Communication - Knowledge

1770:. Models of communication aim to give a simplified overview of the main components involved in communication. Theories of communication try to provide conceptual frameworks to accurately present communication in all its complexity. Some theories focus on communication as a practical art of discourse while others explore the roles of signs, experience, information processing, and the goal of building a social order through coordinated interaction. Communication studies is also interested in the functions and effects of communication. It covers issues like how communication satisfies physiological and psychological needs, helps build relationships, and assists in gathering information about the environment, other individuals, and oneself. A further topic concerns the question of how communication systems change over time and how these changes correlate with other societal changes. A related topic focuses on psychological principles underlying those changes and the effects they have on how people exchange ideas. 1409:. This response has to be short relative to the plant's lifespan. Communication is a special form of behavior that involves conveying information from a sender to a receiver. It is distinguished from other types of behavior, like defensive reactions and mere sensing. Like in the field of animal communication, plant communication researchers often require as additional criteria that there is some form of response in the receiver and that the communicative behavior is beneficial to sender and receiver. Biologist Richard Karban distinguishes three steps of plant communication: the emission of a cue by a sender, the perception of the cue by a receiver, and the receiver's response. For plant communication, it is not relevant to what extent the emission of a cue is intentional. However, it should be possible for the receiver to ignore the signal. This criterion can be used to distinguish a response to a signal from a defense mechanism against an unwanted change like intense heat. 406:, who characterize communication as a transmission of information brought about by the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver. The transmission view is rejected by transactional and constitutive views, which hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about the creation of meaning. Transactional and constitutive perspectives hold that communication shapes the participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves. Researchers studying animal and plant communication focus less on meaning-making. Instead, they often define communicative behavior as having other features, such as playing a beneficial role in survival and reproduction, or having an observable response. 1198:. The biologists Rumsaïs Blatrix and Veronika Mayer define communication as "the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both the signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange". According to this view, the sender benefits by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver benefits by responding to the signal. These benefits should exist on average but not necessarily in every single case. This way, deceptive signaling can also be understood as a form of communication. One problem with the evolutionary approach is that it is often difficult to assess the impact of such behavior on natural selection. Another common pragmatic constraint is to hold that it is necessary to observe a response by the receiver following the signal when judging whether communication has occurred. 501: 478: 1555: 1516:

plants rely on plant-to-animal communication to disperse their seeds and move them to a favorable location. This happens by providing nutritious fruits to animals. The seeds are eaten together with the fruit and are later excreted at a different location. Communication makes animals aware of where the fruits are and whether they are ripe. For many fruits, this happens through their color: they have an inconspicuous green color until they ripen and take on a new color that stands in visual contrast to the environment. Another example of interspecies communication is found in the ant-plant relation. It concerns, for instance, the selection of seeds by

1494: 1394: 97: 541: 1919: 854:, even though it is, strictly speaking, not a language but rather non-verbal communication. It includes many forms, like gestures, postures, walking styles, and dance. Facial expressions, like laughing, smiling, and frowning, all belong to kinesics and are expressive and flexible forms of communication. Oculesics is another subcategory of kinesics in regard to the eyes. It covers questions like how eye contact, gaze, blink rate, and pupil dilation form part of communication. Some kinesic patterns are inborn and involuntary, like blinking, while others are learned and voluntary, like giving a 1099:

cultural context in order to adapt and express the message in a way that is considered acceptable in the given situation. For example, to bid farewell to their teacher, a student may use the expression "Goodbye, sir" but not the expression "I gotta split, man", which they may use when talking to a peer. To be both effective and appropriate means to achieve one's preferred outcomes in a way that follows social standards and expectations. Some definitions of communicative competence put their main emphasis on either effectiveness or appropriateness while others combine both features.

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regulate one's own mental activity and outward behavior as well as internalize cultural norms and ways of thinking. External forms of intrapersonal communication can aid one's memory. This happens, for example, when making a shopping list. Another use is to unravel difficult problems, as when solving a complex mathematical equation line by line. New knowledge can also be internalized this way, like when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking."

936: 86: 909:, to claim that the majority of ideas and information is conveyed this way. It has also been suggested that human communication is at its core non-verbal and that words can only acquire meaning because of non-verbal communication. The earliest forms of human communication, such as crying and babbling, are non-verbal. Some basic forms of communication happen even before birth between mother and embryo and include information about nutrition and emotions. Non-verbal communication is studied in various fields besides communication studies, like linguistics, 866:

with how they are expressed. This includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness. For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch conveys a different meaning on the non-verbal level than whispering the same words. Paralanguage is mainly concerned with spoken language but also includes aspects of written language, like the use of colors and fonts as well as spatial arrangement in paragraphs and tables. Non-linguistic sounds may also convey information;

1216:. There are many parallels to human communication. One is that humans and many animals express sympathy by synchronizing their movements and postures. Nonetheless, there are also significant differences, like the fact that humans also engage in verbal communication, which uses language, while animal communication is restricted to non-verbal (i.e. non-linguistic) communication. Some theorists have tried to distinguish human from animal communication based on the claim that animal communication lacks a 117: 1106:, control, flexibility, sensitivity, and knowledge. It is often discussed in terms of the individual skills employed in the process, i.e. the specific behavioral components that make up communicative competence. Message production skills include reading and writing. They are correlated with the reception skills of listening and reading. There are both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. For example, verbal communication skills involve the proper understanding of a language, including its 1988:, which made it possible to broadcast radio and television signals to stations all over the world. This way, information could be shared almost instantly everywhere around the globe. The development of the internet constitutes a further milestone in the history of communication. It made it easier than ever before for people to exchange ideas, collaborate, and access information from anywhere in the world by using a variety of means, such as websites, e-mail, social media, and video conferences. 14605: 785: 1278:, and dogs. Auditory signals are frequently used to alert and warn. Lower-order living systems often have simple response patterns to auditory messages, reacting either by approach or avoidance. More complex response patterns are observed for higher animals, which may use different signals for different types of predators and responses. For example, some primates use one set of signals for airborne predators and another for land predators. Tactile communication occurs through touch, 106: 988: 126: 77: 964:

person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said. Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express the speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants.

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channels can enhance the effectiveness of communication by helping the receiver better understand the subject matter. The choice of channels often matters since the receiver's ability to understand may vary depending on the chosen channel. For instance, a teacher may decide to present some information orally and other information visually, depending on the content and the student's preferred learning style. This underlines the role of a

14363: 1540:. Dogs can learn to react to various commands, like "sit" and "come". They can even be trained to respond to short syntactic combinations, like "bring X" or "put X in a box". They also react to the pitch and frequency of the human voice to detect emotions, dominance, and uncertainty. Dogs use a range of behavioral patterns to convey their emotions to humans, for example, in regard to aggressiveness, fearfulness, and playfulness. 1911:, societies grew and there was an increased need for stable records of ownership of land and commercial transactions. This triggered the invention of writing, which is able to solve many problems that arose from using exclusively oral communication. It is much more efficient at preserving knowledge and passing it on between generations since it does not depend on human memory. Before the invention of writing, certain forms of 2007: 1165: 1789:. According to Aristotle, for example, the goal of communication is to persuade the audience. The field of communication studies only became a separate research discipline in the 20th century, especially starting in the 1940s. The development of new communication technologies, such as telephone, radio, newspapers, television, and the internet, has had a big impact on communication and communication studies. 14375: 1984:

wireless transmission using radio signals. They made it possible to reach wide audiences and radio soon became one of the central forms of mass communication. Various innovations in the field of photography enabled the recording of images on film, which led to the development of cinema and television. The reach of wireless communication was further enhanced with the development of

1938:. Pictograms are still in use today, like no-smoking signs and the symbols of male and female figures on bathroom doors. A significant disadvantage of pictographic writing systems is that they need a large amount of symbols to refer to all the objects one wants to talk about. This problem was solved by the development of other writing systems. For example, the symbols of 525:

into an electrical signal that travels through the wire, which acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination and their telephone is the receiver. The Shannon–Weaver model includes an in-depth discussion of how noise can distort the signal and how successful communication can be achieved despite noise. This can happen by making the message partially

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on interpersonal communication includes topics like how people build, maintain, and dissolve relationships through communication. Other questions are why people choose one message rather than another and what effects these messages have on the communicators and their relation. A further topic is how to predict whether two people would like each other.

1899:, the dominant media for each age can be characterized in relation to several factors. They include the amount of information a medium can store, how long it persists, how much time it takes to transmit it, and how costly it is to use the medium. Poe argues that subsequent ages usually involve some form of improvement of one or more of the factors. 1187:. There are additional obstacles in this area for judging whether communication has taken place between two individuals. Acoustic signals are often easy to notice and analyze for scientists, but it is more difficult to judge whether tactile or chemical changes should be understood as communicative signals rather than as other biological processes. 1930:. Pictograms are graphical symbols that convey meaning by visually resembling real-world objects. The use of basic pictographic symbols to represent things like farming produce was common in ancient cultures and began around 9000 BCE. The first complex writing system including pictograms was developed around 3500 BCE by the 497:, and the effect. Lasswell's model was initially only conceived as a model of mass communication, but it has been applied to other fields as well. Some communication theorists, like Richard Braddock, have expanded it by including additional questions, like "Under what circumstances?" and "For what purpose?". 1649:. They concern various aspects of the exchange, like the format of messages and how to respond to transmission errors. They also cover how the two systems are synchronized, for example, how the receiver identifies the start and end of a signal. Based on the flow of informations, systems are categorized as 1735:, is the academic discipline studying communication. It is closely related to semiotics, with one difference being that communication studies focuses more on technical questions of how messages are sent, received, and processed. Semiotics, on the other hand, tackles more abstract questions in relation to 862:

kissing, or slapping. Meanings linked to haptics include care, concern, anger, and violence. For instance, handshaking is often seen as a symbol of equality and fairness, while refusing to shake hands can indicate aggressiveness. Kissing is another form often used to show affection and erotic closeness.

1657:, and full-duplex. For simplex systems, signals flow only in one direction from the sender to the receiver, like in radio, cable television, and screens displaying arrivals and departures at airports. Half-duplex systems allow two-way exchanges but signals can only flow in one direction at a time, like 807:, hold that it depends on the existence of a socially shared coding system that is used to interpret the meaning of non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal communication has many functions. It frequently contains information about emotions, attitudes, personality, interpersonal relations, and private thoughts. 1903:

helped early humans to organize themselves and plan ahead more efficiently. In early societies, spoken language was the primary form of communication. Most knowledge was passed on through it, often in the form of stories or wise sayings. This form does not produce stable knowledge since it depends on

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is relevant to both organizational and political communication since they often involve attempts to exchange messages between communicators from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural background affects how messages are formulated and interpreted and can be the cause of misunderstandings. It is

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Today, communication studies is a wide discipline. Some works in it try to provide a general characterization of communication in the widest sense. Others attempt to give a precise analysis of one specific form of communication. Communication studies includes many subfields. Some focus on wide topics

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The physical characteristics of a channel have an impact on the code and cues that can be used to express information. For example, typical telephone calls are restricted to the use of verbal language and paralanguage but exclude facial expressions. It is often possible to translate messages from one

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Traditionally, most research focused on verbal communication. However, this paradigm began to shift in the 1950s when research interest in non-verbal communication increased and emphasized its influence. For example, many judgments about the nature and behavior of other people are based on non-verbal

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Chronemics concerns the use of time, such as what messages are sent by being on time versus late for a meeting. The physical appearance of the communicator, such as height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, clothing, tattooing, and piercing, also carries information. Appearance is an important factor

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Verbal communication serves various functions. One key function is to exchange information, i.e. an attempt by the speaker to make the audience aware of something, usually of an external event. But language can also be used to express the speaker's feelings and attitudes. A closely related role is to

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Barriers to effective communication can distort the message. They may result in failed communication and cause undesirable effects. This can happen if the message is poorly expressed because it uses terms with which the receiver is not familiar, or because it is not relevant to the receiver's needs,

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Intrapersonal communication can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. It may happen in the form of articulating a phrase before expressing it externally. Other forms are to make plans for the future and to attempt to process emotions to calm oneself down in stressful situations. It can help

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in which the communicators take turns sending and receiving messages. Transaction models further refine this picture by allowing representations of sending and responding at the same time. This modification is needed to describe how the listener can give feedback in a face-to-face conversation while

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that aim to make the recipient aware of the communicator's intention. One question in this regard is whether only successful transmissions of information should be regarded as communication. For example, distortion may interfere with and change the actual message from what was originally intended. A

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resulted in rapid changes. Mass printing quickly increased the circulation of written media and also led to the dissemination of new forms of written documents, like newspapers and pamphlets. One side effect was that the augmented availability of written documents significantly improved the general

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to indicate to other bees where flowers are located. In regard to self-defense, communication is used to warn others and to assess whether a costly fight can be avoided. Another function of communication is to mark and claim territories used for food and mating. For example, some male birds claim a

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while playing in an attempt to direct their own behavior. In this view, interpersonal communication only develops later when the child moves from their early egocentric perspective to a more social perspective. A different explanation holds that interpersonal communication is more basic since it is

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it satisfies. This includes the needs of belonging somewhere, being included, being liked, maintaining relationships, and influencing the behavior of others. On a practical level, interpersonal communication is used to coordinate one's actions with the actions of others to get things done. Research

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Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, encompasses non-verbal elements in speech that convey information. Paralanguage is often used to express the feelings and emotions that the speaker has but does not explicitly stated in the verbal part of the message. It is not concerned with the words used but

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may interfere with and distort the signal. Once the signal reaches the receiver, it is translated back into a message and made available to the destination. For a landline telephone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone is the transmitter. The transmitter translates the message

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Many aspects of human life depend on successful communication, from ensuring basic necessities of survival to building and maintaining relationships. Communicative competence is a key factor regarding whether a person is able to reach their goals in social life, like having a successful career and

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The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines the auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions. Employing multiple

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Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act the way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly. A

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Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication, the parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time. This happens when one

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The precise characterization of communication is disputed. Many scholars have raised doubts that any single definition can capture the term accurately. These difficulties come from the fact that the term is applied to diverse phenomena in different contexts, often with slightly different meanings.

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and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems, the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet.

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According to some scientific estimates, language developed around 40,000 years ago while others consider it to be much older. Before this development, human communication resembled animal communication and happened through a combination of grunts, cries, gestures, and facial expressions. Language

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and other rewards in return. They use communication to signal their benefits and attract visitors by using distinctive colors and symmetrical shapes to stand out from their surroundings. This form of advertisement is necessary since flowers compete with each other for visitors. Many fruit-bearing

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that manifests in degrees. In this view, an exchange varies in how interpersonal it is based on several factors. It depends on how many people are present, and whether it happens face-to-face rather than through telephone or email. A further factor concerns the relation between the communicators:

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and may exclude writing and sign language. However, in academic discourse, the term is usually used in a wider sense, encompassing any form of linguistic communication, whether through speech, writing, or gestures. Some of the challenges in distinguishing verbal from non-verbal communication come

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Most communication happens between members within a species as intraspecies communication. This is because the purpose of communication is usually some form of cooperation. Cooperation happens mostly within a species while different species are often in conflict with each other by competing over

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used to perceive the message, i.e. hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting. But in the widest sense, channels encompass any form of transmission, including technological means like books, cables, radio waves, telephones, or television. Naturally transmitted messages usually fade rapidly

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Proxemics studies how personal space is used in communication. The distance between the speakers reflects their degree of familiarity and intimacy with each other as well as their social status. Haptics examines how information is conveyed using touching behavior, like handshakes, holding hands,

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sets human language apart from all non-human communicative systems. Another difference is that human communication is frequently linked to the conscious intention to send information, which is often not discernable for animal communication. Despite these differences, some theorists use the term

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Appropriateness means that the communicative behavior meets social standards and expectations. Communication theorist Brian H. Spitzberg defines it as "the perceived legitimacy or acceptability of behavior or enactments in a given context". This means that the speaker is aware of the social and

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of communication in this way usually makes communication more effective if the messages of each modality are consistent. However, in some cases different modalities can contain conflicting messages. For example, a person may verbally agree with a statement but press their lips together, thereby

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to make a new concept feel familiar and speed up understanding by mimicking the real-world equivalent of the interface object. Examples include the typical computer folder icon and recycle bin used for discarding files. One aim when designing user interfaces is to simplify the interaction with

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and telephones, which made it even easier and faster to transmit information from one location to another without the need to transport written documents. These communication forms were initially limited to cable connections, which had to be established first. Later developments found ways of

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and appropriateness. Effectiveness is the degree to which the speaker achieves their desired outcomes or the degree to which preferred alternatives are realized. This means that whether a communicative behavior is effective does not just depend on the actual outcome but also on the speaker's

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In the academic literature, the history of communication is usually divided into ages based on the dominant form of communication in that age. The number of ages and the precise periodization are disputed. They usually include ages for speaking, writing, and print as well as electronic mass

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since competence can be present even if it is not exercised, while performance consists in the realization of this competence. However, some theorists reject a stark contrast and hold that performance is the observable part and is used to infer competence in relation to future performances.

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Some animal species also engage in interspecies communication, like apes, whales, dolphins, elephants, and dogs. For example, different species of monkeys use common signals to cooperate when threatened by a common predator. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with

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is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves. In some cases, sender and receiver are not

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Communication history studies how communicative processes evolved and interacted with society, culture, and technology. Human communication has a long history and the way people communicate has changed considerably over time. Many of these changes were triggered by the development of new

1309:, and fireflies send visual messages by flashing light. For some species, the offspring depends on the parent for its survival. One central function of parent-offspring communication is to recognize each other. In some cases, the parents are also able to guide the offspring's behavior. 436:

Models of communication are often categorized based on their intended applications and how they conceptualize communication. Some models are general in the sense that they are intended for all forms of communication. Specialized models aim to describe specific forms, such as models of

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as a transmitter to send information to a server through the public telephone network as the transmission system. The server may use a modem as its receiver. To transmit the data, it has to be converted into an electric signal. Communication channels used for transmission are either

1382:. These walls restrict movement and usually prevent plants from sending and receiving signals that depend on rapid movement. However, there are some similarities since plants face many of the same challenges as animals. For example, they need to find resources, avoid predators and 1614:, which is a computer network within a limited area, usually with a distance of less than one kilometer. This is the case when connecting two computers within a home or an office building. LANs can be set up using a wired connection, like Ethernet, or a wireless connection, like 1323:, wolves, and dogs, engage in various forms of communication to express their feelings and build relations. Communication can aid navigation by helping animals move through their environment in a purposeful way, e.g. to locate food, avoid enemies, and follow other animals. In 742:, are purposefully designed from the ground up. Most everyday verbal communication happens using natural languages. Central forms of verbal communication are speech and writing together with their counterparts of listening and reading. Spoken languages use sounds to produce 1950:

writing systems. A drawback of many early forms of writing, like the clay tablets used for cuneiform, was that they were not very portable. This made it difficult to transport the texts from one location to another to share information. This changed with the invention of

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Communicative competence is the ability to communicate effectively or to choose the appropriate communicative behavior in a given situation. It concerns what to say, when to say it, and how to say it. It further includes the ability to receive and understand messages.

489:, for example, is based on five fundamental questions: "Who?", "Says what?", "In which channel?", "To whom?", and "With what effect?". The goal of these questions is to identify the basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the 1091:

intention, i.e. whether this outcome was what they intended to achieve. Because of this, some theorists additionally require that the speaker be able to give an explanation of why they engaged in one behavior rather than another. Effectiveness is closely related to

1134:, and lack of attention to feedback may also be responsible. Noise is another negative factor. It concerns influences that interfere with the message on its way to the receiver and distort it. Crackling sounds during a telephone call are one form of noise. 1966:

Until the 1400s, almost all written communication was hand-written, which limited the spread of written media within society since copying texts by hand was costly. The introduction and popularization of mass printing in the middle of the 15th century by

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representations of the process of communication. Their goal is to provide a simplified overview of its main components. This makes it easier for researchers to formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test

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loop. Feedback is needed to describe many forms of communication, such as a conversation, where the listener may respond to a speaker by expressing their opinion or by asking for clarification. Interaction models represent the process as a form of

955:. It can be planned or unplanned and occurs in many forms, like when greeting someone, during salary negotiations, or when making a phone call. Some communication theorists, like Virginia M. McDermott, understand interpersonal communication as a 234:. Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like 822:. It often happens simultaneously with verbal communication and helps optimize the exchange through emphasis and illustration or by adding additional information. Non-verbal cues can clarify the intent behind a verbal message. Using multiple 568:

or auditory signs. The message is sent to a destination, who has to decode and interpret it to understand it. In response, they formulate their own idea, encode it into a message, and send it back as a form of feedback. Another innovation of

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establish and maintain social relations with other people. Verbal communication is also utilized to coordinate one's behavior with others and influence them. In some cases, language is not employed for an external purpose but only for

1010:, taking notes, highlighting a passage, and writing a diary or a shopping list. But many forms of intrapersonal communication happen internally in the form of an inner exchange with oneself, like when thinking about something or 600:. A central distinction is whether language is used, as in the contrast between verbal and non-verbal communication. A further distinction concerns whether one communicates with others or with oneself, as in the contrast between 364:

interactions among human beings. Some approaches focus on the use of symbols and signs while others stress the role of understanding, interaction, power, or transmission of ideas. Various characterizations see the communicator's

1282:, stroking, rubbing, and pressure. It is especially relevant for parent-young relations, courtship, social greetings, and defense. Olfactory and gustatory communication happen chemically through smells and tastes, respectively. 893:. They can express what a person or an object looks like and can also convey other ideas and emotions. In some cases, this type of non-verbal communication is used in combination with verbal communication, for example, when 360:. Under a broad definition, many animals communicate within their own species and flowers communicate by signaling the location of nectar to bees through their colors and shapes. Other definitions restrict communication to 1665:. In the case of full-duplex systems, signals can flow in both directions at the same time, like regular telephone and internet. In either case, it is often important for successful communication that the connection is 429:. Due to their simplified presentation, they may lack the conceptual complexity needed for a comprehensive understanding of all the essential aspects of communication. They are usually presented visually in the form of 1386:, find mates, and ensure that their offspring survive. Many of the evolutionary responses to these challenges are analogous to those in animals but are implemented using different means. One crucial difference is that 8445:

Backlund, Philip M.; Morreale, Sherwyn P. (16 October 2015). "Communication competence: Historical synopsis, definitions, applications, and looking to the future". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.).

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for first impressions but is more limited as a mode of communication since it is less changeable. Some forms of non-verbal communication happen using such artifacts as drums, smoke, batons, traffic lights, and flags.

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A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between

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and rules used for communication. Such systems are based on a set of simple units of meaning that can be combined to express more complex ideas. The rules for combining the units into compound expressions are called

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closely related approach is to focus on information and see interpersonal communication as an attempt to reduce uncertainty about others and external events. Other explanations understand it in terms of the

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to send a message as a central component. In this view, the transmission of information is not sufficient for communication if it happens unintentionally. A version of this view is given by philosopher

1805:, or small businesses. Central in this regard is the coordination of the behavior of the different members as well as the interaction with customers and the general public. Closely related terms are 905:

cues. It is further present in almost every communicative act to some extent and certain parts of it are universally understood. These considerations have prompted some communication theorists, like

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had already developed. Proto-writing encompasses long-lasting visible marks used to store information, like decorations on pottery items, knots in a cord to track goods, or seals to mark property.

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is the way this is accomplished. It is not concerned with the meaning of the message but only with the technical means of how the meaning is conveyed. Channels are often understood in terms of the

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Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: 15th International Conference, VAMR 2023, Held as Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023, Proceedings

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attack. Most communication takes place between members of the same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species.

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There are large differences between species concerning what functions communication plays, how much it is realized, and the behavior used to communicate. Common functions include the fields of

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and is thus not able to refer to external phenomena. However, various observations seem to contradict this view, such as the warning signals in response to different types of predators used by

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communication technologies and had various effects on how people exchanged ideas. New communication technologies usually require new skills that people need to learn to use them effectively.

1440:, and connect the roots of different plants. The plants use the network to send messages to each other, specifically to warn other plants of a pest attack and to help prepare their defenses. 13367:

Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013a). "1. The History of Communication History". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.).

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One influential way to classify communication is to distinguish between linear transmission, interaction, and transaction models. Linear transmission models focus on how a sender transmits

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is that previous experience is necessary to be able to encode and decode messages. For communication to be successful, the fields of experience of source and destination have to overlap.

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the world around them and themselves. This affects how perceptions of external events are interpreted, how things are categorized, and how ideas are organized and related to each other.

1014:. Closely related to intrapersonal communication is communication that takes place within an organism below the personal level, such as exchange of information between organs or cells. 11624: 1712:, which are usually much easier to use for non-experts. They involve graphical elements through which the user can interact with the computer, commonly using a design concept known as 1030:

first used by parents to regulate what their child does. Once the child has learned this, they can apply the same technique to themselves to get more control over their own behavior.

608:. Forms of human communication are also categorized by their channel or the medium used to transmit messages. The field studying human communication is known as anthroposemiotics. 13113:

Schenk, H. Jochen; Seabloom, Eric W. (5 August 2010). "Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Signals and Toxins: A Conceptual Framework". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.).

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Arimura, G.; Pearse, I. S. (17 March 2017). "From the Lab Bench to the Forest: Ecology and Defence Mechanisms of Volatile-Mediated 'Talking Trees'". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.).

1447:

into the external environment. For instance, they are used to promote sexual interaction in several aquatic fungal species. One form of communication between bacteria is called

238:

and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example,

12635: 8702:

Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (2010). "1. What Is Communication Science?". In Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (eds.).

10157: 1351:. Their conflict concerns to what extent animal communication is programmed into the genes as a form of adaptation rather than learned from previous experience as a form of 1793:

like interpersonal communication, intrapersonal communication, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication. Others investigate communication within a specific area.

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For computer communication to be successful, the involved devices have to follow a common set of conventions governing their exchange. These conventions are known as the

1630:. Their networks are more complex and may use several intermediate connection nodes to transfer information between endpoints. Further types of computer networks include 580:

in 1970. He understands communication as "the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages". Its goal is to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared

10322: 10289: 11021: 12822:

Visualization in Human-Computer Interaction: 7th Interdisciplinary Workshop on Informatics and Psychology, Schärding, Austria, May 24–27, 1988. Selected Contributions

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Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions".

8576: 15806: 11999: 1266:, and gustatory communication. Visual communication happens in the form of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and colors. Examples are movements seen during 1095:, the difference being that effectiveness is about achieving goals while efficiency is about using few resources (such as time, effort, and money) in the process. 9804: 659:

One hallmark of human language, in contrast to animal communication, lies in its complexity and expressive power. Human language can be used to refer not just to

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Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013). "Introduction". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.).

1907:. Because of this, many details differ from one telling to the next and are presented differently by distinct storytellers. As people started to settle and form 1562:

Computer communication concerns the exchange of data between computers and similar devices. For this to be possible, the devices have to be connected through a

1126:. The lack of communicative competence can cause problems both on the individual and the societal level, including professional, academic, and health problems. 1669:

to ensure that the transmitted data reaches only the intended destination and is not intercepted by an unauthorized third party. This can be achieved by using

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For this reason, researchers often use slightly altered definitions of communication to facilitate their work. A common assumption in this regard comes from

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writing systems do not stand for regular objects. Instead, they relate to the sounds used in spoken language. Other types of early writing systems include

758:, are another form of verbal communication. They rely on visual means, mostly by using gestures with hands and arms, to form sentences and convey meaning. 8620: 14986: 13731: 3668: 1179:

Besides human communication, there are many other forms of communication found in the animal kingdom and among plants. They are studied in fields like

1979:

Scientific discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries caused many further developments in the history of communication. They include the invention of

584:. This happens in response to external and internal cues. Decoding is the process of ascribing meaning to them and encoding consists in producing new 15315: 10858: 8361:"Multiple Genes Coding for Precursors of Rhodotorucine A, a Farnesyl Peptide Mating Pheromone of the Basidiomycetous Yeast Rhodosporidium Toruloides" 7604: 12350:

Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (1999). "1. Overview: on the relationship between language and conceptualization". In Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (eds.).

8595:

Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013) . "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.).

13487:

Spitzberg, Brian H. (16 October 2015). "The composition of competence: Communication skills". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.).

1432:

to warn neighboring plants, which then react accordingly by adjusting their defenses. Another form of plant-to-plant communication happens through

1051:

code into another to make them available to a different channel. An example is writing down a spoken message or expressing it using sign language.

960:

group communication and mass communication are less typical forms of interpersonal communication and some theorists treat them as distinct types.

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Baldwin, Ian T.; Schultz, Jack C. (1983). "Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced by Damage: Evidence for Communication Between Plants".

5150: 3010: 2745: 2688: 2656: 12383:

O'Day, Danton (2 December 2012). "1. Modes of cellular communication and sexual interactions in eukaryotic microbes". In O'Day, Danton (ed.).

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and health promotion efforts. One of its topics is how healthcare providers, like doctors and nurses, should communicate with their patients.

1558:

Example of computer communication: modems act as transmitter and receiver while the public telephone network is used as a transmission system.

1507:

Interspecies communication plays a key role for plants that depend on external agents for reproduction. For example, flowers need insects for

1025:, some theorists have suggested that intrapersonal communication is more basic than interpersonal communication. Young children sometimes use 12540: 11608: 7589: 8926:

Blatrix, Rumsaïs; Mayer, Veronika (5 August 2010). "Communication in Ant-Plant Symbioses". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.).

1976:

of the population. This development served as the foundation for revolutions in various fields, including science, politics, and religion.

516:

is another influential linear transmission model. It is based on the idea that a source creates a message, which is then translated into a

12559:

What is the Matter with Communicative Competence?: An Analysis to Encourage Teachers of English to Assess the Very Basis of Their Teaching

14071: 14001: 13834: 13782: 13714: 13603: 13436: 13318: 13194: 13068: 12936: 12734: 12278: 12222: 12032: 11921: 11888: 11853: 11787: 11713: 11591: 11492: 11302: 11244: 11209: 11110: 10942: 10909: 10841: 10651: 10390: 10190: 10070: 9558: 9525: 9335: 9250: 9046: 8978: 8795: 14286: 14251: 14152: 14036: 13966: 13636: 13471: 13283: 13229: 12835: 12767: 12668: 12487: 12454: 12065: 11659: 11525: 11422: 11368: 11176: 11054: 10717: 10585: 10355: 10223: 10124: 9767: 9434: 9368: 9215: 8828: 8686: 8496: 8343: 1374:. This field poses additional difficulties for researchers since plants are different from humans and other animals in that they lack a 14319: 13130: 12903: 12868: 12573: 12367: 12100: 10808: 10425:

Gilbert, L.; Johnson, D. (17 March 2017). "Plant-Plant Communication Through Common Mycorrhizal Networks". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.).

9492: 9401: 9302: 8943: 2054: 1236:, especially its almost limitless ability to combine basic units of meaning into more complex meaning structures. One view states that 12953: 11946: 10857:

Hillstrom, Northern Lights; Magee, ECDI (17 October 2006). "Intercultural communication". In Darnay, Arsen; Magee, Monique D. (eds.).

2637: 1416:

and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the

1212:

Animal communication is the process of giving and taking information among animals. The field studying animal communication is called

15833: 12609: 10406:

Giessen, Hans W. (2015). "Media-Based Learning Methodology: Stories, Games, and Emotions". In Ally, Mohamed; Khan, Badrul H. (eds.).

9609:"The Role of Gesture in Communication and Cognition: Implications for Understanding and Treating Neurogenic Communication Disorders" 15701: 11675:

McDermott, Virginia M. (18 August 2009). "Interpersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

116: 10141: 5677: 1293:. One part of courtship and mating consists in identifying and attracting potential mates. This can happen through various means. 552:. He states that communication starts when a source has an idea and expresses it in the form of a message. This process is called 14979: 12189: 13305:

The IABC Handbook of Organizational Communication: A Guide to Internal Communication, Public Relations, Marketing and Leadership

12238:

Nicotera, Anne Maydan (18 August 2009). "Constitutive View of Communication". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

10767: 850:, and physical appearance. Kinesics studies the role of bodily behavior in conveying information. It is commonly referred to as 1370:

refers to plant processes involving the sending and receiving of information. The field studying plant communication is called

1146:. Significant cultural differences constitute an additional obstacle and make it more likely that messages are misinterpreted. 452:

because this flow of information only goes in a single direction. This view is rejected by interaction models, which include a

11384:

Lantolf, James P. (18 August 2009). "Intrapersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

1825:

but it also encompasses other communication activities aimed at advancing the organization's objective to its audiences, like

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The Acquisition of Spanish: Morphosyntactic Development in Monolingual and Bilingual L1 Acquisition and Adult L2 Acquisition

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is much more prominent in the plant kingdom in contrast to the importance of visual and auditory communication for animals.

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Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself. In some cases this manifests externally, like when engaged in a

577: 1717:

computers. This helps make them more user-friendly and accessible to a wider audience while also increasing productivity.

171:

are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a

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The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference (EVOLANG7), Barcelona, Spain, 12–15 March 2008

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Waters, Christopher M.; Bassler, Bonnie L. (1 November 2005). "Quorum Sensing: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria".

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Li, Hong Ling (September 2007). "From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model".

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Giri, Vijai N. (18 August 2009). "Nonverbal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

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Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map Is Not the Territory".

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Guzman, Andrea L. (2018). "Introduction: 'What Is HumanMachine Communication, Anyway?'". In Guzman, Andrea L. (ed.).

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is usually not defined in terms of physical movement, as is the case for animals, but as a biochemical response to a

474:. Transaction models also hold that meaning is produced during communication and does not exist independently of it. 179:

to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called

1739:

and how signs acquire it. Communication studies covers a wide area overlapping with many other disciplines, such as

1047:

whereas some messages using artificial channels have a much longer lifespan, as in the case of books or sculptures.

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relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where

8845: 2433: 15260: 15213: 14467: 10992: 2094: 526: 13917: 10018:

Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (23 February 2006). "Preface". In Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (eds.).

8886: 5577: 4612: 2871: 2826: 2787: 2698: 2252: 14953: 14393: 14379: 8596: 1673:, which changes the format of the transmitted information to make it unintelligible to potential interceptors. 795:

Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information through non-linguistic modes, like facial expressions,

345:

The issue of the right definition affects the research process on many levels. This includes issues like which

63: 17: 12505:"Marshall T. Poe, A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet" 10571:

High Performance Browser Networking: What Every Web Developer Should Know about Networking and Web Performance

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Akada, Rinji; Minomi, Kenjiro; Kai, Jingo; Yamashita, Ichiro; Miyakawa, Tokichi; Fukui, Sakuzo (August 1989).

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between possible interpretations to discern the sender's intention. These interpretations depend also on the

544:

Schramm's model of communication, which focuses on the processes of encoding and decoding as well as feedback

494: 223:

is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them.

42: 12329:"Families, Companion Nonhuman Animals, and the CSZ Disaster: Implications for Crisis and Risk Communication" 9701:

Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). "Introduction". In Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (eds.).

1245:" to refer to certain communicative patterns in animal behavior that have similarities with human language. 803:. However, not every form of non-verbal behavior constitutes non-verbal communication. Some theorists, like 16115: 15252: 15228: 14699: 14649: 14589: 11285:"The Pervasive Role of Information in Health and Health Care: Implications for Health Communication Policy" 1794: 1143: 726:, developed naturally and for the most part unplanned in the course of history. Artificial languages, like 481:

Lasswell's model of communication, which is based on five questions corresponding to five basic components

16003: 15828: 15406: 15379: 15187: 14679: 14664: 14497: 14492: 14487: 12018:

Literacy Theories for the Digital Age: Social, Critical, Multimodal, Spatial, Material and Sensory Lenses

2099: 2084: 1852: 1654: 982: 930: 605: 601: 530: 216: 212: 14604: 14019:"1. Self-Talk and Inner Speech: Understanding The Uniquely Human Aspects of Intrapersonal Communication" 1482:

resources. However, there are also some forms of interspecies communication. This occurs especially for

1443:

Communication can also be observed for fungi and bacteria. Some fungal species communicate by releasing

15568: 15369: 15232: 14452: 14168:

Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication".

2049: 1814: 1677: 1476: 1180: 1155: 668: 251: 9661: 2183: 333:

individuals but groups like organizations, social classes, or nations. In a different sense, the term

15620: 14785: 14654: 14619: 1857: 1701: 1700:

in which the user must type a command to interact with the computer. Most modern user interfaces are

1696:, as well as the software used in the process. On the software side, most early user interfaces were 1639: 1421: 1279: 1225: 243: 38: 9702: 9660:

Cobley, Paul (5 June 2008). "Communication: Definitions and Concepts". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.).

9451: 7297: 2707: 15983: 15493: 15093: 14547: 14477: 14432: 2136: 2126: 2121: 1997: 1985: 1885: 1570:

is needed to send messages and a receiver is needed to receive them. A personal computer may use a

1412:

Plant communication happens in various forms. It includes communication within plants, i.e. within

1068: 1038:

For communication to be successful, the message has to travel from the sender to the receiver. The

779: 755: 688: 513: 485:

All the early models, developed in the middle of the 20th century, are linear transmission models.

463: 274: 220: 192: 12783:

Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans; Vorwerg, Constanze (2008). Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans (eds.).

12504: 7860: 7731: 1359:, i.e. as a form of learning that only occurs in a certain phase and is then mostly irreversible. 16020: 15896: 15324: 15236: 15027: 15022: 15012: 14719: 14704: 14542: 14532: 2089: 2079: 2064: 1830: 1818: 1810: 1763: 1356: 504:

Shannon–Weaver model of communication, which focuses on how a message is first translated into a

415: 353:

and laws are formulated as well as how systematic theories based on these steps are articulated.

168: 15423: 14795: 12333:

Natural Disasters and Risk Communication: Implications of the Cascadia Subduction Zone Megaquake

10377:

Communicative Competence Approaches to Language Proficiency Assessment: Research and Application

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Toward a Political Economy of Culture: Capitalism and Communication in the Twenty-First Century

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so that decoding is possible nonetheless. Other influential linear transmission models include

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Thomason, Richmond H. (2006). "Artificial And Natural Languages". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

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Baluska, F.; Volkmann, Dieter; Hlavacka, Andrej; Mancuso, Stefano; Barlow, Peter W. (2006).

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A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet

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du Plessis, Neeltje; Lowe, Nicky; Smith, Ailsa Stewart; Sykes, Pam; Wright, Bianca (2007).

9387:

Illustrated Course Guides : Verbal Communication - Soft Skills for a Digital Workplace

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finding a suitable spouse. Because of this, it can have a large impact on the individual's

948: 839: 823: 711: 565: 227: 188: 139: 105: 9784: 2313: 1860:, which is about the use of communication for assisting in development, like aid given by 991: 947:

Interpersonal communication is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is

8: 15922: 15659: 15610: 15558: 15037: 14870: 14845: 14238:

Developmental Perspectives on Metaphor: A Special Issue of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity

11440:

2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing

1918: 1834: 1635: 1563: 1367: 1328: 952: 746:

and transmit meaning while for writing, the signs are physically inscribed on a surface.

675:. However, this process is less intuitive and often does not result in the same level of 597: 486: 375: 231: 135: 14234:"Understanding Versus Discriminating Nonliteral Utterances: Evidence for a Dissociation" 11607:

McClelland, Charles A. (2008). "Communication, Political". In Darity, William A. (ed.).

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and mating, parent-offspring relations, social relations, navigation, self-defense, and

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Twidale, Michael (2002). "Human-Computer Interaction". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.).

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Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction: A Handbook for the 21st Century

9190: 9165: 9131: 9106: 9088: 9063: 8545: 2131: 1599: 1262:

Animal communication can take a variety of forms, including visual, auditory, tactile,

1254: 1168: 631: 570: 438: 346: 14810: 12185: 10001: 9974: 8395: 8360: 1955:

by the Egyptians around 2500 BCE and was further improved later by the development of

1676:

Human-computer communication is a closely related field that concerns topics like how

1503:. Many flowers use vivid colors to signal to insects that they offer food like nectar. 1379: 477: 292: 175:

system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a

15791: 15741: 15548: 15483: 15389: 15374: 15073: 14740: 14340: 14309: 14276: 14241: 14220: 14175: 14142: 14121: 14104: 14061: 14026: 13991: 13956: 13923: 13890: 13857: 13824: 13803: 13772: 13737: 13704: 13697:

Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021).

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Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment

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Neurobiology of Human Language and Its Evolution: Primate and Nonprimate Perspectives

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Danesi, Marcel (17 June 2013a). "Non-verbal Communication". In Danesi, Marcel (ed.).

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Kyle, Jim G.; Kyle, James; Woll, Bencie; Pullen, G.; Maddix, F. (26 February 1988).

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and how data in the form of inputs and outputs is exchanged. This happens through a

1554: 1102:

Many additional components of communicative competence have been suggested, such as

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The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, 4 Volume Set

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and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of

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Non-verbal communication often happens unintentionally and unconsciously, like

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The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the

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are another often-discussed case in this respect since they perform a type of

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is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with

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Many contributions in the field of communication studies focus on developing

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Biocommunication: Sign-mediated Interactions Between Cells And Organisms

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The first transactional model was proposed by communication theorist

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Some definitions are broad and encompass unconscious and non-human

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Two competing theories in the study of animal communication are

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There are many forms of non-verbal communication. They include

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Non-verbal communication can also happen through visual

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that is able to express the idea, for instance, through

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Two central components of communicative competence are

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form, including spoken and written messages as well as

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Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda

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Theological Hermeneutics: Development and Significance

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How Plants Communicate With Their Biotic Environment

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Verbal communication is the exchange of messages in

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showing the basic components and their interaction.

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using sounds, sign language, and writing as well as

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field of inquiry studying communicational phenomena

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Early influential theories were created by 142:and attempts to communicate with intelligent 14339:(4th ed.). 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It happens by releasing 1422:volatile organic compounds 1205: 1201: 1156:Biocommunication (science) 1153: 1066: 980: 928: 777: 714:. Natural languages, like 615: 413: 383:constitute communication. 252:Interspecies communication 244:volatile organic compounds 61: 16060: 16034: 15974: 15967: 15941: 15905: 15869: 15842: 15779: 15775: 15764: 15697: 15686: 15642: 15619: 15582: 15534: 15469: 15348: 15344: 15331: 15269: 15206: 15165: 15056: 15005: 14944: 14733: 14612: 14601: 14441: 14423: 13736:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 13307:. John Wiley & Sons. 12521:10.1177/1461444811429927c 12122:Health Education Research 11289:Communication Yearbook 11 10994:Empire and Communications 10703:Communicating for Success 10209:Information Communication 10059:. John Wiley & Sons. 9783:Craig, Robert T. (1999). 9233:"Corporate Communication" 9204:. John Wiley & Sons. 9080:10.1017/S0954579411000708 8997:Key Concepts in Marketing 8967:. John Wiley & Sons. 8485:. 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Juta and Company Ltd. 13402:Organisational Behaviour 12186:"What is Communication?" 12021:. Multilingual Matters. 11968:Journal of Communication 11873:. In Mody, Bella (ed.). 11544:Language and Linguistics 10706:. Taylor & Francis. 10379:. Multilingual Matters. 10245:. Juta and Company Ltd. 10092:. Pearson South Africa. 9973:Davey, J. (March 1992). 9822:Journal of Communication 9626:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00323 9268:Organizational behaviour 9179:Journal of Communication 8780:. In Allen, Mike (ed.). 8735:Berlo, David K. 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They are 242:trees release so-called 221:Communicative competence 193:non-verbal communication 39:latest accepted revision 15424:Interpersonal synchrony 15325:Nonverbal communication 14543:Nonverbal communication 14533:Models of communication 13823:. Infobase Publishing. 13652:Taylor, Hal R. (1962). 12690:. Himalaya Publishing. 12509:New Media & Society 12294:Nöth, Winfried (1995). 11448:10.1109/WICOM.2007.1332 11093:"Communication Studies" 11043:. Libraries Unlimited. 10574:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. 10146:. 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LIT Verlag Münster. 11233:. Frontiers Media SA. 10794:Business Communication 10371:Genesee, Fred (1984). 9756:. Simon and Schuster. 9478:Language and Migration 9321:Teaching Communication 8817:. Palgrave MacMillan. 7031:Meinel & Sack 2014 4314:Clough & Duff 2020 4275:du Plessis et al. 2007 3379:Watson & Hill 2015 3349:Watson & Hill 2015 3124:Watson & Hill 2012 2911:Watson & Hill 2012 2189:Meinel & Sack 2014 2117:Military communication 2060:Aviation communication 1923: 1905:imperfect human memory 1817:. The main element of 1807:business communication 1647:communication protocol 1559: 1504: 1398: 1388:chemical communication 1376:central nervous system 1259: 1176: 1003: 944: 792: 752:American Sign Language 738:, and the language of 545: 509: 482: 302: 16011:Impression management 15107:Intelligence quotient 14695:Mediated cross-border 14417:Communication studies 14337:The Study of Language 14335:Yule, George (2010). 12789:. 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For example, 1396: 1251: 1167: 1136:Ambiguous expressions 1021:Based on its role in 998:(Daydream) featuring 990: 938: 787: 712:constructed languages 677:linguistic competence 652:are combined to form 543: 503: 480: 459:two-way communication 207:, for example, using 181:communication studies 167:but also creates it. 144:extraterrestrial life 16026:Verbal communication 15979:Animal communication 15897:Targeted advertising 15414:Haptic communication 15193:Three-stratum theory 14630:Communication theory 14625:Communication design 14382:at Wikimedia Commons 14240:. Psychology Press. 13625:. Cengage Learning. 13218:. World Scientific. 12687:Communication Skills 12443:. Cengage Learning. 11514:. Penn State Press. 11481:. World Scientific. 10830:. Psychology Press. 10772:www.ahdictionary.com 10739:. Psychology Press. 9789:Communication Theory 9456:Cambridge Dictionary 9390:. Cengage Learning. 9035:. Psychology Press. 7812:Simonson et al. 2013 7701:Simonson et al. 2013 7324:, pp. 31, 41–42 7027:, pp. 29, 41–42 6731:Novak & Day 2018 6454:, pp. 3491–3498 5890:Luuk & Luuk 2008 4446:, pp. 1455–1456 3602:, pp. 11, 13–14 3126:, pp. 112–113, 3029:, pp. 5439–5442 2147:Upward communication 2070:Communication rights 1870:Health communication 1401:In plants, the term 1218:referential function 1208:Animal communication 1192:evolutionary biology 1132:selective perception 949:dyadic communication 939:Kathy Matayoshi and 588:cues as a response. 556:and happens using a 514:Shannon–Weaver model 296:has its root in the 62:For other uses, see 16116:Main topic articles 16035:Non-verbal language 15923:Gesture recognition 15770:Further information 15660:Emotion recognition 15611:Silent service code 15166:Models and theories 12335:. Lexington Books. 12089:. Springer Nature. 11910:. Springer Nature. 11735:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10997:. Clarendon Press. 10553:. Springer Nature. 10212:. Springer Nature. 8526:1983Sci...221..277B 7499:Ren & Zhai 2013 6862:, pp. 142, 175 6376:Baluska et al. 2006 5036:von Kriegstein 2011 2558:, pp. 176, 179 1835:electoral campaigns 1833:covers topics like 1564:transmission system 1368:Plant communication 598:human communication 464:non-verbal feedback 388:I. A. Richards 347:empirical phenomena 232:plant communication 29:Page version status 16061:Art and literature 16016:Meta-communication 16004:Passive-aggressive 15933:Sentiment analysis 15634:Non-verbal leakage 15219:Heritability of IQ 14996:Human intelligence 14660:Discourse analysis 14585:Telecommunications 14528:Meta-communication 12135:10.1093/her/cyn024 10464:. Nelson Thornes. 10431:. Academic Press. 10179:. Wolters Kluwer. 8961:"Innis, Harold A." 8418:. Academic Press. 8309:, pp. 223–224 8303:, pp. 178–181 8261:, pp. 172–173 8216:, pp. 171–172 8174:, pp. 169–170 8120:, pp. 212–214 8087:, pp. 168–169 8072:, pp. 168–169 8033:, pp. 168–169 7976:, pp. 168–169 7463:, pp. 155–156 7429:, pp. 155–156 7402:, pp. 155–156 7375:, pp. 184–185 7224:, pp. 411–413 6943:, pp. 4–5, 14 6889:, pp. 4–5, 14 6826:, pp. 49, 175 6754:, pp. 157–158 6634:, pp. 122–124 6514:, pp. 167–168 6472:, pp. 319–320 6448:, pp. 951–960 6408:, pp. 277–279 5549:, pp. 218–219 5513:, pp. 238–239 5486:, pp. 238–239 4869:, pp. 567–568 4827:, pp. 568–569 4815:, pp. 567–568 4701:, pp. 546–547 4638:, pp. 548–549 4626:, pp. 36, 361 4584:, pp. 547–548 4554:, pp. 547–548 4452:, pp. 113–116 4386:, pp. 690–961 4380:, pp. 492–493 4223:, pp. 693–694 4202:, pp. 693–694 4187:, pp. 692–693 4010:, pp. 493–495 3974:, pp. 692–694 3480:Beynon-Davies 2010 3358:Lawson et al. 2019 3067:, pp. 380–382 2922:, pp. 245–249 2459:, pp. 369–370 2447:, pp. 208–209 2408:, pp. 207–209 2384:, pp. 207–209 2342:, pp. 207–210 2330:, pp. 201–203 2306:, pp. 201–202 2245:, pp. 369–370 2132:Risk communication 1924: 1856:also relevant for 1624:wide area networks 1612:local area network 1560: 1505: 1399: 1260: 1255:Lampyris noctiluca 1177: 1169:Wolves communicate 1004: 994:'s 1901 painting, 945: 793: 710:and artificial or 632:oral communication 546: 520:by a transmitter. 510: 483: 439:mass communication 35: 16098: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16085: 15792:Asperger syndrome 15760: 15759: 15742:Social competence 15682: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15484:Emotional prosody 15390:Subtle expression 15375:Facial expression 15291: 15290: 15207:Areas of research 15157:Visual processing 15074:Cognitive liberty 14962: 14961: 14378:Media related to 14346:978-0-521-76527-5 14315:978-0-08-049734-1 14282:978-0-87778-264-3 14247:978-1-317-77779-3 14181:978-0-252-72546-3 14148:978-1-62892-149-6 14127:978-1-84966-563-6 14067:978-1-4398-1217-4 14032:978-1-136-60184-2 13997:978-1-108-50678-6 13962:978-1-4289-2182-5 13929:978-1-946135-07-0 13896:978-1-946135-07-0 13863:978-0-02-865385-3 13830:978-0-8160-6991-0 13809:978-0-19-982750-3 13778:978-1-000-87190-6 13743:978-0-02-865790-5 13710:978-1-000-38141-2 13632:978-1-305-53385-1 13599:978-0-7021-7261-8 13566:978-0-7021-3649-8 13533:978-0-13-350648-8 13500:978-3-11-031745-9 13467:978-0-7021-3446-3 13432:978-981-4479-98-1 13411:978-0-07-715461-5 13380:978-0-415-89259-9 13347:978-0-415-89259-9 13314:978-0-7879-8553-0 13279:978-1-58713-038-0 13225:978-1-78634-046-7 13190:978-0-253-11530-0 13126:978-3-642-12162-3 13064:978-93-325-1784-4 13031:978-0-02-865385-3 12998:978-0-02-865385-3 12965:978-0-02-865386-0 12932:978-1-4496-4521-2 12899:978-0-8039-7837-9 12864:978-0-19-956778-2 12831:978-3-540-52698-8 12796:978-3-11-018829-5 12763:978-3-642-39561-1 12730:978-1-136-43888-2 12697:978-81-8318-351-2 12664:978-90-5699-510-2 12631:978-0-19-975684-1 12600:978-0-511-97691-9 12569:978-3-8258-8487-1 12483:978-1-4129-1684-4 12450:978-1-285-40275-8 12429:978-1-83910-034-5 12396:978-0-323-15097-2 12363:978-0-521-77481-9 12342:978-1-4985-5612-5 12307:978-0-253-20959-7 12274:978-94-007-6973-1 12251:978-1-4129-5937-7 12218:978-1-60807-933-9 12164:978-81-269-0513-3 12096:978-3-030-41668-3 12061:978-90-272-5297-5 12028:978-1-78309-464-6 11917:978-981-15-3147-7 11884:978-0-7619-2901-7 11849:978-0-7619-9476-3 11816:978-1-139-49637-7 11783:978-3-642-54331-9 11750:978-1-4051-3199-5 11709:978-1-56881-305-9 11688:978-1-4129-5937-7 11655:978-1-316-62300-8 11620:978-0-02-865966-4 11587:978-0-19-280637-6 11554:978-0-521-29775-2 11521:978-0-271-07583-9 11488:978-981-277-611-2 11457:978-1-4244-1311-9 11418:978-1-108-59441-7 11397:978-1-4129-5937-7 11364:978-0-521-35717-3 11331:978-0-02-865385-3 11298:978-1-135-14844-7 11275:978-1-317-43451-1 11240:978-2-88919-111-6 11205:978-90-04-42854-6 11172:978-3-7329-0432-7 11139:978-0-226-26484-4 11106:978-1-4833-5995-3 11083:978-1-349-09597-1 11050:978-1-56308-749-3 10971:978-0-8493-0928-1 10938:978-3-11-087968-1 10905:978-3-11-037387-5 10870:978-0-7876-9112-7 10837:978-1-317-81973-8 10804:978-1-134-64572-5 10746:978-1-84872-089-3 10713:978-1-000-81663-1 10680:978-90-272-0458-5 10647:978-1-4766-7989-1 10614:978-1-4331-4251-2 10581:978-1-4493-4474-0 10560:978-3-031-35634-6 10525:978-1-000-39140-4 10504:978-1-4129-5937-7 10471:978-0-17-438743-5 10438:978-0-12-801620-6 10417:978-1-317-64356-2 10386:978-0-905028-21-7 10351:978-1-5443-3279-6 10318:978-0-203-13431-3 10285:978-0-203-13431-3 10252:978-0-7021-6650-1 10219:978-3-031-02293-7 10186:978-93-5129-722-2 10153:978-0-02-865704-2 10120:978-1-4425-5055-1 10099:978-1-86891-593-4 10066:978-1-118-95560-4 10031:978-1-139-44797-3 9953:978-0-8020-8329-6 9920:978-1-4426-9553-5 9887:978-1-4426-9553-5 9854:978-0-7656-3938-7 9763:978-1-4711-0941-6 9722:978-3-11-024045-0 9681:978-1-4051-8640-7 9587:978-0-19-956875-8 9554:978-1-351-06002-8 9521:978-1-317-36371-2 9488:978-1-351-20770-6 9430:978-1-4617-0035-7 9397:978-1-337-34213-1 9364:978-1-134-63038-7 9331:978-1-134-97045-2 9298:978-1-317-34607-4 9277:978-1-292-11749-2 9246:978-1-4833-7653-0 9211:978-1-119-58242-7 9042:978-1-134-79877-3 9007:978-1-84787-498-6 8974:978-1-118-29073-6 8939:978-3-642-12162-3 8906:978-0-415-07310-3 8865:978-0-415-07310-3 8824:978-0-230-29502-5 8791:978-1-4833-8142-8 8715:978-1-4129-1813-8 8682:978-0-8039-7357-2 8649:978-3-319-64565-0 8616:978-3-11-087875-2 8598:Language Behavior 8572:978-3-540-28475-8 8520:(4607): 277–279. 8492:978-0-631-23036-6 8459:978-3-11-031745-9 8425:978-0-12-801620-6 8339:978-0-521-83245-8 6452:Akada et al. 1989 6423:, pp. 84, 94 5396:, pp. 19, 24 5273:, pp. 18, 25 5195:, pp. 18, 25 2907:, 2. Other models 2729:, 2. Other models 2112:Linguistic rights 2075:Data transmission 2041:Technology portal 1706:Microsoft Windows 1596:computer networks 1550:Computer networks 1500:Cosmos bipinnatus 1434:mycorrhizal fungi 1196:natural selection 1118:, and semantics. 1027:egocentric speech 992:Paul César Helleu 919:social psychology 740:first-order logic 472:facial expression 205:linguistic system 47:18 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 16123: 15972: 15971: 15949:Ray Birdwhistell 15777: 15776: 15766: 15765: 15692:Broader concepts 15688: 15687: 15665:First impression 15346: 15345: 15333: 15332: 15318: 15311: 15304: 15295: 15294: 15277: 15276: 15198:Triarchic theory 14989: 14982: 14975: 14966: 14965: 14952: 14951: 14607: 14558:Public relations 14453:Biocommunication 14410: 14403: 14396: 14387: 14386: 14377: 14365: 14350: 14331: 14329: 14327: 14298: 14296: 14294: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14228: 14218: 14197: 14195: 14193: 14164: 14162: 14160: 14131: 14112: 14083: 14081: 14079: 14048: 14046: 14044: 14013: 14011: 14009: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13945: 13943: 13941: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13879: 13877: 13875: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13813: 13794: 13792: 13790: 13759: 13757: 13755: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13693: 13691: 13689: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13615: 13613: 13611: 13582: 13580: 13578: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13415: 13396: 13394: 13392: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13262: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13109: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13014: 13012: 13010: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12604: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12552: 12550: 12548: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12433: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12346: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12255: 12234: 12232: 12230: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12147: 12137: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12011: 12009: 12007: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11692: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11469: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11401: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11347: 11345: 11343: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11279: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11087: 11066: 11064: 11062: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11010: 11008: 11006: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10863:. Thomson Gale. 10853: 10851: 10849: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10564: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10508: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10421: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10103: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10014: 10004: 9994: 9979:The EMBO Journal 9969: 9967: 9965: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9837: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9753:How To Speak Dog 9746: 9744: 9742: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9656: 9646: 9628: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9281: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9194: 9173: 9144: 9134: 9117:(4): 1455–1486. 9101: 9091: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9023: 9021: 9019: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8591: 8586: 8584: 8553: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8408: 8398: 8380: 8371:(8): 3491–3498. 8355: 8353: 8351: 8313: 8295: 8289: 8280: 8274: 8253: 8247: 8226: 8220: 8199: 8193: 8166: 8160: 8139: 8133: 8112: 8106: 8093:, pp. 69–70 8079: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8025: 8019: 7995: 7989: 7968: 7962: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7902: 7896: 7872: 7866: 7853:, pp. 12–13 7845: 7839: 7797: 7791: 7758: 7752: 7722: 7716: 7695: 7689: 7671: 7665: 7644: 7638: 7614: 7608: 7598: 7592: 7583: 7577: 7553: 7547: 7514: 7508: 7488: 7482: 7455: 7449: 7421: 7415: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7282: 7276: 7243: 7237: 7236:, pp. 58–59 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7192: 7186: 7177: 7171: 7146: 7140: 7112: 7106: 7082: 7076: 7075:, pp. 41–42 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7019: 7013: 6992: 6986: 6968: 6962: 6958:, pp. 46–48 6935: 6929: 6905: 6899: 6895:, pp. 46–48 6881: 6875: 6856:, pp. 49–50 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6820:, pp. 39–40 6812: 6806: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6746: 6740: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6694:, pp. 56–57 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6530: 6524: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6464: 6458: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6388: 6382: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6217: 6211: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6183:, pp. 14–15 6178: 6172: 6162:, pp. 58–59 6154: 6148: 6147:, pp. 28–29 6142: 6136: 6118: 6112: 6111:, pp. 27–28 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6084:, pp. 19–20 6070: 6064: 6054:, pp. 26–27 6046: 6040: 6039:, pp. 26–29 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 5998: 5992: 5979:, pp. 58–59 5971: 5965: 5947: 5941: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5878: 5872: 5851: 5845: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5796:, pp. 25–26 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5668: 5662: 5629: 5623: 5599: 5593: 5568: 5562: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5444:, pp. 41–42 5430: 5424: 5406: 5400: 5382: 5376: 5375:, pp. 20–22 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5339:, pp. 59–60 5331: 5325: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5205: 5199: 5183:, pp. 20–21 5175: 5169: 5168:, pp. 17–18 5163: 5157: 5138:Peterwagner 2005 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5089:, pp. 20–21 5084: 5078: 5074:, pp. 43–54 5051: 5045: 5012: 5006: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4957: 4951: 4920: 4914: 4888: 4882: 4861: 4855: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4800:, pp. 47–52 4783: 4777: 4768: 4762: 4741: 4735: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4507: 4501: 4497:, pp. 52–53 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4438: 4432: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4308: 4302: 4260: 4254: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4152: 4146: 4125: 4119: 4092: 4086: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 3990: 3984: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3885: 3879: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3801: 3795: 3779:, pp. 58–59 3771: 3765: 3756:Kyle et al. 1988 3741: 3735: 3726:Kyle et al. 1988 3705: 3699: 3695:, pp. 41–42 3678: 3672: 3662: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3617: 3611: 3594: 3588: 3564: 3558: 3549:Butterfield 2016 3540:Kyle et al. 1988 3528: 3522: 3518:, pp. 58–59 3504: 3498: 3474: 3468: 3442: 3436: 3409: 3403: 3399:, pp. 57–60 3373: 3367: 3337: 3331: 3313: 3307: 3298: 3292: 3258: 3252: 3227: 3221: 3190: 3184: 3180:, pp. 25–26 3157: 3151: 3118: 3112: 3103:Januszewski 2001 3077: 3071: 3039: 3033: 3001: 2995: 2991:, pp. 88–93 2968: 2962: 2940:, pp. 52–53 2932: 2926: 2895: 2889: 2862: 2856: 2817: 2811: 2778: 2772: 2736: 2730: 2720: 2714: 2679: 2673: 2647: 2641: 2631: 2625: 2601: 2595: 2544: 2538: 2514: 2508: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2421: 2400: 2394: 2376: 2370: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2298: 2292: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2231: 2225: 2204: 2198: 2168: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2010: 2009: 1969:Johann Gutenberg 1845:and the role of 1827:public relations 1743:, anthropology, 1497:A honeybee on a 1380:rigid cell walls 1181:biocommunication 907:Ray Birdwhistell 673:second languages 661:concrete objects 487:Lasswell's model 327: 324: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 128: 119: 108: 99: 88: 79: 21: 16131: 16130: 16126: 16125: 16124: 16122: 16121: 16120: 16101: 16100: 16099: 16082: 16073:Mimoplastic art 16056: 16047:Tactile signing 16030: 15963: 15937: 15901: 15865: 15838: 15771: 15756: 15732:Social behavior 15693: 15674: 15638: 15629:Microexpression 15615: 15599:One-bit message 15578: 15530: 15465: 15385:Microexpression 15340: 15327: 15322: 15292: 15287: 15265: 15202: 15161: 15127:Problem solving 15061: 15052: 15001: 14993: 14963: 14958: 14940: 14729: 14608: 14599: 14446: 14444: 14437: 14419: 14414: 14358: 14353: 14347: 14325: 14323: 14316: 14292: 14290: 14283: 14257: 14255: 14248: 14191: 14189: 14182: 14158: 14156: 14149: 14128: 14077: 14075: 14068: 14042: 14040: 14033: 14007: 14005: 13998: 13972: 13970: 13963: 13939: 13937: 13930: 13906: 13904: 13897: 13873: 13871: 13864: 13840: 13838: 13831: 13810: 13788: 13786: 13779: 13753: 13751: 13744: 13720: 13718: 13711: 13687: 13685: 13642: 13640: 13633: 13609: 13607: 13600: 13576: 13574: 13567: 13543: 13541: 13534: 13510: 13508: 13501: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13442: 13440: 13433: 13412: 13390: 13388: 13381: 13357: 13355: 13348: 13324: 13322: 13315: 13289: 13287: 13280: 13272:. Cisco Press. 13235: 13233: 13226: 13200: 13198: 13191: 13167: 13165: 13136: 13134: 13127: 13074: 13072: 13065: 13041: 13039: 13032: 13008: 13006: 12999: 12975: 12973: 12966: 12942: 12940: 12933: 12909: 12907: 12900: 12874: 12872: 12865: 12841: 12839: 12832: 12806: 12804: 12797: 12773: 12771: 12764: 12740: 12738: 12731: 12707: 12705: 12698: 12674: 12672: 12665: 12641: 12639: 12632: 12601: 12579: 12577: 12570: 12546: 12544: 12493: 12491: 12484: 12460: 12458: 12451: 12430: 12406: 12404: 12397: 12373: 12371: 12364: 12343: 12317: 12315: 12308: 12284: 12282: 12275: 12252: 12228: 12226: 12219: 12195: 12193: 12174: 12172: 12165: 12106: 12104: 12097: 12071: 12069: 12062: 12038: 12036: 12029: 12005: 12003: 11952: 11950: 11943:Merriam-Webster 11939:"Communication" 11927: 11925: 11918: 11894: 11892: 11885: 11859: 11857: 11850: 11826: 11824: 11817: 11793: 11791: 11784: 11760: 11758: 11751: 11719: 11717: 11710: 11689: 11665: 11663: 11656: 11630: 11628: 11621: 11597: 11595: 11588: 11564: 11562: 11555: 11531: 11529: 11522: 11498: 11496: 11489: 11458: 11428: 11426: 11419: 11398: 11374: 11372: 11365: 11341: 11339: 11332: 11308: 11306: 11299: 11276: 11250: 11248: 11241: 11215: 11213: 11206: 11182: 11180: 11173: 11149: 11147: 11140: 11116: 11114: 11107: 11084: 11060: 11058: 11051: 11027: 11025: 11004: 11002: 10981: 10979: 10972: 10948: 10946: 10939: 10915: 10913: 10906: 10880: 10878: 10871: 10847: 10845: 10838: 10814: 10812: 10805: 10781: 10779: 10768:"Communication" 10756: 10754: 10747: 10723: 10721: 10714: 10690: 10688: 10681: 10657: 10655: 10648: 10624: 10622: 10615: 10591: 10589: 10582: 10561: 10535: 10533: 10526: 10505: 10481: 10479: 10472: 10448: 10446: 10439: 10418: 10396: 10394: 10387: 10361: 10359: 10352: 10328: 10326: 10319: 10295: 10293: 10286: 10262: 10260: 10253: 10229: 10227: 10220: 10196: 10194: 10187: 10163: 10161: 10154: 10130: 10128: 10121: 10100: 10076: 10074: 10067: 10041: 10039: 10032: 9963: 9961: 9954: 9930: 9928: 9921: 9897: 9895: 9888: 9864: 9862: 9855: 9847:. M.E. Sharpe. 9810: 9808: 9773: 9771: 9764: 9740: 9738: 9723: 9691: 9689: 9682: 9597: 9595: 9588: 9564: 9562: 9555: 9531: 9529: 9522: 9498: 9496: 9489: 9465: 9463: 9452:"Communication" 9440: 9438: 9431: 9407: 9405: 9398: 9374: 9372: 9365: 9341: 9339: 9332: 9308: 9306: 9299: 9278: 9256: 9254: 9247: 9221: 9219: 9212: 9052: 9050: 9043: 9017: 9015: 9008: 8984: 8982: 8975: 8949: 8947: 8940: 8916: 8914: 8907: 8875: 8873: 8866: 8834: 8832: 8825: 8801: 8799: 8792: 8766: 8764: 8749: 8725: 8723: 8716: 8692: 8690: 8683: 8659: 8657: 8650: 8626: 8624: 8617: 8582: 8580: 8573: 8502: 8500: 8493: 8469: 8467: 8460: 8435: 8433: 8426: 8349: 8347: 8340: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8296: 8292: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8080: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8026: 8022: 8018: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7707:Sonderling 1995 7696: 7692: 7688: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7615: 7611: 7599: 7595: 7586:McClelland 2008 7584: 7580: 7576: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7193: 7189: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7020: 7016: 7012: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6389: 6385: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6231:, pp. 2, 7 6218: 6214: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6015: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5727:, pp. 1, 3 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5574:UMN staff 2016a 5569: 5565: 5561: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5013: 5009: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4938:, pp. 63–9 4921: 4917: 4913: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4784: 4780: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4714:Ezhilarasu 2016 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4609:UMN staff 2016a 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4522:Ezhilarasu 2016 4508: 4504: 4500: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4013: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3679: 3675: 3663: 3659: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2913:, p. 154, 2896: 2892: 2888: 2868:UMN staff 2016a 2863: 2859: 2855: 2823:UMN staff 2016a 2818: 2814: 2810: 2784:UMN staff 2016a 2779: 2775: 2771: 2737: 2733: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2695:UMN staff 2016a 2680: 2676: 2672: 2648: 2644: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2609:, pp. 1, 3 2602: 2598: 2594: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2457:Munodawafa 2008 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249:Blackburn 1996a 2243:Munodawafa 2008 2232: 2228: 2224: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1994: 1888: 1882: 1751:, linguistics, 1729: 1723: 1552: 1546: 1534:working animals 1479: 1473: 1461:bioluminescence 1457:gene expression 1365: 1243:animal language 1210: 1204: 1162: 1152: 1071: 1065: 1036: 1023:self-regulation 985: 979: 933: 927: 856:military salute 820:raising a thumb 782: 776: 620: 614: 594: 571:Schramm's model 531:Gerbner's model 418: 412: 325: 322: 319: 315: 312: 309: 288: 268:working animals 150: 149: 148: 147: 131: 130: 129: 121: 120: 111: 110: 109: 101: 100: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16129: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16096: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16088: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16064: 16062: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16038: 16036: 16032: 16031: 16029: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16007: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15981: 15975: 15969: 15965: 15964: 15962: 15961: 15956: 15954:Charles Darwin 15951: 15945: 15943: 15939: 15938: 15936: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15909: 15907: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15863: 15858: 15848: 15846: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15820: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15783: 15781: 15773: 15772: 15762: 15761: 15758: 15757: 15755: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15684: 15683: 15680: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15650:Affect display 15646: 15644: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15631: 15625: 15623: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15607: 15606: 15596: 15586: 15584: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15540: 15538: 15536:Social context 15532: 15531: 15529: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15486: 15481: 15475: 15473: 15467: 15466: 15464: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15444:Pupil dilation 15441: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15404: 15394: 15393: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15372: 15367: 15358: 15352: 15350: 15342: 15341: 15329: 15328: 15321: 15320: 15313: 15306: 15298: 15289: 15288: 15286: 15285: 15270: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15263: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15210: 15208: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15169: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15065: 15063: 15062:and constructs 15054: 15053: 15051: 15050: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15009: 15007: 15003: 15002: 14992: 14991: 14984: 14977: 14969: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14956: 14945: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14737: 14735: 14731: 14730: 14728: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14700:Organizational 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14650:Cross-cultural 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14609: 14602: 14600: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14581: 14580: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14498:Intrapersonal 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14449: 14447: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14435: 14430: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14413: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14390: 14384: 14383: 14371: 14357: 14356:External links 14354: 14352: 14351: 14345: 14332: 14314: 14299: 14281: 14264: 14246: 14229: 14198: 14180: 14165: 14147: 14132: 14126: 14113: 14095:(1): 319–346. 14084: 14066: 14049: 14031: 14014: 13996: 13979: 13961: 13946: 13928: 13913: 13895: 13880: 13862: 13847: 13829: 13814: 13808: 13795: 13777: 13760: 13742: 13727: 13709: 13694: 13649: 13631: 13616: 13598: 13583: 13565: 13550: 13532: 13517: 13499: 13484: 13466: 13449: 13431: 13416: 13410: 13397: 13379: 13364: 13346: 13331: 13313: 13296: 13278: 13263: 13253:(3): 379–423. 13242: 13224: 13207: 13189: 13174: 13143: 13125: 13110: 13092:(5): 599–622. 13081: 13063: 13048: 13030: 13015: 12997: 12982: 12964: 12949: 12931: 12916: 12898: 12881: 12863: 12857:. OUP Oxford. 12848: 12830: 12813: 12795: 12780: 12762: 12747: 12729: 12714: 12696: 12681: 12663: 12648: 12630: 12605: 12599: 12586: 12568: 12553: 12515:(2): 356–359. 12500: 12482: 12467: 12449: 12434: 12428: 12413: 12395: 12380: 12362: 12347: 12341: 12324: 12306: 12291: 12273: 12256: 12250: 12235: 12217: 12202: 12181: 12163: 12148: 12128:(3): 369–370. 12113: 12095: 12078: 12060: 12045: 12027: 12012: 11959: 11934: 11916: 11901: 11883: 11866: 11848: 11833: 11815: 11800: 11782: 11767: 11749: 11726: 11708: 11693: 11687: 11672: 11654: 11637: 11619: 11604: 11586: 11571: 11553: 11538: 11520: 11505: 11487: 11470: 11456: 11435: 11417: 11402: 11396: 11381: 11363: 11348: 11330: 11315: 11297: 11280: 11274: 11257: 11239: 11222: 11204: 11189: 11171: 11156: 11138: 11123: 11105: 11088: 11082: 11067: 11049: 11034: 11011: 10988: 10970: 10955: 10937: 10922: 10904: 10887: 10869: 10854: 10836: 10821: 10803: 10788: 10763: 10745: 10730: 10712: 10697: 10679: 10664: 10646: 10631: 10613: 10598: 10580: 10565: 10559: 10542: 10524: 10509: 10503: 10488: 10470: 10455: 10437: 10422: 10416: 10403: 10385: 10368: 10350: 10335: 10317: 10302: 10284: 10269: 10251: 10236: 10218: 10203: 10185: 10170: 10152: 10137: 10119: 10104: 10098: 10083: 10065: 10048: 10030: 10015: 9985:(3): 951–960. 9970: 9952: 9937: 9919: 9904: 9886: 9871: 9853: 9838: 9828:(2): 201–210. 9817: 9795:(2): 119–161. 9780: 9762: 9747: 9721: 9698: 9680: 9657: 9604: 9586: 9580:. OUP Oxford. 9571: 9553: 9538: 9520: 9505: 9487: 9472: 9447: 9429: 9414: 9396: 9381: 9363: 9348: 9330: 9315: 9297: 9282: 9276: 9263: 9245: 9228: 9210: 9195: 9174: 9145: 9102: 9074:(1): 113–123. 9059: 9041: 9024: 9006: 8991: 8973: 8956: 8938: 8923: 8905: 8882: 8864: 8841: 8823: 8808: 8790: 8773: 8747: 8732: 8714: 8699: 8681: 8666: 8648: 8633: 8615: 8592: 8571: 8554: 8509: 8491: 8476: 8458: 8442: 8424: 8409: 8356: 8338: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283:Steinberg 1995 8275: 8272: 8271: 8265:Steinberg 1995 8262: 8255: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8238:Steinberg 1995 8235: 8228: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8211: 8205:Steinberg 1995 8201: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8184: 8178:Steinberg 1995 8175: 8168: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8151: 8145:Steinberg 1995 8141: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8097:Steinberg 1995 8094: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8049: 8043: 8037:Steinberg 1995 8034: 8027: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8010:Aitchison 2007 8007: 7997: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7980:Steinberg 1995 7977: 7970: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7953:Steinberg 1995 7950: 7943: 7936: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7914:Steinberg 1995 7911: 7904: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7884: 7878:Steinberg 1995 7874: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7830:Blondheim 2016 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803:Steinberg 1995 7799: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7779: 7770: 7760: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748:, pp. 6–7 7743: 7737:Steinberg 1995 7734: 7724: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7680: 7677:Steinberg 2007 7673: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7659:Steinberg 2007 7656: 7646: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7626: 7616: 7609: 7593: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7565: 7555: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7516: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7496: 7490: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7470: 7467:Steinberg 2007 7464: 7457: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7436: 7433:Steinberg 2007 7430: 7423: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7340: 7337:Steinberg 2007 7333: 7326: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7301: 7300:, Introduction 7291: 7284: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7124: 7114: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7094: 7084: 7077: 7073:Stallings 2014 7065: 7053: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7028: 7025:Stallings 2014 7021: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009:, pp. 4–5 7004: 6994: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6977: 6974:Stallings 2014 6970: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6956:Stallings 2014 6953: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6917: 6907: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6893:Stallings 2014 6890: 6883: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6863: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6839:Stallings 2014 6831: 6828: 6827: 6821: 6818:Stallings 2014 6814: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6794: 6791:Stallings 2014 6787: 6780: 6776:Stallings 2014 6768: 6765: 6764: 6755: 6748: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6728: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6479: 6478:, p. xiii 6473: 6466: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6432: 6425: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6396:, pp. 4–5 6390: 6383: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6312:, pp. 2–4 6302: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6266: 6264:, pp. 1–2 6254: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6225:, pp. 1–4 6219: 6212: 6197: 6195:, pp. 4–5 6185: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5919: 5912: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5689: 5683:UMN staff 2016 5680: 5670: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5631: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5611: 5605:van Trijp 2018 5601: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5580: 5570: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5511:Spitzberg 2015 5507: 5500: 5488: 5484:Spitzberg 2015 5476: 5461: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5418:Spitzberg 2015 5415: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5307:Spitzberg 2015 5304: 5297: 5290: 5286:Spitzberg 2015 5278: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5250:Spitzberg 2015 5242: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5217:Spitzberg 2015 5214: 5207: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5187:Spitzberg 2015 5184: 5177: 5170: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5135: 5125: 5118: 5106: 5091: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5069: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5014: 5007: 4992: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4959: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4939: 4933: 4922: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4901: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4789:UMN staff 2016 4785: 4778: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4753:Honeycutt 2014 4750: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4710: 4703: 4699:McDermott 2009 4691: 4687:McDermott 2009 4679: 4676: 4675: 4666: 4663:McDermott 2009 4659: 4652: 4648:McDermott 2009 4640: 4636:McDermott 2009 4628: 4616: 4601: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4582:McDermott 2009 4579: 4573: 4567:UMN staff 2016 4563: 4556: 4552:McDermott 2009 4544: 4540:McDermott 2009 4532: 4529: 4528: 4519: 4513:UMN staff 2016 4509: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4486:UMN staff 2016 4483: 4476: 4469: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4423:Bornstein 2013 4420: 4410: 4403: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4352: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4327: 4326:, Logocentrism 4317: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4242: 4232: 4225: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4167:Bornstein 2013 4164: 4154: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3813: 3807:ISU staff 2016 3803: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3791:, pp. 7–8 3786: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3753: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3680: 3673: 3657: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3629: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3576: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3486: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3385: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3279: 3270: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3240: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3208: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3169:Steinberg 1995 3166: 3159: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3100: 3090: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3052: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3014: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2938:Steinberg 2007 2934: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2819: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2738: 2731: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710:, Introduction 2701: 2692: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2660: 2649: 2642: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2577: 2571:Reisinger 2010 2568: 2562:ISU staff 2016 2559: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2526: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2430:Blackburn 1996 2422: 2419: 2418: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388:Rosengren 2000 2385: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2358: 2355:Rosengren 2000 2351: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2267:Rosengren 2000 2259: 2256: 2255: 2246: 2240: 2237:Rosengren 2000 2233: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2174:Rosengren 2000 2170: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2030: 2027:Society portal 2016: 1993: 1990: 1934:and is called 1884:Main article: 1881: 1878: 1775:Ancient Greece 1725:Main article: 1722: 1719: 1682:user interface 1659:walkie-talkies 1548:Main article: 1545: 1542: 1475:Main article: 1472: 1469: 1449:quorum sensing 1372:phytosemiotics 1364: 1361: 1313:Social animals 1291:territoriality 1268:mating rituals 1234:human language 1222:vervet monkeys 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1151: 1148: 1067:Main article: 1064: 1061: 1057:media-adequate 1035: 1032: 981:Main article: 978: 975: 929:Main article: 926: 923: 778:Main article: 775: 772: 748:Sign languages 665:abstract ideas 616:Main article: 613: 610: 593: 590: 550:Wilbur Schramm 414:Main article: 411: 408: 400:Claude Shannon 323:to make common 308:, which means 287: 284: 133: 132: 123: 122: 114: 113: 112: 103: 102: 94: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 71: 70: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 18:Communications 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16128: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16111:Communication 16109: 16108: 16106: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16042:Sign language 16040: 16039: 16037: 16033: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15976: 15973: 15970: 15966: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15910: 15908: 15904: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15887:Freudian slip 15885: 15883: 15882:Lie detection 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15862: 15861:Mirror neuron 15859: 15857: 15853: 15852:Limbic system 15850: 15849: 15847: 15845: 15841: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15818: 15817:Rett syndrome 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15778: 15774: 15767: 15763: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15747:Social skills 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15722:People skills 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15707:Communication 15705: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15696: 15689: 15685: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15645: 15643:Multi-faceted 15641: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15622: 15618: 15612: 15609: 15605: 15602: 15601: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15591: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15581: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15554:Display rules 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15541: 15539: 15537: 15533: 15525: 15524:Voice quality 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15472: 15468: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15399: 15398: 15395: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15362: 15361:Body language 15359: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15339: 15334: 15330: 15326: 15319: 15314: 15312: 15307: 15305: 15300: 15299: 15296: 15284: 15280: 15272: 15271: 15268: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15224:Psychometrics 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15205: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15164: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15152:Understanding 15150: 15147: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15079:Communication 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15066: 15064: 15059: 15055: 15048: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14997: 14990: 14985: 14983: 14978: 14976: 14971: 14970: 14967: 14955: 14947: 14946: 14943: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14732: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14690:Media studies 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14680:International 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14665:Environmental 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14655:Developmental 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14635:Communicology 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14611: 14606: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14579: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14523:Media ecology 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14493:Interpersonal 14491: 14489: 14488:Intercultural 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14463:Communication 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14440: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14411: 14406: 14404: 14399: 14397: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14381: 14380:Communication 14376: 14372: 14369: 14368:Communication 14364: 14360: 14359: 14348: 14342: 14338: 14333: 14321: 14317: 14311: 14307: 14306: 14300: 14288: 14284: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14265: 14253: 14249: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14199: 14187: 14183: 14177: 14173: 14172: 14166: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14140: 14139: 14133: 14129: 14123: 14119: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14085: 14073: 14069: 14063: 14060:. CRC Press. 14059: 14055: 14050: 14038: 14034: 14028: 14025:. Routledge. 14024: 14020: 14015: 14003: 13999: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13980: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13954: 13953: 13947: 13935: 13931: 13925: 13921: 13920: 13914: 13902: 13898: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13881: 13869: 13865: 13859: 13855: 13854: 13848: 13836: 13832: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13815: 13811: 13805: 13801: 13796: 13784: 13780: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13761: 13749: 13745: 13739: 13735: 13734: 13728: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13703:. Routledge. 13702: 13701: 13695: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13650: 13638: 13634: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13617: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13591: 13590: 13584: 13572: 13568: 13562: 13558: 13557: 13551: 13539: 13535: 13529: 13525: 13524: 13518: 13506: 13502: 13496: 13492: 13491: 13485: 13473: 13469: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13450: 13438: 13434: 13428: 13424: 13423: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13403: 13398: 13386: 13382: 13376: 13373:. Routledge. 13372: 13371: 13365: 13353: 13349: 13343: 13340:. Routledge. 13339: 13338: 13332: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13297: 13285: 13281: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13243: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13208: 13196: 13192: 13186: 13182: 13181: 13175: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13150: 13144: 13132: 13128: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13082: 13070: 13066: 13060: 13056: 13055: 13049: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13023: 13022: 13016: 13004: 13000: 12994: 12990: 12989: 12983: 12971: 12967: 12961: 12957: 12956: 12950: 12938: 12934: 12928: 12924: 12923: 12917: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12882: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12849: 12837: 12833: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12814: 12802: 12798: 12792: 12788: 12787: 12781: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12755: 12754: 12748: 12736: 12732: 12726: 12723:. Routledge. 12722: 12721: 12715: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12682: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12657:. CRC Press. 12656: 12655: 12649: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12606: 12602: 12596: 12592: 12587: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12554: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12501: 12489: 12485: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12468: 12456: 12452: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12414: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12387: 12381: 12369: 12365: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12348: 12344: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12325: 12313: 12309: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12292: 12280: 12276: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12236: 12224: 12220: 12214: 12210: 12209: 12203: 12191: 12187: 12182: 12170: 12166: 12160: 12156: 12155: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12114: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12053: 12052: 12046: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12020: 12019: 12013: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11960: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11935: 11923: 11919: 11913: 11909: 11908: 11902: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11867: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11841: 11840: 11834: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11808: 11807: 11801: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11768: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11727: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11702:. CRC Press. 11701: 11700: 11694: 11690: 11684: 11680: 11679: 11673: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11638: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11605: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11572: 11560: 11556: 11550: 11546: 11545: 11539: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11512: 11506: 11494: 11490: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11436: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11382: 11370: 11366: 11360: 11356: 11355: 11349: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11316: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11291:. Routledge. 11290: 11286: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11268:. Routledge. 11267: 11263: 11258: 11246: 11242: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11190: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11157: 11145: 11141: 11135: 11131: 11130: 11124: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11076:. Macmillan. 11075: 11074: 11068: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11035: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11012: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10989: 10977: 10973: 10967: 10964:. CRC Press. 10963: 10962: 10956: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10923: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10888: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10855: 10843: 10839: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10822: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10797:. Routledge. 10796: 10795: 10789: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10731: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10705: 10704: 10698: 10686: 10682: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10665: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10632: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10599: 10587: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10572: 10566: 10562: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10518:. Routledge. 10517: 10516: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10489: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10456: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10410:. Routledge. 10409: 10404: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10336: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10311:. Routledge. 10310: 10309: 10303: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10278:. Routledge. 10277: 10276: 10270: 10258: 10254: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10237: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10204: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10171: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10138: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10112: 10111: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10091: 10090: 10084: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10049: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9971: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9938: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9905: 9893: 9889: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9872: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9818: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9748: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9705: 9699: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9605: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9572: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9547:. Routledge. 9546: 9545: 9539: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9514:. Routledge. 9513: 9512: 9506: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9481:. Routledge. 9480: 9479: 9473: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9448: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9415: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9382: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9357:. Routledge. 9356: 9355: 9349: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9324:. Routledge. 9323: 9322: 9316: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9291:. Routledge. 9290: 9289: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9060: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8992: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8924: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8891:. Routledge. 8890: 8889: 8883: 8871: 8867: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8850:. Routledge. 8849: 8848: 8842: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8809: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8748:9780030074905 8744: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8700: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8667: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8634: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8593: 8590: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8477: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8451: 8450: 8443: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8234:, p. 171 8233: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8156:, p. 169 8155: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8129: 8125: 8124:Haarmann 2020 8122: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8071: 8066: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8002: 8001:Robinson 2009 7999: 7998: 7994: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7934:, p. 168 7933: 7928: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7910:, p. 168 7909: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7892: 7888: 7887:Capstick 2020 7885: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7782:Tompkins 2023 7780: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7685:, p. 395 7684: 7681: 7679:, p. 307 7678: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7661:, p. 301 7660: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469:, p. 286 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7387:, p. 155 7386: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7363:, p. 184 7362: 7357: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7290:, p. 181 7289: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7263:, p. 156 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7251:, p. 181 7250: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200:, p. 411 7199: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7154:, p. 414 7153: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7063:, p. 143 7062: 7057: 7051:, p. 142 7050: 7045: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7008: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6982:, p. 542 6981: 6978: 6976:, p. 295 6975: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6921: 6920:Grigorik 2013 6918: 6916: 6912: 6911:Nawrocki 2016 6909: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6721:, p. 157 6720: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6682:, p. 127 6681: 6676: 6666: 6663: 6661:, p. 129 6660: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6622:, p. 122 6621: 6616: 6610:, p. 111 6609: 6604: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6571:, p. 110 6570: 6565: 6559:, p. 109 6558: 6553: 6543: 6540: 6538:, p. 129 6537: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6339:, p. 128 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6297:, p. 128 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6237:, p. 128 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5820:, p. 107 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5768: 5765: 5763:, p. 128 5762: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5748:, p. 128 5747: 5742: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5554: 5553:Fielding 2006 5551: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5420:, p. 242 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5309:, p. 238 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5288:, p. 241 5287: 5282: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5252:, p. 241 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5221: 5219:, p. 241 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5191: 5189:, p. 241 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4990:, p. 168 4989: 4984: 4975:, p. 168 4974: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4842:, p. 567 4841: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4799: 4798:Barnlund 2013 4796: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4749:, p. 225 4748: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4731:, p. 566 4730: 4727: 4725:, p. 225 4724: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4689:, p. 546 4688: 4683: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665:, p. 549 4664: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4650:, p. 549 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4599:, p. 221 4598: 4593: 4583: 4580: 4578:, p. 168 4577: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4542:, p. 547 4541: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4495:Barnlund 2013 4493: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4482:, p. 221 4481: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4467:, p. 690 4466: 4461: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4401:, p. 691 4400: 4395: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4350:, p. 690 4349: 4344: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4316:, p. 323 4315: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4293:Jeanrond 1991 4291: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4208:, p. 492 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4133:, p. 310 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106:, p. 297 4105: 4102: 4100:, p. 694 4099: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4082:, p. 494 4081: 4078: 4076:, p. 692 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4061:, p. 692 4060: 4055: 4049:, p. 493 4048: 4043: 4037:, p. 692 4036: 4031: 4025:, p. 693 4024: 4019: 4009: 4006: 4004:, p. 297 4003: 4000: 3998:, p. 690 3997: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3980:, p. 297 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3959:, p. 493 3958: 3953: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3935:, p. 691 3934: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3920:, p. 107 3919: 3914: 3905:, p. 493 3904: 3901: 3899:, p. 690 3898: 3895: 3893:, p. 297 3892: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3875:, p. 297 3874: 3871: 3869:, p. 690 3868: 3865: 3863:, p. 107 3862: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3848:, p. 690 3847: 3842: 3836:, p. 492 3835: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747:Champoux 2016 3745: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3722:, p. 306 3721: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3711:Champoux 2016 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3684:Champoux 2016 3682: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3666: 3665:Thomason 2006 3661: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3536:, p. 448 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3514: 3512:, p. 448 3511: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3490: 3489:Bussmann 2006 3487: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3432:, p. 153 3431: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3397:Barnlund 2013 3395: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3343:Barnlund 2013 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3325:Barnlund 2013 3323: 3321:, p. 176 3320: 3319:Nicotera 2009 3317: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3198:, p. 176 3197: 3196:Nicotera 2009 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3165:, p. 176 3164: 3163:Nicotera 2009 3161: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2989:Braddock 1958 2987: 2985: 2981: 2980:Feicheng 2022 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2883:Barnlund 2013 2881: 2879:, p. 176 2878: 2877:Nicotera 2009 2875: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2847:Fielding 2006 2845: 2843:, p. 176 2842: 2841:Nicotera 2009 2839: 2837: 2833: 2832:Kastberg 2019 2830: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2803: 2802:Fielding 2006 2800: 2798: 2794: 2793:Kastberg 2019 2791: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556:Nicotera 2009 2554: 2551: 2550:Barnlund 2013 2548: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2529:Skyttner 2006 2527: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2486:, p. 101 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2471:, p. 209 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2106:Ishin-denshin 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2008: 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Pearson. 13511:29 December 13290:31 December 13201:26 December 13168:28 November 13137:20 December 13042:20 December 13009:20 December 12976:28 November 12875:2 September 12807:29 December 12675:31 December 12642:17 December 12580:29 December 12461:31 December 12374:22 December 12229:31 December 12175:28 November 12107:20 December 11928:28 November 11895:20 December 11860:28 November 11794:31 December 11761:28 November 11720:31 December 11631:20 December 11598:29 December 11565:22 December 11429:28 November 11375:22 December 11342:20 December 11309:20 December 11216:26 December 11183:28 November 11150:26 December 11061:28 November 11028:22 December 10881:20 December 10815:20 December 10757:22 December 10691:20 December 10625:31 December 10592:31 December 10536:22 December 10482:20 December 10449:26 December 10397:29 December 10362:20 December 10329:28 November 10296:28 November 10230:28 November 10197:20 December 10131:28 November 10042:26 December 9964:20 December 9931:20 December 9898:20 December 9865:22 December 9774:26 December 9741:28 November 9598:28 November 9532:22 December 9408:22 December 9342:20 December 9309:22 December 9053:26 December 9018:28 November 8950:20 December 8835:20 December 8767:22 December 8726:20 December 8693:28 November 8660:20 December 8627:20 December 8583:15 November 8482:Linguistics 8470:29 December 8436:26 December 8350:2 September 8301:Danesi 2013 8267:, pp. 8259:Danesi 2013 8240:, pp. 8232:Danesi 2013 8214:Danesi 2013 8207:, pp. 8180:, pp. 8172:Danesi 2013 8154:Danesi 2013 8126:, pp. 8085:Danesi 2013 8070:Danesi 2013 8039:, pp. 8031:Danesi 2013 8003:, pp. 7982:, pp. 7974:Danesi 2013 7955:, pp. 7932:Danesi 2013 7916:, pp. 7908:Danesi 2013 7889:, pp. 7859:, pp. 7857:Peters 2012 7832:, pp. 7826:, p. 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7 5694:, pp. 5676:, pp. 5635:Blythe 2009 5614:Winner 2017 5607:, pp. 5555:, pp. 5471:, pp. 5345:, pp. 5337:Danesi 2000 5319:Danesi 2009 5101:, pp. 5020:, pp. 5018:Taylor 1962 4988:Danesi 2013 4973:Danesi 2013 4944:, pp. 4906:, pp. 4873:Vocate 2012 4771:Vocate 2012 4671:, pp. 4576:Danesi 2013 4362:, pp. 4332:, pp. 4295:, pp. 4284:Ongaro 2020 4277:, pp. 4268:, pp. 4238:, pp. 3941:, pp. 3939:Taylor 1962 3785:, p. 6 3777:Danesi 2000 3749:, pp. 3720:Danesi 2009 3713:, pp. 3686:, pp. 3667:, pp. 3652:, pp. 3650:Harley 2014 3623:Meisel 2011 3581:, pp. 3579:Harley 2014 3572:, pp. 3551:, pp. 3516:Danesi 2000 3491:, pp. 3460:, pp. 3381:, pp. 3360:, pp. 3351:, pp. 3284:, pp. 3266:, pp. 3264:Wisely 1994 3243:Blythe 2009 3235:, pp. 3213:, pp. 3204:, pp. 3202:Wisely 1994 3144:, pp. 3095:, pp. 3093:Weaver 1998 3085:, pp. 3057:, pp. 3009:, pp. 2955:, pp. 2953:Berger 1995 2920:Wenxiu 2015 2903:, pp. 2901:Fiske 2011a 2752:Narula 2006 2744:, pp. 2725:, pp. 2723:Fiske 2011a 2706:, pp. 2687:, pp. 2663:Narula 2006 2655:, pp. 2636:, pp. 2621:, p. 5 2619:Karban 2015 2615:, p. 7 2573:, pp. 2414:, pp. 2412:Miller 1966 2312:, pp. 2182:, pp. 2180:Cobley 2008 1948:ideographic 1944:logographic 1823:advertising 1610:stands for 1568:transmitter 1522:ant gardens 1509:pollination 1414:plant cells 1317:chimpanzees 1112:orthography 1080:performance 1012:daydreaming 681:linguistics 618:Linguistics 562:sign system 446:information 427:predictions 304:communicare 286:Definitions 157:information 16105:Categories 15989:Aggressive 15959:Paul Ekman 15942:Key people 15906:Technology 15892:Poker tell 15737:Social cue 15544:Chronemics 15494:Intonation 15338:Modalities 15084:Creativity 15028:Linguistic 15013:Collective 14936:Wertheimer 14816:Horkheimer 14553:Propaganda 14508:Mass media 14503:Journalism 14443:Topics and 13789:28 October 12943:28 October 12842:28 October 12494:28 October 12318:29 October 11666:18 October 11117:20 October 10949:28 October 10658:20 October 10164:17 October 9499:31 October 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5000:Fiske 2011 4969:, channels 4965:, p. 4936:Berlo 1960 4932:, channels 4928:, p. 4904:Fiske 2011 4900:, channels 4896:, p. 4875:, p. 4848:, p. 4846:Kreps 2012 4773:, p. 4755:, p. 4716:, p. 4524:, p. 4425:, p. 4416:, p. 4330:Mills 2015 4322:, p. 4286:, p. 4247:, p. 4169:, p. 4160:, p. 4139:, p. 4112:, p. 3818:, p. 3789:Berlo 1960 3758:, p. 3728:, p. 3693:Berlo 1960 3634:, p. 3625:, p. 3570:Lyons 1981 3542:, p. 3482:, p. 3458:Fiske 2011 3454:, channels 3450:, p. 3423:, p. 3390:, p. 3388:Dwyer 2012 3303:, p. 3275:, p. 3245:, p. 3171:, p. 3135:, p. 3105:, p. 3097:4–9, 18–19 3083:Fiske 2011 3055:Fiske 2011 3047:, p. 3019:, p. 2982:, p. 2946:, p. 2849:, p. 2834:, p. 2804:, p. 2795:, p. 2764:, p. 2754:, p. 2665:, p. 2634:Ruben 2001 2587:, p. 2531:, p. 2522:, p. 2501:, p. 2492:, p. 2469:Dance 1970 2445:Dance 1970 2406:Dance 1970 2382:Dance 1970 2363:, p. 2340:Dance 1970 2328:Dance 1970 2310:Craig 1999 2304:Dance 1970 2191:, p. 2154:References 2142:Small talk 1986:satellites 1981:telegraphs 1940:alphabetic 1928:pictograms 1874:healthcare 1847:mass media 1843:propaganda 1803:nonprofits 1757:journalism 1745:psychology 1520:for their 1445:pheromones 1357:imprinting 1307:pheromones 1154:See also: 1124:well-being 1114:, syntax, 1093:efficiency 1076:Competence 1059:approach. 848:chronemics 824:modalities 774:Non-verbal 697:pragmatics 689:morphology 624:linguistic 586:behavioral 422:conceptual 396:experience 372:Paul Grice 351:hypotheses 197:linguistic 15994:Assertive 15802:Fragile X 15787:Aprosodia 15780:Disorders 15727:Semiotics 15655:Deception 15461:Proxemics 15451:Olfaction 15434:Oculesics 15419:Imitation 15245:longevity 15233:fertility 15132:Reasoning 15112:Knowledge 15102:Intellect 15069:Cognition 15060:, traits, 15058:Abilities 15018:Emotional 14720:Technical 14705:Political 14613:Subfields 14538:New media 14258:26 August 14225:2239-978X 14078:30 August 14008:26 August 13973:3 January 13670:2376-0761 13478:2 January 13443:3 January 13391:2 January 13358:2 January 13325:4 October 13158:143518338 13106:146389958 13075:4 October 12910:3 January 12741:2 January 12708:3 January 12547:2 January 12529:1461-4448 12407:3 January 12285:3 January 12072:3 January 12039:29 August 11988:0021-9916 11827:3 January 11532:3 January 11499:31 August 11251:3 January 11198:. Brill. 11005:3 January 10982:3 January 10916:30 August 10848:31 August 10724:26 August 10263:26 August 10077:30 August 9731:140352429 9635:1662-5161 9565:4 October 9375:31 August 9257:4 October 9222:4 October 9170:145236749 8985:2 January 8917:3 January 8876:3 January 8387:0270-7306 8118:Yule 2010 7629:Meng 2020 5644:Meng 2020 4465:Giri 2009 4399:Giri 2009 4384:Giri 2009 4348:Giri 2009 4245:Chan 2020 4221:Giri 2009 4200:Giri 2009 4185:Giri 2009 4098:Giri 2009 4074:Giri 2009 4059:Giri 2009 4035:Giri 2009 4023:Giri 2009 3996:Giri 2009 3972:Giri 2009 3933:Giri 2009 3897:Giri 2009 3867:Giri 2009 3846:Giri 2009 3273:Meng 2020 3011:3143–3149 2746:3143–3149 2689:3143–3149 2657:3143–3149 2499:Nöth 1995 2490:Lyon 1998 2484:Nöth 2013 2159:Citations 1957:parchment 1936:cuneiform 1932:Sumerians 1783:Aristotle 1749:sociology 1585:bandwidth 1488:parasitic 1484:symbiotic 1430:herbivore 1418:root zone 1384:pathogens 1378:and have 1287:courtship 1280:vibration 1272:fireflies 1264:olfactory 1238:recursion 1108:phonology 1008:monologue 911:semiotics 887:paintings 836:proxemics 728:Esperanto 701:phonetics 685:semantics 654:sentences 560:, i.e. a 527:redundant 381:deception 362:conscious 290:The word 256:symbiotic 248:herbivore 236:courtship 15824:Dyssemia 15670:Intimacy 15590:Emoticon 15499:Loudness 15429:Laughter 15365:Kinesics 15356:Blushing 15349:Physical 15117:Learning 15033:Multiple 14954:Category 14906:Richards 14831:Jakobson 14811:Habermas 14766:Castells 14756:Benjamin 14734:Scholars 14320:Archived 14287:Archived 14252:Archived 14186:Archived 14153:Archived 14109:16212498 14072:Archived 14037:Archived 14002:Archived 13967:Archived 13934:Archived 13901:Archived 13868:Archived 13835:Archived 13783:Archived 13748:Archived 13715:Archived 13682:Archived 13678:43093688 13637:Archived 13604:Archived 13571:Archived 13538:Archived 13505:Archived 13472:Archived 13437:Archived 13385:Archived 13352:Archived 13319:Archived 13284:Archived 13230:Archived 13195:Archived 13162:Archived 13131:Archived 13069:Archived 13036:Archived 13003:Archived 12970:Archived 12937:Archived 12904:Archived 12892:. SAGE. 12869:Archived 12836:Archived 12801:Archived 12768:Archived 12735:Archived 12702:Archived 12669:Archived 12636:Archived 12574:Archived 12541:Archived 12537:45550086 12488:Archived 12476:. SAGE. 12455:Archived 12401:Archived 12368:Archived 12312:Archived 12279:Archived 12223:Archived 12190:Archived 12169:Archived 12144:18504296 12101:Archived 12066:Archived 12033:Archived 12000:Archived 11947:Archived 11922:Archived 11889:Archived 11877:. SAGE. 11854:Archived 11821:Archived 11788:Archived 11755:Archived 11714:Archived 11660:Archived 11625:Archived 11592:Archived 11559:Archived 11526:Archived 11493:Archived 11466:15690224 11423:Archived 11369:Archived 11336:Archived 11303:Archived 11245:Archived 11210:Archived 11177:Archived 11144:Archived 11111:Archived 11055:Archived 11022:Archived 10999:Archived 10976:Archived 10943:Archived 10910:Archived 10875:Archived 10842:Archived 10809:Archived 10776:Archived 10751:Archived 10718:Archived 10685:Archived 10652:Archived 10619:Archived 10586:Archived 10530:Archived 10476:Archived 10443:Archived 10391:Archived 10356:Archived 10323:Archived 10290:Archived 10257:Archived 10224:Archived 10191:Archived 10158:Archived 10125:Archived 10071:Archived 10036:Archived 9958:Archived 9925:Archived 9892:Archived 9859:Archived 9805:Archived 9768:Archived 9735:Archived 9686:Archived 9653:32903691 9592:Archived 9559:Archived 9526:Archived 9493:Archived 9460:Archived 9435:Archived 9402:Archived 9369:Archived 9336:Archived 9303:Archived 9251:Archived 9216:Archived 9141:33084944 9098:22292998 9047:Archived 9012:Archived 8979:Archived 8944:Archived 8911:Archived 8870:Archived 8829:Archived 8796:Archived 8761:Archived 8720:Archived 8687:Archived 8675:. SAGE. 8654:Archived 8621:Archived 8577:Archived 8550:31818182 8542:17815197 8497:Archived 8464:Archived 8430:Archived 8344:Archived 8307:Poe 2011 8187:Poe 2011 8091:Poe 2011 8046:Poe 2011 7947:Poe 2011 7851:Poe 2011 7824:Poe 2011 5927:266, 279 5653:Rao 2009 1992:See also 1974:literacy 1839:congress 1787:rhetoric 1692:, and a 1690:keyboard 1628:internet 1544:Computer 1465:biofilms 1407:stimulus 1403:behavior 1299:crickets 1276:primates 1034:Channels 895:diagrams 891:drawings 872:babbling 832:kinesics 816:blushing 812:sweating 801:postures 797:gestures 724:Japanese 637:language 628:language 554:encoding 495:receiver 466:through 454:feedback 431:diagrams 358:behavior 313:to share 43:reviewed 16078:Subtext 15999:Passive 15968:Related 15559:Habitus 15504:Prosody 15456:Posture 15397:Gesture 15283:thought 15144: ( 15142:Thought 15045: ( 15043:Spatial 14926:Tankard 14921:Shannon 14916:Schramm 14901:Quebral 14896:Postman 14886:Packard 14866:McLuhan 14861:Marcuse 14856:Luhmann 14851:Lippman 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