Culture of Vietnam

2849: 3257: 2041: 2755: 1441: 3082: 164: 2876: 3353: 126: 2898: 145: 2065: 2357: 1269: 1416: 2305:

realities. Up to 1997, there have been 44 people operating in cultural and artistic fields honored with the Hồ Chi Minh Award, 130 others conferred with People's Artist Honor, and 1011 people awarded with the Excellent Artist Honor. At the start of 1997, there were 191 professional artistic organizations and 26 film studios (including central and local ones). There have been 28 movies, 49 scientific and documentary films receiving international motion picture awards in many countries.

2420: 2970: 7318: 2166: 7328: 3896: 1904: 1044: 2694: 2094: 24: 2376:), is a distinct Vietnamese art form which had its origins in the 10th century and very popular in northern region. In Water puppetry a split-bamboo screen obscures puppets which stand in water, and are manipulated using long poles hidden beneath the water. Epic story lines are played out with many different puppets, often using traditional scenes of Vietnamese life. The puppets are made from quality wood, such as the Southeast Asian 208: 2924:. Commoners now had a limited choice of similarly plain and simple clothes for everyday use, as well as being limited in the colors they were allowed to use. For instance, commoners were not allowed to wear clothes with dyes other than black, brown or white (with the exception of special occasions such as festivals), but in actuality these rules could change often based upon the whims of the current ruler. 2590: 3541: 3016:(conical hat) came in several different shapes and sizes, now only two styles still persist. For footwear, peasants would typically go barefoot for its convenience in their daily life and jobs though they might wear wooden clogs and sandals (and depending on the times shoes) especially during formal occasions, whereas shoes were worn mostly by the wealthy upper class, the aristocracy and royalty. 2660: 1089: 2928: 1635: 2347:: Chèo is a form of generally satirical musical theatre, often encompassing dance, traditionally performed by Vietnamese peasants in north Vietnam. It is usually performed outdoors by semi-amateur touring groups, stereotypically in a village square or the courtyard of a public building, although it is today increasingly also performed indoors and by professional performers 1514:. Literature using Nôm script began roughly in the 10th century. Up until the 21st century, there had been two components existing at the same time: works written in Literary Chinese (with poems and prose demonstrating Vietnamese history and realities; thus, they are regarded as Vietnamese literature) and works written in Nôm script (mostly poems). 3188:

husband. The father - child, wife - husband relationship shows that the father has the biggest role and position in the family and has a strong influence on the rest of the family. Today, the father - child relationship has started to transition into a parent child relationship as both parents have profound influence on their children.

2894:, Ming-style clothing was imposed by a Ming official within a month. Due to the previous centuries of conflict between China and Vietnam, Ming administrators said that their mission was to attempt to "civilize" the unorthodox Vietnamese "barbarians", which ironically reduced the amount of Taoist institutions in the process. 2621:("the three religions"). Recently, scholars have provided empirical evidence on the existence of the socio-cultural phenomenon called "cultural additivity" in Vietnamese history and society. Some elements considered to be unique of Vietnamese culture include ancestor veneration and respect for community and family. 5186:. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. Vol. 2 of Indo-Pacific Prehistory: Proceedings of the 15th Congress of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 5–12 January 1994. The Chiang Mai Papers. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Australian National University. p. 94. 3326:

the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt Han culture style by ceasing habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long besides making them replace skirts with trousers. Han Chinese Ming dynasty refugees numbering 3,000 came to Vietnam at the end of the Ming dynasty.

3031:

emperors wore white. Each member of the royal court had an assortment of different formal gowns they would wear at a particular ceremony, or for a particular occasion. The rules governing the fashion of the royal court could change dynasty by dynasty, thus costumes of the Vietnamese court were quite

2770:

When a death occurs in a Vietnamese household, the family members of the deceased would hold a wake ceremony or vigil that typically lasts for approximately five to six days. However, the duration of the ceremony may extend if the family is expecting the arrival of relatives residing abroad. The body

1517:

Since the 1920s, literature has been mainly composed in the national language script (Vietnamese alphabet) with profound renovations in form and category such as novels, new-style poems, short stories and dramas, and with diversity in artistic tendency. Written literature attained speedy development

2304:

In the 20th century, in contact with the Western culture, especially after national independence, many new categories of arts like plays, photography, cinemas, and modern art had taken shape and developed strongly, obtaining huge achievements with the contents reflecting the social and revolutionary

1612:

However, this changed upon the advent of foreign European rule with the introduction of the romanized script (known as chữ Quốc Ngữ) As a result, although the Latin alphabet provided widespread literacy and access to the Vietnamese language in terms of oral and written literacy, the precise meaning

1600:

Vietnam has had a diverse range of cultural poetry throughout its history. Historically, Vietnamese poetry consists of three language traditions. Each poetry was written exclusively in Classical Chinese and later incorporated Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. It was also often centered around the themes

2055:

is one of the most popular forms of art in Vietnam, favored for the mystical atmosphere that can be achieved with the medium. During the 19th and 20th centuries, French influence was absorbed into Vietnamese art and the liberal and modern use of color especially began to differentiate Vietnamese

3187:

Communication culture in traditional Vietnamese families tends to follow the top-down stereotype and is highly hierarchical. Vietnamese people transmit the family culture through teach communication. The three core relationships in the Vietnamese society are king - people, father - child, wife -

2383:

Despite nearly dying out in the 20th century, water puppetry has been recognized by the Vietnamese government as an important part of Vietnam's cultural heritage. Today, puppetry is commonly performed by professional puppeteers, who typically are taught by their elders in rural areas of Vietnam.

1608:

writing system for the Vietnamese language was adapted for poetry as well. This writing system was also supported by the Vietnamese government and recognized as the primary language of the nation. It remained as the main writing system for Vietnamese poetry until the end of the 20th century.

3049:

is worn by both genders but today it is worn mainly by women, except for certain important traditional culture-related occasions where some men do wear it. Áo dài consists of a long gown with a slit on both sides, worn over cotton or silk trousers. Adoption and enforcement of

1456:(111 BC) with the introducing of Old Chinese and Classical Chinese in modern-day North and Central Vietnam. They, however, only had been materialized in form of fragments, short sentences engraved on bricks and coins. The first surviving literature in Vietnam is the Sanskrit 3107:, they have developed their own characteristics throughout the millennia in combination with other influences from their neighbours. Vietnamese martial arts are deeply spiritual due to the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and are strongly reliant on the " 2775:, is laid between the teeth and a pinch of rice and three coins are placed in the mouth. The body is put on a grass mat laid on the ground according to the saying, "being born from the earth, one must return to the earth." The dead body is enveloped with white cloth, 1601:

and traditions of Buddhism and Confucianism. This style of poetry remained prominent until the 13th century. Thereafter, poetry and literature in the Vietnamese language emerged as the primary rival to literature written in Classical Chinese in Vietnam.

2188:

varies slightly in the three regions: North, Central, and South. Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest and is traditionally more formal. Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions, when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese

1585:

Modern Vietnamese literature has developed from romanticism to realism, from heroism in wartime to all aspects of life, and developed into ordinary life of the Vietnamese. Modern Vietnamese fables have recently been introduced in English as well.

3234:(a group that existed from 1000 BC to 1000 AD), saying that they possessed habits like adapting to water, having their hair cropped short, and possessing body tattoos. The ancient Northern Yue are considered one of the progenitor groups of modern 2848: 2406:

In the imperial court, there also developed throughout the centuries a series of complex court dances which require great skill. Some of the more widely known are the imperial lantern dance, fan dance, and platter dance, among others.

3074:

In daily life, the traditional Vietnamese styles are now replaced by Western styles. Traditional clothing is worn instead on special occasions, with the exception of the white áo dài commonly seen with high school girls in Vietnam.

2844:: Nowadays, mourning ceremonies follow new rituals which are simplified; they consist of covering and putting the dead body into the coffin, the funeral procession, the burial of the sike into the grave, and the visits to the tomb. 2398:

Vietnam also has 54 different ethnicities, each with their own tradition. Among the ethnic Vietnamese majority, there are several traditional dances performed widely at festivals and other special occasions, such as the

3238:(Cantonese culture), while the Southern Yue people are considered one of the progenitor groups of modern Vietnamese culture. Ancient Han Chinese had described ancient Yue people occupying Nanyue as barbaric, comparing 2027:

In the past, when literacy in the old character-based writing systems of were restricted to Vietnamese scholars, calligraphy nevertheless still played an important part in Vietnamese life. On special occasions such as

4033: 7283: 3070:

were worn. White áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam. In some types of offices (e.g. receptionists, secretaries, tour guides), women are also required to wear áo dài.

2641:

is commonly practised amongst the older generation of Vietnamese. Most Vietnamese, regardless of religious denomination, practice ancestor worship and have an ancestor altar at their home or business.

3227:. Water transport was paramount in the south, so the Yue became advanced in shipbuilding and developed maritime warfare technology mapping trade routes to Eastern coasts of China and Southeast Asia. 2080:

have reached a level of popularity outside of Vietnam. Organic materials are used to make the paint, which is applied to wood and pressed on paper. The process is repeated with different colors.

2056:

silk paintings from their Chinese, Japanese and Korean counterparts. Vietnamese silk paintings typically showcase the countryside, landscapes, pagodas, historical events or scenes of daily life.

2472:

Vietnamese cuisine is extremely diverse, often divided into three main categories, each pertaining to Vietnam's three main regions (north, central and south). It uses very little oil and many

3292:

in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothing of the Lao, Champa or the "Northerners" which referred to the Ming. The edict was recorded in the 1479

2270:. It is an elaborate form of music which features an extensive array of musicians and dancers, dressed in extravagant costumes. It was an integral part of the rituals of the Imperial court. 794: 1197:) was the language used for formal writing. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, popular literature and folk songs were written in the Vietnamese language using a Vietnamese script ( 3884:

There are a number of other potential world heritage sites, as well as intangible cultural heritage which Vietnam has completed documents on for UNESCO's recognition in the future.

3103:

Vietnamese martial arts are highly developed from the country's long history of warfare and attempts to defend itself from foreign occupation. Although most heavily influenced by

3158:. However, this is seeing a definite change as schools teaching various styles of Vietnamese martial arts are starting to pop up all over the world, notably in countries such as 5909: 5889: 4847: 2519:

and noodle soups. Different regions invented typically different types of noodles, varying in shapes, tastes, colors, etc. One of the nation's most famous type of noodles is

6052: 5914: 4800: 4174:

Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Bui, Quang-Khiem; La, Viet-Phuong; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Ho, Manh-Toan; Nguyen, Hong-Kong T.; Nguyen, Hong-Ngoc; Nghiem, Kien-Cuong P.; Ho, Manh-Tung (2019).

1280:

is set as the official language of Vietnam, there are currently more than 100 speaking languages in the country. They belong to five different major linguistic families:

3256: 2297: 4877: 3639: 2838:, or the end of the tears. After one year is the ceremony of the first anniversary of the relative's death and after two years is the ceremony of the end of mourning. 1254:

Some elements considered to be characteristic of Vietnamese culture include ancestor veneration, respect for community and family, and living in harmony with nature.

2532:), a type of noodle soup originating in North Vietnam, which consists of rice noodles and beef soup (sometimes chicken soup) with several other ingredients such as 3012:, a vast array of other hats and caps were available, constructed from numerous different types of materials, ranging from silk to bamboo and horse hair. Even the 2902: 2906: 5904: 3051: 2948: 4468: 5894: 5879: 5874: 2327:, it transitioned from being entertainment for the royal court to travelling troupes who performed for commoners and peasants, featuring many well-known 4493: 3223:, tattooed their faces, and dominated the coastal regions from shores all the way to the fertile valleys in the interior mountains. They also practiced 2040: 1957: 2962:

bodice which accompanied it. Peasants across the country also gradually came to wear silk pajama-like costumes, known as "áo cánh" in the north and

1518:

after the August Revolution, when it was directed by the Vietnamese Communist Party's guideline and focused on the people's fighting and work life.

4796: 3717: 3371:

holidays which have been celebrated in Vietnam for thousands of years, along with modern holidays imported predominantly from western countries.

2818:, must be carefully selected. Relatives, friends, and descendants take part in the funeral procession to accompany the dead along the way to the 2552:

the paper-thin slices of raw beef just before serving. Phở is meant to be savored, incorporating several different flavors: the sweet flavour of

2200:

Vietnam has some 50 national music instruments, in which the set of percussion instruments is the most popular, diverse and long-lasting such as

6133: 6844: 6115: 5710: 3081: 2826:

are dropped along the way. At the grave site, the coffin is lowered and buried. After three days of mourning, the family visits the tomb again

6265: 3293: 5987: 2754: 1934: 1072: 3019:

Nguyễn emperors had the exclusive right to wear the color gold, while nobles wore red or purple. In the past the situation was different,

5980: 5899: 6691: 6583: 3319:

and the Việt, were that other ethnic groups did not share the same passion for wet-rice cultivation as the Vietnamese Kinh people did.

2916:, people not of noble birth could dress quite liberally with only few restrictions on styles. For example, wearing yellow color in the 2540:(spring onions). It is often eaten for breakfast, but also makes a satisfying lunch or light dinner. The boiling stock, fragrant with 4582: 2193:

troupe. Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively

748: 2852:

Traditionally, people wore white clothes along with white turbans during funerals. Vietnamese officials Hồ Đắc Trung, Tôn Thất Hân,

6632: 6025: 6020: 5471: 4855: 3176:

In traditional Vietnamese culture, kinship plays an important role in Vietnam. Whilst Western culture is known for its emphasis on

1705: 2679:

in Vietnam. The deities are believed to guard the village against disasters such as natural disasters or crises and bring fortune.

2380:

tree. Each puppet is carefully carved, and then painted with numerous successive layers of paint in order to protect the puppets.

7232: 5677: 1858: 88: 1613:

and beauty of Vietnamese poems in Hán-Nôm may have gotten lost in the translation process to the Latin alphabet of chữ Quốc Ngữ.

7293: 6879: 6323: 5665: 5500: 2204:... The set of blowing instruments is represented by flutes and pan-pipes, while the set of string instruments is specified by 1311:

language, with monosyllabic and tonal features, sharing similarities with some other Northern Austroasiatic languages, such as

1102: 994: 60: 3276:, the Vietnamese were ordered to stop growing their hair long, switch to Han Chinese style clothing, and stop the practice of 6057: 5670: 5573: 5437: 5410: 5329: 5142: 5073: 5020: 4995: 4964: 4814: 4322: 4158: 4130: 3230:

The ancient Han Chinese referred to the various tribal groups of people living in southern China and northern Vietnam as the

725: 4885: 2292:, but recently it has seen a revival as appreciation for its cultural significance has grown. Ca trù has been recognized by 6957: 6745: 6654: 6015: 6010: 5715: 3269: 2891: 2045: 1687: 471: 5558: 67: 7207: 6128: 6123: 6110: 5884: 2715: 2115: 1476: 1106: 491: 451: 41: 4176:"Cultural evolution in Vietnam's early 20th century: A Bayesian networks analysis of Hanoi Franco-Chinese house designs" 7357: 6837: 5383: 5356: 5272: 5245: 5117: 4519: 4347: 3338:

Both the Lingnan and historical Northern Vietnamese cultures are similar in possessing Nanyue and Han Chinese culture.

2000:, calligraphy, and traditional architecture. Currently, Vietnamese lacquer paintings have proven to be quite popular. 656: 3130: 7252: 6797: 6501: 6250: 6206: 5643: 5563: 5484: 5302: 4503: 4426: 4398: 2741: 2141: 999: 979: 865: 588: 509: 107: 6078: 5568: 5553: 3803: 3785: 3524: 2723: 2123: 2032:, people would go to scholars to make them a calligraphy hanging (often poetry, folk sayings or even single words). 392: 74: 6508: 5952: 1927: 1065: 4608:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales" 4558: 6377: 6260: 6255: 5633: 935: 2920:

was tolerable since the Imperial clan wore red and white color. However, things changed at the beginning of the

6615: 6282: 6238: 5720: 5540: 3837: 2834:, the family stops bringing rice for the dead to the altar. And finally, after 100 days, the family celebrates 2719: 2119: 1682: 56: 45: 3142:

Vietnamese martial arts remain relatively unknown in the world today when compared to their counterparts from

2630:

The three folk practices that are considered to be important or common amongst Vietnamese people may include:

6830: 6674: 6272: 6095: 5628: 3327:

They opposed the Qing dynasty and were fiercely loyal to the Ming dynasty. Their descendants became known as

3315:

cultures as barbaric. David G. Marr noted that a possible reason for social stratification, such as with the

2288:

who most enjoyed the genre. It was condemned in the 20th century by the government, being tied falsely with

2284:-type of entertainment where talented female musicians entertained rich and powerful men, often scholars and 442: 334: 1965:

is a part of art practiced in Vietnam or by Vietnamese artists, from ancient times (including the elaborate

1575: 7042: 6429: 6394: 5975: 5839: 5505: 5464: 4908:"Characteristics of Traditional Vietnamese Family and ITS Influence on Communication Culture in the Family" 3747: 3565: 3347: 2958:

or "four-part dress" is one such example of an ancient dress widely worn by commoner women, along with the

2393: 984: 955: 685: 5548: 217: 7352: 7288: 6874: 6757: 6360: 6316: 6196: 6073: 5834: 5775: 5611: 5520: 5515: 5510: 2430: 2077: 2069: 1920: 1507: 1440: 1193: 1058: 1024: 1009: 1004: 989: 675: 461: 187: 4443: 3544:

A lantern procession during Tết Trung Thu in Vietnam, which is also celebrated as "Children's Festival".

1445: 7247: 7152: 6909: 6441: 6424: 6401: 6223: 6030: 6002: 5866: 5730: 5655: 5638: 5237: 4987: 3929: 3312: 1888: 1553: 1301: 1293: 1184: 528: 4711: 3827: 3429: 3423: 3375: 1579: 1558: 1534: 1457: 6853: 6610: 6346: 6311: 5947: 5935: 5705: 5700: 5621: 5267:. Introduction to Asian Civilizations (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 87. 4414: 324: 3058:. They decided that their garments had to be distinctive to set themselves apart from the people of 2853: 1571: 1491:

script. It remains today as the oldest attested epigraph of any Southeast Asian language, predating

7257: 6974: 6950: 6528: 6398: 6341: 6228: 6218: 6201: 6090: 5660: 5530: 5197:

Doan, Thien Thuat; Nguyen, Khanh Ha; Pham, Nhu Quynh; Truong dai hoc tong hop Ha Noi, eds. (2001).

4738:"On how religions could accidentally incite lies and violence: folktales as a cultural transmitter" 3939: 3765: 2704: 2602: 2104: 1723: 1649: 1540: 1289: 1153: 1019: 1570:), all of which are transliterated or annotated in chữ Quốc ngữ. Some famous female poets include 1171:

were found spread throughout Southeast Asia and South China, suggesting a spread of ancient Viet (

401: 289: 7202: 7167: 7122: 6750: 6573: 6543: 6461: 6419: 5844: 5829: 5687: 5457: 5378:. Book collections on Project MUSE (illustrated ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 39. 4547:(History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q. 4175: 3108: 3098: 2708: 2108: 1883: 1765: 1743: 1285: 34: 3691: 3678: 3652: 2215:

Vietnamese folksongs are rich in forms and melodies of regions across the country, ranging from

81: 7092: 7087: 6982: 6713: 6306: 6294: 6213: 6163: 5849: 5402:

Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c.400 BCE–50 CE

4264:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity" 3985:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity" 3779: 3311:

views towards their surrounding neighbors such as the Chams and Cambodians, and considered non-

3184:. In current rural Vietnam, one can still see three or four generations living under one roof. 3171: 2017: 1672: 1453: 1281: 915: 769: 150: 6183: 5375:

Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

5346: 5231: 5063: 3114:

The general Vietnamese term for martial arts is "Võ Thuật". Some of the more popular include:

1966: 279: 7212: 7187: 7102: 7082: 7032: 7002: 6992: 6884: 6733: 6723: 6698: 6642: 6434: 5959: 5942: 5824: 5373: 5262: 4804: 3868: 3799: 3251: 2584: 2285: 1826: 1779: 1429: 1335: 1297: 5427: 5400: 5319: 4981: 4686: 2886:

In feudal Vietnam, clothing was one of the most important marks of social status and strict

1545: 1321:) in the 13th century which used Chinese script as a basis, to the current Latin iteration ( 618: 7298: 7177: 7172: 7052: 6914: 6889: 6718: 6708: 6703: 6593: 6496: 6372: 6333: 6301: 6083: 5992: 5930: 5695: 5599: 3949: 3919: 3665: 3316: 3104: 2875: 1656: 628: 364: 2897: 2857: 2341:

techniques. It remains very popular in modern Vietnam when compared to other folk styles.

8: 7272: 7242: 7192: 7147: 7127: 7117: 7017: 6943: 6919: 6899: 6869: 6728: 6664: 6600: 6533: 6523: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6414: 6389: 6277: 6100: 6044: 5812: 5787: 5770: 5765: 5753: 5748: 5650: 4712:"Promoting The Value Of Vietnamese People Folk Beliefs: Policies And Recommend Solutions" 3944: 3743: 3513: 3435: 3356: 3273: 3181: 2955: 2870: 2580: 2528: 2489: 1997: 1733: 1715: 1677: 1342: 1322: 1277: 1237: 1131: 1118: 1096: 299: 125: 6568: 4649:"Vietnam: Traditional Cultural Concepts of Human Relations with the Natural Environment" 4262:

Liu D, Duong NT, Ton ND, Van Phong N, Pakendorf B, Van Hai N, Stoneking M (April 2020).

4225:"Vietnam: Traditional Cultural Concepts of Human Relations with the Natural Environment" 4034:"Dong Son drums from Timor-Leste: prehistoric bronze artefacts in Island Southeast Asia" 3438:; in practice, celebrations are held during the weeks before and after those four days. 3297: 3180:, Vietnamese culture places value on the roles of family. For specific information, see 2064: 548: 481: 144: 7132: 7112: 6997: 6987: 6904: 6790: 6767: 6762: 6659: 6605: 6474: 6289: 6245: 6168: 6151: 5616: 5492: 4937: 4769: 4749: 4629: 4290: 4263: 4205: 4187: 4100: 4061: 4009: 3984: 3980: 3959: 3924: 3858: 3352: 3323: 2985: 2944: 2921: 2913: 2759: 2549: 2461: 2337:: A kind of modern folk opera originating from south Vietnam, which utilizes extensive 2334: 2314: 2267: 2178: 1970: 1698: 1642: 1334:(glyph added to a letter) to represent tones in Vietnamese writing. When computerised, 665: 638: 196: 163: 6173: 3059: 2644: 2170: 1567: 1419:

Vietnamese calligraphy depicting people on a boat, the calligraphy says, "Thuyền nhân"

818: 7327: 7262: 7197: 7162: 7097: 7077: 7067: 7027: 7012: 7007: 6864: 6647: 6627: 6588: 6538: 6518: 6469: 6384: 6233: 6191: 5433: 5406: 5379: 5352: 5325: 5298: 5268: 5241: 5138: 5113: 5069: 5016: 4991: 4960: 4941: 4929: 4810: 4773: 4668: 4499: 4422: 4394: 4343: 4318: 4295: 4244: 4209: 4154: 4126: 4092: 4065: 4053: 4014: 3791: 3704: 3446: 3379: 3374:

Among the traditional holidays, the two most important and widely celebrated are the

3360: 3054:(the predecessor of the áo dài) took place in the mid 18th century by the rulers of 2940: 2936: 2880: 2594: 2450: 1831: 1792: 1787: 1738: 1595: 1188: 1149: 945: 707: 424: 135: 131: 5043:. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. 4633: 2323:(also known as Hát bội): Traditional Vietnamese opera: A theatre form influenced by 1276:

Vietnam is one of the most linguistic diverse countries in Southeast Asia. Although

344: 237: 7303: 7222: 7182: 7157: 7137: 7072: 7047: 7037: 7022: 6806: 6740: 6681: 6669: 6622: 6548: 6451: 6409: 5782: 5738: 5525: 5094: 5037: 4919: 4759: 4660: 4619: 4285: 4275: 4236: 4197: 4045: 4004: 3996: 3934: 3862: 3602: 3277: 3261: 3239: 3224: 3036: 3028: 3001: 2672: 2664: 2634: 2356: 2280:

which originated in the imperial court. It gradually came to be associated with a

2263: 2185: 2174: 2160: 2021: 1842: 1821: 1813: 1803: 1620: 1523: 1488: 1435: 1346: 1225: 1014: 758: 696: 568: 354: 4664: 4240: 2320: 2169:

A trio of Vietnamese musicians performing together. The man on the far left plays

1268: 925: 374: 7142: 7107: 7062: 7057: 6966: 6894: 6637: 6513: 6446: 5760: 5743: 5292: 5214: 5181: 5161: 4830: 3954: 3832: 3795: 3328: 3235: 3055: 2969: 2618: 2467: 2328: 1878: 1229: 1180: 608: 4648: 4224: 4201: 3852: 3020: 2989: 2568: 2259: 2241: 1480: 538: 6811: 6578: 5856: 4315:

The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

4118: 3901: 3823: 3457: 3212: 2655:

in the 16th century and draws together various disparate beliefs and practices.

2648: 2367: 2044:

Silk painting of Trịnh Đình Kiên (1715-1786) in the 18th century, exhibited in

1962: 1953: 1908: 1757: 1500: 1496: 1484: 1312: 1157: 1048: 1029: 808: 578: 5198: 4764: 4737: 4624: 4607: 4365:"Some Things Poetry Can Tell Us about the Process of Social Change in Vietnam" 2997: 2988:

often put on a plain piece of cloth wrapped around the head (generally called

2013: 2009: 1605: 1511: 1317: 1205: 1199: 1139: 1114: 1110: 518: 7346: 7321: 5583: 5578: 5179: 4933: 4786:

Asian Ethnology, Volumes 67-68 2008 p.305 "mother goddess religion (Đạo Mẫu)"

4672: 4421:. Translated by D. M. Hawke. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 7. 4364: 4280: 4248: 4146: 4096: 4057: 3469: 3461: 3216: 3177: 2963: 2819: 2344: 2324: 2277: 2194: 2052: 1529: 1308: 1168: 780: 734: 6822: 5196: 4523: 3771: 3289: 3024: 3005: 2993: 2959: 2917: 1415: 1338:

are used. For example, input 'a' generates 'a', but input 'aa' generates â.

598: 558: 414: 5792: 5288: 4806:

Possessed by the Spirits: Mediumship in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities

4299: 4018: 3721: 3500: 3304: 2638: 2610: 2493: 2289: 1982: 1974: 1728: 1492: 1263: 1233: 1221: 1213: 905: 895: 4469:"(Un)contextualizing Underground Poetry: Reimagining a Critical Community" 4049: 7331: 3878: 3509: 3368: 3308: 3242:

to animal shrieking and had regarded them as lacking morals and modesty.

3220: 3046: 3013: 3009: 2624: 2533: 2229: 836: 227: 171: 4104: 4080: 2419: 2233: 3759: 3484: 3332: 3202: 2973: 2887: 2501: 2481: 2473: 2400: 1990: 1358: 1212:

Following independence from China in the 10th century, Vietnam began a

1161: 310: 258: 248: 4032:

Oliveira, Nuno Vasco; O'Connor, Sue; Bellwood, Peter (February 2019).

3472:. And the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of 2165: 5297:(illustrated ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 53, 111. 3615: 3465: 2772: 2676: 2377: 1461: 1444:

19th-century manuscript of "Mysterious tales of the Southern Realm" (

1331: 1176: 269: 5013:

Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions

4924: 4907: 4495:

Memories of a Lost War: American Poetic Responses to the Vietnam War

3979:

Liu, Dang; Duong, Nguyen Thuy; Ton, Nguyen Dang; Phong, Nguyen Van;

3873: 3280:

so that they could have white teeth and long hair like the Chinese.

2693: 2273: 2247: 2093: 23: 5449: 4754: 4192: 4000: 3492:

Celebrates the economic and social achievements of labour workers.

3410: 3155: 2981: 2606: 2537: 1473: 314: 207: 6935: 5480: 3811: 3473: 3121: 2823: 2800: 2652: 2520: 2516: 2338: 2281: 2029: 1251:'National Language Script'), were introduced in Vietnam. 885: 154: 5429:

Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

5233:

Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

3434:

Largest holiday of the year, falling on the first three days of

2008:

Calligraphy has had a long history in Vietnam, previously using

1224:, resulting in various influences on the Vietnamese. During the 5261:

Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012).

3914: 3909: 3775: 3739: 3578: 3231: 3208: 2804: 2780: 2614: 2589: 2557: 2505: 2293: 1986: 1978: 1469: 1217: 1187:" (111 BCE – 939 CE). From this period until the 19th century, 1172: 1164:

due to the influence of Chinese culture on Vietnamese culture.

875: 855: 3540: 2254:

Two of the most well-known Vietnamese traditional genres are:

6686: 5163:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Issue 15

3807: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3143: 2807:

for the funeral. There are two types of funeral processions:

2545: 2541: 2509: 2485: 2361: 2190: 1465: 1374: 845: 5091:

The Glory of Yue: An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue shu

5038:"Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: Who were the Ancient Yue?" 4031: 2659: 1506:

Historically Vietnamese literature was initially written in

1452:

The first evidence of writing in Vietnam appeared after the

1315:. The writing of Vietnamese started with Vietnamese script ( 3547: 3389: 2927: 2856:

and Đoàn Đình Duyệt depicted during the funeral of emperor

2553: 2477: 2298:

Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

3283: 3008:

leaving the head bare was more common. Beside the popular

2675:

refers to the deities that is enshrined in each village's

2258:

Imperial Court music: When referring specifically to the "

1634: 4719:

Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government

3733: 3260:

Vietnamese statues depicting the traditional practice of

5183:

Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Chiang Mai Papers, Volume 2

5166:. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 1996. p. 94. 3032:

diverse. However, certain fundamental concepts applied.

1408:", the five tones used for vowels along with flat tone " 175:, a modernized national garment created around the 1930s 5180:

Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. Congress (1996).

4413: 3768:: Complex of monuments in the former imperial capital. 2976:

hat, a popular type of women's hat in northern Vietnam

2830:, or worship the opening of the grave. After 49 days, 5200:

A concise Vietnamese grammar: for non-native speakers

5036:

Peters, Heather (April 1990). H. Mair, Victor (ed.).

2605:, religion in Vietnam has historically been a mix of 1996:

The Chinese influence on Vietnamese art extends into

5260: 4261: 3891: 3341: 1483:, dating from late 4th century, was erected by King 3207:Prior to Han Chinese migration from the north, the 3118:

Võ Cổ Truyền Việt Nam (Võ Thuật Cổ Truyền Việt Nam)

2758:Vietnamese painting depicting a funeral during the 2238:. Apart from this, there are also other forms like 1300:. The Vietnamese language contains a large body of 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5110:Lineage Society on the Southeastern Coast of China 4789: 4687:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 3035:The most popular and widely recognized Vietnamese 1958:List of traditional Vietnamese handicraft villages 7344: 5219:. Vol. 3. Vietnam Review. 1997. p. 35. 4388: 3978: 3040: 2814:: The date and time for the funeral procession, 2371: 4173: 4153:. University of California Press. p. 141. 3983:; Hai, Nong Van; Stoneking, Mark (2019-11-28). 3920:Indigenous peoples of Vietnam Central Highlands 3846: 3696:Tết Trung Nguyên, Rằm tháng bảy hoặc Lễ Vu Lan 2879:Portrait of Nguyễn Quý Đức (1648-1720) wearing 1179:. Vietnamese culture was heavily influenced by 1167:Ancient Vietnamese cultural artifacts, such as 5405:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–81. 5175: 5173: 4795: 2939:was a traditional cross-collared robe worn by 1216:and annexed territories formerly belonging to 6951: 6852: 6838: 5465: 4441: 3087:A Kinh Vietnamese woman with blackened teeth. 2548:, is poured over the noodles and vegetables, 1928: 1066: 4605: 4312: 3750:. These are split into specific categories: 3367:Vietnam celebrates many holidays, including 3331:. They did not wear Manchu hairstyle unlike 2574: 5170: 5156: 5154: 5135:A History of Chinese Science and Technology 4167: 4123:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 3211:cultivated wet rice, practiced fishing and 3111:" (philosophy of Vietnamese martial arts). 3092: 2722:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2122:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2076:A folk art with a long history in Vietnam, 1246: 6958: 6944: 6845: 6831: 5472: 5458: 4556: 3753: 3516:in 1945, declaring Vietnam's independence 3196: 2984:differed from time to time. People of the 2560:, salty fish sauce, and fresh vegetables. 1935: 1921: 1073: 1059: 4923: 4763: 4753: 4623: 4491: 4289: 4279: 4191: 4117: 4008: 3817: 2742:Learn how and when to remove this message 2142:Learn how and when to remove this message 1448:), a copy of 15th-century original tale. 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 5425: 5398: 5344: 5229: 5151: 4979: 4419:An Introduction to Vietnamese Literature 4362: 4151:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 4081:"A Brief History of the Dongson Concept" 3539: 3351: 3255: 2968: 2926: 2896: 2874: 2847: 2753: 2658: 2588: 2571:or 𥯖) are a common utensil in Vietnam. 2484:. Its characteristic flavors are sweet ( 2355: 2262:" form it includes court music from the 2164: 2063: 2039: 1439: 1414: 1267: 1236:romanizing the Vietnamese language, the 1148:) are the customs and traditions of the 5539: 5088: 4878:"Ancient costumes of Vietnamese people" 4875: 4078: 3774:: Ancient temple complex of the former 3746:, as well as cultural relics deemed as 3284:Later cultural relations with neighbors 3138:Võ Nam Huỳnh Đạo (Master Nam Huỳnh Đạo) 2864: 2799:The surviving family wear coarse gauze 2024:, which has proven to be very popular. 2020:instead uses the Roman-character based 1107:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 7345: 5351:(4 ed.). Routledge. p. 153. 5287: 5203:. Hanoi, Vietnam: The Gioi Publishers. 5035: 5010: 4954: 4912:Anthropological Researches and Studies 4839: 4466: 4313:Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (2021). 4255: 3734:World and intangible cultural heritage 3165: 6939: 6826: 6058:National Defense and Security Council 5453: 5321:Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885-1925 5061: 5011:Him, Mark Lai; Hsu, Madeline (2004). 4735: 4557:Magazine, Smithsonian; Bramen, Lisa. 4391:A Thousand Years of Vietnamese Poetry 4337: 4180:Social Sciences & Humanities Open 3762:: An ancient city and trading centre. 3644:Rằm tháng Giêng hoặc Tết Nguyên Tiêu 2627:is also practiced in modern Vietnam. 2527: 1993:also played a smaller role later on. 1973:art which was strongly influenced by 1330:The current Vietnamese alphabet uses 5479: 5371: 5317: 5294:Brother Enemy: The War After the War 4869: 4145: 3420:Between late January–early February 3335:to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty. 2943:before the 19th century. During the 2720:adding citations to reliable sources 2687: 2515:Vietnam also has a large variety of 2414: 2236:, dum, ví giặm, ca Huế, bài chòi, ly 2202:đàn đáy, đàn tranh, đàn nhị, đàn bầu 2120:adding citations to reliable sources 2087: 2046:Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts 795:Provisional Revolutionary Government 406: 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 6965: 5885:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 5107: 4957:Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History 4835:. Vietnam Review. 1997. p. 35. 4823: 4646: 4545:Vietnam Past and Present: The North 4543:Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: 4222: 2683: 2177:and the man on the right plays the 2059: 1203:) derived from Chinese characters ( 13: 5399:Brindley, Erica Fox (2015-09-03). 5324:. University of California Press. 5132: 5093:. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 93. 4905: 4845: 4709: 4703: 3855:: a form of Vietnamese court music 3727:Lễ cúng Ông Công, Ông Táo về trời 3385: 2173:, the man in the middle plays the 2083: 1487:of Champa, and was written in Old 1472:culture. Following Võ Cạnh is the 14: 7369: 5426:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016-03-29). 4832:The Vietnam Review: VR., Volume 3 4809:. SEAP Publications. p. 38. 3972: 3535: 3342:Holidays and other important days 3252:Teeth blackening § Elsewhere 2787:. Finally, the funeral ceremony, 2351: 7326: 7317: 7316: 5890:History of central officeholders 4363:Jamieson, Neil (December 2001). 3894: 3288:A royal edict was issued by the 3080: 2692: 2504:), and flavored by a variety of 2418: 2092: 2035: 1902: 1633: 1381:; and a bar through the letter " 1087: 1042: 739:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam) 206: 162: 143: 124: 22: 6692:Traditional musical instruments 5419: 5392: 5365: 5338: 5311: 5281: 5264:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition 5254: 5223: 5216:The Vietnam Review: VR Volume 3 5207: 5190: 5126: 5101: 5082: 5065:China: An Environmental History 5055: 5029: 5004: 4973: 4948: 4906:LE, Thi Kim Dung (2021-04-27). 4899: 4780: 4729: 4679: 4640: 4599: 4575: 4550: 4537: 4512: 4485: 4460: 4435: 4407: 4382: 4356: 4340:The Kingfisher Story Collection 4331: 4268:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3468:forces overthrow government of 2931:Court attires of Nguyễn Dynasty 1998:Vietnamese pottery and ceramics 1175:) culture all the way south to 134:architecture (seen here is the 33:needs additional citations for 7284:British Indian Ocean Territory 5432:. Cambridge University Press. 4710:Vu, Hong Van (February 2021). 4306: 4216: 4139: 4111: 4072: 4025: 3804:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long 3786:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long 3294:Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet 3191: 2003: 1947: 1550:(Lament of the soldier's wife) 1307:The Vietnamese language is an 1144: 749:Provisional Central Government 1: 5910:Central Inspection Commission 5318:Marr, David G. (1980-01-01). 4665:10.1080/10225706.1999.9684048 4583:"Religious fusion in Vietnam" 4467:Thuyên, Nhã (November 2018). 4393:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 4241:10.1080/10225706.1999.9684048 3965: 3307:, the Vietnamese had adopted 2617:, known in Vietnamese as the 1521:Classical literature include 1423: 157:, the former imperial capital 5068:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4647:CUC, Le Trong (1999-01-01). 4442:corneliatrent (2018-01-10). 4417:; Nguyen Tran Huan (1985) . 4223:CUC, Le Trong (1999-01-01). 4079:SOLHEIM, WILHELM G. (1988). 3847:Intangible cultural heritage 3348:List of festivals in Vietnam 3245: 2597:, a historic Buddhist temple 2394:Traditional Vietnamese dance 2070:Đông Hồ folk woodblock print 1537:(Complaint of a Palace Maid) 866:Cát Tiên archaeological site 7: 6053:Central Military Commission 5915:Central Military Commission 5230:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). 4980:Brindley, Erica F. (2015). 4559:"The History of Chopsticks" 4492:Chattarji, Subarno (2001). 4342:. Amazon Digital Services. 4317:. De Gruyter. p. 626. 4202:10.1016/j.ssaho.2019.100001 4125:. Mouton. pp. 32, 38. 3887: 3794:: The pagoda is a historic 2901:Empress Nam Phương wearing 2791:, is officially performed. 2078:Vietnamese woodblock prints 1257: 1185:1000 years of Northern Rule 799:(Republic of South Vietnam) 10: 7374: 6021:Supreme People's Procuracy 5238:Cambridge University Press 4988:Cambridge University Press 4736:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2020). 4338:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2022). 3930:List of museums in Vietnam 3712: 3699: 3686: 3673: 3660: 3647: 3634: 3623: 3610: 3597: 3586: 3560: 3519: 3495: 3479: 3441: 3415:Tết Dương lịch or Tết Tây 3345: 3249: 3213:slash-and-burn agriculture 3200: 3169: 3096: 2868: 2794: 2578: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2391: 2312: 2308: 2158: 1963:Traditional Vietnamese art 1951: 1593: 1464:, which belongs to either 1433: 1427: 1302:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1261: 529:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 7358:Culture of Southeast Asia 7312: 7271: 7231: 6973: 6860: 6854:Culture of Southeast Asia 6784: 6559: 6460: 6368: 6359: 6332: 6159: 6150: 6109: 6066: 6043: 6001: 5968: 5923: 5865: 5820: 5811: 5729: 5686: 5607: 5598: 5491: 5372:Choi, Byung Wook (2018). 5137:. Springer. p. 438. 5062:Marks, Robert B. (2017). 4983:Ancient China and the Yue 4959:. CRC Press. p. 27. 4765:10.1057/s41599-020-0442-3 4625:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2 4389:Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1975). 3566:International Women's Day 2947:, it was replaced by the 2890:were enforced. After the 2771:is washed and dressed. A 2663:Ceremonial procession of 2575:Religion & philosophy 2525:Vietnamese pronunciation: 2476:, and is mainly based on 2410: 1589: 1477:Đông Yên Châu inscription 7033:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5345:Chandler, David (2018). 5089:Milburn, Olivia (2010). 5047:. Sino-Platonic Papers. 3940:Social issues in Vietnam 3738:Vietnam has a number of 3093:Traditional martial arts 2996:often wore a hat called 2892:Ming conquest of Vietnam 2563:Chopsticks (Vietnamese: 2387: 2360:Water puppet theatre in 2154: 2016:. However, most modern 1724:Vietnamese folk religion 1388:It also has six tones: " 1345:Latin alphabet uses the 1264:Vietnam § Languages 1154:ethnic groups of Vietnam 462:Trung sisters' rebellion 7294:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6880:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5108:Lim, Ivy Maria (2010). 4876:Unknown, T.Van (2013), 4848:"Đi tìm ngàn năm áo mũ" 4742:Palgrave Communications 4612:Palgrave Communications 4444:"The Poetry of Vietnam" 4372:Southeast Asian Studies 3754:Cultural heritage sites 3607:Ngày Nhà giáo Việt Nam 3529:Ngày Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương 3197:Pre-Sinicization Nanyue 3099:Vietnamese martial arts 2765: 1766:Vietnamese martial arts 956:Principality of Hà Tiên 6502:Language and computers 6251:Science and Technology 6011:Supreme People's Court 5953:Deputy Prime Ministers 5744:Hong (Red) River Delta 5133:Lu, Yongxiang (2016). 4955:Sharma, S. D. (2010). 4281:10.1093/molbev/msaa099 3818:Natural heritage sites 3545: 3489:Ngày Quốc tế Lao động 3426:(Vietnamese New Year) 3364: 3333:later Chinese migrants 3265: 3172:Vietnamese family life 3041: 2977: 2932: 2909: 2883: 2861: 2762: 2668: 2598: 2564: 2427:This section is empty. 2372: 2364: 2182: 2073: 2048: 2018:Vietnamese calligraphy 1460:(4th century AD) near 1454:Han conquest of Nanyue 1449: 1420: 1273: 1272:Handwritten Vietnamese 1241: 1226:French colonial period 1135: 1095:This article contains 837:Non-Vietnamese history 589:4th Chinese domination 492:3rd Chinese domination 472:2nd Chinese domination 452:1st Chinese domination 138:) prevalent in Vietnam 6734:Person Dignity Theory 5348:A History of Cambodia 5045:East Asian Collection 4606:Vuong, Q.-H. (2018). 4587:www.insightguides.com 4473:Words Without Borders 4050:10.15184/aqy.2018.177 3869:Space of gong culture 3841:Karst Plateau Geopark 3594:Ngày Phụ nữ Việt Nam 3575:March/April (Sunday) 3543: 3355: 3259: 3203:Baiyue § Culture 3201:Further information: 3027:rulers wore red, and 2972: 2951:and became obsolete. 2930: 2900: 2878: 2851: 2757: 2662: 2651:, was established in 2592: 2585:Vietnamese philosophy 2359: 2276:: An ancient form of 2168: 2067: 2043: 1443: 1430:Vietnamese literature 1418: 1271: 1156:. Vietnam is part of 785:(Republic of Vietnam) 702:1887–1945 / 1945–1954 690:1883–1945 / 1946–1948 680:1883–1945 / 1945–1948 670:1862–1945 / 1945–1949 7208:United Arab Emirates 6256:Traditional medicine 6134:Self-Defence Militia 5678:World Heritage Sites 5634:Environmental issues 4563:Smithsonian Magazine 3950:Vietnamese mythology 3766:Imperial City of Huế 3744:World Heritage Sites 3591:Vietnam Women's Day 3270:Ming rule of Vietnam 3105:Chinese martial arts 2865:Traditional clothing 2716:improve this section 2647:, or the worship of 2116:improve this section 1975:Chinese Buddhist art 1859:World Heritage Sites 770:North–South division 619:Later Lê Restoration 325:Phùng Nguyên culture 57:"Culture of Vietnam" 42:improve this article 7235:limited recognition 6729:Ho Chi Minh Thought 5905:Central Secretariat 4498:. Clarendon Press. 3981:Pakendorf, Brigitte 3945:Vietnamese language 3828:Quảng Bình province 3748:intangible heritage 3436:Vietnamese calendar 3357:Vietnamese New Year 3182:Vietnamese pronouns 3166:Traditional kinship 3127:Võ Thuật Văn Võ Đạo 2871:Vietnamese clothing 2581:Religion in Vietnam 2022:Viẹtnamese alphabet 1580:Bà Huyện Thanh Quan 1458:Võ Cạnh inscription 1446:Lĩnh Nam chích quái 1238:Vietnamese alphabet 1214:southward expansion 995:Historical capitals 916:Nung-Zhuang kingdom 263:12,000 BC–10,000 BC 242:20,000 BC–12,000 BC 169:A woman wearing an 7353:Culture of Vietnam 6768:Vietnamese studies 6480:Overseas community 6273:Telecommunications 6026:Procurator-General 5981:Standing Committee 5671:Endangered species 5015:. AltaMira Press. 4415:Durand, Maurice M. 4085:Asian Perspectives 3960:Vietnamese studies 3925:History of Vietnam 3780:Quảng Nam province 3546: 3378:, followed by the 3365: 3266: 3131:Võ thuật Bình Định 2978: 2933: 2910: 2884: 2862: 2779:, and placed in a 2763: 2669: 2599: 2462:Vietnamese cuisine 2365: 2315:Vietnamese theatre 2219:(reciting poems), 2183: 2074: 2049: 1971:Chinese domination 1909:Vietnam portal 1628:Culture of Vietnam 1535:Cung Oán Ngâm Khúc 1526:(The Tale of Kieu) 1450: 1421: 1274: 1128:culture of Vietnam 1049:Vietnam portal 666:French Cochinchina 284:10,000 BC–8,000 BC 7340: 7339: 7277:other territories 6933: 6932: 6820: 6819: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6746:Traditional games 6430:Human trafficking 6355: 6354: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6039: 6038: 5976:National Assembly 5895:National Congress 5880:General Secretary 5875:Central Committee 5840:Foreign relations 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5776:Central Highlands 5594: 5593: 5559:Chinese dominated 5439:978-1-316-53131-0 5412:978-1-316-35228-1 5331:978-0-520-04277-3 5144:978-3-662-51388-0 5112:. Cambria Press. 5075:978-1-442-27789-2 5022:978-0-759-10458-7 4997:978-1-107-08478-0 4966:978-1-57808-680-1 4846:Vu, Thuy (2014), 4816:978-0-87727-141-3 4324:978-3-11055-814-2 4160:978-0-520-90744-7 4132:978-90-279-7643-7 3810:, the capital of 3792:One Pillar Pagoda 3731: 3730: 3666:Buddha's Birthday 3533: 3532: 3525:Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương 3447:Reunification Day 2752: 2751: 2744: 2595:One Pillar Pagoda 2451:Cinema of Vietnam 2447: 2446: 2152: 2151: 2144: 1945: 1944: 1793:Vietnamese poetry 1788:Vietnamese comics 1596:Vietnamese poetry 1564:Poetry Collection 1361:for the letters " 1349:for the letters " 1250: 1189:Classical Chinese 1103:rendering support 1083: 1082: 964: 963: 946:Sip Song Chau Tai 827: 826: 800: 786: 740: 716: 715: 708:Empire of Vietnam 647: 646: 500: 499: 433: 432: 402:Hồng Bàng dynasty 383: 382: 369:(1,000 BC–200 AD) 359:(1,000 BC–100 AD) 339:1,500 BC–1,000 BC 329:2,000 BC–1,500 BC 304:4,000 BC–3,000 BC 294:8,000 BC–6,000 BC 290:Quỳnh Văn culture 136:One Pillar Pagoda 118: 117: 110: 92: 7365: 7330: 7320: 7319: 7289:Christmas Island 6975:Sovereign states 6967:Culture of Asia 6960: 6953: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6875:Christmas Island 6847: 6840: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6800: 6793: 6458: 6457: 6366: 6365: 6197:Renewable energy 6187: 6179: 6157: 6156: 6064: 6063: 5863: 5862: 5835:Fatherland Front 5818: 5817: 5684: 5683: 5605: 5604: 5537: 5536: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5095:Brill Publishers 5086: 5080: 5079: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4927: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4888:on June 17, 2015 4884:, archived from 4873: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4858:on June 17, 2015 4854:, archived from 4843: 4837: 4836: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4801:Nguyễn, Thị Hiền 4793: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4767: 4757: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4653:Asian Geographer 4644: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4522:. Archived from 4520:"Art of Vietnam" 4516: 4510: 4509: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4283: 4274:(9): 2503–2519. 4259: 4253: 4252: 4229:Asian Geographer 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4044:(367): 163–180. 4029: 4023: 4022: 4012: 3995:(9): 2503–2519. 3976: 3935:Media of Vietnam 3904: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3863:Southern Vietnam 3800:Ba Đình district 3788:: Hanoi old city 3778:civilization in 3692:Tết Trung Nguyên 3620:Giáng sinh/Nôen 3548: 3505:Ngày Quốc khánh 3390: 3278:teeth blackening 3264:(nhuộm răng đen) 3262:teeth blackening 3225:teeth blackening 3084: 3044: 3037:national costume 2747: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2696: 2688: 2684:Funeral ceremony 2649:mother goddesses 2635:Ancestor worship 2531: 2526: 2490:Bird's eye chili 2442: 2439: 2429:You can help by 2422: 2415: 2375: 2329:stock characters 2186:Vietnamese music 2161:Music of Vietnam 2147: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2096: 2088: 2060:Woodblock prints 1937: 1930: 1923: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1637: 1616: 1615: 1541:Nguyễn Gia Thiều 1489:Southern Brahmic 1377:for the letter " 1248: 1245: 1147: 1146: 1136:Văn hoá Việt Nam 1109: instead of 1091: 1090: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1047: 1046: 1045: 842: 841: 798: 784: 759:State of Vietnam 738: 731: 730: 697:French Indochina 662: 661: 599:Later Lê dynasty 559:Later Lý dynasty 549:Early Lê dynasty 515: 514: 482:Early Lý dynasty 448: 447: 408: 398: 397: 365:Sa Huỳnh culture 355:Dong Son culture 335:Đồng Đậu culture 223: 222: 210: 200: 182: 181: 166: 147: 128: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7308: 7276: 7267: 7248:Northern Cyprus 7234: 7227: 6969: 6964: 6934: 6929: 6856: 6851: 6821: 6816: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6772: 6555: 6456: 6442:Public holidays 6425:Sex trafficking 6351: 6328: 6224:Five-Year Plans 6185: 6177: 6138: 6113: 6111:Public Security 6105: 6062: 6035: 6031:Military Courts 5997: 5964: 5919: 5867:Communist Party 5861: 5799: 5725: 5721:Electoral units 5682: 5639:Protected areas 5590: 5569:French colonial 5535: 5487: 5478: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5240:. p. 110. 5228: 5224: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5195: 5191: 5178: 5171: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5106: 5102: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4953: 4949: 4925:10.26758/11.1.4 4904: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4797:Fjelstad, Karen 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4734: 4730: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4645: 4641: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4567: 4565: 4555: 4551: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4477: 4475: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4387: 4383: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4311: 4307: 4260: 4256: 4221: 4217: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4119:DeFrancis, John 4116: 4112: 4077: 4073: 4030: 4026: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3955:Vietnamese name 3900: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3849: 3820: 3798:in the central 3796:Buddhist temple 3756: 3736: 3640:Tết Nguyên Tiêu 3631:Ngày thiếu nhi 3628:Children's day 3570:Quốc tế Phụ nữ 3538: 3452:Ngày Thống nhất 3388: 3386:Public holidays 3350: 3344: 3286: 3254: 3248: 3236:Lingnan culture 3215:, domesticated 3205: 3199: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3085: 2873: 2867: 2797: 2768: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2713: 2697: 2686: 2587: 2579:Main articles: 2577: 2529:[fəː˧˩] 2524: 2470: 2468:Vietnamese wine 2464: 2458: 2453: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2413: 2396: 2390: 2354: 2317: 2311: 2163: 2157: 2148: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2113: 2097: 2086: 2084:Performing arts 2062: 2038: 2006: 1960: 1952:Main articles: 1950: 1941: 1903: 1901: 1894: 1893: 1889:National anthem 1874: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1853: 1837: 1836: 1817: 1816: 1798: 1797: 1783: 1782: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1749: 1748: 1719: 1718: 1693: 1692: 1668: 1667: 1598: 1592: 1559:Quốc âm Thi Tập 1438: 1432: 1426: 1266: 1260: 1181:Chinese culture 1143: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1101:Without proper 1092: 1088: 1079: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1034: 974: 966: 965: 839: 829: 828: 797: 783: 737: 728: 718: 717: 659: 649: 648: 629:Tây Sơn dynasty 512: 502: 501: 445: 435: 434: 395: 385: 384: 280:Bắc Sơn culture 220: 198: 191: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 167: 159: 158: 148: 140: 139: 129: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 7371: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7324: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6940: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6850: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6529:Folk religions 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6404:hybrid variant 6392: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6347:Rail transport 6344: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6207:Power stations 6204: 6199: 6189: 6181: 6178:("Renovation") 6171: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6070: 6068: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5948:Prime Minister 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5936:Vice President 5927: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5735: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5711:District-level 5708: 5703: 5701:Municipalities 5698: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5644:National parks 5636: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5622:Climate change 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5477: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5418: 5411: 5391: 5385:978-1501719523 5384: 5364: 5358:978-0429964060 5357: 5337: 5330: 5310: 5303: 5280: 5274:978-0231511100 5273: 5253: 5247:978-1316531310 5246: 5222: 5206: 5189: 5169: 5150: 5143: 5125: 5119:978-1604977271 5118: 5100: 5081: 5074: 5054: 5028: 5021: 5003: 4996: 4972: 4965: 4947: 4898: 4868: 4838: 4822: 4815: 4788: 4779: 4728: 4702: 4678: 4659:(1–2): 67–74. 4639: 4598: 4574: 4549: 4536: 4511: 4504: 4484: 4459: 4434: 4427: 4406: 4399: 4381: 4355: 4349:979-8353946595 4348: 4330: 4323: 4305: 4254: 4235:(1–2): 67–74. 4215: 4166: 4159: 4147:Marr, David G. 4138: 4131: 4110: 4071: 4024: 4001:10.1101/857367 3970: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3902:Vietnam portal 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3856: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3830: 3824:Phong Nha Cave 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3789: 3783: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3752: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3715: 3714:23/12 (lunar) 3711: 3710: 3709:Tết Trung Thu 3707: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3537: 3536:Other holidays 3534: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3514:Ba Đình Square 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3430:Tết Nguyên Đán 3427: 3424:Tết Nguyên Đán 3421: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3376:Tết Nguyên Đán 3346:Main article: 3343: 3340: 3324:Nguyễn dynasty 3285: 3282: 3247: 3244: 3240:their language 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3170:Main article: 3167: 3164: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3097:Main article: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3079: 2992:), men in the 2986:Nguyễn dynasty 2966:in the south. 2945:Nguyễn dynasty 2922:Nguyễn dynasty 2914:Nguyễn dynasty 2869:Main article: 2866: 2863: 2854:Nguyễn Hữu Bài 2846: 2845: 2839: 2828:, lễ mở cửa ma 2796: 2793: 2767: 2764: 2760:Nguyễn dynasty 2750: 2749: 2700: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2667:, 19th century 2657: 2656: 2642: 2576: 2573: 2460:Main article: 2457: 2454: 2449:Main article: 2445: 2444: 2425: 2423: 2412: 2409: 2392:Main article: 2389: 2386: 2368:Water puppetry 2353: 2352:Water puppetry 2350: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2332: 2313:Main article: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2271: 2268:Nguyễn dynasty 2232:, trong quan, 2159:Main article: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2100: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2061: 2058: 2037: 2034: 2030:Lunar New Year 2005: 2002: 1967:Đông Sơn drums 1954:Vietnamese art 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1594:Main article: 1591: 1588: 1546:Chinh phụ ngâm 1503:by centuries. 1485:Bhadravarman I 1428:Main article: 1425: 1422: 1262:Main article: 1259: 1256: 1169:Dong Son drums 1158:Southeast Asia 1152:and the other 1105:, you may see 1093: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1030:Indochina Wars 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 976: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 962: 961: 958: 952: 951: 948: 942: 941: 938: 936:Jarai kingdoms 932: 931: 928: 922: 921: 918: 912: 911: 908: 902: 901: 898: 892: 891: 888: 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 862: 861: 858: 852: 851: 848: 840: 835: 834: 831: 830: 825: 824: 821: 815: 814: 811: 809:Subsidy period 805: 804: 801: 791: 790: 787: 777: 776: 773: 765: 764: 761: 755: 754: 751: 745: 744: 741: 729: 724: 723: 720: 719: 714: 713: 710: 704: 703: 700: 692: 691: 688: 682: 681: 678: 672: 671: 668: 660: 655: 654: 651: 650: 645: 644: 641: 639:Nguyễn dynasty 635: 634: 631: 625: 624: 621: 615: 614: 611: 605: 604: 601: 595: 594: 591: 585: 584: 581: 575: 574: 571: 565: 564: 561: 555: 554: 551: 545: 544: 541: 535: 534: 531: 525: 524: 521: 513: 508: 507: 504: 503: 498: 497: 494: 488: 487: 484: 478: 477: 474: 468: 467: 464: 458: 457: 454: 446: 441: 440: 437: 436: 431: 430: 427: 421: 420: 417: 411: 410: 404: 396: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 357: 351: 350: 347: 345:Gò Mun culture 341: 340: 337: 331: 330: 327: 321: 320: 318: 306: 305: 302: 300:Đa Bút culture 296: 295: 292: 286: 285: 282: 276: 275: 273: 265: 264: 261: 255: 254: 252: 244: 243: 240: 238:Sơn Vi culture 234: 233: 231: 221: 216: 215: 212: 211: 203: 202: 193: 192: 185: 168: 161: 160: 149: 142: 141: 130: 123: 122: 121: 120: 119: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7370: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7323: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258:South Ossetia 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6843: 6841: 6836: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6509:Ethnic groups 6507: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Air transport 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6229:Manufacturing 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219:Foreign trade 6217: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Nuclear power 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016:Chief Justice 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771:South Central 5769: 5767: 5766:North Central 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:Commune-level 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5585: 5584:South Vietnam 5582: 5580: 5579:North Vietnam 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5304:9780151144204 5300: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5289:Chanda, Nayan 5284: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5257: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4918:(11): 49–64. 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4725:(1): 167–179. 4724: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4526:on 2015-10-27 4525: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4505:9780199247110 4501: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4449: 4448:corneliatrent 4445: 4438: 4430: 4428:0-231-05852-7 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4400:0-394-49472-5 4396: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4186:(1): 100001. 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865:-styled opera 3864: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3705:Tết Trung Thu 3703: 3701:15/8 (lunar) 3700: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688:15/7 (lunar) 3687: 3683:Tết Đoan Ngọ 3682: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662:15/4 (lunar) 3661: 3657:Tết Hàn Thực 3656: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636:15/1 (lunar) 3635: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3603:Teachers' Day 3601: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583:Lễ Phục Sinh 3582: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3554:English name 3553: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521:10/3 (lunar) 3520: 3515: 3512:'s speech in 3511: 3508:Commemorates 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3470:South Vietnam 3467: 3463: 3462:North Vietnam 3459: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3396:English name 3395: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3381: 3380:Tết Trung Thu 3377: 3372: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303:According to 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232:Baiyue people 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217:water buffalo 3214: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3178:individualism 3173: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3124:(Việt Võ Đạo) 3123: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2912:Prior to the 2908: 2907:khăn vành dây 2904: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2832:lễ chung thất 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:burial ground 2817: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2789:lễ thành phục 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2761: 2756: 2746: 2743: 2735: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2701:This section 2699: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:folk religion 2596: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2452: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2395: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2358: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325:Chinese opera 2322: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:chamber music 2275: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2195:laissez-faire 2192: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2146: 2143: 2135: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2101:This section 2099: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2057: 2054: 2053:silk painting 2047: 2042: 2036:Silk painting 2033: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1985:. The art of 1984: 1980: 1977:, as well as 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1576:Đoàn Thị Điểm 1573: 1572:Hồ Xuân Hương 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554:Đặng Trần Côn 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1309:Austroasiatic 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Austroasiatic 1283: 1279: 1270: 1265: 1255: 1252: 1243: 1240:(Vietnamese: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1040: 1039: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 970: 969: 959: 957: 954: 953: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 937: 934: 933: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 913: 909: 907: 904: 903: 899: 897: 894: 893: 889: 887: 884: 883: 879: 877: 874: 873: 869: 867: 864: 863: 859: 857: 854: 853: 849: 847: 844: 843: 838: 833: 832: 822: 820: 817: 816: 812: 810: 807: 806: 802: 796: 793: 792: 788: 782: 781:South Vietnam 779: 778: 774: 772: 771: 767: 766: 762: 760: 757: 756: 752: 750: 747: 746: 742: 736: 735:North Vietnam 733: 732: 727: 722: 721: 711: 709: 706: 705: 701: 699: 698: 694: 693: 689: 687: 686:French Tonkin 684: 683: 679: 677: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 663: 658: 653: 652: 642: 640: 637: 636: 632: 630: 627: 626: 622: 620: 617: 616: 612: 610: 607: 606: 602: 600: 597: 596: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 580: 577: 576: 572: 570: 567: 566: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 550: 547: 546: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 530: 527: 526: 522: 520: 517: 516: 511: 506: 505: 495: 493: 490: 489: 485: 483: 480: 479: 475: 473: 470: 469: 465: 463: 460: 459: 455: 453: 450: 449: 444: 439: 438: 429:204 BC–111 BC 428: 426: 425:Triệu dynasty 423: 422: 419:257 BC–179 BC 418: 416: 413: 412: 405: 403: 400: 399: 394: 389: 388: 378: 376: 375:Óc Eo culture 373: 372: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 356: 353: 352: 348: 346: 343: 342: 338: 336: 333: 332: 328: 326: 323: 322: 319: 317: 316: 312: 308: 307: 303: 301: 298: 297: 293: 291: 288: 287: 283: 281: 278: 277: 274: 272: 271: 267: 266: 262: 260: 257: 256: 253: 251: 250: 246: 245: 241: 239: 236: 235: 232: 230: 229: 225: 224: 219: 214: 213: 209: 205: 204: 201: 195: 194: 189: 184: 183: 174: 173: 165: 156: 152: 151:Imperial City 146: 137: 133: 127: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 7273:Dependencies 7217: 7203:Turkmenistan 7168:Saudi Arabia 6924: 6751:Martial arts 6574:Architecture 6560: 6544:Christianity 6462:Demographics 6420:Prostitution 6378:Universities 6324:Water supply 6174: 6084:Border Guard 6079:Ground Force 6067:Armed forces 5845:Human rights 5830:Constitution 5793:Mekong Delta 5428: 5421: 5401: 5394: 5374: 5367: 5347: 5340: 5320: 5313: 5293: 5283: 5263: 5256: 5232: 5225: 5215: 5209: 5199: 5192: 5182: 5162: 5134: 5128: 5109: 5103: 5090: 5084: 5064: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5031: 5012: 5006: 4982: 4975: 4956: 4950: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4890:, retrieved 4886:the original 4881: 4871: 4860:, retrieved 4856:the original 4851: 4841: 4831: 4825: 4805: 4791: 4782: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4722: 4718: 4705: 4694:. Retrieved 4690: 4681: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4590:. Retrieved 4586: 4577: 4566:. Retrieved 4562: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4528:. Retrieved 4524:the original 4514: 4494: 4487: 4476:. Retrieved 4472: 4462: 4451:. Retrieved 4447: 4437: 4418: 4409: 4390: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4339: 4333: 4314: 4308: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4150: 4141: 4122: 4113: 4091:(1): 23–30. 4088: 4084: 4074: 4041: 4037: 4027: 3992: 3988: 3974: 3883: 3838: 3737: 3679:Tết Đoan Ngọ 3675:5/5 (lunar) 3670:Lễ Phật Đản 3653:Tết Hàn Thực 3649:3/3 (lunar) 3612:December 25 3599:November 20 3501:National Day 3497:September 2 3451: 3373: 3366: 3337: 3321: 3305:Nayan Chanda 3302: 3287: 3267: 3229: 3221:stilt houses 3206: 3186: 3175: 3141: 3113: 3102: 3073: 3067: 3064:áo tràng vạt 3063: 3034: 3029:Trần dynasty 3021:Đinh dynasty 3018: 3002:Trần dynasty 2979: 2953: 2937:áo tràng vạt 2934: 2911: 2903:áo nhật bình 2885: 2881:áo giao lĩnh 2841: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2798: 2788: 2785:lễ nhập quan 2784: 2777:lễ khâm niệm 2776: 2769: 2738: 2729: 2714:Please help 2702: 2639:filial piety 2629: 2623: 2611:Confucianism 2600: 2567:, chữ Nôm: 2562: 2534:bean sprouts 2514: 2497: 2471: 2438:October 2019 2435: 2431:adding to it 2426: 2405: 2397: 2382: 2373:Múa rối nước 2366: 2303: 2290:prostitution 2264:Trần dynasty 2253: 2246: 2239: 2228: 2227:(chanty) to 2224: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2184: 2138: 2129: 2114:Please help 2102: 2075: 2050: 2026: 2007: 1995: 1983:Confucianism 1961: 1884:Coat of arms 1744:Christianity 1729:Confucianism 1611: 1603: 1599: 1584: 1563: 1557: 1549: 1544: 1533: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1505: 1451: 1436:Truyện tranh 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1329: 1324:chữ Quốc Ngữ 1323: 1316: 1306: 1294:Sino–Tibetan 1282:Austronesian 1275: 1253: 1242:chữ Quốc Ngữ 1234:Latin script 1211: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1183:due to the " 1166: 1127: 1125: 1119:chữ Quốc ngữ 1094: 906:Dali Kingdom 896:Khmer Empire 823:1986–present 768: 695: 676:French Annam 569:Trần dynasty 539:Đinh dynasty 456:111 BC–40 AD 415:Thục dynasty 349:1,000–800 BC 309: 268: 247: 226: 170: 104: 95: 85: 78: 71: 64: 52: 40:Please help 35:verification 32: 15: 7332:Asia portal 7233:States with 7153:Philippines 7093:South Korea 7088:North Korea 6983:Afghanistan 6910:Philippines 6714:Nationalism 6665:News Agency 6616:Ingredients 6307:Expressways 6295:Visa policy 6261:Measurement 6214:Foreign aid 6164:Agriculture 6101:Coast Guard 5969:Legislative 5564:Monarchical 5549:Prehistoric 4691:www.cia.gov 3833:Hạ Long Bay 3826:located in 3588:October 20 3557:Local name 3510:Ho Chi Minh 3464:forces and 3458:Saigon fell 3399:Local name 3369:traditional 3317:Montagnards 3313:Sinospheric 3309:Sinocentric 3298:Ngô Sĩ Liên 3274:Ming–Hồ War 3268:During the 3192:Feudal eras 3135:Võ Bắc Ninh 3109:Việt Võ Đạo 3052:Áo ngũ thân 3000:, while in 2949:áo ngũ thân 2888:dress codes 2816:lễ đưa tang 2812:Traditional 2673:Thành hoàng 2665:Thành hoàng 2625:Catholicism 2300:since 2005. 2286:bureaucrats 2230:hát quan họ 2223:(lullaby), 2051:Vietnamese 2012:along with 2004:Calligraphy 1948:Visual arts 1568:Nguyễn Trãi 1524:Truyện Kiều 1230:Catholicism 1150:Kinh people 1000:Immigration 980:Agriculture 609:Mạc dynasty 519:Ngô dynasty 228:Paleolithic 218:Prehistoric 197:History of 7347:Categories 7213:Uzbekistan 7188:Tajikistan 7103:Kyrgyzstan 7083:Kazakhstan 7003:Bangladesh 6993:Azerbaijan 6885:East Timor 6724:Trotskyism 6699:Philosophy 6675:Newspapers 6660:Television 6655:Mass media 6643:Literature 6435:Corruption 6283:Censorship 6266:Inventions 6239:Automotive 6186:(currency) 5943:Government 5825:Censorship 5629:Ecoregions 4882:Vietnamnet 4755:1909.13686 4696:2017-03-09 4618:(1): 143. 4592:2017-09-15 4568:2023-02-20 4530:2015-12-15 4478:2019-11-13 4453:2019-11-13 4193:1903.00817 3966:References 3802:(near the 3485:Labour Day 3407:January 1 3363:, Vietnam. 3329:Minh Hương 3290:Lê dynasty 3272:after the 3250:See also: 3209:Yue tribes 3060:Đàng Ngoài 3056:Đàng Trong 3025:Lý dynasty 3006:Lý dynasty 2994:Lê dynasty 2956:áo tứ thân 2941:Vietnamese 2918:Lý dynasty 2732:April 2021 2502:fish sauce 2488:), spicy ( 2482:fish sauce 2474:vegetables 2466:See also: 2401:lion dance 2266:on to the 2197:attitude. 2179:trống chầu 2171:kèn đám ma 2132:April 2021 1969:) to post- 1827:Television 1780:Literature 1666:Traditions 1434:See also: 1424:Literature 1359:circumflex 1343:Vietnamese 1332:diacritics 1290:Hmong–Mien 1278:Vietnamese 1162:Sinosphere 1132:Vietnamese 1097:Vietnamese 579:Hồ dynasty 379:(1–630 AD) 259:Hoabinhian 249:Mesolithic 68:newspapers 7299:Hong Kong 7253:Palestine 7178:Sri Lanka 7173:Singapore 7053:Indonesia 6915:Singapore 6890:Indonesia 6719:Socialism 6709:Communism 6704:Anarchism 6633:Festivals 6594:Animation 6497:Phonology 6373:Education 6334:Transport 6302:Transport 6234:Standards 6096:Air Force 6003:Judiciary 5993:Elections 5960:Ministers 5931:President 5924:Executive 5900:Politburo 5788:Southeast 5754:Northwest 5749:Northeast 5696:Provinces 5688:Divisions 5600:Geography 5506:Dynasties 4942:235577360 4934:2360-3445 4774:218484297 4748:(1): 82. 4673:1022-5706 4249:1022-5706 4210:203239554 4097:0066-8435 4066:167177077 4058:0003-598X 4038:Antiquity 3859:Cải lương 3724:Festival 3616:Christmas 3466:Viet Cong 3443:April 30 3246:Ming rule 2858:Khải Định 2773:chopstick 2703:does not 2538:scallions 2492:), sour ( 2378:jackfruit 2335:Cải lương 2321:Hát tuồng 2240:hát xẩm, 2103:does not 2072:of a carp 1852:Monuments 1706:Festivals 1657:Languages 1530:Nguyễn Du 1510:and then 1462:Nha Trang 1177:Indonesia 985:Dynasties 960:1707–1832 950:1600–1954 940:1100–1904 930:1061–1432 926:Ngưu Hống 920:1042–1052 813:1975–1986 803:1969–1976 789:1955–1975 775:1954–1976 763:1949–1955 753:1948–1949 743:1945–1976 643:1802–1945 633:1778–1802 623:1533–1789 613:1527–1592 603:1428–1527 593:1407–1427 583:1400–1407 573:1225–1400 563:1009–1225 443:Dominated 315:Iron Ages 270:Neolithic 98:June 2020 7322:Category 7243:Abkhazia 7193:Thailand 7148:Pakistan 7128:Mongolia 7123:Maldives 7118:Malaysia 7018:Cambodia 6920:Thailand 6900:Malaysia 6870:Cambodia 6807:Category 6601:Clothing 6534:Buddhism 6524:Religion 6492:Alphabet 6487:Language 6415:Gambling 6395:COVID-19 6390:HIV/AIDS 6317:Airports 6312:Railways 6278:Internet 6129:Security 6045:Military 5988:Chairman 5813:Politics 5783:Southern 5739:Northern 5666:Molluscs 5651:Wildlife 5574:Republic 5541:Timeline 5521:Monarchs 5516:Military 5511:Economic 5501:Capitals 5485:articles 5291:(1986). 4892:June 16, 4862:June 16, 4852:Tuoi Tre 4803:(2006). 4634:54444540 4300:32344428 4149:(1984). 4121:(1977). 4105:42928186 4019:32344428 3888:See also 3853:Nhã nhạc 3839:Đồng Văn 3742:-listed 3718:Ông Công 3562:March 8 3456:The day 3411:New Year 3402:Remarks 3361:Châu Đốc 3219:, built 3156:Thailand 3068:nhu quần 2990:Khăn vấn 2982:headgear 2964:áo bà ba 2836:tốt khốc 2619:Tam Giáo 2607:Buddhism 2601:Besides 2593:Hanoi's 2550:poaching 2498:nước mắm 2345:Hát chèo 2260:Nhã nhạc 2242:chầu văn 2217:ngâm thơ 2068:Typical 1734:Buddhism 1716:Religion 1683:Marriage 1678:Clothing 1621:a series 1619:Part of 1481:Trà Kiệu 1474:Old Cham 1336:digraphs 1258:Language 1232:, and a 1160:and the 1010:Monarchs 1005:Military 973:By topic 910:937–1253 900:802–1431 860:192–1832 726:Republic 657:Colonial 553:980–1009 510:Dynastic 188:a series 186:Part of 132:Buddhist 7218:Vietnam 7133:Myanmar 7113:Lebanon 7043:Georgia 6998:Bahrain 6988:Armenia 6925:Vietnam 6905:Myanmar 6791:Outline 6763:Theater 6758:Symbols 6606:Cuisine 6561:Culture 6475:Eunuchs 6361:Society 6290:Tourism 6246:Poverty 6175:Doi Moi 6169:Banking 6152:Economy 6116:Militia 5761:Central 5731:Regions 5656:Mammals 5617:Climate 5612:Borders 5554:Ancient 5493:History 5481:Vietnam 4291:7475039 4010:7475039 3989:bioRxiv 3879:Quan họ 3812:Vietnam 3722:Ông Táo 3625:June 1 3474:Vietnam 3322:By the 3122:Vovinam 3039:is the 2998:Đinh Tự 2824:Votives 2801:turbans 2795:Funeral 2724:removed 2709:sources 2653:Vietnam 2645:Đạo Mẫu 2556:, sour 2517:noodles 2456:Cuisine 2339:vibrato 2309:Theatre 2282:pansori 2210:đàn đáy 2206:đàn bầu 2175:đàn nhị 2124:removed 2109:sources 2014:chữ Nôm 2010:chữ Hán 1872:Symbols 1699:Cuisine 1673:Kinship 1643:History 1606:chữ Nôm 1556:), and 1512:chữ Nôm 1508:chữ Hán 1404:" and " 1369:, and " 1318:chữ Nôm 1298:Kra–Dai 1249: 1206:chữ Hán 1200:chữ Nôm 1194:Hán văn 1140:chữ Hán 1115:chữ Hán 1111:chữ Nôm 990:Economy 890:738–902 886:Nanzhao 880:550–781 870:300–800 819:Đổi Mới 543:968–980 533:965–968 523:939–965 496:602–938 486:544–602 409:–258 BC 407:2879 BC 393:Ancient 199:Vietnam 82:scholar 7263:Taiwan 7198:Turkey 7163:Russia 7098:Kuwait 7078:Jordan 7068:Israel 7028:Cyprus 7013:Brunei 7008:Bhutan 6865:Brunei 6812:Portal 6741:Sports 6648:Poetry 6628:Emblem 6611:Dishes 6589:Cinema 6584:Awards 6569:Anthem 6539:Taoism 6519:Racism 6470:People 6385:Health 6192:Energy 6124:Police 5706:Cities 5483: 5436: 5409: 5382: 5355: 5328: 5301: 5271: 5244: 5141: 5116: 5072: 5019: 4994: 4963: 4940: 4932: 4813: 4772: 4671: 4632: 4502: 4425: 4397: 4346: 4321: 4298: 4288: 4247: 4208: 4157: 4129: 4103: 4095: 4064: 4056: 4017: 4007: 3915:Champa 3910:Baiyue 3874:Ca trù 3776:Champa 3772:Mỹ Sơn 3760:Hội An 3740:UNESCO 3579:Easter 3481:May 1 3062:where 3047:Áo dài 3042:áo dài 3014:nón lá 3010:nón lá 2974:Ba tầm 2960:áo yếm 2842:Modern 2805:tunics 2781:coffin 2615:Taoism 2613:, and 2558:lemons 2546:sauces 2542:spices 2411:Cinema 2294:UNESCO 2274:Ca trù 2248:ca trù 2245:, and 2221:hát ru 1991:France 1987:Champa 1979:Taoism 1832:Cinema 1739:Taoism 1650:People 1623:on the 1590:Poetry 1578:, and 1470:Chamic 1373:; the 1357:; the 1296:, and 1218:Champa 876:Chenla 856:Champa 850:68–627 476:43–544 311:Bronze 190:on the 172:áo dài 84: 77: 70: 63: 55: 7304:Macau 7223:Yemen 7183:Syria 7158:Qatar 7138:Nepal 7073:Japan 7048:India 7038:Egypt 7023:China 6798:Index 6687:V-pop 6682:Music 6670:Voice 6623:Dance 6549:Islam 6452:Women 6410:Crime 6399:Delta 6184:Đồng 5661:Birds 5531:Naval 5526:Names 5041:(PDF) 4938:S2CID 4770:S2CID 4750:arXiv 4715:(PDF) 4630:S2CID 4368:(PDF) 4206:S2CID 4188:arXiv 4101:JSTOR 4062:S2CID 3808:Hanoi 3551:Date 3393:Date 3160:Spain 3152:Korea 3148:Japan 3144:China 2510:basil 2486:sugar 2388:Dance 2362:Hanoi 2296:as a 2191:opera 2155:Music 1843:Sport 1822:Radio 1814:Media 1804:Music 1688:Games 1501:Malay 1497:Khmer 1479:near 1466:Funan 1375:breve 1353:and " 1313:Bolyu 1222:Khmer 1099:text. 1025:Women 1020:Naval 1015:Names 846:Funan 466:40–43 89:JSTOR 75:books 7143:Oman 7108:Laos 7063:Iraq 7058:Iran 6895:Laos 6638:Flag 6514:Name 6447:Time 6402:cron 6397:and 6114:and 6091:Navy 6074:Army 5850:LGBT 5434:ISBN 5407:ISBN 5380:ISBN 5353:ISBN 5326:ISBN 5299:ISBN 5269:ISBN 5242:ISBN 5139:ISBN 5114:ISBN 5070:ISBN 5051:: 3. 5017:ISBN 4992:ISBN 4961:ISBN 4930:ISSN 4894:2015 4864:2015 4811:ISBN 4669:ISSN 4500:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4319:ISBN 4296:PMID 4245:ISSN 4155:ISBN 4127:ISBN 4093:ISSN 4054:ISSN 4015:PMID 3720:and 3066:and 3023:and 3004:and 2980:The 2954:The 2935:The 2905:and 2803:and 2766:Wake 2707:any 2705:cite 2677:đình 2637:and 2583:and 2554:beef 2544:and 2536:and 2508:and 2506:mint 2494:lime 2480:and 2478:rice 2234:xoan 2208:and 2107:any 2105:cite 1989:and 1981:and 1956:and 1879:Flag 1604:The 1400:", " 1396:", " 1392:", " 1347:horn 1341:The 1247:lit. 1220:and 1145:文化越南 1126:The 1117:and 712:1945 313:and 61:news 7275:and 6579:Art 5857:Law 4920:doi 4760:doi 4661:doi 4620:doi 4286:PMC 4276:doi 4237:doi 4198:doi 4046:doi 4005:PMC 3997:doi 3806:), 3359:in 3300:). 3154:or 2718:by 2565:đũa 2521:phở 2496:), 2433:. 2118:by 1758:Art 1566:) ( 1543:), 1532:), 1493:Mon 1468:or 1412:". 1365:, " 1327:). 1209:). 1173:Yue 155:Huế 153:in 44:by 7349:: 5236:. 5172:^ 5153:^ 5049:17 4990:. 4986:. 4936:. 4928:. 4914:. 4910:. 4880:, 4850:, 4799:; 4768:. 4758:. 4744:. 4740:. 4723:27 4721:. 4717:. 4689:. 4667:. 4657:18 4655:. 4651:. 4628:. 4614:. 4610:. 4585:. 4561:. 4471:. 4446:. 4376:39 4374:. 4370:. 4294:. 4284:. 4272:37 4270:. 4266:. 4243:. 4233:18 4231:. 4227:. 4204:. 4196:. 4182:. 4178:. 4099:. 4089:28 4087:. 4083:. 4060:. 4052:. 4042:93 4040:. 4036:. 4013:. 4003:. 3993:37 3991:. 3987:. 3861:: 3476:. 3460:, 3382:. 3162:. 3150:, 3146:, 3045:. 2822:. 2783:, 2609:, 2569:𥮊 2512:. 2403:. 2225:hò 2212:. 1582:. 1574:, 1499:, 1495:, 1385:. 1383:đ" 1379:ă" 1371:ô" 1367:ê" 1363:â" 1355:ư" 1351:ơ" 1304:. 1292:, 1288:, 1284:, 1244:, 1228:, 1142:: 1138:, 1134:: 1113:, 6959:e 6952:t 6945:v 6846:e 6839:t 6832:v 5473:e 5466:t 5459:v 5442:. 5415:. 5388:. 5361:. 5334:. 5307:. 5277:. 5250:. 5147:. 5122:. 5097:. 5078:. 5025:. 5000:. 4969:. 4944:. 4922:: 4916:1 4819:. 4776:. 4762:: 4752:: 4746:6 4699:. 4675:. 4663:: 4636:. 4622:: 4616:4 4595:. 4571:. 4533:. 4508:. 4481:. 4456:. 4431:. 4403:. 4378:. 4352:. 4327:. 4302:. 4278:: 4251:. 4239:: 4212:. 4200:: 4190:: 4184:1 4163:. 4135:. 4107:. 4068:. 4048:: 4021:. 3999:: 3782:. 3296:( 2860:. 2745:) 2739:( 2734:) 2730:( 2726:. 2712:. 2523:( 2500:( 2440:) 2436:( 2370:( 2331:. 2250:. 2181:. 2145:) 2139:( 2134:) 2130:( 2126:. 2112:. 1936:e 1929:t 1922:v 1562:( 1552:( 1539:( 1528:( 1410:a 1406:ạ 1402:ã 1398:ả 1394:à 1390:á 1191:( 1130:( 1121:. 1074:e 1067:t 1060:v 111:) 105:( 100:) 96:( 86:· 79:· 72:· 65:· 38:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.