
918:Breaking the Spell
664:Secular liberalism
411:Breaking the Spell
346:Michael Lou Martin
172:Evil God challenge
77:History of atheism
9278:
9277:
9063:The Age of Reason
9014:Atheist Manifesto
8815:Eastern Orthodoxy
8778:Jehovah's Witness
8737:postâCold War era
8640:Religious figures
8519:Swaminarayan sect
8409:
8408:
8284:Feminist theology
8189:
8188:
8152:No limits fallacy
8045:Responses to evil
7971:Mystical idealism
7939:Ontogenetic depth
7811:
7810:
7735:American Atheists
7647:The Age of Reason
7259:978-1-60846-203-2
7234:978-1-60846-203-2
7209:978-0-313-35183-9
7153:; 14 October 2014
7151:New York Magazine
6955:abyss.uoregon.edu
6926:abyss.uoregon.edu
6849:978-1-60846-203-2
6799:978-0-8153-1656-5
6454:978-0-8147-2214-5
6323:978-0-415-29025-8
6276:Ernst Helmreich,
6263:978-0-415-30860-1
6236:978-0-415-91405-5
6209:978-3-8100-3639-1
6179:978-3-8100-4039-8
6031:978-0-434-29276-9
5935:; 20 October 1939
5857:Mussolini's Italy
5569:Russell Blackford
5470:978-0-19-284081-3
5425:section 3.2.1.1.3
5408:978-0-87975-127-2
5328:Martin, Michael.
5315:978-0-8047-4768-4
5181:"Last night's TV"
5100:978-0-664-23304-4
4780:978-0-618-68000-9
4611:978-0-521-84270-9
4486:(12): 2303â2308.
4171:978-0-8264-8971-5
4142:978-0-87975-551-5
3904:Antony, Michael.
3387:978-0-02-865780-6
3295:978-0-415-07310-3
3223:978-0-19-954143-0
3119:978-1-57806-736-7
2976:Atheist Delusions
2896:Kenneth R. Miller
2887:Mere Christianity
2802:Kenneth R. Miller
2771:Stephen Jay Gould
2681:Massimo Pigliucci
2532:, not to mention
2449:Nicolae CeauĹescu
2335:Deakin University
2265:Pope Benedict XVI
1998:Russell Blackford
1872:First Commandment
1823:secular humanists
1748:Kenneth R. Miller
1669:Euthyphro dilemma
1600:believing in God.
1336:existence of gods
1265:French Revolution
1258:Pope John Paul II
1256:". In the 1990s,
1186:Kenneth R. Miller
1138:
1137:
1007:American Atheists
911:The Age of Reason
855:List of agnostics
810:
809:
737:Lists of atheists
595:
594:
560:
548:
546:Philosophy portal
536:
524:
511:
510:
388:
387:
381:Victor J. Stenger
272:Lists of atheists
9325:
9295:
9294:
9286:
9091:The God Delusion
9084:The End of Faith
9077:The Caged Virgin
9042:God Is Not Great
8436:
8429:
8422:
8413:
8412:
8364:Process theology
8216:
8209:
8202:
8193:
8192:
8181:Russell's teapot
8138:Hitchens's razor
7993:Nyayakusumanjali
7846:existence of God
7838:
7831:
7824:
7815:
7814:
7682:God Is Not Great
7675:The God Delusion
7668:The End of Faith
7597:Agnostic atheism
7565:Existence of God
7473:Secular humanism
7448:Anti-clericalism
7420:
7413:
7406:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7390:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7160:
7154:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6957:. Archived from
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6928:. Archived from
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6888:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6758:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6720:
6719:
6704:
6693:
6692:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6582:. Archived from
6575:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6544:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6405:
6399:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6372:
6366:Michael Burleigh
6363:
6354:
6347:
6341:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6304:
6298:
6289:
6283:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6161:
6152:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6068:
6056:
6050:
6040:
6034:
6023:
6017:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5967:. Archived from
5960:
5954:
5945:Geoffrey Blainey
5942:
5936:
5920:
5914:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5886:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5860:
5853:
5847:
5838:Geoffrey Blainey
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5791:
5777:
5771:
5762:Geoffrey Blainey
5759:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5721:
5712:
5705:Geoffrey Blainey
5702:
5693:
5681:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5658:Julian Baggini,
5656:
5650:
5645:Julian Baggini,
5643:
5637:
5636:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5595:
5585:
5579:
5562:
5556:
5547:Geoffrey Blainey
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5525:. Archived from
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5456:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5400:
5386:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5349:
5343:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5303:
5293:
5287:
5284:First Principles
5280:
5274:
5271:First Principles
5267:
5261:
5258:First Principles
5254:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5175:
5162:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5122:. Archived from
5111:
5105:
5090:John F. Haught,
5030:David Limbaugh,
5028:
5022:
5021:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4958:
4955:Reasonable Faith
4948:
4942:
4941:
4929:
4923:
4897:
4891:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4848:"Morality"
4841:
4835:
4834:
4818:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4792:
4784:
4770:The God Delusion
4765:Dawkins, Richard
4761:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4709:
4699:
4693:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4644:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4426:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4280:Reasonable Faith
4271:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4241:
4235:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4115:Reasonable Faith
4106:
4100:
4099:
4088:Faith and Reason
4083:
4077:
4075:
4060:
4045:
4044:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3585:. Archived from
3574:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3502:
3489:
3488:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3276:Rowe, William L.
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3197:. 30 April 2012.
3191:
3185:
3184:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3147:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3107:
3097:
3047:Myth of progress
3003:The Selfish Gene
2997:classical theism
2759:Karl W. Giberson
2701:Geoffrey Blainey
2599:
2578:The God Delusion
2485:Tibetan Buddhism
2325:
2289:
2278:
2254:first encyclical
2244:
2227:in 1937, saying:
2211:, the historian
2202:Richard J. Evans
2195:Benito Mussolini
2189:
2063:blood and nation
1982:Geoffrey Blainey
1961:
1830:First Principles
1784:Secular religion
1778:Atheism as faith
1751:wrong or moral.
1576:
1490:
1439:
1354:natural religion
1313:G. K. Chesterton
1130:
1123:
1116:
946:God Is Not Great
939:The God Delusion
932:The End of Faith
840:Agnostic atheism
803:Existence of God
799:
710:
709:
659:Secular humanism
634:Anti-clericalism
597:
596:
587:
580:
573:
556:
555:
551:
544:
539:
532:
531:
527:
520:
486:Secular humanism
463:
462:
439:God Is Not Great
432:The God Delusion
425:The End of Faith
371:Bertrand Russell
316:Ludwig Feuerbach
268:
267:
246:Russell's teapot
201:
194:Hitchens's razor
179:
105:Atheist feminism
26:
25:
9333:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9289:
9281:
9279:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9231:In Christianity
9202:
9199:Parody religion
9151:
8999:
8866:
8725:Catholic Church
8686:
8635:
8597:Religious texts
8592:
8445:
8440:
8410:
8405:
8225:
8220:
8190:
8185:
8128:God of the gaps
8098:Atheist's Wager
8081:
7848:
7842:
7812:
7807:
7783:
7722:
7632:
7606:
7573:
7507:
7468:Parody religion
7429:
7424:
7394:
7387:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7289:
7285:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7196:
7192:
7161:
7157:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7129:
7119:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7095:
7091:
7083:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7021:
7017:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6977:
6973:
6964:
6962:
6949:
6948:
6944:
6935:
6933:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6878:
6876:
6861:
6857:
6850:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6786:
6782:
6770:
6769:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6723:
6714:on 2013-10-30.
6706:
6705:
6696:
6673:
6669:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6617:
6612:Wayback Machine
6603:
6599:
6589:
6587:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6554:Wayback Machine
6545:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6518:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6441:
6437:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6364:
6357:
6348:
6344:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6308:Poewe, Karla O.
6305:
6301:
6290:
6286:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6162:
6155:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6057:
6053:
6041:
6037:
6024:
6020:
6006:
6002:
5987:
5983:
5974:
5972:
5961:
5957:
5943:
5939:
5933:Wayback Machine
5921:
5917:
5911:Wayback Machine
5902:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5854:
5850:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5816:; web Apr. 2013
5811:
5807:
5800:
5778:
5774:
5760:
5751:
5740:
5736:
5732:; Vintage; 2003
5722:
5715:
5703:
5696:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5657:
5653:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5586:
5582:
5563:
5559:
5545:
5541:
5532:
5530:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5457:
5448:
5441:
5437:
5432:Wayback Machine
5422:
5418:
5409:
5367:
5365:
5350:
5346:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5294:
5290:
5281:
5277:
5268:
5264:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5198:
5194:
5147:
5143:
5129:
5127:
5114:Murphy, Peter.
5112:
5108:
5066:Wayback Machine
5054:, June 17, 2007
5039:Wayback Machine
5029:
5025:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4949:
4945:
4930:
4926:
4921:Wayback Machine
4898:
4894:
4889:Wayback Machine
4866:
4862:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4809:
4802:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4731:
4727:
4719:
4712:
4700:
4696:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4612:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4545:
4541:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4476:
4472:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4317:
4313:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4272:
4268:
4254:
4252:
4250:The Secular Web
4242:
4238:
4233:, April 5, 1980
4227:
4223:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4129:
4125:
4107:
4103:
4084:
4080:
4061:
4048:
4041:
4021:
4014:
4001:
3999:
3989:
3985:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3943:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3914:
3912:
3902:
3898:
3884:
3882:
3880:The Secular Web
3872:
3868:
3855:
3853:
3843:
3839:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3785:
3776:
3762:
3760:
3750:
3746:
3733:
3731:
3730:. 7 August 2016
3728:Is there a God?
3722:
3721:
3717:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3674:
3672:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3492:
3485:
3469:
3465:
3451:
3449:
3438:"www.deism.com"
3436:
3435:
3431:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3388:
3354:
3352:
3336:
3332:
3317:
3313:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3138:
3131:
3120:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3022:Conflict thesis
3012:
2917:Richard Dawkins
2905:
2878:Francis Collins
2872:Francis Collins
2856:Merton's Thesis
2810:Alister McGrath
2779:Steven Weinberg
2775:Stephen Hawking
2767:Richard Dawkins
2733:Alvin Plantinga
2729:Book of Genesis
2658:Pierre Gassendi
2630:
2600:
2597:
2568:Richard Dawkins
2487:since 1959 and
2391:
2323:
2287:
2284:Richard Dawkins
2279:
2276:
2245:
2238:
2190:
2183:
2119:Italian Fascism
2031:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1897:
1864:
1834:Herbert Spencer
1797:. In his essay
1790:
1780:
1744:moral zeitgeist
1736:Richard Dawkins
1721:Catholic Church
1675:
1657:
1636:
1590:
1577:
1570:
1519:Alvin Plantinga
1507:Alvin Plantinga
1491:
1485:Anthony Kenny,
1484:
1464:
1449:William Crawley
1440:
1433:
1393:
1366:
1358:Christian deism
1321:
1309:lay theologians
1219:Francis Collins
1214:Merton's thesis
1190:Alvin Plantinga
1161:social sciences
1134:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1000:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
902:
894:
893:
892:
891:
890:
868:
860:
859:
851:
850:
849:
822:
812:
811:
795:
792:
774:
741:
707:
697:
696:
695:
694:
693:
654:Parody religion
621:
591:
513:
512:
460:
459:Related stances
452:
451:
418:De rerum natura
398:
390:
389:
341:Lawrence Krauss
336:Baron d'Holbach
301:Richard Dawkins
286:Mikhail Bakunin
265:
257:
256:
255:
241:Problem of Hell
236:Problem of evil
226:Parody religion
199:
189:God of the gaps
177:
162:Atheist's wager
153:
145:
144:
100:
92:
91:
72:
64:
63:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9331:
9321:
9320:
9315:
9300:
9299:
9276:
9275:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9233:
9228:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:Related topics
9204:
9203:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9038:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9009:
9007:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8965:
8960:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8882:
8876:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8780:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8696:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8624:Book of Mormon
8616:
8611:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8588:Zoroastrianism
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8511:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8464:
8459:
8453:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8439:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8416:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8223:Belief systems
8219:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8161:Noncognitivism
8158:
8153:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8103:Creator of God
8100:
8095:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8077:Transcendental
8074:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8030:Pascal's wager
8027:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
7995:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7884:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7865:Christological
7862:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7841:
7840:
7833:
7826:
7818:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7804:Secular ethics
7801:
7796:
7791:
7789:
7788:Related topics
7785:
7784:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7650:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7498:Secularization
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7439:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7423:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7400:
7393:
7392:
7385:
7367:
7360:
7339:
7332:
7311:
7304:
7283:
7280:. 31 May 2014.
7265:
7258:
7240:
7233:
7215:
7208:
7190:
7171:(3): 263â280.
7155:
7139:
7113:
7101:
7089:
7077:
7065:
7059:978-0745955490
7058:
7040:
7034:978-0226608419
7033:
7015:
6996:
6989:
6971:
6942:
6913:
6901:
6889:
6855:
6848:
6830:
6824:978-0198745075
6823:
6805:
6798:
6780:
6754:978-0226482149
6753:
6735:
6721:
6694:
6667:
6652:
6645:
6627:
6615:
6597:
6570:
6558:
6556:Dinesh D'Souza
6536:
6534:Dinesh D'Souza
6524:
6512:
6500:
6488:
6476:
6474:, May 14, 1990
6467:David Binder,
6460:
6453:
6435:
6422:10.2307/305838
6416:(2): 204â206.
6400:
6391:
6382:
6373:
6355:
6342:
6329:
6322:
6299:
6284:
6269:
6262:
6242:
6235:
6215:
6208:
6185:
6178:
6153:
6138:
6126:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6078:
6069:
6051:
6035:
6018:
6000:
5981:
5955:
5937:
5915:
5896:
5887:
5870:
5861:
5855:RJB Bosworth;
5848:
5830:
5818:
5805:
5799:978-0801434853
5798:
5782:"Introduction"
5772:
5749:
5744:Koba the Dread
5734:
5729:Koba the Dread
5713:
5711:; Viking; 2011
5694:
5673:
5664:
5651:
5638:
5631:
5613:
5606:
5580:
5557:
5539:
5510:
5496:
5476:
5469:
5446:
5435:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5387:
5344:
5321:
5314:
5288:
5275:
5262:
5249:
5239:
5212:(3): 219â238.
5192:
5190:
5189:
5176:
5141:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5088:
5075:
5055:
5044:Stanley Fish,
5023:
4976:
4969:
4943:
4924:
4904:Douglas Wilson
4892:
4872:Douglas Wilson
4860:
4836:
4829:
4800:
4779:
4767:(2006-09-18).
4753:
4741:
4725:
4710:
4702:Jeremy Waldron
4694:
4679:
4670:
4630:
4610:
4586:
4574:
4539:
4513:
4470:
4444:
4438:978-0521603676
4437:
4411:
4404:
4386:
4379:
4361:
4354:
4336:
4330:978-0198745075
4329:
4311:
4292:
4266:
4236:
4221:
4202:
4196:978-0826496164
4195:
4187:What I Believe
4177:
4170:
4162:What I Believe
4148:
4141:
4123:
4101:
4078:
4046:
4039:
4012:
3983:
3969:. 20 July 2014
3967:Rational Razor
3954:
3925:
3910:Philosophy Now
3896:
3866:
3837:
3809:
3799:
3774:
3744:
3715:
3685:
3656:
3650:978-0195131925
3649:
3627:
3620:
3602:
3581:
3558:
3551:
3531:
3490:
3483:
3463:
3429:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3386:
3330:
3311:
3294:
3267:
3238:
3222:
3200:
3186:
3165:
3158:
3129:
3118:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3008:
2921:Daniel Dennett
2904:
2901:
2789:Primatologist
2650:RenĂŠ Descartes
2638:Charles Darwin
2629:
2626:
2622:Daniel Dennett
2595:
2560:killing fields
2513:Dinesh D'Souza
2412:Albania under
2390:
2387:
2304:Dinesh D'Souza
2274:
2236:
2184:Excerpts from
2181:
2163:Vladimir Lenin
2082:Vladimir Lenin
2055:Julian Baggini
2030:
2027:
1980:The historian
1967:
1964:
1953:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1860:
1852:Michael Martin
1838:self-existence
1779:
1776:
1757:Douglas Wilson
1710:Dinesh D'Souza
1656:
1653:
1635:
1632:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1589:
1586:
1568:
1533:natural events
1529:Ralph McInerny
1515:modal logician
1487:What I Believe
1482:
1463:
1460:
1434:Excerpts from
1431:
1392:
1387:
1365:
1362:
1320:
1317:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1085:Secular ethics
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:Related topics
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
992:
991:
985:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
906:
905:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
889:
888:
883:
878:
872:
871:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
826:
825:
824:
823:
818:
817:
814:
813:
808:
807:
806:
805:
800:
791:
790:
784:
781:
780:
776:
775:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
708:
703:
702:
699:
698:
692:
691:
686:
684:Secularization
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
624:
623:
622:
617:
616:
613:
612:
606:
605:
593:
592:
590:
589:
582:
575:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
549:
537:
525:
515:
514:
509:
508:
507:
506:
498:
497:
491:
490:
489:
488:
483:
478:
470:
469:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
385:
384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
321:A. C. Grayling
318:
313:
308:
306:Daniel Dennett
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
281:Julian Baggini
275:
274:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
196:
191:
186:
181:
174:
169:
167:Creator of God
164:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
125:Secular ethics
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
45:
42:
41:
38:
37:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9330:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9308:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9287:
9284:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9256:Superstitions
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9154:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9081:
9079:
9078:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9051:
9050:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9032:
9030:
9029:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9002:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8832:Protestantism
8830:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8689:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
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8517:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8487:Protestantism
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8437:
8432:
8430:
8425:
8423:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8395:
8394:Transcendence
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8224:
8217:
8212:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8166:Occam's Razor
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
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8091:
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8075:
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8066:
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8028:
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8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
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7912:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7882:Consciousness
7880:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7847:
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7816:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
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7778:
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7768:
7766:
7763:
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7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7728:Organizations
7725:
7719:
7718:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7693:
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7690:
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7684:
7683:
7679:
7677:
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7672:
7670:
7669:
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7662:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7576:
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7568:
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7526:
7523:
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7518:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7483:Secular state
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
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7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7416:
7414:
7409:
7407:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7388:
7386:9780274754410
7382:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7361:9780300164299
7357:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7335:
7333:9780300164299
7329:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7307:
7305:9780300164299
7301:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7279:
7278:The Spectator
7275:
7269:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7244:
7236:
7230:
7226:
7219:
7211:
7205:
7201:
7194:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7128:
7124:
7121:Hooper, Sam.
7117:
7110:
7105:
7098:
7093:
7086:
7081:
7074:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7000:
6992:
6990:9780195386189
6986:
6982:
6975:
6961:on 2011-09-27
6960:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6932:on 2012-04-28
6931:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6910:
6905:
6896:
6894:
6886:
6875:on 2016-03-05
6874:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6851:
6845:
6841:
6834:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6771:|first1=
6764:
6756:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6656:
6648:
6646:9781137586056
6642:
6638:
6631:
6625:, p. 309
6624:
6619:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6601:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6562:
6555:
6551:
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6533:
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6509:
6504:
6497:
6492:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6470:
6464:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6395:
6386:
6377:
6370:
6369:Sacred Causes
6367:
6362:
6360:
6352:
6346:
6339:
6333:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6246:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6192:
6190:
6181:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6158:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6130:
6123:
6117:
6108:
6099:
6092:
6091:0-85211-009-X
6088:
6082:
6073:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6048:
6044:
6043:Richard Overy
6039:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5971:on 2012-09-15
5970:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5891:
5884:
5883:0-85211-009-X
5880:
5874:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5809:
5801:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5746:
5745:
5741:Martin Amis;
5738:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5668:
5661:
5655:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5632:9780875805955
5628:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5607:9780830834662
5603:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5584:
5578:
5577:9781118607817
5574:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5529:on 2015-09-10
5528:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5499:
5497:9781441194114
5493:
5489:
5488:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5410:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5377:Edwards, Paul
5374:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5341:
5340:0-521-84270-0
5337:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5292:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5259:
5253:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5085:1-58134-561-5
5082:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:Think Again,
5047:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4970:9781433501159
4966:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4840:
4832:
4830:9780060930493
4826:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4737:Marcello Pera
4734:
4729:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4674:
4660:on 2016-03-04
4656:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4582:Paul, Gregory
4578:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4555:(3): 383â91.
4554:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
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4466:
4462:
4455:
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4440:
4434:
4430:
4425:
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4415:
4407:
4405:9781119119111
4401:
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4390:
4382:
4380:9781119119111
4376:
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4355:9781119119111
4351:
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4040:9780879752897
4036:
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3800:9780521842709
3796:
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3641:
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3631:
3623:
3621:9780195078640
3617:
3613:
3606:
3592:on 2021-02-07
3588:
3584:
3582:9780195078619
3578:
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3570:
3562:
3554:
3552:9780802817310
3548:
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3509:
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3486:
3484:9780521842709
3480:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3460:
3447:
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3439:
3433:
3426:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:Edwards, Paul
3365:
3364:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3297:
3291:
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3277:
3271:
3256:
3252:
3248:
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3219:
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3211:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3181:w2.vatican.va
3178:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3159:9780060930493
3155:
3151:
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3145:
3136:
3134:
3126:
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3111:
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3105:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3057:State atheism
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2963:Roger Scruton
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
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2910:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2858:is, to quote
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:Frans de Waal
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
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2760:
2753:
2748:
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2675:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:Denis Diderot
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2605:Robert Wright
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2535:
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2527:
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2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
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2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2438:state atheism
2435:
2434:Joseph Stalin
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2386:
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2380:
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2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:Richard Overy
2293:
2285:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:Pope Pius XII
2242:
2239:Excerpt from
2235:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:Joseph Stalin
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:Joseph Stalin
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2067:atheist state
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:'s fanatical
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:Philosophers
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1959:
1956:Excerpt from
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:Francis Bacon
1920:
1917:In his essay
1915:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1841:
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1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:to religious
1789:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
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1715:
1711:
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1701:
1695:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:According to
1640:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
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1556:
1549:
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1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1472:Anthony Kenny
1469:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1352:. Deism is a
1351:
1347:
1344:is a form of
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1311:, among them
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:state atheism
1290:
1289:Joseph Stalin
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Enlightenment
1222:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
907:
898:
897:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
864:
863:
856:
853:
852:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
821:
816:
815:
804:
801:
798:
794:
793:
789:
786:
785:
783:
782:
778:
777:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
749:
745:
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
712:
711:
706:
701:
700:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
669:Secular state
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
620:
615:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
599:
598:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
568:
566:
565:
559:
550:
547:
543:
538:
535:
526:
523:
519:
518:
517:
516:
505:
502:
501:
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499:
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492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
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472:
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468:
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464:
456:
455:
448:
447:
443:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
413:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
400:
394:
393:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
366:Michel Onfray
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
311:Denis Diderot
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
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277:
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261:
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249:
247:
244:
242:
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237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
216:Occam's razor
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
149:
148:
141:
140:State atheism
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
68:
67:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
28:
27:
22:
9176:
9117:
9110:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9054:
9047:
9040:
9033:
9026:
9019:
9012:
8885:Christianity
8862:Zorostianism
8793:Anti-Judaism
8788:Antisemitism
8732:Christianity
8710:BahĂĄ'i Faith
8467:Christianity
8457:BahĂĄËĂ Faith
8398:
8324:Neoplatonism
8254:Antireligion
8050:Teleological
7902:Metaphysical
7887:Cosmological
7875:Resurrection
7765:Humanists UK
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7544:
7520:Demographics
7443:Antireligion
7376:
7370:
7351:
7342:
7323:
7314:
7295:
7286:
7277:
7268:
7249:
7243:
7224:
7218:
7199:
7193:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7150:
7142:
7130:. Retrieved
7126:
7116:
7109:Dawkins 2006
7104:
7092:
7080:
7068:
7049:
7043:
7024:
7018:
7009:
6999:
6980:
6974:
6963:. Retrieved
6959:the original
6954:
6945:
6934:. Retrieved
6930:the original
6925:
6916:
6904:
6883:
6877:. Retrieved
6873:the original
6868:
6858:
6839:
6833:
6814:
6808:
6789:
6783:
6744:
6738:
6715:
6712:the original
6680:
6676:
6670:
6655:
6636:
6630:
6623:Dawkins 2006
6618:
6600:
6590:December 23,
6588:. Retrieved
6584:the original
6573:
6561:
6527:
6515:
6503:
6491:
6479:
6463:
6444:
6438:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6368:
6345:
6332:
6312:
6302:
6292:
6287:
6277:
6272:
6252:
6245:
6225:
6218:
6198:
6169:
6146:
6141:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6081:
6072:
6062:
6059:Alan Bullock
6054:
6046:
6038:
6021:
6011:
6008:Alan Bullock
6003:
5995:The Guardian
5994:
5984:
5973:. Retrieved
5969:the original
5958:
5948:
5940:
5923:
5918:
5899:
5890:
5873:
5864:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5833:
5821:
5813:
5808:
5787:
5775:
5765:
5742:
5737:
5727:
5708:
5687:
5684:Alan Bullock
5667:
5659:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5622:
5616:
5591:
5583:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5542:
5531:. Retrieved
5527:the original
5522:
5513:
5503:10 September
5501:. Retrieved
5486:
5479:
5460:
5438:
5419:
5396:
5391:Flew, Antony
5380:
5366:. Retrieved
5360:
5353:Nielsen, Kai
5347:
5329:
5324:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5278:
5270:
5265:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5185:The Guardian
5184:
5171:
5159:the original
5154:
5144:
5135:
5128:. Retrieved
5124:the original
5119:
5109:
5091:
5078:
5069:
5049:
5026:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4954:
4946:
4938:the original
4927:
4910:
4895:
4878:
4863:
4852:
4839:
4814:
4769:
4748:
4744:
4728:
4705:
4697:
4682:
4673:
4662:. Retrieved
4655:the original
4650:
4646:
4633:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4600:
4589:
4577:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4533:
4529:
4516:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4447:
4422:
4414:
4395:
4389:
4370:
4364:
4345:
4339:
4320:
4314:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4279:
4269:
4260:
4255:27 September
4253:. Retrieved
4249:
4239:
4230:
4224:
4218:(July): 147.
4215:
4211:
4205:
4186:
4180:
4161:
4151:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4087:
4081:
4064:
4025:
4007:
4000:. Retrieved
3996:
3986:
3978:
3973:27 September
3971:. Retrieved
3966:
3957:
3949:
3944:28 September
3942:. Retrieved
3938:
3928:
3920:
3915:27 September
3913:. Retrieved
3909:
3899:
3890:
3885:27 September
3883:. Retrieved
3879:
3869:
3861:
3856:27 September
3854:. Retrieved
3850:
3840:
3832:
3827:26 September
3825:. Retrieved
3821:
3812:
3804:
3789:
3768:
3763:28 September
3761:. Retrieved
3757:
3747:
3739:
3734:28 September
3732:. Retrieved
3727:
3718:
3709:
3704:28 September
3702:. Retrieved
3680:
3673:. Retrieved
3669:
3659:
3638:
3630:
3611:
3605:
3594:. Retrieved
3587:the original
3568:
3561:
3541:
3534:
3507:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3452:12 September
3450:. Retrieved
3446:the original
3441:
3432:
3423:
3418:12 September
3416:. Retrieved
3412:
3403:
3391:
3371:
3359:
3353:. Retrieved
3347:
3340:Nielsen, Kai
3333:
3324:
3314:
3305:
3299:. Retrieved
3283:
3270:
3259:. Retrieved
3255:the original
3250:
3241:
3233:
3227:. Retrieved
3213:
3203:
3189:
3180:
3143:
3123:
3103:
3095:
3068:
3061:
3001:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2909:New Atheists
2906:
2893:
2885:
2876:
2839:
2822:
2807:
2799:
2788:
2783:E. O. Wilson
2756:
2698:
2679:
2674:Steve Fuller
2672:Sociologist
2671:
2663:
2654:Robert Boyle
2646:Isaac Newton
2631:
2609:New Atheists
2602:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2566:
2548:
2540:
2523:
2477:Confucianism
2466:
2451:, here with
2411:
2395:Nazi Germany
2392:
2371:
2362:
2359:freethinking
2355:freethinking
2328:
2281:
2270:
2261:John Paul II
2258:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2213:Alan Bullock
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2169:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2104:
2101:Pope Pius XI
2071:
2058:
2052:
2023:
2015:
2002:Maoist China
1995:
1979:
1957:
1949:
1939:Edmund Burke
1934:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1904:Edmund Burke
1865:
1856:Paul Edwards
1850:
1842:
1829:
1828:In his book
1827:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1773:
1769:
1753:
1733:
1718:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1558:not exist".
1553:
1536:
1527:philosopher
1523:
1512:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1465:
1457:
1442:
1435:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1399:Philosopher
1389:
1367:
1340:
1322:
1282:
1276:
1273:totalitarian
1262:
1250:Pope Pius XI
1246:Edmund Burke
1228:philosopher
1223:
1180:
1140:
1139:
1037:Humanists UK
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
731:
722:Demographics
629:Antireligion
503:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
376:Peter Singer
356:Jean Meslier
296:Albert Camus
9189:New Atheism
9162:Agnosticism
8967:By country
8934:Persecution
8847:Sunni Islam
8810:Neopaganism
8798:Persecution
8771:Persecution
8759:Persecution
8720:Catholicism
8657:Ellen White
8573:Scientology
8568:Neopaganism
8450:By religion
8354:Panentheism
8334:New Thought
8279:Esotericism
8244:Agnosticism
8176:Poor design
8171:Omnipotence
8060:Natural law
8023:Mulla Sudra
7998:Ontological
7976:Natural-law
7956:Mathematics
7897:Contingency
7579:Agnosticism
7458:Freethought
7099:; PBS; 2004
6683:(1): 1â14.
5724:Martin Amis
4461:Suicidologi
3752:Day, Donn.
3425:revelation.
3017:Apologetics
2903:New Atheism
2851:John Lennox
2842:Paul Davies
2825:John Lennox
2752:John Lennox
2705:archaeology
2603:Journalist
2563:reasonable.
2505:Khmer Rouge
2414:Enver Hoxha
2351:materialism
2349:and Jewish
2320:Nietzschean
2175:and now in
2010:Khmer Rouge
1763:, outgoing
1725:natural law
1571:Excerpt by
1537:prima facie
1496:Kai Nielsen
1453:new atheism
1413:Antony Flew
1210:C. S. Lewis
1206:John Lennox
820:Agnosticism
644:Freethought
558:WikiProject
481:Freethought
476:Agnosticism
291:Mario Bunge
231:Poor design
87:New Atheism
9307:Categories
9167:Antitheism
8956:In Judaism
8852:Shia Islam
8749:Falun Gong
8558:Monotheism
8379:Shramanism
8359:Polytheism
8339:Nondualism
8314:Monotheism
8294:Henotheism
8289:Gnosticism
8234:Abrahamism
8093:747 gambit
8065:Watchmaker
8013:Meinongian
7919:Experience
7570:Antitheism
7493:Secularity
7488:Secularism
7435:Irreligion
7427:Irreligion
7132:14 October
6965:2015-06-17
6936:2015-06-17
6879:2015-07-16
6568:Sam Harris
6349:Tom Rees.
6122:Mein Kampf
5975:2012-06-09
5533:2019-06-07
5443:Psalm 14:1
5368:2012-06-09
4996:(8): 1â6.
4687:John Locke
4664:2012-08-08
4096:B000KTCLD0
4073:B0076O7KX8
3675:10 October
3596:2016-10-23
3355:2011-12-06
3301:2011-04-09
3261:2012-04-09
3229:2011-12-05
3088:References
2932:Reza Aslan
2925:Sam Harris
2840:Physicist
2835:multiverse
2763:Carl Sagan
2757:Physicist
2721:geoscience
2685:Lysenkoism
2677:science".
2666:Taner Edis
2543:Sam Harris
2489:Falun Gong
2469:Mao Zedong
2430:Mao Zedong
2375:Bolsheviks
2343:Bolshevism
2292:Anton Gill
2016:Historian
1991:Mao Zedong
1970:See also:
1919:On Atheism
1845:Talal Asad
1705:John Locke
1683:John Locke
1659:See also:
1299:'s China,
1297:Mao Zedong
1242:John Locke
1182:Carl Sagan
1168:apologetic
788:Antitheism
679:Secularity
674:Secularism
619:Irreligion
610:Irreligion
467:Irreligion
326:Sam Harris
130:Secularism
54:Naturalism
9246:Sexuality
9177:Criticism
9156:Movements
8981:In Odisha
8912:Christian
8907:Terrorism
8890:Mormonism
8837:Rastafari
8805:Mormonism
8700:Ahmadiyya
8583:Yazdânism
8541:Wahhabism
8374:Shamanism
8349:Pantheism
8319:Mysticism
8309:Monolatry
8299:Immanence
8156:Nonbelief
8123:Free will
8072:Trademark
7946:Knowledge
7628:Humanists
7623:Agnostics
7602:Apatheism
7545:Criticism
7185:143797722
6763:cite book
5997:. London.
5357:"Atheism"
5282:Spencer,
5269:Spencer,
5187:. London.
5174:. London.
5172:The Times
5155:The Times
5130:2 October
5102:, page 45
5018:256726096
5010:2397-3374
4789:cite book
4749:See, e.g.
4596:M. Martin
4523:"Atheism"
4500:0002-953X
4467:(2): 7â8.
4285:1 October
4002:2 October
3520:cite book
3459:religion.
3344:"Atheism"
3280:"Atheism"
3247:"atheism"
3210:"atheism"
2830:scientism
2818:Darwinism
2814:evolution
2717:chemistry
2709:astronomy
2552:Auschwitz
2497:Four Olds
2367:left-wing
2363:freigeist
2347:Communism
1884:Catholics
1808:The Times
1403:authored
1145:criticism
886:Humanists
881:Agnostics
845:Apatheism
732:Criticism
351:Karl Marx
211:Nonbelief
184:Free will
152:Arguments
9297:Religion
9226:In Islam
9221:Apostasy
8993:Pakistan
8951:In Islam
8880:Buddhism
8754:Hinduism
8715:Buddhism
8672:Muhammad
8531:Islamism
8514:Hinduism
8472:Catholic
8462:Buddhism
8344:Pandeism
8269:Dharmism
8239:Acosmism
8113:Evil God
8055:Junkyard
7986:Seddiqin
7966:Morality
7961:Miracles
7870:Trilemma
7618:Atheists
7525:Religion
7350:(2009).
7322:(2009).
7294:(2009).
7111:, Ch. 6.
6608:Archived
6550:Archived
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6093:; p. 138
5929:Archived
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5428:Archived
5393:(1984).
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