453:
1018:
692:
778:
978:
587:
988:
5026:
1048:
1028:
792:
678:
1038:
807:
763:
913:
893:
720:
1008:
963:
923:
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883:
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104:
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546:, the prohibition of marriage, and long-term separation of men and women intended to prevent procreation. Rape has been found to violate the fourth prohibited act on two bases: where the rape was committed with the intent to impregnate a woman and thereby force her to carry a child of another group (in societies where group identity is determined by
4123:
494:
and
Ruzindana, it extended the list to include: "lack of proper housing, clothing, hygiene and medical care or excessive work or physical exertion" among the conditions. It further noted that, in addition to deprivation of necessary resources, rape could also fit within this prohibited act. In August 2023, founding chief prosecutor of the
1129:
cleansings have not been secured. A number of domestic courts and legislatures have found these events to have met the criteria of genocide, and the ICTY found the acts of, and intent to destroy to have been satisfied, the "dolus specialis" still in question and before the MICT, a UN war crimes court, but ruled that
399:
A less settled discussion is whether deaths that are further removed from the initial acts of violence can be addressed under this provision of the
Genocide Convention. Legal scholars have posited, for example, that deaths resulting from other genocidal acts including causing serious bodily or mental
2247:
The United States attached a reservation to its ratification of the
Genocide Convention, for example, stating that 'before any dispute to which the United States is a party may be submitted to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under , the specific consent of the United States is
493:
The ICTR provided guidance into what constitutes a violation of the third act. In
Akayesu, it identified "subjecting a group of people to a subsistence diet, systematic expulsion from homes and the reduction of essential medical services below minimum requirement" as rising to genocide. In Kayishema
619:
Despite its delegates playing a key role in drafting the convention, the United States did not become a party until 1988—a full forty years after it was opened for signature—and did so only with reservations precluding punishment of the country if it were ever accused of genocide. These were due to
1166:
in
Rakhine State after around 800,000 Rohingya fled at gunpoint to neighbouring Bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, while their home villages were systematically burned. The International Court of Justice has given its first circular in 2018 asking Myanmar to protect its Rohingya from genocide. Myanmar's
567:
The final prohibited act is the only prohibited act that does not lead to physical or biological destruction, but rather to destruction of the group as a cultural and social unit. It occurs when children of the protected group are transferred to the perpetrator group. Boys are typically taken into
476:
The third prohibited act is distinguished from the genocidal act of killing because the deaths are not immediate (or may not even come to pass), but rather create circumstances that do not support prolonged life. Due to the longer period of time before the actual destruction would be achieved, the
1542:
The
Armenian Genocide and International Law, Alfred de Zayas – "And yet there are those who claim that the Armenians have no justiciable rights, because the Genocide Convention was only adopted 1948, more than thirty years after the Armenian genocide, and because treaties are not normally applied
440:
also found that enslavement, removal of one's children into indoctrination or sexual slavery, and acts of physical and sexual violence rise to the level of torture, as well. While it was subject to some debate, the ICTY and, later, the Syrian COI held that under some circumstances deportation and
419:
decision, the ICTR held that rapes and sexual violence resulted in "physical and psychological destruction". Sexual violence is a hallmark of genocidal violence, with most genocidal campaigns explicitly or implicitly sanctioning it. It is estimated that 250,000 to 500,000 women were raped in the
356:
The
Genocide Convention establishes five prohibited acts that, when committed with the requisite intent, amount to genocide. Genocide is not just defined as wide scale massacre-style killings that are visible and well-documented. International law recognizes a broad range of forms of violence in
1254:
have accused Russia of genocide. In April 2022 Genocide Watch issued a genocide alert for
Ukraine. A May 2022 report by 35 legal and genocide experts concluded that Russia has violated the Genocide Convention by the direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and that a pattern of Russian
1128:
of 1995 in which the tribunal found, "Bosnian Serb forces committed genocide, they targeted for extinction, the 40,000 Bosnian
Muslims of Srebrenica ... the trial chamber refers to the crimes by their appropriate name, genocide ..." However, individual convictions applicable to the 1992 ethnic
201:
The
Convention defines genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." These five acts include killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to
2008:
Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, Trial Judgment, para. , Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, 24 March 2016, para. 5664; Patricia Viseur Sellers, "Genocide Gendered: The Srebrenica Cases", The Fifth Annual Katherine B. Fite Lecture, Proceedings of the Ninth International
1647:
Current or former colonial powers—Belgium, Denmark, France, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom—opposed the retention of references to cultural genocide in the draft convention. So did settler countries that had displaced indigenous peoples but otherwise were champions of the development of
353:(a term also not enshrined in international law). In June 2021, the International Criminal Court issued new guidelines for how cultural destruction, when occurring alongside other recognized acts of genocide, can potentially be corroborating evidence for the intent of the crime of genocide.
348:
Early drafts also included acts of cultural destruction in the concept of genocide, but these were opposed by former European colonial powers and some settler countries. Such acts, which Lemkin saw as part and parcel of the concept of genocide, have since often been discussed as
1056:(However, exceptionally, Australia did make such a notification at the same time as the ratification of the convention for Australia proper, 8 July 1949, with the effect that the convention did apply also to all territories under Australian control simultaneously, as the USSR
435:
or punishment, when committed with the requisite intent, are also genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. The ICTY found that both experiencing a failed execution and watching the murder of one's family members may constitute torture. The
3106:
1087:
drafted a 237-page petition arguing that even after 1945, the United States had been responsible for hundreds of wrongful deaths, both legal and extra-legal, as well as numerous other supposedly genocidal abuses. Leaders from the Black community and left activists
206:
of its commission." Member states are prohibited from engaging in genocide and obligated to pursue the enforcement of this prohibition. All perpetrators are to be tried regardless of whether they are private individuals, public officials, or political leaders with
855:
Any Contracting Party may at any time, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, extend the application of the present Convention to all or any of the territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations that Contracting Party is
344:
along with some other nations would not accept that actions against groups identified as holding similar political opinions or social status would constitute genocide, so these stipulations were subsequently removed in a political and diplomatic compromise.
4648:
3066:
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the group by changing their names to those common of the perpetrator group, converting their religion, and using them for labor or as soldiers. Girls who are transferred are not generally converted to the perpetrator group, but instead treated as
489:
relied on as a source of food. This was done for various reasons, primarily to pressure them onto reservations during times of conflict. Some genocide experts describe this as an example of genocide that involves removing the means of survival.
202:
destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims are targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly. The convention further criminalizes "complicity, attempt, or
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1123:
during the Bosnian war. International Tribunal findings have addressed two allegations of genocidal events, including the 1992 ethnic cleansing campaign in municipalities throughout Bosnia, as well as the convictions found in regards to the
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3001:
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384:. Men and boys are typically subject to "fast" killings, such as by gunshot. Women and girls are more likely to die slower deaths by slashing, burning, or as a result of sexual violence. The jurisprudence of the
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437:
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4525:
2966:
1972:
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identity) and where the person raped subsequently refuses to procreate as a result of the trauma. Accordingly, it can take into account both physical and mental measures imposed by the perpetrators.
1935:
Wood, Stephanie K. (2004). "A Woman Scorned for the "Least Condemned" War Crime: Precedent and Problems with Prosecuting Rape as a Serious Crime in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda".
5820:
1217:
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1309:
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424:. In Darfur, a systemic campaign of rape and often sexual mutilation was carried out and in Burma public mass rapes and gang rapes were inflicted on the Rohingya by Burmese security forces.
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entailed the lynching of more than 10,000 African Americans with an average of more than 100 per year, with the full number being unconfirmed at the time due to unreported murder cases.
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retroactively. This, of course, is a fallacy, because the Genocide Convention was drafted and adopted precisely in the light of the Armenian genocide and in the light of the Holocaust."
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ICTR held that courts must consider the duration of time the conditions are imposed as an element of the act. In the 19th century the United States federal government supported the
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traditional American suspicion of any international authority that could override US law. U.S. ratification of the convention was owed in large part to campaigning by Senator
2211:
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atrocities implies the intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group, and the consequent serious risk of genocide triggers the obligation to prevent it on signatory states.
1855:
Prosecutor v. Semanza, Case No. ICTR-97-20-T, Trial Judgment, para. , 15 May 2003; Prosecutor v. Ntagerura, Case No. ICTR-99-46-T, Trial Judgment, para. , 24 February 2004,
5970:
5750:
4540:
5535:
1291:. In addition to starting the litigation process, South Africa also asked the International Court of Justice to demand that Israel cease their military operations in the
214:
The CPPCG has influenced law at both the national and international level. Its definition of genocide has been adopted by international and hybrid tribunals, such as the
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The ICJ has also stated that the prohibition of genocide is a peremptory norm of international law (or ius cogens) and consequently, no derogation from it is allowed.
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Russian forces committed numerous atrocities and war crimes in Ukraine, including all five of the potentially genocidal acts listed in the Genocide Convention.
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415:(ICTY) have held that rape and sexual violence may constitute the second prohibited act of genocide by causing both physical and mental harm. In its landmark
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in April 2022; one state, the Dominican Republic, has signed but not ratified the treaty. Forty-four states have neither signed nor ratified the convention.
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As of June 2024, there are 153 state parties to the Genocide Convention—representing the vast majority of sovereign nations—with the most recent being
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harm or the successful deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction should be considered genocidal killings.
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234:. The Genocide Convention authorizes the mandatory jurisdiction of the ICJ to adjudicate disputes, leading to international litigation such as the
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The first state and parties to be found in breach of the Genocide Convention were Serbia and Montenegro, and numerous Bosnian Serb leaders. In
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2362:"ICTY convicts Ratko Mladić for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"
1636:"Cultural Genocide and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. J. Paul Getty Trust Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy Number 2, 2018"
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on 1 February 2021; since the military is widely seen as the main culprit of the genocide, the coup presents a further challenge to the ICJ.
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Several countries opposed this article, considering that the convention automatically also should apply to Non-Self-Governing Territories:
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and called for the creation of a binding treaty to prevent and punish its perpetration. Subsequent discussions and negotiations among
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517:, cutting all access to food, medical supplies, electricity, gas, internet, and stopping all movement of people to and from Armenia.
799:
Opposed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom
452:
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3205:
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388:(ICTR), among others, shows that both the initial executions and those that quickly follow other acts of extreme violence, such as
272:(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
1777:(June 2018). 'We Will Destroy Everything:' Military Responsibility for Crimes Against Humanity in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Report).
1141:, in order to comply with its obligations under Articles I and VI of the Genocide Convention, in particular in respect of General
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5760:
5260:
3731:
3584:
3514:
90:
1079:
One of the first accusations of genocide submitted to the UN after the Convention entered into force concerned the treatment of
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presented this petition to the UN in December 1951. It was rejected as a misuse of the intent of the treaty. Charges under
239:
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from genocide. This unfounded and false Russian charge has been widely condemned, and has been called by genocide experts
1119:
the International Court of Justice presented its judgment on 26 February 2007. It cleared Serbia of direct involvement in
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4172:
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1937:
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Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, Trial Judgment, Int'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, 24 March 2016
1785:(November 2017). 'They Tried to Kill Us All' Atrocity Crimes against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Report).
195:
156:
218:, and incorporated into the domestic law of several countries. Its provisions are widely considered to be reflective of
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international human rights standards, including the United States, Canada, Sweden, Brazil, New Zealand, and Australia.
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2738:
2175:
Korey, William (March 1997). "The United States and the Genocide Convention: Leading Advocate and Leading Obstacle".
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Holslag, Antonie (2015). "Exposed Bodies: A Conceptual Approach to Sexual Violence during the Armenian Genocide".
1737:(1994). "The Secret Young Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for World War I Genocide of the Armenians".
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Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
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United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
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2663:
2409:
1739:
372:. In certain instances, men and adolescent boys are singled out for murder in the early stages, such as in the
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and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition. It was the first legal instrument to
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Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction
368:
While mass killing is not necessary for genocide to have been committed, it has been present in almost all
190:. This culminated in 1946 in a landmark resolution by the General Assembly that recognized genocide as an
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5405:
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3932:
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3456:
3237:
3087:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
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2390:
2286:
Declarations and Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1901:
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1201:
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624:, who addressed the Senate in support of the treaty every day it was in session between 1967 and 1986.
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2018:
Popović, Case No. IT-05-88-T, para. ; Tolimir, IT-05-88/2-A, para. ; Karadžić, IT-95-5/18-T, para. ;
539:
1635:
513:
under Article II(c) of the Genocide Convention by placing their historic land under a comprehensive
4752:
4737:
4322:
3112:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
529:
259:
1889:...The drafters appreciated that there is more than one way (i.e. killing) to perpetuate genocide.
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428:
was documented in the Armenian genocide by the Ottoman Turks and Daesh's genocide of the Yazidi.
132:
2096:
Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
411:
This second prohibited act can encompass a wide range of non-fatal genocidal acts. The ICTR and
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4246:
3967:
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3436:
3329:
2992:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
1205:
1154:
534:
The fourth prohibited act is aimed at preventing the protected group from regenerating through
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where Stalin was presumably anxious to avoid his purges being subjected to genocidal scrutiny.
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had demanded. The European colonial powers in general did not then make such notifications.)
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International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World
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In practice, this could include deaths from the deliberate infection of Tutsi women with
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1973:"Discrimination to Destruction: A Legal Analysis of Gender Crimes Against the Rohingya"
1957:
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hunting for various reasons, including as a way of destroying the means of survival of
420:
three months of the Rwandan genocide, many of whom were subjected to multiple rapes or
208:
140:
3002:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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3686:
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3107:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
2222:
2184:
2150:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 507.
2127:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 506.
1925:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 731.
1897:
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1553:
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1097:
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226:(ICJ) has likewise ruled that the principles underlying the Convention represent a
2967:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1865:
Totten, Samuel; Theriault, Henry (2019). "The Complexities Inherent in the UNCG".
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543:
538:. It encompasses acts affecting reproduction and intimate relationships, such as
227:
5025:
2789:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
2629:"South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza"
1482:"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"
1457:"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"
1142:
861:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 12
3503:
2776:
2731:
The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects
2467:
2318:
Raphaël Lemkin, creator of the concept of genocide: a world history perspective
2078:
1734:
1695:"Beyond Killing: Gender, Genocide, & Obligations Under International Law 3"
1227:
1047:
547:
465:
461:
425:
322:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 3
282:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2
175:
2784:
1839:
Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath
1443:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect
174:
that lacked an adequate description or legal definition. Polish-Jewish lawyer
5044:
3190:
2854:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
1760:
1264:
791:
478:
334:
219:
171:
1137:, and for failing to try or transfer the persons accused of genocide to the
638:
5030:
4907:
4767:
3768:
3282:
2604:
2600:"Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes"
1314:
1274:
1093:
486:
341:
163:
1780:
1752:
222:
and therefore binding on all nations whether or not they are parties. The
4996:
4810:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
1600:
1557:
1027:
2226:
1218:
Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
289:
Article 3 defines the crimes that can be punished under the convention:
4897:
3962:
2693:(15 June 2016). They Came to Destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis.
2494:"Interview: Landmark World Court Order Protects Rohingya from Genocide"
1715:
1292:
677:
503:
231:
111:
2523:"World Court orders Myanmar to protect Rohingya from acts of genocide"
1512:"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
1345:"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
1310:
States parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1208:, a powerful, historically recurring, form of incitement to genocide.
340:
The first draft of the Convention included political killing, but the
3351:
2405:"ICJ: Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 – Bosnia v. Serbia"
1243:
1037:
977:
806:
762:
421:
2298:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1413:
637:
Several parties conditioned their ratification of the Convention on
121:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
38:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
18:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
3887:
3875:
3319:
2972:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1893:
1606:
The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence
1200:, claiming that it acted, among other reasons, in order to protect
1130:
1120:
912:
892:
719:
514:
155:. The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951 and has 153
136:
1370:
1368:
275:(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
269:(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
5871:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4805:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
3472:
2633:
2527:
2385:
2162:
Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study
1905:
1251:
1231:
1159:
1007:
987:
962:
942:
922:
902:
882:
872:
820:
748:
734:
663:
393:
278:(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
2729:
Henham, Ralph J.; Chalfont, Paul; Behrens, Paul (Editors 2007).
849:
441:
forcible transfer may also cause serious bodily or mental harm.
5821:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
3952:
3870:
3840:
3805:
3336:
2468:"Top UN court orders Myanmar to protect Rohingya from genocide"
1887:: Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
1365:
1278:
1247:
1239:
1223:
997:
952:
932:
613:
3017:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
2880:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
2760:
The Soviet Union and the Gutting of the UN Genocide Convention
2715:
Tams, Christian J.; Berster, Lars; Schiffbauer, Björn (2024).
1660:
International Criminal Court (ICC), Office of the Prosecutor.
1564:
The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective
521:
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
404:
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
5966:
Treaties extended to British Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3850:
2836:
2035:
Hinton, Alexander; Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (2014).
1990:
1185:
1017:
835:
705:
691:
645:
for genocide without the consent of the national government:
554:
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
360:
162:
The Genocide Convention was conceived largely in response to
27:
1948 United Nations resolution which legally defined genocide
1133:
did breach international law by failing to prevent the 1995
396:, are recognized as falling under the first prohibited act.
1138:
971:
The opposition of those countries were in turn opposed by:
572:, as played out in both the Yazidi and Armenian genocides.
389:
329:
The convention was passed to outlaw actions similar to the
5926:
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
2823:
1885:
Direct Killing is Not the Only Way to Commit Genocide ...
262:, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such:
3386:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
413:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2886:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
1956:
Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan (Report).
506:
was committing genocide against the ethnic Armenians of
5886:
Treaties extended to the Australian Antarctic Territory
3421:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2717:
The Genocide Convention – Article-by-Article Commentary
2335:"UN Asked to Act Against Genocide in the United States"
2261:"U.S. Senate: William Proxmire and the Genocide Treaty"
2034:
1867:
The United Nations Genocide Convention: An Introduction
1352:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
178:, who had coined the term genocide in 1944 to describe
5891:
Treaties extended to Heard Island and McDonald Islands
5151:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
5086:
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
2521:
Paul, Stephanie van den Berg, Ruma (23 January 2020).
1281:
of violating the Genocide Convention, filing the case
5976:
Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)
2982:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2898:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
2009:
Humanitarian Law Dialogs, 30 Aug. – 1 September 2015.
1971:
Shubin, Grant; Sarver, Elena; Smith, Kristin (2018).
1773:
5271:
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
4763:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
4713:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3077:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
3012:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
2903:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
2719:, 2nd edition. C.H. Beck / Nomos / Hart Publishing,
2381:"Serbia cleared of genocide, failed to stop killing"
153:
third session of the United Nations General Assembly
5971:
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
5751:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2691:
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
4820:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
3376:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
3131:
1833:
1804:
1561:
186:, campaigned for its recognition as a crime under
5861:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
5696:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
4956:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
2212:"Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent"
1970:
1506:
1504:
1502:
250:Article 2 of the Convention defines genocide as:
240:dispute over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5896:Treaties extended to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5881:Treaties extended to Ashmore and Cartier Islands
5042:
3406:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3381:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3176:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2209:
1810:Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda
1552:
1211:
382:Burmese security forces' attacks on the Rohingya
5831:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
5536:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
5201:Treaties of the French protectorate of Cambodia
4930:World Federation of United Nations Associations
4425:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2892:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2359:
2210:Bradley, Curtis A.; Goldsmith, Jack L. (2000).
1916:. To date, neither has been prosecuted as such.
1864:
1115:Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro
306:Direct and public incitement to commit genocide
5941:Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
5921:Treaties extended to the Nauru Trust Territory
3220:
3007:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
2437:"Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide"
1499:
5616:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
5221:Treaties of the Republic of China (1949–1971)
5181:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
3488:
3206:
3151:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2809:
2037:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America
850:Application to non-self-governing territories
653:Parties making reservations from prosecution
632:
254:... any of the following acts committed with
5631:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4825:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
3161:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
3047:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
2548:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1284:South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
502:published a report presenting evidence that
357:which the crime of genocide can be enacted.
5996:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
5711:Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–1963)
5521:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
3156:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
2977:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
2754:
2447:. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found
2307:, STATUS AS AT: 1 October 2011 07:22:22 EDT
1269:South Africa's genocide case against Israel
5906:Treaties extended to the Coral Sea Islands
5401:Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
5216:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
4918:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
4830:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities
3495:
3481:
3391:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3213:
3199:
2913:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
2865:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2816:
2802:
2762:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1305:List of parties to the Genocide Convention
1186:Russian accusations of genocide by Ukraine
582:List of parties to the Genocide Convention
386:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
5866:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
5846:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
5176:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
3411:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2838:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
2030:
2028:
590:Participation in the Genocide Convention
245:
6001:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
5961:Treaties extended to British Saint Lucia
4347:Conference on International Organization
3067:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
1414:"A/RES/96(I) - E - A/RES/96(I) -Desktop"
585:
451:
230:against genocide that no government can
5951:Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
4262:Office international d'hygiène publique
2159:
2118:(Trial Chamber), 21 May 1999, para. 548
1733:
1677:
1164:genocide against its Rohingya community
770:Opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom
727:Opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom
460:, the U.S. federal government promoted
91:Secretary-General of the United Nations
14:
5981:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
5931:Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo
5916:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
5466:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
5321:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
5081:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
5043:
4057:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
2875:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
2825:International human rights instruments
2626:
2379:Hudson, Alexandra (26 February 2007).
2378:
2310:
2025:
378:Ottoman Turks' attack on the Armenians
5986:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
5946:Treaties extended to British Dominica
5901:Treaties extended to Christmas Island
4971:UN television film series (1964–1966)
4723:International Narcotics Control Board
4654:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
4442:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
4413:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4391:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3476:
3194:
3130:
3033:
2987:Convention on the Rights of the Child
2942:
2941:
2924:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
2859:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2835:
2797:
2689:
2656:"APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS"
2219:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2174:
2138:"REPORT ARMENIA – Luis Moreno Ocampo"
2111:
2109:
2107:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2019:
1996:
1900:or from the abuse and denial of food
1721:
1599:
1287:, due to Israel's actions during the
5956:Treaties extended to British Grenada
5856:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
5756:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
4795:United Nations Postal Administration
4430:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
4149:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2564:"Genocide Emergency Update: Ukraine"
2520:
1938:Columbia Journal of Gender & Law
1934:
1841:(Report). p. 39. Archived from
1633:
1403:, (Transaction Publishers, 2004), 9.
1181:Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)
5876:Treaties extended to Norfolk Island
5791:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
5076:Treaties entered into force in 1951
5061:International criminal law treaties
4198:Permanent representatives to the UN
4087:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
3094:American Convention on Human Rights
2095:
2070:
1692:
143:genocide as a crime, and the first
24:
5936:Treaties extended to Ruanda-Urundi
5691:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
5171:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5007:Withdrawal from the United Nations
4193:Security Council Permanent members
3502:
3072:European Convention on Nationality
2787:on the Genocide Convention in the
2703:
2296:United Nations Treaty Collection:
2189:10.1111/j.1747-7093.1997.tb00032.x
2177:Ethics & International Affairs
2104:
2057:
1524:from the original on 13 April 2022
1376:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
438:Syrian Commission of Inquiry (COI)
25:
6012:
5646:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
5356:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
4992:United Nations in popular culture
4676:Expulsion from the United Nations
4621:General Assembly President (2016)
3062:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
2627:Corder, Mike (29 December 2023).
1192:Accusations of genocide in Donbas
266:(a) Killing members of the group;
151:, on 9 December 1948, during the
54:Palais de Chaillot, Paris, France
5991:Treaties extended to West Berlin
5306:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
5291:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
5024:
3034:
2710:Bibliography of Genocide studies
2284:Prevent Genocide International:
1068:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
834:
819:
805:
790:
776:
761:
747:
733:
718:
704:
690:
676:
662:
374:genocide of the Yazidis by Daesh
180:Nazi policies in occupied Europe
102:
5731:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
5441:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
5101:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
4580:International Court of Justice
4129:Sport for Development and Peace
2648:
2620:
2592:
2574:
2556:
2514:
2486:
2460:
2429:
2397:
2372:
2353:
2327:
2290:
2278:
2253:
2203:
2168:
2153:
2144:
2130:
2121:
2012:
2002:
1964:
1949:
1928:
1919:
1858:
1849:
1798:
1789:
1767:
1727:
1653:
1627:
1593:
1546:
627:
433:inhuman, or degrading treatment
311:(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
149:United Nations General Assembly
5911:Treaties extended to Greenland
5851:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
5761:Treaties of the United Kingdom
5261:Treaties of the Czech Republic
4257:Permanent Court of Arbitration
4252:International Peace Conference
3619:International Court of Justice
3452:International humanitarian law
3396:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3134:International humanitarian law
2682:
2664:International Court of Justice
2410:International Court of Justice
1740:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1536:
1474:
1449:
1431:
1406:
1393:
1337:
468:to pressure them to remain on
224:International Court of Justice
13:
1:
5836:Treaties extended to Guernsey
5766:Treaties of the United States
5336:Treaties of Georgia (country)
4790:Sustainable Development Goals
4317:Declaration by United Nations
4242:International Telegraph Union
3102:to Prevent and Punish Torture
2582:"Genocide Emergency: Ukraine"
2164:. Bloomsbury. pp. 96–97.
1662:"Policy on Cultural Heritage"
1330:
1212:Russian atrocities in Ukraine
1107:
1063:
361:Killing members of the group
5826:Treaties extended to Bermuda
5621:Treaties of the Soviet Union
5586:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
4718:International Criminal Court
4154:UN organizations by location
3416:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3401:International Criminal Court
2733:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
1783:US Holocaust Memorial Museum
1670:International Criminal Court
496:International Criminal Court
216:International Criminal Court
7:
5841:Treaties extended to Jersey
5686:Treaties of Francoist Spain
5611:Treaties of North Macedonia
5601:Treaties of the Philippines
5551:Treaties of the Netherlands
4852:Security Council veto power
4159:Sexual Violence in Conflict
4082:Economic and Social Affairs
3653:Economic and Social Council
3457:International speech crimes
3238:Customary international law
1871:University of Toronto Press
1325:Outline of genocide studies
1298:
1295:as an antisemitic measure.
1202:Russian-speaking Ukrainians
147:unanimously adopted by the
10:
6017:
5266:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
5071:Treaties concluded in 1948
4903:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea
4728:International Day of Peace
4210:General Assembly Observers
3533:General Assembly President
3278:Convention Against Torture
3222:International criminal law
3098:Inter-American Convention
2962:Convention against Torture
2707:
1873:. pp. 37–68 (45–46).
1812:(Report). . Archived from
1702:Global Justice Center 2018
1611:Cambridge University Press
1570:Cambridge University Press
1262:
1215:
1189:
1178:
1169:overthrown by the military
1152:
1148:
1072:
843:Opposed by United Kingdom
828:Opposed by United Kingdom
633:Immunity from prosecutions
601: Acceded or succeeded
579:
575:
560:
527:
5811:Treaties of South Vietnam
5471:Treaties of Liechtenstein
5371:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
5020:
4943:
4634:
4556:
4459:
4447:World Heritage Convention
4356:
4335:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
4297:
4234:
4225:
4171:
4045:General Assembly Building
4018:
3901:
3673:
3572:
3554:
3545:
3510:
3447:Joint criminal enterprise
3429:
3360:
3291:
3228:
3141:
3126:
3042:
3029:
2952:
2937:
2844:
2831:
1258:
1174:
796:United States of America
643:immunity from prosecution
595: Signed and ratified
540:involuntary sterilization
431:Torture and other cruel,
101:
96:
86:
74:
66:
58:
50:
42:
37:
5676:Treaties of South Africa
5636:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
5491:Treaties of the Maldives
5396:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
5346:Treaties of East Germany
5341:Treaties of West Germany
5186:Treaties of Burkina Faso
5051:Human rights instruments
4753:Military Staff Committee
4092:Dag Hammarskjöld Library
3595:Deputy Secretary-General
3524:Deputy Secretary-General
3367:(in order of foundation)
2695:U.N. Doc. A/HRC/32/CRP.2
2454:28 February 2007 at the
2116:Kayishema and Ruzindana,
1826:: CS1 maint: location (
1634:Luck, Edward C. (2018).
1167:civilian government was
530:Compulsory sterilization
458:Native American genocide
5786:Treaties of South Yemen
5706:Treaties of Switzerland
5681:Treaties of South Korea
5566:Treaties of North Korea
5556:Treaties of New Zealand
5296:Treaties of El Salvador
5241:Treaties of Ivory Coast
5231:Treaties of the Comoros
5131:Treaties of the Bahamas
5056:United Nations treaties
4924:Woodrow Wilson Memorial
4886:UN International School
4881:UN Federal Credit Union
4862:Security Council reform
4698:Four Nations Initiative
4626:Security Council (2016)
4469:Security Council vetoes
3600:Under-Secretary-General
3305:Crimes against humanity
2870:Declaration of Montreal
2785:procedural history note
2303:20 October 2012 at the
2248:required in each case.'
1960:. 2004. pp. 26–29.
198:resulted in the CPPCG.
5806:Treaties of Cape Verde
5776:Treaties of Uzbekistan
5656:Treaties of Seychelles
5651:Treaties of Yugoslavia
5526:Treaties of Montenegro
5481:Treaties of Luxembourg
5436:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
5426:Treaties of Kazakhstan
5331:Treaties of the Gambia
5236:Treaties of Costa Rica
5141:Treaties of Bangladesh
5126:Treaties of Azerbaijan
4874:Security Council mural
4840:Millennium Declaration
4785:SDG Publishers Compact
4247:Universal Postal Union
3462:Universal jurisdiction
3437:Command responsibility
3330:Incitement to genocide
3268:United Nations Charter
1401:The Banality of Denial
1206:accusation in a mirror
1198:Russia invaded Ukraine
1155:Rohingya genocide case
864:
609:
479:extermination of bison
473:
327:
316:Complicity in genocide
287:
246:Definition of genocide
236:Rohingya genocide case
159:as of June 2024.
5661:Treaties of Singapore
5561:Treaties of Nicaragua
5501:Treaties of Mauritius
5476:Treaties of Lithuania
5361:Treaties of Guatemala
5116:Treaties of Australia
5106:Treaties of Argentina
5012:Women in peacekeeping
4671:Drug control treaties
2919:Yogyakarta Principles
2360:Chambers, The Hague.
2041:Duke University Press
1977:Global Justice Center
1914:use of sexual slavery
1837:(24 September 1996).
1775:Amnesty International
1439:"Genocide Background"
1085:Civil Rights Congress
853:
782:United Arab Emirates
589:
455:
291:
252:
5796:Treaties of Zimbabwe
5716:Treaties of Tanzania
5671:Treaties of Slovenia
5666:Treaties of Slovakia
5606:Treaties of Portugal
5591:Treaties of Paraguay
5576:Treaties of Pakistan
5486:Treaties of Malaysia
5381:Treaties of Honduras
5281:Treaties of Dominica
5226:Treaties of Colombia
5146:Treaties of Barbados
4966:United Nations Radio
4961:United Nations Medal
4913:University for Peace
4644:Bretton Woods system
4379:governed territories
4124:Developing Countries
4035:Secretariat Building
3904:Specialized agencies
3363:International courts
3263:Nuremberg principles
2849:Brazilian Resolution
1896:through rape in the
1162:has been accused of
370:recognized genocides
133:international treaty
5801:Treaties of Ireland
5781:Treaties of Vietnam
5771:Treaties of Uruguay
5736:Treaties of Tunisia
5641:Treaties of Senegal
5541:Treaties of Namibia
5531:Treaties of Morocco
5511:Treaties of Moldova
5461:Treaties of Liberia
5456:Treaties of Lesotho
5451:Treaties of Lebanon
5416:Treaties of Jamaica
5386:Treaties of Iceland
5316:Treaties of Finland
5301:Treaties of Estonia
5286:Treaties of Ecuador
5276:Treaties of Denmark
5246:Treaties of Croatia
5196:Treaties of Burundi
5191:Treaties of Myanmar
5166:Treaties of Bolivia
5156:Treaties of Belgium
5136:Treaties of Bahrain
5121:Treaties of Austria
5111:Treaties of Armenia
5096:Treaties of Andorra
5091:Treaties of Algeria
4738:International Years
4703:Genocide Convention
4139:Outer Space Affairs
4134:Disarmament Affairs
4099:Safety and Security
4040:Conference Building
4020:Secretariat offices
3665:Trusteeship Council
3310:Crime of aggression
3273:Genocide Convention
3146:Genocide Convention
2588:. 4 September 2022.
2445:. 26 February 2007.
2322:Humanities Research
2227:10.2139/SSRN.224298
2075:"What is genocide?"
2072:Stanton, Gregory H.
1753:10.1093/hgs/7.2.173
1520:. 9 December 1948.
1135:Srebrenica genocide
1126:Srebrenica massacre
649:
563:Forced assimilation
470:Indian reservations
301:to commit genocide;
260:in whole or in part
192:international crime
145:human rights treaty
129:Genocide Convention
108:Genocide Convention
34:
33:Genocide Convention
5746:Treaties of Uganda
5741:Treaties of Turkey
5701:Treaties of Sweden
5626:Treaties of Rwanda
5581:Treaties of Panama
5571:Treaties of Norway
5516:Treaties of Monaco
5506:Treaties of Mexico
5446:Treaties of Latvia
5431:Treaties of Kuwait
5421:Treaties of Jordan
5406:Treaties of Israel
5366:Treaties of Guinea
5256:Treaties of Cyprus
5206:Treaties of Canada
5161:Treaties of Belize
4758:Official languages
4305:London Declaration
4114:Internal Oversight
4104:Palestinian Rights
3676:Funds, programmes,
3315:Crime of apartheid
3253:Geneva Conventions
3166:Geneva Conventions
2756:Weiss-Wendt, Anton
2499:Human Rights Watch
2442:The New York Times
2341:. 22 December 1951
1958:Human Rights Watch
1835:Human Rights Watch
1806:Human Rights Watch
1643:J Paul Getty Trust
1196:In February 2022,
1102:We Charge Genocide
1075:We Charge Genocide
957:Russian Federation
648:
610:
500:Luis Moreno Ocampo
474:
209:sovereign immunity
135:that criminalizes
32:
5726:Treaties of Tonga
5546:Treaties of Nepal
5411:Treaties of Italy
5391:Treaties of India
5376:Treaties of Haiti
5351:Treaties of Ghana
5326:Treaties of Gabon
5211:Treaties of Chile
5038:
5037:
4869:UN Art Collection
4845:Millennium Summit
4800:UN Block By Block
4780:Ralph Bunche Park
4748:UN laissez-passer
4708:UN Global Compact
4665:Delivering as One
4564:Secretary-General
4455:
4454:
4435:Indigenous Caucus
4329:Tehran Conference
4323:Moscow Conference
4298:Preparatory years
4267:League of Nations
4167:
4166:
4067:Palace of Nations
3769:UNEP/GRID-Arendal
3585:Secretary-General
3528:Amina J. Mohammed
3515:Secretary-General
3470:
3469:
3296:international law
3258:Nuremberg Charter
3248:Hague Conventions
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3171:Hague Conventions
3122:
3121:
3025:
3024:
2945:International law
2933:
2932:
2777:Introductory note
2769:978-0-299-31290-9
2747:978-0-7546-4898-7
2725:978-3-406-81272-9
2502:. 27 January 2020
2474:. 23 January 2020
2339:The Afro-American
1902:inflicted by ISIL
1693:Ashraph, Sareta.
1609:. Cambridge, UK:
1568:. Cambridge, UK:
1554:Gellately, Robert
1320:List of genocides
1277:formally accused
1273:In December 2023
1090:William Patterson
847:
846:
607: Only signed
351:cultural genocide
331:Armenian genocide
256:intent to destroy
188:international law
184:Armenian genocide
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
6008:
5721:Treaties of Togo
5596:Treaties of Peru
5496:Treaties of Mali
5311:Treaties of Fiji
5251:Treaties of Cuba
5031:World portal
5029:
5028:
4935:Biopiracy treaty
4521:Nagorno-Karabakh
4491:Security Council
4474:General Assembly
4401:Human Rights Day
4341:Yalta Conference
4311:Atlantic Charter
4232:
4231:
4188:Founding members
4109:Peace Operations
3993:World Bank Group
3687:Culture of Peace
3678:and other bodies
3631:Security Council
3607:General Assembly
3573:Principal organs
3552:
3551:
3519:AntĂłnio Guterres
3497:
3490:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3430:Related concepts
3368:
3325:Genocidal intent
3215:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3128:
3127:
3031:
3030:
2939:
2938:
2908:Paris Principles
2833:
2832:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2773:
2698:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2570:. 13 April 2022.
2560:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2458:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2413:. Archived from
2401:
2395:
2394:
2393:on 2 March 2007.
2389:. Archived from
2376:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2314:
2308:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2085:on 15 March 2022
2081:. Archived from
2068:
2055:
2054:
2032:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1898:Rwandan genocide
1891:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1808:(1 March 1999).
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:Fortify Rights;
1778:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1711:on 17 June 2024.
1710:
1704:. Archived from
1699:
1690:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1567:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:. United Nations
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1341:
1289:Israel-Hamas War
1098:W. E. B. Du Bois
1051:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
981:
980:
966:
965:
956:
955:
946:
945:
936:
935:
926:
925:
916:
915:
906:
905:
896:
895:
886:
885:
876:
875:
862:
839:
838:
824:
823:
810:
809:
795:
794:
781:
780:
766:
765:
752:
751:
738:
737:
723:
722:
709:
708:
695:
694:
681:
680:
667:
666:
650:
647:
622:William Proxmire
606:
600:
594:
511:Nagorno-Karabakh
483:Native Americans
323:
283:
196:UN member states
106:
105:
35:
31:
21:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6005:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5023:
5016:
4939:
4630:
4552:
4451:
4352:
4293:
4235:Preceding years
4221:
4174:
4163:
4022:and departments
4021:
4014:
3906:
3897:
3680:
3677:
3669:
3568:
3541:
3506:
3501:
3471:
3466:
3442:Superior orders
3425:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3298:
3295:
3287:
3243:Peremptory norm
3224:
3219:
3189:
3180:
3137:
3118:
3038:
3021:
2948:
2929:
2840:
2827:
2822:
2781:William Schabas
2770:
2712:
2706:
2704:Further reading
2701:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2456:Wayback Machine
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2377:
2373:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2305:Wayback Machine
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2105:
2088:
2086:
2069:
2058:
2051:
2043:. p. 292.
2033:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:, paras. 32–41.
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1945:(274): 299–301.
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1881:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:on 13 May 2024.
1819:
1818:
1816:on 18 May 2024.
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1772:
1768:
1747:(2): 173, at .
1735:Dadrian, Vahakn
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1697:
1691:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1380:treaties.un.org
1374:
1373:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1301:
1271:
1263:Main articles:
1261:
1220:
1214:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1157:
1151:
1110:
1081:Black Americans
1077:
1071:
1066:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
863:
860:
852:
833:
818:
804:
789:
775:
760:
746:
732:
717:
703:
689:
675:
661:
635:
630:
608:
604:
602:
598:
596:
592:
584:
578:
565:
559:
544:forced abortion
532:
526:
456:As part of the
450:
409:
366:
324:
321:
284:
281:
248:
228:peremptory norm
103:
62:12 January 1951
46:9 December 1948
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6014:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5816:1948 in France
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5036:
5035:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4541:Western Sahara
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4215:European Union
4207:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Envoy on Youth
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3537:Dennis Francis
3530:
3521:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:United Nations
3500:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3294:Crimes against
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
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3082:Social Charter
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2586:Genocide Watch
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2568:Genocide Watch
2555:
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2459:
2428:
2417:on 5 June 2011
2396:
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2352:
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2316:John Docker, "
2309:
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2265:www.senate.gov
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2079:Genocide Watch
2056:
2049:
2024:
2011:
2001:
1989:
1963:
1948:
1927:
1918:
1908:sex slaves by
1880:978-1487524081
1879:
1857:
1848:
1797:
1788:
1766:
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1714:
1676:
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1645:. p. 24.
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1216:Main article:
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1190:Main article:
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1179:Main article:
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1052:United Kingdom
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580:Main article:
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466:Plains Indians
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426:Sexual slavery
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4815:Treaty Series
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4175:and observers
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4119:Legal Affairs
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3342:Slave trading
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2608:. 27 May 2022
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2112:
2110:
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2099:
2084:
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2052:
2050:9780822376149
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2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
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1620:0-521-42214-0
1616:
1613:. p. 8.
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1583:0-521-52750-3
1579:
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1571:
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1503:
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1477:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1399:Auron, Yair,
1396:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
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1313:
1311:
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1306:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1265:Gaza genocide
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1069:United States
1061:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
973:
972:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
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894:
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879:
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869:
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842:
837:
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813:
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721:
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707:
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688:
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646:
644:
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623:
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615:
588:
583:
573:
571:
564:
557:
556:Article II(e)
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
524:
523:Article II(d)
518:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:
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484:
480:
471:
467:
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454:
448:
447:Article II(c)
442:
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423:
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406:Article II(b)
401:
397:
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383:
379:
375:
371:
364:
363:Article II(a)
358:
354:
352:
346:
343:
338:
336:
335:the Holocaust
332:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
294:(a) Genocide;
293:
292:
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277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
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261:
257:
251:
243:
241:
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220:customary law
217:
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199:
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157:state parties
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
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126:
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109:
100:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
80:complete list
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5022:
4984:
4976:
4922:
4768:Peacekeeping
4743:Interpreters
4702:
4663:
4364:Peacekeeping
4282:organization
4183:Full members
4144:Partnerships
4030:Headquarters
3752:peacekeeping
3283:Rome Statute
3272:
3145:
3132:
3036:Regional law
3035:
2943:
2837:
2759:
2730:
2716:
2694:
2668:. Retrieved
2662:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2632:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2605:The Guardian
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2532:. Retrieved
2526:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2440:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:the original
2408:
2399:
2391:the original
2384:
2374:
2366:www.icty.org
2365:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2324:16(2), 2010.
2321:
2312:
2292:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2246:
2218:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2132:
2123:
2115:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2036:
2014:
2004:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1966:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1886:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1843:the original
1814:the original
1800:
1791:
1769:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1717:
1706:the original
1701:
1668:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1605:
1601:Staub, Ervin
1595:
1587:
1563:
1558:Kiernan, Ben
1548:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1515:
1493:
1486:. Retrieved
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1339:
1315:Rome Statute
1282:
1275:South Africa
1272:
1221:
1195:
1158:
1143:Ratko Mladić
1113:
1111:
1094:Paul Robeson
1078:
1057:
1055:
970:
865:
854:
639:reservations
636:
628:Reservations
618:
611:
566:
555:
536:reproduction
533:
522:
492:
487:Great Plains
475:
446:
430:
410:
405:
398:
367:
362:
355:
347:
339:
328:
288:
253:
249:
213:
200:
170:such as the
166:, which saw
164:World War II
161:
128:
124:
120:
118:
29:
4997:UNICEF club
4691:Honour Flag
4526:North Korea
4461:Resolutions
4408:Enlargement
3580:Secretariat
2683:Works cited
2612:24 December
2183:: 271–290.
1869:. Toronto:
1822:cite report
1572:. pp.
1488:24 November
1032:Netherlands
856:responsible
682:Bangladesh
641:that grant
548:patrilineal
67:Signatories
5045:Categories
4985:Ex Tempore
4977:UN Special
4898:UN Mandate
4357:Activities
3963:UN Tourism
3786:UN-HABITAT
3764:OzonAction
3589:selections
3347:Starvation
2534:20 January
2506:20 January
2478:20 January
2421:19 January
2345:18 October
2020:OHCHR 2016
1997:OHCHR 2016
1724:, paras. .
1722:OHCHR 2016
1461:www.un.org
1418:undocs.org
1331:References
1293:Gaza Strip
1108:Yugoslavia
1064:Litigation
811:Venezuela
767:Singapore
561:See also:
528:See also:
504:Azerbaijan
380:, and the
299:Conspiracy
204:incitement
168:atrocities
127:), or the
112:Wikisource
87:Depositary
4857:UN reform
4659:Criticism
4557:Elections
4531:Palestine
4418:committee
3826:UN-Oceans
3774:UNEP-WCMC
3658:President
3646:President
3636:Elections
3612:President
3547:UN System
3352:War crime
3058:European
2697:(Report).
2670:2 January
2640:2 January
2544:cite news
2235:153350639
2197:145335690
2098:help page
1982:28 August
1761:1476-7937
1357:5 January
1244:Lithuania
1042:Sri Lanka
982:Australia
724:Malaysia
422:gang rape
172:Holocaust
97:Full text
59:Effective
5066:Genocide
5002:Model UN
4987:magazine
4979:magazine
4908:UN Sacco
4396:drafting
4374:timeline
4369:missions
4272:archives
3888:UN Women
3876:UNU-CRIS
3727:UNCITRAL
3564:Preamble
3320:Genocide
2926:(UNDROP)
2894:(UNDRIP)
2758:(2017).
2452:Archived
2301:Archived
2089:12 April
1894:HIV/AIDS
1603:(1989).
1560:(2003).
1528:18 April
1522:Archived
1299:See also
1131:Belgrade
1121:genocide
917:Mongolia
897:Bulgaria
859:—
825:Vietnam
753:Myanmar
739:Morocco
668:Bahrain
515:blockade
481:, which
320:—
280:—
232:derogate
182:and the
137:genocide
131:, is an
51:Location
4951:Outline
4636:Related
4516:Lebanon
4287:members
4277:charter
4227:History
4173:Members
4072:Nairobi
3707:MINURSO
3641:Members
3624:Statute
3556:Charter
3230:Sources
2888:(DEVAW)
2882:(DEDAW)
2634:AP News
2528:Reuters
2472:UN News
2386:Reuters
2022:, 32–41
1385:26 June
1252:Ukraine
1236:Ireland
1232:Estonia
1228:Czechia
1160:Myanmar
1149:Myanmar
1058:et alii
1012:Ecuador
992:Belgium
967:Ukraine
947:Romania
927:Myanmar
907:Hungary
887:Belarus
877:Albania
576:Parties
570:chattel
508:Artsakh
485:in the
417:Akayesu
394:torture
75:Parties
4835:UN Day
4773:Canada
4649:CCISUA
4511:Israel
4496:Cyprus
4349:(1945)
4343:(1945)
4337:(1944)
4331:(1943)
4325:(1943)
4319:(1942)
4313:(1941)
4307:(1941)
4077:Vienna
4062:Geneva
3953:UNESCO
3871:UNU-OP
3846:UNRISD
3841:UNOSAT
3821:UNITAR
3816:UNIDIR
3811:UNICRI
3806:UNICEF
3722:UNCTAD
3712:UNAIDS
3337:Piracy
2915:(VDPA)
2861:(UDHR)
2766:
2745:
2737:
2723:
2270:3 June
2243:224298
2241:
2233:
2195:
2047:
1906:Yazidi
1877:
1759:
1617:
1580:
1466:3 June
1423:3 June
1279:Israel
1259:Israel
1250:, and
1248:Poland
1240:Latvia
1224:Canada
1175:Russia
1096:, and
1083:. The
1002:Brazil
937:Poland
840:Yemen
710:India
696:China
614:Zambia
605:
599:
593:
498:(ICC)
376:, the
141:codify
43:Signed
4944:Other
4891:Hanoi
4681:FICSA
4546:Yemen
4536:Syria
4384:UNPOL
3958:UNIDO
3861:UNSSC
3856:UNSDG
3851:UNRWA
3836:UNOPS
3831:UNODC
3801:UNHRC
3796:UNHCR
3791:OHCHR
3781:UNFPA
3747:UNDPO
3737:UNDGC
3732:UNCDF
2750:p. 98
2659:(PDF)
2231:S2CID
2215:(PDF)
2193:S2CID
1709:(PDF)
1698:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1639:(PDF)
1517:OHCHR
1348:(PDF)
1022:China
656:Note
462:bison
125:CPPCG
78:153 (
4686:Flag
4614:2011
4609:2014
4604:2017
4599:2020
4594:2021
4589:2022
4584:2023
4574:2016
4569:2021
4506:Iraq
4501:Iran
4484:67th
4479:66th
4203:list
3998:IBRD
3983:WIPO
3973:WFEO
3923:IFAD
3918:ICAO
3759:UNEP
3742:UNDP
3717:SCSL
3702:IAEA
3697:IPCC
2783:and
2764:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2672:2024
2642:2024
2614:2022
2550:link
2536:2021
2508:2021
2480:2021
2449:here
2423:2008
2347:2022
2272:2021
2239:SSRN
2091:2016
2045:ISBN
1984:2021
1910:ISIL
1875:ISBN
1828:link
1757:ISSN
1615:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1530:2022
1490:2023
1468:2021
1425:2021
1387:2024
1359:2020
1267:and
1139:ICTY
392:and
390:rape
342:USSR
333:and
314:(e)
304:(c)
297:(b)
238:and
119:The
4008:IFC
4003:IDA
3988:WMO
3978:WHO
3968:UPU
3948:ITU
3943:IOM
3938:IMO
3933:IMF
3928:ILO
3913:FAO
3893:WFP
3883:UNV
3866:UNU
3692:ITC
2779:by
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2223:doi
2185:doi
1912:'s
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1749:doi
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110:at
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