748:
797:
495:
3598:
3608:
1180:
613:
1356:
310:
820:, over 100 missionaries were sent to Vietnam, assisting the faith's growth in the country. Churches from this mission founded the Evangelical Church of Indochina in 1927. Due to the separation of the country in two in 1954, the latter was renamed the Evangelical Church of Vietnam North (ECVN), and officially recognized by the government in 1963. Southern churches founded the Evangelical Church of Vietnam South (SECV), recognized in 2001.
1342:
41:
763:. Meanwhile, the communists acted to isolate and neutralize hard-core opposition within local Catholics-to-party policy and to persuade less-strongly-opposed factions to join a party-controlled "renovation and reconciliation" movement. A significant number of Vietnamese Roman Catholics, however, remained opposed to communist authority. Since
1259:, however, continued to antagonize non-Christians, empowering Christians in the military and civil service and beginning systematic repression of non-Christian, particularly Buddhist, religious practice. Many officials in South Vietnam's government were Christians, and they were given exclusive power. This resulted in the
1243:
were hostile against those did not support independence of
Vietnam under their rule. Communists accused many Vietnamese Christians of possessed pro-French sentiment, justifying their persecution as a by-product of anti-colonial sentiment. "Orthodox" historiography therefore insisted that this was not
1170:
However, the persecution of
Christians increased with the death of Gia Long, when successive Nguyễn emperors imprisoned, murdered and oppressed Christians Brutal treatment of Christians by the Nguyễn rulers induced French military action in 1858 and ultimately the French conquest of Vietnam. Although
1158:
divided the country. In particular, the Trịnh Lords were more hostile against the
Christians and expelled Christian missionaries out the country. In contrast, their Nguyễn rivals were more tolerant of Christians, though not without skepticism. This resulted in more Christians in the south than in the
719:
The revolt was put down, and restrictions were placed on
Catholicism. Persistent rebellions occurred throughout the Nguyễn Dynasty, many led by Catholic priests intent on installing a Christian monarch. During the French colonial campaign against Vietnam from 1858 to 1883, many Catholics joined with
727:
in the mid-1950s, Catholicism declined in the North, where the
Communists categorized it as a reactionary force opposed to both national liberation as well as social progress. In 1954, an agreement between North and South Vietnam was settled, allowing for civilians of either sides to migrate to the
1287:
reforms of 1986, Christianity has started to see a revival, but the
Communist government's policies toward Christians are difficult for many Christians and sometimes dangerous. Christians continue to be seen as a threat due to their previous support for the French and Americans. Terrorism against
887:
Present estimates of the number of
Protestants range from the official government figure of 500,000 to claims by churches of 1,600,000 or more. The two officially recognized Protestant churches are the Southern Evangelical Church of Vietnam (SECV), recognized in 2001, and the smaller Evangelical
720:
the French in helping to establish colonialism by fighting against the
Vietnamese government. Once colonial rule was established, the Catholics were rewarded with preferential treatment in government posts and education, and the church was given vast tracts of royal land that had been seized.
736:, gave extra rights to the Catholic Church, consecrated the nation to the Virgin Mary, and preferentially promoted Catholic military officers and public servants, while severely restricting the practice of Buddhism and allowing Catholic paramilitaries to demolish sacred Buddhist temples and
1288:
Christians in the country has been a major issue, and the oppression of
Christians is still commonly practiced by the Communist authorities.. However, at the same time, the government has lifted some restrictions on religious practices. In particular, Christians can celebrate holidays like
910:
At least 50% of the current
Protestant population is composed of members of tribal groups; the Vietnamese government's treatments towards them is varied. The tribal Protestants in Northern Vietnam do not face government persecution, but Protestant southern tribe members, notably the
573:, then engaged in a civil war. Pigneau hoped that with a Nguyễn Ánh victory, he would gain concessions for the Catholic Church in Vietnam. A recent study suggests that his contribution to Ánh's success was not as it was conventionally believed to have been.
1244:
necessarily religious persecution. In fact, Vietnamese Catholics unanimously supported Vietnam's independence. They initially fought along with Viet Minh, but were later divided on how to resist to the French reconquer of their country when the
1263:
and, eventually, the overthrow of his repressive Christian-dominated government. However, this did not eliminate the influence of Christians across the South, and Christians continued to dominate sociopolitical life in the South until 1975.
711:
A power struggle developed between Minh Mạng and pro-Catholic, pro-Western officials who wanted to maintain the power they had been given by Gia Long. Eventually, 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops fought under the command of Father
696:
and the French in the central and southern regions. At the time of Gia Long's death, there were six European bishops in Vietnam. The population of Christians was estimated at 300,000 in Tonkin and 60,000 in Cochinchina.
3563:
758:
In 1975, after the collapse of South Vietnam, Communist authorities reunited the country by military force and claimed that the religious activities of Roman Catholics were stabilized and that there was no religious
1271:
were Christians, and Christians formed 75% of Vietnamese refugees who fled the country. This resulted in a Western-oriented Vietnamese diaspora still relevant today, as many Vietnamese emigrants in Western Europe,
870:. Other Protestant associations were also represented in some social services and welfare agencies. In 1967, there were 150,000 Protestant adherents in South Vietnam, representing about 1% of the total population.
3573:
713:
680:
560:
3084:
3028:
3069:
941:
movements were officially recognized by Hanoi in October 2007, which was seen as some improvement of religious freedom in the country. Pastor Nguyen Quang Trung, provisional president of the
1322:. The Government of Vietnam reached an agreement with the Vatican for further normalization in 2018, which allowed the Holy See to have a permanent representative in Vietnam in the future.
2955:
1491:
1401:
963:: one in Vung Tau, named after the icon of Our Lady of Kazan, where there are many Russian-speaking employees of the Russian-Vietnamese joint venture "Vietsovpetro", and also parish of
2965:
3527:
3033:
3079:
448:
and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin. These Jesuit activities were not always welcomed by the two rival governments of Vietnam. In May 1630, lord
3537:
2978:
2821:
692:. He tolerated the Catholic faith and permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of respect for his foreign benefactors. Missionary activity was dominated by the Spanish in
3110:
3089:
3185:
2587:
Mantienne, Frédéric (October 2003). "The Transfer of Western Military Technology to Vietnam in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Case of the Nguyễn".
1526:
Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
2889:
1143:
The historical treatment of Christians in Vietnam has varied over time due to historical, tribal or political forces, both internal and external of the Vietnamese nation.
3165:
3160:
3074:
2960:
1330:
In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom. In the same year it was ranked as the 25th most difficult place in the world to be a Christian.
1114:
in Vietnam began in 1890. In 1966 the Vietnamese Bible Society was established. These societies distributed 53,170 copies of the Bible and 120,170 copies of the
3155:
1251:
In the aftermath of the First Indochina War, many Christians fled Communist rule in the North, further increasing the Christian population in South Vietnam.
945:, taking part in the official ceremony of the above authorization, quoted his Church's motto: "Living the Gospel, worshipping God, and serving the nation.".
3135:
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1001:
from time to time come to Vietnam (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh city and Vũng Tàu) to conduct Orthodox divine services mostly among Russian-speaking community there.
2945:
2950:
2650:
2765:
1107:(New Testament 1923, Old Testament 1934). The Schilicklin and Cadman Bibles remain the basis of the standard Catholic and Protestant versions today.
368:
were reported to compose 7% and 2% of the country's population respectively in 2020. However, the real number of Christian in Vietnam is 10% to 12%
2429:
1280:, belong to Christian sects and heavily oppose Communist rule; by contrast, the Vietnamese diaspora in Eastern Europe is more Buddhist influenced.
728:
other. Many Catholics from the North, mostly through Operation Passage to Freedom, migrated to the South, wherein they were welcomed by President
1017:
3099:
1974:"Богослужения Страстной седмицы и Пасхи были совершены во Вьетнаме (2006 г.) - МИР ПРАВОСЛАВИЯ - Вьетнам - Русское Зарубежье - Россия в красках"
1405:
527:
424:
in the first decades of the 17th century did Christianity began to establish its positions within the local populations in both the regions of
1171:
many pre-20th century rebellions against France sought to unify Vietnamese regardless of faith, many Vietnamese Christians supported France.
835:. It is officially founded in 1989. According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 509 churches and 51,000 members.
1126:
971:
in Ho Chi Minh city. These parishes are included in jurisdiction of the Philippinian-Vietnamese Eparchy (Diocese) belonging to the Russian
340:
1511:. Conference 400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam. Hochiminh City: Ủy ban Văn hóa,
668:
Pigneau and other missionaries bought military supplies, enlisted European soldiers for Nguyễn Ánh and took part in military operations.
2680:
1512:
1474:"Encounter and cultural influences of the Portuguese and French in Vietnamese history from the 16th to 19th century, University of Huế"
931:
man who refused to reject his Christian faith reportedly died from injuries received while under official interrogation in April 2007.
771:
747:
2636:
Montagnard Foundation press release, 2006. Religious Persecution Continues In Vietnam As Degar Christians Are Tortured For Their Faith
1895:
2306:
3487:
1991:
972:
111:
888:
Church of Vietnam North (ECVN), recognized since 1963. The SECV has affiliated churches in the southern provinces of the country.
3512:
1924:
1531:
1235:
During the French protectorate, the French authority was conventionally viewed as favoring Christians in the country. During the
264:
3532:
2147:
1786:
928:
2027:
2758:
2667:
2385:
2247:
3237:
3043:
93:
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By 1967, a number of Protestant communities were represented, mainly within South Vietnam. These communities included the
1025:
675:
555:
3140:
3053:
2092:
1881:
1089:
was not systematically translated. Some portions of the Bible may have been translated and printed in Thailand in 1872.
3200:
2589:
1369:
1041:
518:
were gradually taking the role of the evangelization in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were
3322:
2998:
2627:
2574:
2552:
2159:
2037:
1539:
1222:
899:, Dzao and others in the Northwest Highlands, as well as members of ethnic minority groups of the Central Highlands (
851:
817:
740:. In 1955, approximately 600,000 Catholics remained in the North after an estimated 650,000 had fled to the South in
655:
3632:
3568:
2751:
2275:
847:
796:
333:
3432:
2647:
2122:"The Relationship Between Vietnamese Communists and Christians During the Vietnam War Nguyen Quang Hung·". 1954.
1189:
622:
3170:
3115:
1508:
Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17
1099:, translated the Gospel of Luke from French to Vietnamese in 1890. The first translation from Latin was that of
877:. Several Protestant church properties were confiscated during the communist takeover of South Vietnam in 1975.
467:, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the
2902:
2841:
2677:
2349:
1630:
1473:
1138:
596:
the Catholics. More than 10,000 Catholic civilians in Quảng Trị were massacred; it was during this time that a
511:
88:
891:
In 2022, local churches estimated that two-thirds of Protestants were members of ethnic minorities, including
3048:
2826:
968:
824:
3038:
1267:
After 1975, the Communists began to prohibit religious practice, but particularly targeted Christians. Many
3482:
3447:
3402:
2836:
2800:
954:
867:
751:
741:
491:
was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to the Vietnamese until the late 19th century.
413:, central Vietnam, to trade, bringing along Catholic missionaries. A missionary named I-nê-khu arrived in
3372:
3367:
3262:
2932:
2583:
Hudson Institute. "Vietnam Steps up Persecution of Hmong Christians". Center for Religious Freedom. 2005.
1029:
828:
436:(Cochinchina or Quinan). These missionaries were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese. Two priests,
326:
3058:
3492:
3467:
3382:
3362:
3312:
3282:
3272:
3125:
2907:
2786:
2203:
2152:
Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach
377:
361:
294:
2325:
2175:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56".
732:, who promoted it as an important "bulwark" against North Vietnam. Diệm, whose brother was Archbishop
3578:
3457:
3452:
3332:
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964:
920:
577:
541:
3130:
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1256:
3522:
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3397:
3297:
3254:
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2831:
2816:
2307:"Vietnamese Christians beaten, arrested for refusing to worship Buddha and renounce faith in Jesus"
2128:
2009:
1949:"Patriarchal Exarchates established in Western Europe and South-East Asia / News / Patriarchate.ru"
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365:
129:
55:
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998:
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289:
171:
2689:(2014). "Christianity in Vietnam today (1975–2013): contemporary challenges and opportunities".
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supported and allied with his enemy Nguyễn Ánh, who tolerated Christianity, ordered soldiers to
3542:
3477:
3442:
3377:
3357:
3347:
3307:
3292:
3287:
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2123:
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1111:
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839:
708:; his first son's lineage had converted to Catholicism and abandoned their Confucian heritage.
626:
523:
78:
2659:
Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response
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This success would not last, however. Seeking to limit Catholic influence, Gia Long appointed
457:
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3462:
3437:
3417:
3352:
3327:
3317:
3302:
2990:
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Protestant communities in the North decreased in membership to about 1,200 by the end of the
232:
185:
1303:
are not allowed to proselytize or perform religious activities without government approval.
3422:
3387:
3342:
3337:
3246:
2404:
1899:
924:
881:
724:
581:
62:
1204:
637:
8:
3552:
3223:
2879:
1379:
1347:
1245:
1236:
1150:, Christians were tolerated. The level of tolerance, however, started to change when the
1081:
1076:
1055:
601:
476:
445:
139:
121:
83:
2894:
1995:
1864:"The Religions of South Vietnam in Faith and Fact: VIII. Protestantism in South Vietnam"
1200:
1147:
633:
3205:
2725:
2706:
2606:
2532:
2143:
1374:
1164:
775:
503:
499:
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The earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of
388:
104:
48:
31:
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426:
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http://www.agu.edu.vn:8080/bitstream/AGU_Library/2719/1/Nguyen%20Thi%20Ngoc%20Tho.pdf
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1535:
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1059:
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The representatives of foreign relations department and some other structures of the
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237:
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144:
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570:
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22:
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of Tonkin issued order to expel the Jesuits. In 1639, some Japanese Christians in
3145:
2940:
2702:
2657:
2651:
Persecuted Countries: Vietnam - Persecution.org - International Christian Concern
1260:
1151:
515:
432:
394:
284:
2068:
767:
reforms, the Vietnamese government alternates its treatment of Roman Catholics.
414:
3120:
3003:
2731:
2562:
1973:
1361:
1167:
from the remnant of old Nguyễn lords, was particularly tolerant of Christians.
1104:
916:
314:
163:
2602:
2188:
1863:
1850:
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north of Vietnam, a situation that continued from 17th century onward. Prince
1064:
565: Pigneau would ingratiate himself to and eventually become confidant to
483:
3626:
3601:
3150:
2686:
2640:
1459:
1277:
1252:
1115:
733:
729:
701:
671:
551:
406:
360:
in the 16th century. Christians represent a significant minority in Vietnam:
2402:
2639:
Christianity with an Asian Face: Asian-American Theology in the Making. By
2104:
1293:
912:
904:
892:
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was established. In 1988, 117 Catholics, representing hundred thousands of
705:
468:
353:
134:
2743:
2291:
548:, played a role in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century.
3611:
2973:
1319:
959:
Orthodox Christianity in Vietnam is represented by three parishes of the
874:
760:
545:
519:
3215:
1492:"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007"
1300:
1092:
983:
934:
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453:
441:
410:
1240:
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marks. This writing system continues to be used today, and is called
472:
1506:
716:
in an attempt to depose Minh Mạng and install a Catholic "emperor".
2228:
Llewellyn, Jennifer; Southey, Jim; Thompson, Steve (23 June 2019).
1310:, a major breakthrough in contrast to other communist countries of
1307:
1160:
938:
855:
843:
689:
481:(literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional
398:
2403:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (15 September 2006).
1341:
1085:, including a bilingual catechism, in Rome in 1651. However, the
809:
737:
585:
357:
2276:"Faith, hope and identity: religion and the Vietnamese refugees"
440:
and Diogo Carvalho, established the first Catholic community in
2620:
The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874
1289:
1273:
1051:
969:
Protection of Our Most Holy Lady Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary
927:
people remained in Vietnamese prisons for their faith. A young
693:
593:
1311:
1086:
456:
assisted in a revolt against the government; therefore, Lord
402:
2691:
International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church
1315:
1306:
Vietnam is now maintaining a semi-formal relation with the
880:
In the early 1980s, Protestants were mostly located in the
1296:, and gatherings in churches are common among Christians.
40:
1882:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam"
1450:
Phu Xuan Ho (1989). "CHURCH–STATE RELATIONS IN VIETNAM".
463:
In the early 17th century, Jesuit missionaries including
2737:
2227:
510:
Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the
460:
of Cochinchina ordered the Jesuits to leave his domain.
975:(established on December 28, 2018, by its Holy Synod).
2021:
2019:
723:
After the victorious overthrow of French rule and the
2597:(3). Singapore: Cambridge University Press: 519–534.
2379:
2377:
1925:"Hanoi officially recognises Baptists and Mennonites"
884:
communities in southern Vietnam's central highlands.
2643:. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 2003. xvii + 253 pp.
2026:
Lewis, Mark; Dodd, Jan; Emmons, Ron (October 2009).
1427:"Giáo trình lớp Hội nhập Văn hoá Công Giáo Việt Nam"
1337:
1163:, who later became Emperor Gia Long and founded the
2462:"Vietnam: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"
2444:"Vietnam: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"
2016:
2531:
2521:The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam
2518:
2374:
2248:"Vietnam, Diem, the Buddhist Crisis | JFK Library"
1505:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019).
982:icon, was opened in 2002 with the blessing of the
540:The French missionary and Titular Bishop of Adran
405:in the 16th century. In 1524, Portuguese merchant
1146:In the 16th and early 17th centuries, during the
3624:
1396:
1394:
778:who had died for their faith, were canonized by
688:Nguyễn Ánh conquered Vietnam and became Emperor
2655:
2364:"When is The Best Time To Visit Vietnam |"
2025:
1840:, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. XXVI
1814:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2008, p. 680
1018:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2396:
2069:"A Prince, A Missionary and Three Revolutions"
1853:, baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved May 5, 2023
827:has its origins in an American mission of the
3231:
2759:
1534:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38.
1391:
704:as his successor for his deeply conservative
334:
2676:Christian persecution in Vietnam. Report by
2428:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1896:"A Call to Finish Line to Support the Degar"
1810:Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley,
1050:missionaries were the first to proclaim the
2773:
2350:"Vietnam - Open Doors USA - Open Doors USA"
2269:
2267:
2054:"Asia Society website, Religion in Vietnam"
1485:
1483:
1449:
526:(in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the
522:(in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans &
444:in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese
3238:
3224:
2766:
2752:
2534:Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development
1812:The Encyclodedia of Christianity, Volume 5
1203:. Please do not remove this message until
1118:in Vietnamese within the country in 2005.
636:. Please do not remove this message until
341:
327:
2586:
2513:
2127:
1838:A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches
1525:
1402:"Open Doors International : Vietnam"
1223:Learn how and when to remove this message
1103:(1916), and the first from Greek that of
656:Learn how and when to remove this message
3245:
2486:"Trustees – Open Doors UK & Ireland"
2264:
1504:
1480:
1199:Relevant discussion may be found on the
973:Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia
808:Protestantism was introduced in 1911 to
795:
746:
632:Relevant discussion may be found on the
588:, suspecting that Catholic civilians in
493:
2386:"How to Celebrate Christmas in Vietnam"
2201:
1922:
1718:
1716:
1513:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
772:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
3625:
2617:
2561:
2405:"US State Dept 2009 report on Vietnam"
2323:
2304:
2273:
2142:
1918:
1916:
1874:
1553:
1551:
1325:
3219:
2747:
2547:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.
2274:Dorais, Louis Jacques (1 June 2007).
1825:Historical Dictionary of the Baptists
1466:
1035:
2685:
2542:
2529:
2383:
2326:"Vietnam Wrestles With Christianity"
2174:
1827:, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 595
1743:
1734:
1725:
1713:
1686:
1659:
1650:
1578:
1528:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
1489:
1173:
948:
907:, Sedang and M'nong, among others).
606:
382:
2738:Vietnamese Global Christian Network
2202:Jenkins, Philip (23 January 2013).
1913:
1770:
1761:
1695:
1677:
1641:
1631:"The shrine of Our Lady of La Vang"
1596:
1560:
1548:
1248:became a hot spot of the Cold War.
1026:World Mission Society Church of God
13:
3201:Bible translations into Vietnamese
2590:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2148:"Catholics in Vietnam and the War"
1614:
1587:
1370:Bible translations into Vietnamese
1042:Bible translations into Vietnamese
397:missionaries visited Vietnam from
14:
3644:
2999:Christian and Missionary Alliance
2719:
2384:Pike, Matthew (18 October 2017).
2305:Zaimov, Stoyan (9 January 2019).
1992:"History of the Vietnamese Bible"
978:The earliest parish, named after
852:Christian and Missionary Alliance
818:Christian and Missionary Alliance
3606:
3597:
3596:
2956:Ignacio Clemente Delgado Cebrián
2681:Christian persecution in Vietnam
1354:
1340:
1178:
864:Worldwide Evangelization Crusade
785:
611:
544:, who had come to evangelize in
535:
514:and Spanish missionaries of the
308:
39:
3059:Francis Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận
2648:International Christian Concern
2478:
2454:
2436:
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2240:
2221:
2195:
2168:
2154:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
2136:
2115:
2097:
2086:
2060:
2046:
2002:
1984:
1966:
1941:
1888:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1779:
1752:
1704:
1668:
1623:
1605:
1569:
1454:. Sage Publications, Ltd.: 21.
1073:Thiên Chúa thánh giáo khải mông
3564:British Indian Ocean Territory
2966:Valentín Faustino Berrio Ochoa
2842:Vietnam Evangelical Fellowship
2726:The Catholic Church in Vietnam
2066:
1519:
1498:
1443:
1419:
1299:In the past Christian foreign
1139:Freedom of religion in Vietnam
1132:
1097:Dictionnaire Annamite-français
371:
1:
2827:Baptist Convention of Vietnam
2822:Evangelical Church of Vietnam
2105:"Vietnam - UNDER FRENCH RULE"
1490:Tran, Anh Q. (October 2018).
1385:
919:, suffer from some religious
825:Baptist Convention of Vietnam
498:The martyrdom and funeral of
417:, northern Vietnam, in 1533.
3029:Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng
2837:Assemblies of God in Vietnam
2801:Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam
2703:10.1080/1474225X.2014.882706
2545:A History of South-east Asia
1129:of the Bible in Vietnamese.
1032:are also active in Vietnam.
955:Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam
752:Notre Dame Cathedral, Saigon
742:Operation Passage to Freedom
725:country's temporary division
391:priests had visited Vietnam
7:
3044:Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê
2986:Discalced Augustinian Order
2732:Vietnamese Catholic Network
2569:. New York: Penguin Books.
2324:Rumsby, Seb (13 Nov 2017).
1333:
1205:conditions to do so are met
1079:printed the first texts in
1030:Shincheonji Church of Jesus
829:International Mission Board
638:conditions to do so are met
10:
3649:
2908:Pierre Lambert de la Motte
2890:Giovanni Filippo de Marini
2787:Catholic Church in Vietnam
2029:The Rough Guide to Vietnam
1136:
1039:
990:, which had been given in
952:
789:
676:Excessive citations inline
556:Excessive citations inline
387:In the 10th century, some
378:Catholic Church in Vietnam
375:
3592:
3551:
3511:
3253:
3194:
3014:
2918:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
2852:
2809:
2793:
2781:
2603:10.1017/S0022463403000468
2204:"The Vietnamese diaspora"
2189:10.1080/14682740500284747
2183:(4). Routledge: 427–449.
2010:"Christianity in Vietnam"
1004:
965:Xenia of Saint Petersburg
542:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
3313:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3141:Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiếu
3054:Philippe Nguyễn Kim Điền
2903:Foreign Missions Society
2832:Vietnam Mennonite Church
2817:Protestantism in Vietnam
2656:Choi Byung Wook (2004).
2618:McLeod, Mark W. (1991).
2538:. New York: McGraw Hill.
2280:Refugee Survey Quarterly
1849:Baptist World Alliance,
1710:Buttinger, pp. 241, 311.
943:Vietnam Mennonite Church
923:. In May 2006, over 300
792:Protestantism in Vietnam
512:Foreign Missions Society
504:Vietnamese Martyr Saints
356:was first introduced to
130:Vietnamese folk religion
3633:Christianity in Vietnam
3574:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3080:Philípphê Phan Văn Minh
3070:Vinh Sơn Phạm Hiếu Liêm
2923:Jacques-Benjamin Longer
2775:Christianity in Vietnam
2543:Hall, D. G. E. (1981).
1010:New religious movements
999:Russian Orthodox Church
992:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
988:Russian Orthodox Church
967:in Hanoi and parish of
961:Russian Orthodox Church
812:by Canadian missionary
681:considered for deletion
561:considered for deletion
172:Vietnamese martial arts
2933:Léopold Michel Cadière
2530:Cady, John F. (1964).
2409:US Department of State
2144:Goscha, Christopher E.
1269:Vietnamese boat people
1112:United Bible Societies
1110:The organized work of
868:Seventh-day Adventists
840:French Reformed Church
805:
755:
524:Discalced Augustinians
507:
502:(d. 1852), one of the
3247:Christianity in Asia
3085:Gioakim Đặng Đức Tuấn
2991:Hilario di Jesu Costa
2662:. SEAP Publications.
2646:Report on Vietnam by
2622:. New York: Praeger.
2208:The Christian Century
1823:William H. Brackney,
1758:Choi, pp. 56–57
1127:New World Translation
1075:天主聖教啟蒙) in 1623, and
799:
750:
497:
389:'Nestorian' Christian
3488:United Arab Emirates
3049:Paul Nguyễn Văn Bình
2525:. New York: Praeger.
1530:. Ithaca, New York:
1431:vietcatholicnews.net
1239:, the communist-led
1125:released the entire
1046:Seventeenth-century
800:A Baptist church in
265:World Heritage Sites
3515:limited recognition
3034:Dominic Hồ Ngọc Cẩn
2961:Jerónimo Hermosilla
2880:Alexandre de Rhodes
2292:10.1093/rsq/hdi0227
2032:. Rough Guides UK.
1836:Robert E. Johnson,
1380:Religion in Vietnam
1348:Christianity portal
1326:Freedom of religion
1246:First Indochina War
1237:First Indochina War
1192:of this section is
1123:Jehovah's Witnesses
1077:Alexandre de Rhodes
1062:compiled the first
1056:Vietnamese language
1014:Jehovah's Witnesses
625:of this section is
602:Our Lady of La Vang
446:Alexandre de Rhodes
3206:Vietnamese Martyrs
3146:Empress Nam Phương
3039:Thaddeus Lê Hữu Từ
2946:Juan de Santa Cruz
2567:Vietnam: A history
2390:theculturetrip.com
2252:www.jfklibrary.org
1749:Buttinger, p. 269.
1740:Buttinger, p. 268.
1692:Buttinger, p. 267.
1611:Buttinger, p. 234.
1584:Mantienne, p. 520.
1575:Buttinger, p. 266.
1375:Vietnamese Martyrs
1036:Bible translations
806:
776:Vietnamese martyrs
756:
578:Emperor Cảnh Thịnh
569:, the last of the
508:
500:Jean-Louis Bonnard
315:Vietnam portal
32:Culture of Vietnam
3620:
3619:
3557:other territories
3213:
3212:
2885:Girolamo Maiorica
2875:Christoforo Borri
2870:Francisco de Pina
2669:978-0-87727-138-3
2515:Buttinger, Joseph
2311:christianpost.com
2109:countrystudies.us
2012:. 2 October 2013.
1998:on March 4, 2016.
1532:SEAP Publications
1233:
1232:
1225:
1101:Albert Schlicklin
1060:Girolamo Maiorica
1022:Eastern Lightning
980:Our Lady of Kazan
949:Eastern Orthodoxy
816:. As part of the
814:Robert A. Jaffray
780:Pope John Paul II
666:
665:
658:
598:Marian apparition
489:Girolamo Maiorica
465:Francisco de Pina
409:'s fleet arrived
383:Foundation period
351:
350:
199:Vietnamese poetry
194:Vietnamese comics
3640:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3569:Christmas Island
3255:Sovereign states
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3186:Hoàng Trọng Thừa
3116:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
3111:Anê Lê Thị Thành
2974:Franciscan Order
2951:Raimondo Lezzoli
2928:Théophane Vénard
2895:João de Loureiro
2865:Francesco Buzomi
2860:Society of Jesus
2768:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2728:by GCatholic.org
2714:
2673:
2633:
2614:
2580:
2558:
2539:
2537:
2526:
2524:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2177:Cold War History
2172:
2166:
2165:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1868:sacred-texts.com
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1789:. Archived from
1787:"Catholic Forum"
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1674:Mantienne, p.135
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1404:. Archived from
1398:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1148:Later Lê dynasty
860:Church of Christ
833:Ho Chi Minh City
802:Ho Chi Minh City
684:
661:
654:
650:
647:
641:
615:
614:
607:
576:In August 1798,
564:
438:Francesco Buzomi
343:
336:
329:
313:
312:
311:
43:
34:
18:
17:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3588:
3556:
3547:
3528:Northern Cyprus
3514:
3507:
3249:
3244:
3214:
3209:
3190:
3171:Nguyễn Đình Đầu
3106:
3065:
3010:
2997:
2972:
2941:Dominican Order
2939:
2901:
2848:
2805:
2794:Orthodox Church
2789:
2782:Catholic Church
2777:
2772:
2722:
2717:
2670:
2630:
2577:
2563:Karnow, Stanley
2555:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2397:
2382:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2330:thediplomat.com
2322:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2230:"South Vietnam"
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2141:
2137:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2024:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1953:Patriarchate.ru
1947:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1929:www.asianews.it
1921:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1635:www.asianews.it
1629:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1524:
1520:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1328:
1261:Buddhist crisis
1229:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1141:
1135:
1044:
1038:
1007:
957:
951:
794:
788:
669:
662:
651:
645:
642:
631:
616:
612:
582:Tây Sơn dynasty
549:
538:
529:Propaganda Fide
516:Dominican Order
458:Nguyễn Phúc Lan
385:
380:
374:
347:
309:
307:
300:
299:
295:National anthem
280:
279:
270:
269:
260:
259:
243:
242:
223:
222:
204:
203:
189:
188:
177:
176:
167:
166:
155:
154:
125:
124:
99:
98:
74:
73:
30:
12:
11:
5:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:Nguyễn Mạnh Hà
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Nguyễn Hữu Bài
3128:
3126:Huỳnh Tịnh Của
3123:
3121:Trương Vĩnh Ký
3118:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Phêrô Trần Lục
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:William Cadman
2995:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:François Pallu
2910:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2720:External links
2718:
2716:
2715:
2687:Phan, Peter C.
2683:
2674:
2668:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2628:
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2135:
2129:10.1.1.899.948
2114:
2096:
2085:
2059:
2045:
2038:
2015:
2001:
1983:
1965:
1940:
1912:
1887:
1873:
1855:
1842:
1829:
1816:
1803:
1778:
1769:
1767:McLeod, p. 24.
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1712:
1703:
1701:Karnow, p. 78.
1694:
1685:
1683:Karnow, p. 77.
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1647:McLeod, p. 10.
1640:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1602:Karnow, p. 75.
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1547:
1540:
1518:
1497:
1479:
1465:
1452:Transformation
1442:
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1387:
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1377:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:Vietnam portal
1351:
1335:
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1327:
1324:
1231:
1230:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1165:Nguyễn dynasty
1134:
1131:
1105:William Cadman
1095:, author of a
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
1006:
1003:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
790:Main article:
787:
784:
714:Nguyễn Văn Tâm
664:
663:
619:
617:
610:
604:was reported.
537:
534:
384:
381:
376:Main article:
373:
370:
349:
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346:
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331:
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3538:South Ossetia
3536:
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3526:
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3518:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
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2810:Protestantism
2808:
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2641:Peter C. Phan
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2161:9780824836047
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2110:
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2100:
2094:
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2067:Ho, Hien. V.
2063:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2039:9781405380218
2035:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1930:
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1923:AsiaNews.it.
1919:
1917:
1902:on 2007-03-30
1901:
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1807:
1793:on 2007-04-29
1792:
1788:
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1773:
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1746:
1737:
1731:Cady, p. 409.
1728:
1722:Cady, p. 408.
1719:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1665:Hall, p. 431.
1662:
1656:Cady, p. 284.
1653:
1644:
1636:
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1626:
1620:McLeod, p. 9.
1617:
1608:
1599:
1593:McLeod, p. 7.
1590:
1581:
1572:
1566:Cady, p. 282.
1563:
1557:Hall, p. 423.
1554:
1552:
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1541:9780877277828
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1408:on 2007-12-14
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1257:Ngô Đình Diệm
1255:'s President
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1253:South Vietnam
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786:Protestantism
783:
781:
777:
773:
770:In 1980, the
768:
766:
762:
753:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
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731:
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3553:Dependencies
3497:
3483:Turkmenistan
3448:Saudi Arabia
3179:Evangelicals
3178:
3177:
3161:Vũ Đình Tụng
3136:Mai Lão Bạng
3095:Cao Văn Luận
3019:
2853:Missionaries
2774:
2694:
2690:
2658:
2619:
2594:
2588:
2566:
2544:
2533:
2520:
2506:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2389:
2368:Rough Guides
2367:
2358:
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2319:
2310:
2300:
2286:(2): 57–68.
2283:
2279:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2233:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2180:
2176:
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2151:
2138:
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2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2062:
2048:
2028:
2004:
1996:the original
1986:
1977:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1955:(in Russian)
1952:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:the original
1781:
1776:McLeod, p.31
1772:
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1507:
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1468:
1451:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1329:
1305:
1301:missionaries
1298:
1294:Thanksgiving
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1250:
1234:
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1210:
1188:
1169:
1156:Nguyễn lords
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1109:
1096:
1091:
1082:chữ Quốc ngữ
1080:
1072:
1063:
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1008:
996:
977:
958:
933:
909:
890:
886:
879:
872:
848:Episcopalian
837:
831:in 1959, in
822:
807:
769:
757:
722:
718:
710:
706:Confucianism
699:
687:
674:
667:
652:
643:
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571:Nguyễn lords
554:
539:
528:
509:
482:
478:chữ Quốc ngữ
477:
469:Latin script
462:
431:
425:
419:
393:. The first
386:
354:Christianity
352:
290:Coat of arms
150:Christianity
149:
135:Confucianism
15:
3612:Asia portal
3513:States with
3433:Philippines
3373:South Korea
3368:North Korea
3263:Afghanistan
2979:José García
2697:(1): 3–21.
2507:Works cited
2495:16 November
2414:16 November
2213:16 November
2078:16 November
1978:ricolor.org
1320:North Korea
1152:Trịnh lords
1133:Persecution
921:persecution
875:Vietnam War
761:persecution
546:Cochinchina
520:Franciscans
487:, of which
471:with added
450:Trịnh Tráng
372:Catholicism
366:Protestants
3493:Uzbekistan
3468:Tajikistan
3383:Kyrgyzstan
3363:Kazakhstan
3283:Bangladesh
3273:Azerbaijan
3100:Thanh Lãng
2490:Open Doors
2471:2023-11-16
2335:2023-11-16
2257:2023-11-16
2073:advite.com
1959:2023-11-16
1934:2023-11-16
1906:2007-04-10
1797:2007-04-16
1436:2023-11-16
1412:2007-03-29
1386:References
1213:April 2020
1190:neutrality
1161:Nguyễn Ánh
1137:See also:
1093:Jean Bonet
984:Holy Synod
925:Montagnard
882:Montagnard
646:April 2020
623:neutrality
567:Nguyễn Ánh
433:Đàng Trong
427:Đàng Ngoài
233:Television
186:Literature
72:Traditions
3579:Hong Kong
3533:Palestine
3458:Sri Lanka
3453:Singapore
3333:Indonesia
3156:Ngô Tử Hạ
3020:Catholics
3015:Adherents
2711:144490934
2611:162778534
2124:CiteSeerX
1460:0265-3788
1241:Việt Minh
1201:talk page
1069:catechism
935:Mennonite
702:Minh Mạng
679:is being
634:talk page
590:Quảng Trị
559:is being
473:diacritic
362:Catholics
258:Monuments
112:Festivals
63:Languages
3627:Category
3602:Category
3523:Abkhazia
3473:Thailand
3428:Pakistan
3408:Mongolia
3403:Maldives
3398:Malaysia
3298:Cambodia
3195:See also
3066:Priests
3025:Bishops
2565:(1997).
2517:(1958).
2424:cite web
2146:(2011).
1494:. Brill.
1334:See also
1276:and the
1194:disputed
1121:In 2017
1012:such as
856:Baptists
844:Anglican
690:Gia Long
672:template
627:disputed
552:template
415:Nam Định
399:Portugal
395:Catholic
140:Buddhism
122:Religion
89:Marriage
84:Clothing
23:a series
21:Part of
3498:Vietnam
3413:Myanmar
3393:Lebanon
3323:Georgia
3278:Bahrain
3268:Armenia
1851:Members
1308:Vatican
1285:Đổi mới
1065:chữ Nôm
1054:in the
986:of the
939:Baptist
846:–
810:Đà Nẵng
765:Đổi mới
738:pagodas
685:
580:of the
484:chữ Nôm
422:Jesuits
358:Vietnam
278:Symbols
105:Cuisine
79:Kinship
49:History
3543:Taiwan
3478:Turkey
3443:Russia
3378:Kuwait
3358:Jordan
3348:Israel
3308:Cyprus
3293:Brunei
3288:Bhutan
3107:Laity
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2573:
2551:
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1458:
1290:Easter
1283:Since
1274:Canada
1052:Gospel
1048:Jesuit
1028:, and
1005:Others
866:, and
694:Tonkin
594:pogrom
454:Hội An
442:Hội An
411:Hội An
238:Cinema
145:Taoism
56:People
25:on the
3584:Macau
3503:Yemen
3463:Syria
3438:Qatar
3418:Nepal
3353:Japan
3328:India
3318:Egypt
3303:China
2707:S2CID
2607:S2CID
1312:China
1087:Bible
913:Hmong
905:Jarai
893:Hmong
670:‹The
550:‹The
403:Spain
249:Sport
228:Radio
220:Media
210:Music
94:Games
3423:Oman
3388:Laos
3343:Iraq
3338:Iran
2664:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2497:2023
2430:link
2416:2023
2215:2023
2156:ISBN
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2034:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1456:ISSN
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1316:Laos
1292:and
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