1517:
Commonwealth and its agencies claimed an unfettered immunity from state legislation and had used s. 109 to justify this position, specifically that the NSW Act was in conflict with the Act which created the DHA and s. 109 of the constitution applied. Mr. Henderson took the case to the High Court and a panel of seven justices to arbitrate the matter. By a majority decision of six to one the court ruled that the DHA was bound by the NSW Act on the basis that the NSW Act did not limit, deny or restrict the activities of the DHA but sought to regulate them, an important distinction which was further explained in the rulings of several of the justices. It was ruled that the NSW Act was one of general application and therefore the Crown (in respect of the
Commonwealth) could not be immune from it, citing other cases in which the same ruling had been made and that it was contrary to the rule of law. As a result of this case, the Commonwealth cannot claim a broad constitutional immunity from state legislation.
1752:
Kong should be absolute, and may be invoked when jurisdiction is sought in the foreign court in relation to an application to enforce a foreign judgment or arbitral award, or when execution is sought against assets in the foreign state. This means that sovereign states are absolutely immune to the jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts, including in commercial claims, unless the state waives its immunity. In order to waive immunity, there must be express, unequivocal submission to the jurisdiction of the Hong Kong courts "in the face of the court". Claimants should establish that the state party has waived their entitlement to immunity at the relevant stage, before proceedings can occur in court.
48:
2574:. Singapore's State Immunity Act has phrases identical to that of Section 9 of United Kingdom's State Immunity Act, and does not allow a foreign state, which has agreed to submit a dispute to arbitration, to claim jurisdictional immunity in judicial proceedings relating to the agreed arbitration, i.e. "where a State has agreed in writing to submit a dispute which has arisen, or may arise, to arbitration, the state is not immune as respects proceedings in the courts in Singapore which relate to the arbitration".
2704:. The monarchy is exempt from numerous other workers' rights, health and safety, or pensions laws. Government employees such as environmental inspectors are banned from entering the monarch's property without their permission. The monarch is also exempt from numerous taxes, although Queen Elizabeth II did pay some taxes voluntarily. Some of the odder exceptions for the monarch are included in laws against private persons setting off nuclear explosions, or regulating the sale of alcohol after midnight.
1651:
1685:
intervene in a suit (e.g. to make protests), it should not be viewed as waiver of immunity. Chinese state-owned companies considered instrumental to the state have claimed sovereign immunity in lawsuits brought against them in foreign courts before. China's view is that sovereign immunity is a lawful right and interest that their enterprises are entitled to protect. Some examples of
Chinese state-owned companies that have claimed sovereign immunity in foreign lawsuits are the
1282:
2826:
structure, its history, and the authoritative interpretations by this Court make clear, the States' immunity from suit is a fundamental aspect of the sovereignty which the States enjoyed before the ratification of the
Constitution, and which they retain today (either literally or by virtue of their admission into the Union upon an equal footing with the other States) except as altered by the plan of the Convention or certain constitutional Amendments.
2497:
2347:
4214:, describing Stephens as "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the
1474:, declare that, "When a law of a State is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth, the latter shall prevail, and the former shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be invalid." Based on this, depending on the context of application and whether a particular statute infringes on the executive powers of the state or the Commonwealth the Crown may or may not be immune from any particular statute.
2408:
done in their official capacities so that they are not responsible for acts done on behalf of the state. However, this immunity does not extend to acts done in abuse of the powers of their office of which they are liable upon the expiration of their tenure. It is important to note that the judiciary has absolute immunity for actions decisions taken in their official capacity.
1777:
of the executive's authority; though any person wishing to question such authority shall not, by taking the case to the courts of justice, avoid temporary compliance with orders given by the executive authority." Furthermore, no other member of the royal family can be prosecuted for any crime under
Article 25 of the old absolutist constitution
2558:
concern other members of the Royal Family, except in such cases as they are exercising the office of Regent when the King is unable to serve. It is a disputed matter among
Swedish constitutional lawyers whether the article also implies that the King is immune against lawsuits in civil cases, which do not involve prosecution.
2838:
argued that in view of this, and given the limited nature of congressional power delegated by the original unamended
Constitution, the court could not "conclude that the specific Article I powers delegated to Congress necessarily include, by virtue of the Necessary and Proper Clause or otherwise, the
1469:
establishes matters on which the states and the
Commonwealth legislate independently of each other; in practice this means the states legislate on some things and the Commonwealth legislates on others. In some circumstances, this can create ambiguity as to the applicability of legislation where there
2466:
the
Spanish constitution did not state whether an abdicated monarch retains his legal immunity, but the government was planning to make changes to allow this. Legislation has been passed, although unlike his previous immunity, the new legislation does not completely shield the former sovereign. Juan
2112:
The president of the
Republic of Finland has immunity from prosecution according to Article 113 of the Constitution, which applies to his official activities. If he is suspect of treason, treason or a crime against humanity in the course of his official duties, the parliament can, with a ¾ majority,
1776:
cannot be sued in his or her personal capacity. On the other hand, this immunity from lawsuits does not extend to the state as such and article 63 explicitly authorises the courts to judge the executive authority: "The courts of justice shall be empowered to decide any question relating to the scope
1493:
on specific matters of conflict between the application of states laws on
Commonwealth agencies have provided the interpretation that the Crown in all of its other capacities includes the Commonwealth, therefore if a state Act contains this text then the Act may bind the Commonwealth, subject to the
2676:
are immune from arrest in civil proceedings. No arrest can be made "in the monarch's presence", or within the "verges" of a royal palace. When a royal palace is used as a residence (regardless of whether the monarch is actually living there at the time), judicial processes cannot be executed within
1735:
FG Hemisphere subsequently learned that the Congolese government entered into a separate joint venture with Chinese companies later, in which the Congolese government would be paid US$ 221 million in mining entry fees. As a result, FG Hemisphere applied to collect these fees in order to enforce the
1516:
to enter the premises for the purposes of conducting inspections. In response, DHA claimed that as a Commonwealth agency the legislation of NSW did not apply to it and further sought writs of prohibition attempting to restrain Mr. Henderson from pursuing the matter further. Up until this point the
2663:
As the Crown Proceedings Act only affected the law in respect of acts carried on by or on behalf of the British government, the monarch remains personally immune from criminal and civil actions. However, civil proceedings can, in theory, still be brought using the two original mechanisms outlined
2407:
Section 308 of the Nigerian constitution of 1999 provides immunity from court proceedings, i.e., proceedings that will compel their attendance in favour of elected executive officers, namely the President and his vice and the governors of the states and the deputies. This immunity extends to acts
1751:
ruled 3:2 that the Congolese government had not waived its immunity in the Hong Kong courts, and that as a Special Administrative Region of China, Hong Kong could not have policies on state immunity that were inconsistent with China's. Therefore, the doctrine of sovereign immunity applied in Hong
2557:
or Queen who is Head of State cannot be prosecuted for his or her actions. Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State." This only concerns the King as a private person, since he does not appoint the government, nor do any public officials act in his name. It does not
1684:
China has consistently claimed that a basic principle of international law is for states and their property to have absolute sovereign immunity. China objects to restrictive sovereign immunity. It is held that a state can waive its immunity by voluntarily stating so, but that should a government
2810:
we have understood the Eleventh Amendment to stand not so much for what it says, but for the presupposition of our constitutional structure which it confirms: that the States entered the federal system with their sovereignty intact; that the judicial authority in Article III is limited by this
2228:
The President of the Republic is not responsible for the actions performed in the exercise of presidential duties, except in the case of high treason or violation of the Constitution. In such cases, the President may be impeached by Parliament in joint session, with an absolute majority of its
2825:
sometimes referred to the States' immunity from suit as "Eleventh Amendment immunity" phrase is convenient shorthand but something of a misnomer, the sovereign immunity of the States neither derives from, nor is limited by, the terms of the Eleventh Amendment. Rather, as the Constitution's
2467:
Carlos must answer to the supreme court, in a similar type of protection afforded to many high-ranking civil servants and politicians in Spain. The legislation stipulates that all outstanding legal matters relating to the former king be suspended and passed "immediately" to the supreme court.
1636:
for the same motives. Judge St-Cyr again rejected her demand, noting that constitutional law does not grant a lieutenant governor the same benefits as the monarch and that, in her case, royal immunity would only apply to actions involving official state functions, not personal ones. She was
2424:
cannot be prosecuted or sued in his or her personal capacity, but this immunity does not extend to the state as such. Neither does immunity extend to the monarch in his capacity as an owner or stakeholder in real property, or as an employer, provided that the suit does not allege personal
1584:
states, "no enactment is binding on His Majesty or affects His Majesty or His Majesty's rights or prerogatives in any manner, unless the enactment expressly states that it binds His Majesty." However, in more recent times "all Canadian provinces ... and the federal government (the
1370:, the sovereign is the historical origin of the authority which creates the courts. Thus the courts had no power to compel the sovereign to be bound by them as they were created by the sovereign for the protection of his or her subjects. This rule was commonly expressed by the popular
1736:
earlier arbitral award. The Congolese government asserted sovereign immunity in the legal proceedings. This was eventually brought to the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, when the Congolese government fought to overturn an earlier Court of Appeal decision which had ruled that:
1488:
While there is no ambiguity about the first aspect of this declaration about binding the Crown with respect to the state in question, there have been several cases about the interpretation of the second aspect extending it to the Crown in its other capacities. Rulings by the
1534:
If these three tests are satisfied, then the Act binds the Crown in respect of the Commonwealth. In Australia, there is no clear automatic Crown immunity or lack of it; as such there is a rebuttable presumption that the Crown is not bound by a statute, as noted in
1589:) have now rectified this anomaly by passing legislation which leaves the Crown liable in tort as a normal person would be. Thus, the tort liability of the government is a relatively new development in Canada, statute-based, and is not a fruit of common law."
2285:
was made according to this article. Officials who commit torts themselves are not liable, although the State or a public entity has the right to obtain reimbursement from the officers if there is intent or gross negligence on the part of them. The
3703:
Original: La persona del Rey de España es inviolable y no está sujeta a responsabilidad. Sus actos estarán siempre refrendados en la forma establecida en el artículo 64, careciendo de validez sin dicho refrendo, salvo lo dispuesto en el artículo
2769:, which waives the immunity over claims arising out of contracts to which the federal government is a party. The United States as a sovereign is immune from suit unless it unequivocally consents to being sued. The United States Supreme Court in
2800:(1795) re-affirms that states possess sovereign immunity and are therefore generally immune from being sued in federal court without their consent. In later cases, the Supreme Court has strengthened state sovereign immunity considerably. In
2457:
The person of the King is inviolable and shall not be held accountable. His acts shall always be countersigned in the manner established in section 64. Without such countersignature they shall not be valid, except as provided under section
2868:
2094:
1631:
for misappropriation of public funds, but invoked royal immunity on the basis that "the Queen can do no wrong". As per convention, the court did not disclose its reasons for not considering the matter. Thibault later petitioned the
2699:
As of 2022, there were more than 160 laws granting express immunity to the monarch or their property in some respects. For instance, employees of the monarchy cannot pursue anti-discrimination complaints such as those under the
2628:
which made the Crown (when acting as the government) liable as of right in proceedings where it was previously only liable by virtue of a grant of a fiat. With limited exceptions, this had the effect of allowing proceedings for
2760:
has sovereign immunity and may not be sued anywhere in the United States unless it has waived its immunity or consented to suit. The United States has waived sovereign immunity to a limited extent, mainly through the
2773:
observed: "It is an axiom of our jurisprudence. The government is not liable to suit unless it consents thereto, and its liability in suit cannot be extended beyond the plain language of the statute authorizing it."
2087:
1503:
in 1997. This case involved the arbitration of a dispute between Mr. Henderson and the Defence Housing Authority (DHA). Mr. Henderson owned a house which the DHA had leased to provide housing to members of the
2080:
1768:
The King shall not be answerable for his actions; his person shall be sacrosanct. The Ministers shall be responsible for the conduct of the government; their responsibility shall be determined by Statute.
1579:
Canada inherited the common law version of Crown immunity from British law. However, over time, the scope of Crown immunity has been steadily reduced by statute law. As of 1994, section 14 of Alberta's
1406:
or representative form (nor to a lesser extent the state) can be a defendant or subject of court proceedings, nor in most equivalent forums such as under arbitration awards and tribunal awards/damages.
2325:
or any ruler of a component state in the Special Court. This was previously impossible because every ruler of Malaysia was stated to be protected from being brought to court due to their royal status.
1989:
1465:
There is no automatic Crown immunity in Australia, and the Australian Constitution does not establish a state of unfettered immunity of the Crown in respect of the states and the Commonwealth. The
1362:
Sovereign immunity is the original forebear of state immunity based on the classical concept of sovereignty in the sense that a sovereign could not be subjected without his or her approval to the
3794:
2802:
2269:
states: "Every person may sue for redress as provided by law from the State or a public entity, in case he has suffered damage through illegal act of any public official." The State Redress Act
1484:
State acts may contain wording similar to: "This Act binds the Crown in right of and, in so far as the legislative power of the Parliament of permits, the Crown in all its other capacities."
1891:
2718:
In United States law, state, federal and tribal governments generally enjoy immunity from lawsuits. Local governments typically enjoy immunity from some forms of suit, particularly in
2567:
3043:
1543:
1781:(The King's Law), currently still valid, which states: "They shall answer to no magistrate judges, but their first and last Judge shall be the King, or to whom He to that decrees."
3459:
1410:
Immunity from enforcement means that even if a person succeeds in any way against their sovereign or state, they and the judgment may find themselves without means of enforcement.
4222:" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty ... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)
2874:
2811:
sovereignty, and that a State will therefore not be subject to suit in federal court unless it has consented to suit, either expressly or in the "plan of the convention".
2881:
Additionally, Congress can abrogate state sovereign immunity when it acts pursuant to powers delegated to it by any amendments ratified after the Eleventh Amendment. The
2045:
3353:
2858:
1732:. During arbitration, Energoinvest was awarded damages against the Congolese government and SNEL. This was reassigned by Energoinvest to FG Hemisphere Associates LLC.
3374:
3094:
1477:
Many Acts passed in Australia, both at the state and at the federal level, contain a section declaring whether the Act binds the Crown, and, if so, in what respect:
1920:
2852:
533:
3716:"El Rey perderá su inviolabilidad tras la abdicación pero puede pasar a ser aforado [The King will lose his immunity after abdicating but could keep it]"
2598:
has never been liable to be prosecuted or proceeded against in either criminal or civil cases. The only means by which civil proceedings could be brought were:
3062:
2892:
3405:
1586:
1497:
A landmark case which set a precedent for challenging broad Crown immunity and established tests for the applicability of state laws on the Commonwealth was
3265:
2449:
is personally immune from prosecution for acts committed by government ministers in the King's name, according to Title II, Section 56, Subsection 3 of the
2797:
1806:
3790:
2839:
incidental authority to subject the States to private suits as a means of achieving objectives otherwise within the scope of the enumerated powers".
4255:
2116:
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the president remains accountable in front of law for acts outside of his office in the same way as other citizens.
1701:
In 2011, the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal ruled that absolute sovereign immunity applies in Hong Kong, as the Court found that Hong Kong, as a
4124:
Zoldan, Evan (2006). "The King is Dead, Long Live the King!: Sovereign Immunity and the Curious Case of Nonappropriated Fund Instrumentalities".
3742:
2732:: pursuant to which a government actor may not be sued for the allegedly wrongful act, even if that person acted maliciously or in bad faith; and
2318:
1481:
Commonwealth Acts may contain wording similar to: "This Act binds the Crown in each of its capacities", or specify a more restricted application.
3334:
2052:
2200:
in 1922, and that accordingly the state could be sued for and held vicariously liable for the acts and omissions of its servants and agents.
2113:
decide to bring charges to the national court. The president cannot be charged for other crimes committed in the performance of his duties.
2738:: pursuant to which a government actor is shielded from liability only if specific conditions are met, as specified in statute or case law.
1723:
1471:
1743:
if absolute sovereign immunity had applied in Hong Kong, the Congolese government had waived their sovereign immunity rights in this case.
4227:
2420:
states: "The King's person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his Council." Accordingly, the
2023:
3977:
Absolute immunity applies to acts that, if subject to challenge, would significantly affect the operation of government. See, e.g.,
2620:
by actions against ministers or government departments where an Act of Parliament had specifically provided that immunity be waived.
3184:
3715:
2757:
2713:
1702:
1513:
1174:
3926:
3763:
2614:
2333:
Since 1848, article 42 of the Dutch constitution states: "The king is immune from prosecution; the ministers are responsible".
2249:
of the President (Art. 278), and until 2006 it was an offence to publicly give the President responsibility for actions of the
1686:
1140:
2862:(2003), and counties are not generally considered to have sovereign immunity, even when they "exercise a 'slice of state power
2977:
2692:
owned by the Crown, but present on another's land, cannot be taken in execution or for distress. The Crown is not subject to
1499:
767:
741:
3140:
2033:
1422:
state dictates there be broad exceptions to immunity such as statutes which expressly bind the state (a prime example being
3223:
2842:
However, a "consequence of Court's recognition of preratification sovereignty as the source of immunity from suit is that
1740:
as restrictive sovereign immunity applied in Hong Kong, the Congolese government had no immunity in commercial proceedings.
1310:
3101:
1637:
eventually found guilty and sentenced to 18 months in jail, but was granted conditional release after serving six months.
1520:
In practice, three tests have been developed to determine whether a state law applies to the Commonwealth and vice versa:
3060:
3025:
2514:
2368:
1537:
726:
326:
1705:
of China, could not have policies on state immunity that were inconsistent with China. The ruling was an outcome of the
3980:
2793:
2650:
1610:
3316:
2061:
449:
4165:
3283:
3153:
2536:
2394:
2040:
1818:
1748:
3570:
3069:
2376:
4004:
1690:
1524:
Does the law seek to merely regulate the activities of the Commonwealth as opposed to deny, restrict or limit them?
4193:
2960:
2003:
1799:
1619:
do not enjoy the same immunity as the sovereign in matters not relating to the powers of the office. In 2013, the
2991:
2178:
as long as that person is holding either office. However, they can be impeached and then sued for their actions.
1969:
1571:
According to the constitution of Bhutan, the monarch is not answerable in a court of law for his or her actions.
1181:
772:
2066:
568:
3596:
2518:
2372:
1906:
896:
489:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3825:
3810:
2287:
117:
47:
3125:
The law was passed during the reign of Elizabeth II, but now uses male pronouns after amendment by the
3205:
2450:
2175:
1628:
1616:
608:
3061:
Legal Department of the House of Representatives, with the collaboration of Mr A. MacLean (January 2009).
2146:, a distinct entity), claims sovereign immunity for the pope, supported by many international agreements.
4272:
2919:
2657:
1899:
958:
3302:
2625:
1660:
1560:
1130:
953:
762:
642:
1955:
311:
2476:
1466:
1367:
1135:
990:
736:
396:
3126:
1613:
is immune from the jurisdiction of the courts in other provinces. However, this is now in question.
341:
3335:"Chinese state-owned firms claim 'sovereign immunity' in US courts with foreign ministry's backing"
3228:
3005:
2357:
2220:
is not accountable, and is not responsible for any act of their office, unless they have committed
2028:
1527:
Is the state law constructed such that the act binds the Crown in respect of all of its capacities?
1505:
1303:
479:
429:
236:
3621:
578:
3209:
3011:
2762:
2571:
2507:
2361:
2193:
2155:
1998:
1950:
1870:
1761:
1620:
1556:
1490:
1451:
intervening in or taking any steps in any suit (other than for the purpose of claiming immunity).
852:
459:
127:
3686:
2909:
2578:
2550:
2480:
2417:
2298:
1851:
1846:
1223:
970:
731:
538:
194:
4137:
2988:"The Commonwealth's Implied Constitutional Immunity From State Law - Legal Briefing Number 36"
1813:
1438:
Sovereign immunity of a state entity may be waived. A state entity may waive its immunity by:
3434:
2987:
2887:
2646:
2322:
2266:
2209:
2167:
2158:
the president can only be held accountable and be prosecuted with the consent of parliament.
1056:
1000:
632:
75:
1592:
Since 1918, it has been held that provincial legislatures cannot bind the federal Crown, as
1541:. The Crown's immunity may also apply to other parties in certain circumstances, as held in
563:
351:
4194:"The Last of His Kind, review of The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years"
3840:
3048:
3030:
2982:
2765:, which waives the immunity if a tortious act of a federal employee causes damage, and the
1836:
1411:
1083:
713:
702:
652:
613:
603:
3509:
3484:
553:
543:
361:
8:
3665:
3388:
2914:
2882:
2291:
1941:
1773:
1593:
1296:
1228:
686:
673:
660:
184:
2664:
above – by petition of right or by suit against the Attorney General for a declaration.
1667:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1530:
Is there no inconsistency between a state law and a Commonwealth law on the same matter?
386:
336:
4215:
4106:
4098:
4024:
3247:
2934:
2735:
2642:
2554:
2421:
2213:
2171:
2143:
1913:
1581:
1470:
is no clearly established Crown immunity. The Australian Constitution does however, in
1423:
1248:
1125:
1066:
995:
793:
780:
754:
411:
256:
122:
4249:
4133:
4110:
4049:
3952:
3551:
3251:
3149:
2904:
2788:
2745:
2729:
2701:
2689:
2681:
2603:
2446:
2434:
1712:
1402:
1253:
1238:
1157:
847:
718:
665:
647:
593:
573:
558:
548:
381:
366:
316:
296:
164:
112:
107:
85:
80:
32:
3534:
Harding, Andrew (July 1993). "Sovereigns immune? The Malaysian monarchy in crisis".
3354:"Case analysis: Democratic Republic of Congo and Ors v FG Hemisphere Associates LLC"
4088:
4016:
3543:
3237:
2463:
2302:
2250:
2238:
2217:
2197:
2188:
1945:
1265:
1164:
1113:
598:
513:
209:
179:
132:
4166:"Washington's Special Relationship Exception to the Public Duty Doctrine Doctrine"
3317:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on May 11, 2016"
2125:
1400:
Immunity from suit means that neither a sovereign/head of state in person nor any
3838:
Sunkin, Maurice (2003). "Crown immunity from criminal liability in English law".
3798:
3768:
3159:
2939:
2856:(2006, emphasis added). Thus, cities and municipalities lack sovereign immunity,
2835:
2673:
1633:
1427:
1415:
1286:
857:
785:
749:
681:
588:
583:
528:
401:
376:
321:
2817:
1964:
1877:
1351:
1339:
1331:
1095:
1017:
523:
281:
204:
159:
20:
3547:
3044:
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Limited
4266:
4189:
3720:
3571:"Positie van het staatshoofd - Rol van het staatshoofd - Het Koninklijk Huis"
3555:
2581:
does to a certain extent have sovereign immunity subjected to clause 22K(4).
1778:
1720:
The Democratic Republic of the Congo and its state-owned electricity company
1624:
1213:
1108:
1088:
1078:
891:
416:
406:
346:
306:
301:
142:
3420:
3266:"Lise Thibault, ex-Quebec lieutenant-governor, testifies at her fraud trial"
3242:
2895:, which explicitly allows Congress to enforce its guarantees on the states.
2437:
currently in force states: "The State may not be sued without its consent."
3644:
2929:
2221:
1884:
1729:
1606:
take away or abridge any privilege of the Crown in right of the Dominion."
1419:
1390:
1363:
1347:
1073:
948:
913:
697:
518:
391:
356:
214:
3681:
3679:
1007:
4219:
3370:
3129:, to reflect the accession of Charles III as King of Canada in 2022.
2924:
2693:
1960:
1371:
1243:
1208:
980:
938:
884:
842:
812:
637:
371:
251:
152:
2891:(1976), is most often implicated in cases that involve Section 5 of the
2305:
because he is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people".
1281:
4102:
4028:
3676:
2766:
2521: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2246:
2234:
1100:
1051:
975:
469:
291:
219:
70:
23:
whereby a state or sovereign may not be amenable before foreign courts.
3813:, volume 12(1): "Crown Proceedings and Crown Practice", paragraph 101
3597:"Artikel 42: Ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid - Nederlandse Grondwet"
2196:
declared that sovereign immunity had not survived the creation of the
906:
2685:
2656:
Criminal proceedings are still prohibited from being brought against
2595:
1627:
to have charges against her dropped. She was being prosecuted by the
1233:
1218:
1169:
1120:
1029:
985:
965:
933:
877:
867:
822:
817:
439:
246:
229:
199:
4093:
4076:
4020:
3828:, volume 8(1): "Constitutional Law and Human Rights", paragraph 382
2742:
In some situations, sovereign immunity may have been waived by law.
2607:
2496:
2346:
1787:
Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church
1623:
refused to hear the request of former Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
2638:
2634:
2594:
Historically, the general rule in the United Kingdom has been that
2314:
2224:
or attempted to subvert the Constitution, as stated in Article 90:
2139:
2131:
1203:
1147:
1012:
872:
241:
174:
39:
4225:
3660:
3658:
3284:"Lise Thibault granted conditional release after serving 6 months"
1728:(SNEL) defaulted on payments of a debt owed to an energy company,
1544:
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare
3423:. The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic.
1354:
is a similar, stronger doctrine, that applies to foreign courts.
1343:
1335:
1260:
1152:
1061:
943:
901:
862:
331:
189:
169:
137:
65:
3981:"Talking About Speech or Debate: Revisiting Legislative Immunit"
3127:
Demise of the Crown (Statutes) Amendment Regulation, AR 217/2022
1389:
immunity from suit (also known as immunity from jurisdiction or
3655:
2672:
The monarch is immune from arrest in all cases; members of the
2637:
to be brought against the Crown. Proceedings to bring writs of
2254:
1191:
224:
3927:"Revealed: Queen's sweeping immunity from more than 160 laws"
3375:"Unofficial translation of the Constitutional Act of Denmark"
3321:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
2242:
1196:
1186:
286:
147:
3138:
2875:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
2869:
Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
2719:
2630:
2135:
1714:
Democratic Republic of the Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates
1707:
Democratic Republic of the Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates
1024:
2321:
in 1993 made it possible to bring proceedings against the
2961:"A Selection of Legal Maxims, Classified and Illustrated"
2725:
In the US, sovereign immunity falls into two categories:
2660:
unless expressly permitted by the Crown Proceedings Act.
2170:
no legal action in the court of law can be taken against
4005:"Stump v. Sparkman and the History of Judicial Immunity"
2853:
Northern Insurance Company of New York v. Chatham County
2850:
possess immunity from suits authorized by federal law".
3905:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 54
3893:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 53
3881:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 52
3869:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 56
3857:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 47
1350:, strictly speaking in modern texts in its own courts.
4077:"New United States Policy Limiting Sovereign Immunity"
2483:
has sovereign immunity (during the period of office).
1609:
It has also been a constitutional convention that the
1665:. The reason given is: Major policy change upon the .
3645:"1987 Philippine Constitution - The LawPhil Project"
2301:
ruled that it does not have judicial power over the
4150:
United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538 (1980)
2566:In Singapore, state immunities are codified in the
1448:
submitting to jurisdiction as a defendant in a suit
3569:Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (January 8, 2015).
3365:
3363:
2290:enables the people to file lawsuits involving the
4228:"Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy"
2963:. T. & J.W. Johnson – via Google Books.
1663:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
1445:instituting proceedings without claiming immunity
4264:
3666:"Constitución española de 1978: 04 - Wikisource"
3208: at p. 194, 56 SCR 176 (5 March 1918),
2606:, which was dependent on the grant of the royal
3360:
2821:(1999), the Court explained that while it has
2570:, which closely resembles the United Kingdom's
2278:
1342:cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from
3389:"LOV nr 20001 af 14/11/1665, Statsministeriet"
3224:"Interprovincial Sovereign Immunity Revisited"
2272:
3821:
3819:
2751:
2088:
1687:Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC)
1418:coupled with a political status other than a
1304:
4254:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3634:Fliflet: Grunnloven - kommentarutgave, p. 98
2972:
2970:
2680:The monarch's goods cannot be taken under a
2624:The position was drastically altered by the
1721:
3369:
2781:
2462:At the time of the June 2014 abdication of
2375:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2067:Bp. Edward J. Slattery § Illegal immigrants
1990:History of Christian thought on persecution
1601:
1385:There are two forms of sovereign immunity:
3816:
3743:"Spain will have two kings and two queens"
3139:Alberta Law Reform Institute (July 1994).
2589:
2095:
2081:
1921:Church–state relations in Argentina § 2005
1311:
1297:
4092:
4081:The American Journal of International Law
3791:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
3735:
3713:
3241:
2967:
2748:is a specific form of absolute immunity.
2537:Learn how and when to remove this message
2395:Learn how and when to remove this message
2024:Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church
4226:Abott, Madigan, Mossoff, Osenga, Rosen.
3978:
3351:
2649:, because their actions derive from the
19:Not to be confused with the doctrine of
3622:"The Constitution of Norway in English"
3533:
2758:federal government of the United States
2714:Sovereign immunity in the United States
2688:be levied on land in their possession.
1512:, Mr. Henderson sought orders from the
4265:
4188:
4163:
4123:
4074:
3837:
3221:
2885:, established by the Supreme Court in
2872:(1979). Nor are school districts, per
2803:Blatchford v. Native Village of Noatak
2029:Radio Maryja § Involvement in politics
1377:, meaning "the king can do no wrong".
742:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
4002:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3614:
3568:
3033:, (1990) 171 CLR 1 (20 June 1990)
2978:Henderson v Defence Housing Authority
2958:
2036:on the United States political system
1956:Society of Jesus § Political intrigue
1500:Henderson v Defence Housing Authority
2920:Immunity (disambiguation) § Law
2519:adding citations to reliable sources
2490:
2373:adding citations to reliable sources
2340:
2046:Conscience clause in medicine in the
1992:and tolerance § The mid-20th-century
1852:Fourth vow § In the Society of Jesus
1644:
4075:Bishop, William W. (January 1953).
3352:Crossley, Kathryn (June 17, 2011).
3026:Bropho v State of Western Australia
2667:
2062:Bp. W. Francis Malooly on Canon 915
1538:Bropho v State of Western Australia
674:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
13:
4157:
3908:
2794:Supreme Court of the United States
2126:Pope § International position
1847:Dual loyalty § Historical examples
1563:; his ministers are accountable."
14:
4284:
3714:Ellakuría, Iñaki (June 3, 2014).
3687:"Inicio - Castellano - Error 404"
3142:The Presumption of Crown Immunity
2959:Broom, Herbert (March 25, 1845).
2806:(1991), the court explained that
2584:
2055:consistently promoting permissive
2048:United States § Catholic doctrine
1600:: "Provincial legislation cannot
3148:. Alberta Law Reform Institute.
2707:
2495:
2425:responsibility for the monarch.
2345:
2166:According to Article 361 of the
1972:(heresy) § The American response
1691:China National Building Material
1649:
1280:
643:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
46:
4235:Regulatory Transparency Project
4144:
4117:
4068:
4042:
3971:
3945:
3896:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3831:
3804:
3784:
3756:
3707:
3697:
3637:
3628:
3589:
3562:
3527:
3502:
3477:
3452:
3427:
3413:
3399:
3381:
3345:
3327:
3309:
3294:
3276:
3258:
3215:
3195:
3177:
3158:. Report No. 71. Archived from
2992:Australian Government Solicitor
2778:, 174 U.S. 373, 375-76 (1899).
2506:needs additional citations for
2154:According to article 11 of the
1749:Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal
1724:Société nationale d'électricité
1611:Crown in right of each province
773:Spanish transition to democracy
450:Les Six livres de la République
3132:
3119:
3087:
3054:
3036:
3018:
3012:Residential Tenancies Act 2010
3006:Residential Tenancies Act 1987
2998:
2952:
2645:were always available against
2433:Article XVI, Section 3 of the
2428:
2328:
2138:is head (often referred to by
2004:Christian anarchism § Catholic
1907:Disputationes de Controversiis
1559:states: "The King's person is
1514:Residential Tenancies Tribunal
1510:Residential Tenancies Act 1997
1494:s. 109 test of inconsistency.
490:Democracy: The God That Failed
1:
3300:
3009:(NSW), since replaced by the
2945:
2319:amendment to the constitution
2288:Administrative Litigation Act
2144:Vatican or Vatican City State
1923:Episcopal Conference document
1842:Sovereign immunity § Holy See
1841:
1809:Catholic Church and the State
1703:Special Administrative Region
1455:
768:Birth of the Italian Republic
4218:to most meaningful forms of
4164:Marcus, Jennifer K. (1989).
3985:Yale Law & Policy Review
3601:www.denederlandsegrondwet.nl
2985:, 190 CLR 410, discussed in
2561:
2549:Chapter 5, Article 8 of the
2470:
2451:Spanish Constitution of 1978
2176:governors of states of India
1696:
1460:
7:
4003:Block, J. Randolph (1980).
3435:"The Constitution of Japan"
2898:
2308:
2279:
2119:
2057:abortion or euthanasia laws
1900:Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560
727:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
653:Birth of the Dutch Republic
10:
4289:
3979:Shenkman, Michael (2013).
3903:Halsbury's Laws of England
3891:Halsbury's Laws of England
3879:Halsbury's Laws of England
3867:Halsbury's Laws of England
3855:Halsbury's Laws of England
3826:Halsbury's Laws of England
3811:Halsbury's Laws of England
3510:"最高裁判所判例集 事件番号 平成1(行ツ)126"
3485:"最高裁判所判例集 事件番号 昭和49(オ)419"
3421:"The Italian Constitution"
3063:"The Belgian Constitution"
2752:Federal sovereign immunity
2711:
2626:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
2568:State Immunity Act of 1979
2336:
2297:On November 20, 1989, the
2181:
2149:
2123:
2107:
1755:
1629:Attorney General of Quebec
1550:
1396:immunity from enforcement.
1357:
763:Siamese revolution of 1932
18:
3548:10.1080/00358539308454165
2830:Writing for the Court in
2486:
2477:Constitution of Sri Lanka
2411:
2273:
1892:To the Christian Nobility
1574:
1566:
1467:Constitution of Australia
1433:
1368:constitutional monarchies
737:5 October 1910 Revolution
633:Birth of the Roman Empire
4198:New York Review of Books
4170:Washington Law Review Wa
3464:Japanese Law Translation
3439:Japanese Law Translation
3229:Osgoode Hall Law Journal
2859:Jinks v. Richland County
2782:State sovereign immunity
2658:His Majesty's Government
2440:
2260:
2203:
2194:Supreme Court of Ireland
2161:
2041:Catholic social teaching
1936:Historical controversies
1819:Politics of Vatican City
1640:
1506:Australian Defence Force
1380:
480:Considerations on France
3844:(Winter 2003): 716–729.
3243:10.60082/2817-5069.1608
3189:Duhaime.org - Learn Law
2763:Federal Tort Claims Act
2590:Immunity in proceedings
2572:State Immunity Act 1978
2156:Constitution of Iceland
2134:, of which the current
2053:Canon 915 § Politicians
1999:Letitia Dunbar-Harrison
1951:Investiture Controversy
1871:Donation of Constantine
1831:Sovereignty and loyalty
1762:Constitution of Denmark
1557:Constitution of Belgium
1491:High Court of Australia
1442:prior written agreement
1096:Emperor system of Japan
4192:(September 26, 2019).
3797:July 13, 2002, at the
3514:Supreme Court of Japan
3489:Supreme Court of Japan
3222:Walker, Janet (1997).
3185:"Government Liability"
3049:[2007] HCA 38
3031:[1990] HCA 24
2983:[1997] HCA 36
2910:Command responsibility
2828:
2813:
2776:Price v. United States
2771:Price v. United States
2579:President of Singapore
2481:President of Sri Lanka
2460:
2418:Constitution of Norway
2231:
1770:
1722:
1602:
1375:rex non potest peccare
971:Enlightened absolutism
3575:www.koninklijkhuis.nl
3095:"Constitution Bhutan"
3051: (29 August 2007)
2888:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
2823:
2808:
2617:for a declaration; or
2613:by suits against the
2455:
2267:Constitution of Japan
2226:
2168:Constitution of India
1807:Relations between the
1800:Two kingdoms doctrine
1766:
1508:(ADF). Under the NSW
76:Divine right of kings
4056:. Cornell Law School
4050:"Qualified immunity"
3959:. Cornell Law School
3953:"Sovereign immunity"
3107:on September 5, 2014
2893:Fourteenth Amendment
2551:Swedish Constitution
2515:improve this article
2369:improve this section
2034:Laudato si' § Impact
1894:of the German Nation
1837:Papal deposing power
1814:Catholic integralism
1802:in Roman Catholicism
1617:Lieutenant governors
1412:Separation of powers
1348:criminal prosecution
714:Unification of Italy
703:Second French Empire
3460:"State Redress Act"
3202:Gauthier v The King
2915:Diplomatic immunity
2883:abrogation doctrine
2292:government of Japan
1984:20th century topics
1942:Constantinian shift
1598:Gauthier v The King
1594:Charles Fitzpatrick
1587:Crown Liability Act
1424:constitutional laws
1287:Politics portal
687:First French Empire
661:Glorious Revolution
4273:Sovereign immunity
4216:U.S. Supreme Court
3793:, Section 22K(4).
3373:(August 6, 2009).
3290:. August 16, 2016.
2994:. August 30, 1997.
2935:Qualified immunity
2798:Eleventh Amendment
2736:Qualified immunity
2610:(i.e. permission);
2265:Article 17 of the
2172:President of India
1914:Dignitatis humanae
1760:Article 13 of the
1582:Interpretation Act
1555:Article 88 of the
1324:Sovereign immunity
1126:List of monarchies
927:Related ideologies
794:Nepalese Civil War
781:Iranian Revolution
755:Russian Revolution
750:Chinese Revolution
732:German unification
3670:es.wikisource.org
3075:on March 29, 2013
2905:Absolute immunity
2848:arms of the State
2789:Hans v. Louisiana
2746:Judicial immunity
2730:Absolute immunity
2702:Equality Act 2010
2682:writ of execution
2651:royal prerogative
2604:petition of right
2547:
2546:
2539:
2435:1987 Constitution
2416:Article 5 of the
2405:
2404:
2397:
2208:According to the
2105:
2104:
1772:Accordingly, the
1682:
1681:
1321:
1320:
719:Meiji Restoration
666:French Revolution
648:Tsarist autocracy
609:Popescu-Tăriceanu
108:Abdication system
86:Royal prerogative
81:Mandate of Heaven
4280:
4259:
4253:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4096:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4009:Duke Law Journal
4000:
3998:
3996:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3542:(327): 305–214.
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3407:Byrne v. Ireland
3403:
3397:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3219:
3213:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3165:on July 22, 2013
3164:
3147:
3136:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3100:. Archived from
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3068:. Archived from
3067:
3058:
3052:
3040:
3034:
3022:
3016:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2865:
2668:Other immunities
2615:Attorney General
2542:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2499:
2491:
2464:King Juan Carlos
2400:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2349:
2341:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2239:criminal offence
2218:Italian Republic
2198:Irish Free State
2189:Byrne v. Ireland
2097:
2090:
2083:
1946:Constantinianism
1784:
1783:
1727:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1661:factual accuracy
1653:
1652:
1645:
1605:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1285:
1284:
1165:Philosopher king
495:
485:
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
397:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
133:Crowned republic
118:Chinese Legalist
57:Central concepts
50:
28:
27:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4263:
4262:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4207:
4205:
4179:
4177:
4160:
4158:Further reading
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4122:
4118:
4094:10.2307/2194154
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4021:10.2307/1372180
3994:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3933:. July 14, 2022
3925:
3924:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3799:Wayback Machine
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3772:. July 31, 2014
3769:TheGuardian.com
3762:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3691:www.casareal.es
3685:
3684:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3567:
3563:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3400:
3393:Retsinformation
3387:
3386:
3382:
3368:
3361:
3350:
3346:
3341:. May 12, 2016.
3333:
3332:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3299:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3220:
3216:
3200:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3041:
3037:
3023:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2975:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2940:State liability
2901:
2863:
2836:Anthony Kennedy
2784:
2754:
2716:
2710:
2674:royal household
2670:
2592:
2587:
2564:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2512:
2500:
2489:
2473:
2447:Spanish monarch
2443:
2431:
2414:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2366:
2350:
2339:
2331:
2311:
2270:
2263:
2206:
2184:
2164:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2110:
2101:
2072:
2071:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2035:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2006:Worker Movement
2005:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1893:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1758:
1718:
1699:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1658:This section's
1654:
1650:
1643:
1634:Court of Quebec
1577:
1569:
1553:
1463:
1458:
1436:
1428:judicial review
1416:natural justice
1383:
1366:of another. In
1360:
1317:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1036:
928:
920:
919:
918:
837:
829:
828:
827:
807:
799:
798:
790:
786:Modern Cambodia
759:
723:
707:
691:
682:Trienio Liberal
670:
628:
620:
619:
618:
508:
500:
499:
498:
493:
483:
473:
463:
453:
443:
433:
271:
263:
262:
261:
237:Self-proclaimed
102:
94:
93:
90:
58:
33:Politics series
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4286:
4276:
4275:
4261:
4260:
4223:
4190:Rakoff, Jed S.
4186:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4116:
4067:
4041:
4015:(5): 879–925.
3970:
3944:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3830:
3815:
3803:
3783:
3764:"The guardian"
3755:
3734:
3706:
3696:
3675:
3654:
3636:
3627:
3613:
3588:
3561:
3526:
3501:
3476:
3451:
3426:
3412:
3398:
3380:
3359:
3344:
3326:
3308:
3293:
3275:
3257:
3236:(2): 379–397.
3214:
3206:1918 CanLII 85
3194:
3176:
3154:
3131:
3118:
3086:
3053:
3035:
3017:
2997:
2966:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2818:Alden v. Maine
2796:held that the
2783:
2780:
2753:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2712:Main article:
2709:
2706:
2669:
2666:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:United Kingdom
2583:
2563:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2472:
2469:
2442:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2413:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2310:
2307:
2280:kokka baishōhō
2262:
2259:
2241:to insult the
2205:
2202:
2183:
2180:
2163:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2124:Main article:
2121:
2118:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:Current topics
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1965:Ultramontanism
1958:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1878:Dictatus papae
1874:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1757:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1709:case in 2011.
1698:
1695:
1680:
1679:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1603:proprio vigore
1576:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1552:
1549:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1379:
1359:
1356:
1352:State immunity
1332:legal doctrine
1328:crown immunity
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:Related topics
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
962:
961:
959:Traditionalist
956:
946:
941:
936:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
889:
888:
887:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
860:
855:
853:Great Officers
850:
839:
838:
836:Administration
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
820:
815:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
789:
788:
783:
777:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:
757:
752:
746:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
722:
721:
716:
710:
708:
706:
705:
700:
694:
692:
690:
689:
684:
678:
676:
671:
669:
668:
663:
657:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
497:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
436:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
342:Crétineau-Joly
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
233:
232:
222:
217:
212:
207:
205:Personal union
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
160:Dynastic union
157:
156:
155:
145:
140:
135:
130:
128:Constitutional
125:
120:
115:
110:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
36:
35:
21:state immunity
16:Legal doctrine
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4285:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4257:
4251:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4087:(1): 93–106.
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3723:
3722:
3721:La Vanguardia
3717:
3710:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3210:Supreme Court
3207:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3161:
3157:
3155:0-8886-4193-1
3151:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2708:United States
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2677:that palace.
2675:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2556:
2553:states: "The
2552:
2541:
2538:
2530:
2527:November 2023
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:This section
2502:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2396:
2388:
2385:November 2023
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2354:This section
2352:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:Supreme Court
2295:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Spanish model
1988:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1673:February 2024
1664:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1625:Lise Thibault
1622:
1621:Supreme Court
1618:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Regnal number
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:Non-sovereign
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
955:
954:Authoritarian
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
924:
923:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:Crown Council
895:
894:
893:
892:Privy council
890:
886:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
840:
833:
832:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
803:
802:
795:
792:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
709:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
693:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
675:
672:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
623:
615:
614:Zourabichvili
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
504:
503:
492:
491:
487:
482:
481:
477:
472:
471:
467:
462:
461:
457:
452:
451:
447:
442:
441:
437:
432:
431:
427:
426:
425:
424:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Chateaubriand
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
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2210:Constitution
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1364:jurisdiction
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1089:Illegitimate
1084:Family trees
949:Conservatism
914:Royal assent
698:Liberal Wars
488:
478:
468:
458:
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428:
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421:
276:Philosophers
275:
274:
215:Principality
31:Part of the
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4220:gun control
3649:lawphil.net
3606:January 11,
3581:January 11,
3536:Round Table
3371:Folketinget
3303:"主权豁免的中国立场"
3111:October 18,
2925:Impeachment
2846:States and
2694:foreclosure
2643:prohibition
2429:Philippines
2329:Netherlands
2237:makes it a
1970:Americanism
1961:Cisalpinism
1403:in absentia
1372:legal maxim
1244:Interregnum
1209:Regnal list
1114:presumptive
939:Bonapartism
885:Royal guard
848:Appointment
813:Aristocracy
638:Magna Carta
604:Zhirinovsky
507:Politicians
434:(1265-1266)
362:Kierkegaard
4132:: 459–60.
4060:October 1,
4034:October 1,
3995:October 1,
3963:October 1,
3841:Public Law
3577:(in Dutch)
3519:August 10,
3494:August 13,
3469:August 10,
3169:January 1,
2946:References
2834:, Justice
2767:Tucker Act
2684:, nor can
2602:by way of
2251:Government
2235:Penal Code
1902:(Scotland)
1561:inviolable
1456:By country
1344:civil suit
1334:whereby a
1229:Succession
1101:Figurehead
1052:Coronation
1001:Luxembourg
981:Legitimism
976:Jacobitism
539:Metternich
470:Patriarcha
367:Dostoevsky
297:Bellarmine
270:Philosophy
220:Real union
185:Hereditary
71:Monarchism
4111:147086045
3776:August 5,
3556:0035-8533
3444:August 7,
3252:141661165
2647:ministers
2596:the Crown
2562:Singapore
2471:Sri Lanka
2356:does not
2255:abrogated
2214:President
1864:Documents
1779:Lex Regia
1697:Hong Kong
1596:noted in
1461:Australia
1336:sovereign
1249:Rebellion
1234:Anti-king
1219:Sovereign
1170:Pretender
1121:Kingmaker
1057:Criticism
1008:Orléanism
986:Miguelism
966:Despotism
934:Alfonsism
878:Favourite
868:Camarilla
858:Household
823:Oligarchy
818:Autocracy
594:Churchill
460:Leviathan
440:Monarchia
382:Bainville
257:Universal
230:Coregency
200:Pentarchy
123:Composite
4267:Category
4250:cite web
4176:(2): 401
3991:(2): 351
3937:July 14,
3795:Archived
3748:June 14,
3410:1 IR 241
3339:ABC News
3288:CBC news
3270:CBC News
3212:(Canada)
2899:See also
2878:(1977).
2690:Chattels
2686:distress
2639:mandamus
2635:contract
2315:Malaysia
2309:Malaysia
2247:prestige
2229:members.
2174:and the
2140:metonymy
2132:Holy See
2120:Holy See
1794:Overview
1764:states:
1204:Regicide
1148:Nobility
1109:apparent
1013:Royalism
991:Orangism
873:Courtier
599:Renouvin
574:Bismarck
569:Castillo
559:Disraeli
549:Polignac
529:Consalvi
430:De Regno
402:Bogdanor
252:Triarchy
247:Tetrarch
242:Signoria
175:Ethnarch
165:Elective
113:Absolute
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4240:May 15,
4208:July 6,
4180:July 6,
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4103:2194154
4029:1372180
3727:June 5,
3301:何, 志鹏.
3272:. 2014.
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3079:May 31,
2475:By the
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2362:sources
2337:Nigeria
2303:Emperor
2216:of the
2182:Ireland
2150:Iceland
2142:as the
2108:Finland
1774:monarch
1756:Denmark
1551:Belgium
1358:History
1330:, is a
1261:Usurper
1153:Peerage
1131:Current
1079:Descent
1062:Dynasty
1025:Toryism
996:Belgium
944:Carlism
907:Riksråd
902:Makhzen
863:Retinue
627:History
589:Metaxas
584:Maurras
554:Decazes
544:Villèle
534:Plessis
519:Pius VI
514:Mazarin
407:Scruton
377:Maurras
332:Novalis
317:Maistre
312:Bossuet
282:Aquinas
225:Regency
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190:Khanate
180:Federal
170:Emirate
138:Diarchy
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2479:, the
2458:65(2).
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1567:Bhutan
1472:s. 109
1434:Waiver
1426:) and
1239:Crisis
1192:Empire
1136:Former
1074:Family
806:Polity
564:Cortés
494:(2001)
484:(1796)
474:(1680)
464:(1651)
454:(1576)
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372:Youwei
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352:Cortés
337:Balzac
322:Bonald
307:Hobbes
302:Filmer
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4099:JSTOR
4025:JSTOR
3704:65,2.
3248:S2CID
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2441:Spain
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2274:国家賠償法
2261:Japan
2243:honor
2204:Italy
2162:India
1641:China
1381:Forms
1340:state
1326:, or
1224:Style
1197:Reich
1187:Realm
1158:Realm
1105:Heir
1067:Lists
1018:Ultra
843:Court
579:Mella
524:Ruffo
423:Works
412:Hoppe
392:Evola
347:Gogol
292:Bodin
287:Dante
153:Grand
148:Duchy
101:Types
4256:link
4242:2021
4210:2020
4204:(14)
4182:2020
4134:SSRN
4062:2017
4036:2017
4013:1980
3997:2017
3965:2017
3939:2022
3778:2014
3750:2014
3729:2014
3608:2023
3583:2023
3552:ISSN
3521:2020
3496:2020
3471:2020
3446:2020
3171:2018
3150:ISBN
3113:2014
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2641:and
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2608:fiat
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