History of Vietnam

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AAI, AAM, TB, and EA. Contrary to their claim, we found no evidence of Onge, Jarawa, and Papuan ancestries in the ANC samples (results of ADMIXTURE run hence not shown). We regressed the AAI ancestry (and the EA-like ancestry) of the ancient genomes jointly on the age of the sample and the latitude where these samples were found (Supplementary Table 7). While latitude was only marginally significant for the AAI-like ancestry, it was extremely significant for EA-like ancestry, showing a decreasing trend of EA-like ancestry as one moves from North to South (Fig. 6e, Supplementary Figure 14 in Additional file 1). This bolsters the hypothesis of the origin of EA-like ancestry in Southern China and a movement due south... The current study emphasizes the importance of both geography and language in reconstructing the population structure of India and SEA. Our study suggests that the ancestors to present-day AA speakers were the resident native population extending from Central India to mainland Southeast Asia. They were hunter-gatherers and spoke possibly some proto-AA language that has given rise to the present-day AA language family. The present-day Indian Austroasiatics and Malaysian Austroasiatics shared a common ancestor until about 10.5 KYA. Post-separation they had a disparate genetic history. Around 7 KYA, with the advent of agriculture, there was an ancestry shift in Southeast Asia. The distribution of AA hunter-gatherers started to shrink and their population size kept declining. As farmers from EA began migrating southwards to Mainland Southeast Asia, the population size of AA hunter-gatherers residing in SEA decreased further. Moreover, the East Asians (Eastern Eurasians) interbred with local AA hunter-gatherers introducing "East Asian ancestry" in SEA. With subsequent migration waves, substantial EA ancestry was added to the native Austroasiatics residing in MSEA, including AAM in our study. The continuous migration also resulted in rapid fragmentation and isolation of the AA huntergatherer population. On the other hand, since the East Asians did not enter peninsular India, the "East Asian ancestry" was not introduced in AAs in India, who mostly retained their genetic ancestry while interbreeding locally with populations of ASI ancestry.

8559:: There is no reason to expect, and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate, that the actual executions were less than planned; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors. First, this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns (or waves) that followed during 1954–1956. Second, the decree was meant to apply to free areas (under the control of the Viet Minh government), not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954–1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle. Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low-end estimate of the real number. This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper "Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953–1956" presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies, Center for SE Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (February 2001). In this paper Moise (79–) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book (which was 5,000) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions. Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs, but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate. This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more, taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign, the unauthorized killings at the local level, and the suicides following arrest and torture (the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases, however). 3157: 3663: 2807:

unified culture centered around harmony related to the religion of the spirits of nature and the peaceful nature of Buddhism. While the sovereign was the ultimate source of political authority, a saying was, "The Sovereign's Laws end at the village gate". The sovereign was the final dispenser of justice, law, and supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, as well as overseer of religious rituals. Administration was carried out by mandarins who were trained exactly like their Chinese counterparts (i.e. by rigorous study of Confucian texts). Overall, Vietnam remained very efficiently and stably governed except in times of war and dynastic breakdown. Its administrative system was probably far more advanced than that of any other Southeast Asian states and was more highly centralized and stably governed among Asian states. No serious challenge to the sovereign's authority ever arose, as titles of nobility were bestowed purely as honors and were not hereditary. Periodic land reforms broke up large estates and ensured that powerful landowners could not emerge. No religious/priestly class ever arose outside of the mandarins either. This stagnant absolutism ensured a stable, well-ordered society, but also resistance to social, cultural, or technological innovations. Reformers looked only to the past for inspiration.

5096: 4115: 3938: 1626: 4059: 3397: 2289: 3351: 4961:, and people who sided with the French were called “country sellers.” By siding with the invaders, Catholics gained “the impression of being a foreign body,” said cultural expert Huu Ngoc. Catholics assisted, Jean Chesneaux wrote, in “breaking the isolation of the French troops.” Likewise, Paul Isoart reported: “The insurrection in Annam was liquidated thanks to the information the French received from the Vietnamese Catholics.” Some information was obtained in confessionals. Vicar Paul Francois Puginier of Ha Noi sent regular reports to secular authorities, including information about unrest and possible uprisings. In contrast, in Cambodia, which is also a part of French-Cochinchina, like Vietnam, the French restored the Kingdom of Cambodia as a 3144: 2094: 3900: 3601: 5183: 1761:

rising to about 60 percent. Here, there were not only bronze weapons, axes, and personal ornaments, but also sickles and other agriculture tools. Toward the closure of the Bronze Age, bronze accounts for more than 90 percent of tools and weapons, and there are exceptionally extravagant graves – the burial places of powerful chieftains – containing some hundreds of ritual and personal bronze artifacts, such as musical instruments, bucket-shaped ladles, and ornament daggers. After 1000 BC, the ancient peoples of Vietnam became skilled agriculturalists as they grew rice and kept buffaloes and pigs. They were also skilled fishermen and bold sailors, whose long dug-out canoes traversed the eastern sea.

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1900 a new generation of Vietnamese were coming of age who had never lived in precolonial Vietnam. These young activists were as eager as their grandparents to see independence restored, but they realized that returning to the feudal order was not feasible and that modern technology and governmental systems were needed. Having been exposed to Western philosophy, they aimed to establish a republic upon independence, departing from the royalist sentiments of the Cần Vương movements. Some of them set up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan, which many viewed as a model society (i.e. an Asian nation that had modernized, but retained its own culture and institutions).

3920: 1791: 4798: 4558: 3784: 4093: 3580: 4646: 4309: 3001:. This event is regarded as the beginning of another golden era in Vietnamese history, with the following dynasties inheriting the Lý dynasty's prosperity and doing much to maintain and expand it. The way Lý Công Uẩn ascended to the throne was rather uncommon in Vietnamese history. As a high-ranking military commander residing in the capital, he had all opportunities to seize power during the tumultuous years after Emperor Lê Hoàn's death, yet preferring not to do so out of his sense of duty. He was in a way being "elected" by the court after some debate before a consensus was reached. 4629: 1744:

villages held well over 90 percent of the population. The high volume of rainy season water required villagers to concentrate their labor in managing floods, transplanting rice, and harvesting. These activities produced a cohesive village life with a religion in which one of the core values was the desire to live in harmony with nature and with other people. The way of life, centered in harmony, featured many enjoyable aspects that the people held beloved, typified by not needing many material things, the enjoyment of music and poetry, and living in harmony with nature.

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160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time. However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500. In the South, Diem went about crushing political and religious opposition, imprisoning or killing of thousands.

5426: 2739: 2440: 4876: 4931:, who sank the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics. In the north, most movements were led by former court officers, and fighters were from the rural population. Sentiment against the invasion ran deep in the countryside—well over 90 percent of the population—because the French seized and exported most of the rice, creating widespread malnutrition from the 1880s onward. And, an ancient tradition existed of repelling all invaders. These were two reasons that the vast majority opposed the French invasion. 4570: 2428: 1615: 4246: 5733:). His policies were characterized by political and economic experimentation that was similar to simultaneous reform agenda undertaken in the Soviet Union. Reflecting the spirit of political compromise, Vietnam phased out its re-education effort. The communist government stopped promoting agricultural and industrial cooperatives. Farmers were permitted to till private plots alongside state-owned land, and in 1990 the communist government passed a law encouraging the establishment of private businesses. 3030:(Ascending Dragon) by Lý Công Uẩn, after allegedly seeing a dragon flying upwards when he arrived at the capital. Moving the capital, Lý Công Uẩn thus departed from the militarily defensive mentality of his predecessors and envisioned a strong economy as the key to national survival. The third emperor of the dynasty, Lý Thánh Tông renamed the country "Đại Việt" (大越, Great Viet). Successive Lý emperors continued to accomplish far-reaching feats: building a dike system to protect rice farms; founding the 3835:. Hoàng pretended to be insane, so Kiểm was fooled into thinking that sending Hoàng south was a good move as Hoàng would be quickly killed in the lawless border regions. However, Hoàng governed the south effectively while Trịnh Kiểm, and then his son Trịnh Tùng, carried on the war against the Mạc. Nguyễn Hoàng sent money and soldiers north to help the war but gradually he became more and more independent, transforming their realm's economic fortunes by turning it into an international trading post. 3005: 2939:. A capable military tactician, Lê Hoan realized the risks of engaging the mighty Song troops head on; thus, he tricked the invading army into Chi Lăng Pass, then ambushed and killed their commander, quickly ending the threat to his young nation in 981. The Song dynasty withdrew their troops and Lê Hoàn was referred to in his realm as Emperor Đại Hành (Đại Hành Hoàng Đế). Emperor Lê Đại Hành was also the first Vietnamese monarch who began the southward expansion process against the kingdom of 5567:

relied on personalized rule. During this period, due to this structural difference, the north and south revealed different patterns in their economic activities, the long-term effect of which still persist up to today. Citizens that have previously lived in the bureaucratic state are more likely to have higher household consumption and get more engaged in civic activities; the state itself tends to have the stronger fiscal capacity for taxation inherited from the previous institution.

3122: 3292:. Not long after the nuptials, the king died, and the princess returned to her northern home in order to avoid a Cham custom that would have required her to join her husband in death. Champa was made a tributary state of Vietnam in 1312, but ten years later they regained independence and eventually waged a 30-years long war against the Vietnamese, in order to regain these lands and encouraged by the decline of Đại Việt in the course of the 14th century. Cham troops led by king 3385: 4888: 4373: 2623: 11490: 3558: 4663: 4022: 1885: 3446:. Po Binasuor annihilated the Vietnamese invaders in 1377, ransacked Hanoi in 1371, 1378, 1379, and 1383, nearly had united all Vietnam for the first time by the 1380s. During a naval battle in early 1390, the Cham conqueror however was killed by Vietnamese firearm units, thus ending the short-lived rising period of the Cham kingdom. During the next decades, Champa returned to its status quo of peace. After much warfare and dismal conflicts, king 11500: 3483: 5536: 5845: 4995: 1315: 982: 3108: 4592: 5274: 24: 4900: 146: 3367: 2206: 2860: 5753:

Vietnam has played an increasingly significant role on the world stage. Its economic reforms have significantly changed Vietnamese society and increased Vietnamese relevance in both Asian and broader international affairs. Also, due to Vietnam's strategic geopolitical position near the intersection of the Pacific and Indian oceans, many world powers have begun to take on a much more favorable stance towards Vietnam.

2454: 4702:, was accused of encouraging local Catholics to revolt in an attempt to install a Catholic emperor. Catholics, both Vietnamese and foreign-born, were persecuted in retaliation. Trade with the West slowed during this period. There were frequent uprisings against the Nguyễns, with hundreds of such events being recorded in the annals. These acts were soon being used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam. The early 1685:, alone comprising 85.32% of total population. The rest is made up of 53 other ethnic groups. Vietnam's ethnic mosaic results from the peopling process in which various peoples came and settled the territory, leading to the modern state of Vietnam by many stages, often separated by thousands of years over a duration of tens of thousands of years. Vietnam's entire history, thus, is an embroidery of polyethnicity. 2466: 9701: 5859: 2979: 2018: 4038: 3438:(r. 1307–1312), set out to retake the two provinces to protest against the Vietnamese agreement but was defeated and taken as a prisoner. Champa thus became a Vietnamese vassal state. The Cham revolted in 1318. In 1326 they managed to defeat the Vietnamese and reasserted independence. Royal upheaval within the Cham court resumed until 1360, when a strong Cham king was enthroned, known as 1927: 3254: 1046: 3958: 7959:

Vietnam : a Dragon Embattled, p. 128. Missionary reports. Daughton, J. (2006). An Empire Divided : Religion, Republicanism, and the making of French colonialism, 1880 1914. Oxford; NY: Oxford University Press, Chapter 2, Kindle location 935–946. Lands to collaborators. Ngo, “Vietnam: The Real Enemy,” p. 9; Carter, Inventing Vietnam, p. 38, Kindle location 752.

4345:). There was even a rumor saying that Quang Trung had also planned to conquer China, although it was unclear. During his reign, Quang Trung envisioned many reforms but died by unknown reason on the way march south in 1792, at the age of 40. During the reign of Emperor Quang Trung, Đại Việt was in fact divided into three political entities. The Tây Sơn leader, 1999:(Cổ Loa Thành), the spiral fortress approximately ten miles north of that new capital. However, records showed that espionage resulted in the downfall of An Dương Vương. At his capital, Cổ Loa, he built many concentric walls around the city for defensive purposes. These walls, together with skilled Âu Lạc archers, kept the capital safe from invaders. 5532:. A nation-wide election for a united administration was to be held in July 1956. Diem's regime rejected the agreement, while the United States merely "took note" of the ceasefire agreements and declared that it would "refrain from the threat or use of force to disturb them. Partitition came into force, but the promised elections were never held. 2950:, became the most notorious tyrant in Vietnamese history. He devised sadistic punishments of prisoners for his own entertainment and indulged in deviant sexual activities. Toward the end of his short life – he died at the age of 24 – Lê Long Đĩnh had become so ill, that he had to lie down when meeting with his officials in court. 3858:. Meanwhile, the Ming court reluctantly decided on a military intervention into the Vietnamese civil war, but Mạc Đăng Dung offered ritual submission to the Ming Empire, which was accepted. Since the late 16th century, trades and contacts between Japan and Vietnam increased as they established relationship in 1591. The 4204:

significant accomplishments. The Trịnh created centralized government offices in charge of state budget and producing currency, unified the weight units into a decimal system, established printing shops to reduce the need to import printed materials from China, opened a military academy, and compiled history books.

4188:(which had succeeded in converting up to a tenth of the population by 1700) was a threat to the Confucian social order since it condemned ancestor worship as idolatry. Vietnamese authorities' attitudes to Europeans and Christianity hardened as they began to increasingly see it as a way of undermining society. 7102:

Dai Viet. Huu Ngoc, Borton, L., & Collins, E., ed. (2016). Viet Nam : Tradition and Change. Ha Noi. World Publishers, Ohio University Press, p. 285. Autonomy, royal cede. Huu Ngoc (2004). Wandering through Vietnamese culture. Ha Noi: The Gioi, pp. 189–90. Harmony and religion. Trần Ngọc Thêm

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area. Thus a civil war began between the Northern Court (Mạc) and the Southern Court (Restored Lê). Nguyễn Kim's side controlled the southern part of Annam (from Thanhhoa to the south), leaving the north (including Đông Kinh-Hanoi) under Mạc control. When Nguyễn Kim was assassinated in 1545, military

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formerly Cham territory into the Vietnamese nation, the majority of Cham people nevertheless remained in Vietnam and they are now considered one of the key minorities in modern Vietnam. Vietnamese armies also raided the Mekong Delta, which the decaying Khmer Empire could no longer defend. The city of

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community had developed a highly sophisticated industry of quality bronze production, processing and the manufacturing of tools, weapons and exquisite Bronze drums. Certainly of symbolic value, they were intended to be used for religious or ceremonial purposes. The craftsmen of these objects required

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While the true original inhabitants of Vietnam were the Hoabinhians, they had of course been replaced and absorbed by the East Eurasian-looking populace and the expansion of preliminary Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages, although linguistic data are not totally interrelated with genetic. Later

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led the first uprising of indigenous tribes and peoples against Chinese domination. The rebellion was defeated, but as the Han dynasty began to weaken by the late 2nd century AD and China started to descend into a state of turmoil, the indigenous peoples of Vietnam rose again and some became free. In

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Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every

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succeeded Trịnh Tùng, his father, upon his death in 1623. Tráng ordered Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to submit to his authority. The order was refused twice. In 1627, Trịnh Tráng sent 150,000 troops southward in an unsuccessful military campaign. The Trịnh were much stronger, with a larger population, economy

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region in modern-day Burma before withdrawing. After the death of Lê Thánh Tông, Dai Viet fell into a swift decline (1497–1527), with 6 rulers in within 30 years of failing economy, natural disasters and rebellions raged through the country. European traders and missionaries, reaching Vietnam in the

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were widely chewed and the lower classes rarely wore clothing more substantial than a loincloth. Every spring, a fertility festival was held which featured huge parties and sexual abandon. Since around 2000 BC, stone hand tools and weapons improved extraordinarily in both quantity and variety. After

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Situated on the southeast edge of monsoon Asia, much of ancient Vietnam enjoyed a combination of high rainfall, humidity, heat, favorable winds, and fertile soil. These natural sources combined to generate an unusually prolific growth of rice and other plants and wildlife. This region's agricultural

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script, a system of writing for Vietnamese language. The Trần dynasty also adopted a unique way to train new emperors: when a crown prince reached the age of 18, his predecessor would abdicate and turn the throne over to him, yet holding the title of Retired Emperor (Thái Thượng Hoàng), acting as a

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represented throughout more than 2,000 years of Vietnamese history the national industrial and economic backbone. Countless, mostly small family run manufacturers have over the centuries preserved their ethnic ideas by producing highly sophisticated goods, built temples and dedicated ceremonies and

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visited Vietnam in 2000, a new era of Vietnam began. No other U.S. leader had ever officially visited Hanoi and Clinton was the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975. Vietnam has become an increasingly attractive destination for economic development. Over time,

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policies did not necessarily extend to the party's peacetime nation-building plans. Having unified North and South politically, the CPV still had to integrate them socially and economically. In this task, CPV policy makers were confronted with the South's resistance to communist transformation, as

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covering Vietnam-China relations from 1365 to 1841, the relations could be characterized as a "hierarchic tributary system". The study found that "the Vietnamese court explicitly recognized its unequal status in its relations with China through a number of institutions and norms. Vietnamese rulers

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during his visit to Champa in 1340, described a princess who met him, spoke in Turkish, was literate in Arabic, and wrote out the bismillah in the presence of the visitor. Islam further got more popular in Cham society after the fall of Champa in 1471. After the death of Indravarman VI, succession

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province about 40 km from the current capital, Hanoi. Neither side was able to force a victory, so the Vietnamese court proposed a truce, which the Song emperor accepted. Champa and the powerful Khmer Empire took advantage of Đại Việt's distraction with the Song to pillage Đại Việt's southern

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cultivators, which became the main staple of their diet. During the later stage of the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, the first appearance of bronze tools took place despite these tools still being rare. By about 1000 BC, bronze replaced stone for about 40 percent of edged tools and weapons,

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Malutrition. De la Roche, J. “A Program of Social and Cultural Activity in Indo-China.” US: Virginia, Ninth Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations, French Paper No. 3, pp. 5-6. Tradition. Sheehan, N. (1990). A Bright Shining Lie : John Paul Vann and America in Viet Nam (1st Vintage

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McColl et al. suggested that ancient SEA hunter-gatherers (Hòabìnhian) share some ancestry with the Onge, Jehai, Papuan, and Indian populations. We, therefore, ran the ADMIXTURE analysis including the Jarawa, Onge, and the Papuans as possible founder populations in addition to the previous set of

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trying to start an uprising. However, lack of modern weapons and equipment prevented these resistance movements from being able to engage the French in open combat. The various anti-French started by mandarins were carried out with the primary goal of restoring the old feudal society. However, by

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across Southeast Asia. With the kingdom of Champa mostly destroyed and the Cham people exiled or suppressed, Vietnamese colonization of what is now central Vietnam proceeded without substantial resistance. However, despite becoming greatly outnumbered by Vietnamese settlers and the integration of

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Along with the split between northern and southern Vietnam in geographical territory came the divergence in their distinctive choices for institutional political structure. Northern Vietnam opted for a centralized bureaucratic regime while the south was based on a patron-client mechanism heavily

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occupation forces whose presence tended to support the Communist Party's political opponents. In 1946, Vietnam had its first National Assembly election (won by the Viet Minh in central and northern Vietnam), which drafted the first constitution, but the situation was still precarious: the French

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the capital and the cities. The Mongols were then countered decisively at their weak points, which were battles in swampy areas such as Chương Dương, Hàm Tử, Vạn Kiếp and on rivers such as Vân Đồn and Bạch Đằng. The Mongols also suffered from tropical diseases and loss of supplies to Trần army's

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on each other for three centuries, from the 10th to 13th century. The Khmer first invaded Champa in Kauthara (Khanh Hoa) in 950. In 1080, they attacked Vijaya and central Champa. The Cham under Harivarman IV launched counteroffensive against the Cambodian and plundered temples across east of the

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became the 3rd U.S. Head of State to visit Vietnam. His historic visit helped to normalize relations with Vietnam. This improvement of U.S-Vietnam relations was further increased by the lifting of a lethal arms embargo, allowing the Vietnamese government to buy lethal weapons and modernize its

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gave European traders the opportunities to support each side with weapons and technology: the Portuguese assisted the Nguyễn in the South while the Dutch helped the Trịnh in the North. The Trịnh and the Nguyễn maintained a relative peace for the next hundred years, during which both sides made

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The basic nature of Vietnamese society changed little during the nearly 1,000 years between independence from China in the 10th century and the French conquest in the 19th century. Viet Nam, named Đại Việt (Great Viet) was a stable nation, but village autonomy was a key feature. Villages had a

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elicited a strong protest from Beijing. China was displeased with Vietnam's alliance with the Soviet Union. During its prolonged military occupation of Cambodia in 1979–89, Vietnam's international isolation extended to relations with the United States. The United States, in addition to citing

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The invaders seized many farmlands and gave them to Frenchmen and collaborators, who were usually Catholics. By 1898, these seizures created a large class of poor people with little or no land, and a small class of wealthy landowners dependent on the French. In 1905, a Frenchman observed that

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came to an end after only 7 years in power. The Ming occupying force annexed Đại Ngu into the Ming Empire after claiming that there was no heir to the Trần throne. Vietnam, weakened by dynastic feuds and the wars with Champa, quickly succumbed. The Ming conquest was harsh. Vietnam was annexed

4491:'s ancient kingdom, the Manchu emperor reversed the order of the two words to Việt Nam. The name Vietnam is thus known to be used since Emperor Gia Long's reign. Recently historians have found that this name had existed in older books in which Vietnamese referred to their country as Vietnam. 3427:

successfully waged a guerrilla resistance that bogged down the Mongols. Sogetu was driven to the north, and later killed by joint Cham–Vietnamese forces in June 1285. Although having repulsed the Mongol yokes, the Cham king sent an ambassador to the great Khan in October 1285. His successor,

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Catholics aura, subversion; country sellers. Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie, p. 175, Kindle location 3237; country sellers pp. 162, 192, Kindle locations 2989, 3560. Sided with foreigner. Huu Ngoc, Wandering through Vietnamese culture, p. 949. Chesneaux, Isoart on hurt resistance. Buttinger,

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Trần Ngọc Thêm (2016). Hệ Giá Trị Việt Nam từ Truyền thống đến Hiện Đại và con đường tới tương lai. Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh: NXB Văn hóa – Văn nghê, pp. 153–80, 204–205. Well over 90 percent rural. Trần Ngọc Thêm, Hệ Giá Trị Việt Nam từ Truyền thống đến Hiện Đại và con đường tới tương lai, p.

2605:) at Mindanao, need a seven-day journey, and there were mentions of Cham commercial activities in Butuan. Butuan resented Champa commercial supremacy and their king, Rajah Kiling spearheaded a diplomatic rivalry for China trade against Champa hegemony. Meanwhile, at the nation of the future 3426:

The new Mongol Yuan threat soon dragged two hostile kingdoms Champa and Dai Viet close together. The Yuan emperor Kublai demanded Cham submission in 1278 and 1280, both refused. In early 1283 Kublai sent a sea expedition led by Sogetu to invade Champa. The Cham retreated to the mountains,

3280:) that had begun shortly after gaining independence in the 10th century. Often, they encountered strong resistance from the Chams. After the successful alliance with Champa during the Mongol invasion, king Trần Nhân Tông of Đại Việt gained two Champa provinces, located around present-day 5720:

The harsh postwar crackdown on remnants of capitalism in the South led to the collapse of the economy during the 1980s. With the economy in shambles, the communist government altered its course and adopted consensus policies that bridged the divergent views of pragmatists and communist

3195:. After the purge, the Trần emperors ruled the country in similar manner to the Lý kings. Noted Trần monarch accomplishments include the creation of a system of population records based at the village level, the compilation of a formal 30-volume history of Đại Việt (Đại Việt Sử Ký) by 1708:

on, that trend continued with the expansion of Tibeto-Burman and Kra-Dai speaking population, and the more recent Hmong-Mien speaking communities. All modern ethnic groups of Vietnam thus possess various ratios of genetic admixture between the Eastern Eurasian and Hoabinhian groups.

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present-day central and southern coastal Vietnam from around the 2nd century AD, are of Austronesian origin. The southernmost sector of modern Vietnam, the Mekong Delta and its surroundings were until the 18th century of integral yet shifting significance within the Austroasiatic

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system to select capable commoners for government positions once every three years; organizing a new system of taxation; establishing humane treatment of prisoners. Women were holding important roles in Lý society as the court ladies were in charge of tax collection. Neighboring

4219:. Between the mid-17th century to mid-18th century, as the former Khmer Empire was weakened by internal strife and Siamese invasions, the Nguyễn Lords used various means, political marriage, diplomatic pressure, political and military favors, to gain the area around present-day 3414:

of the new dynasty of Dai Viet led an incursion into Cham territories, captured many Cham concubines and women. This might be the reason for the death of Jaya Paramesvaravarman II as he died in the same year. His younger brother, Prince Harideva of Sakanvijaya, was crowned as

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kingdom to victory against the Ân invaders from the north, saves the country and goes straight to heaven. He wears iron armor, rides an armored horse and wields an iron sword. The image implies a society of a certain sophistication in metallurgy as well as An Dương Vương's

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lasted from 1627 until 1672. The Trịnh army staged at least seven offensives, all of which failed to capture Phú Xuân. For a time, starting in 1651, the Nguyễn themselves went on the offensive and attacked parts of Trịnh territory. However, the Trịnh, under a new leader,

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had engaged in many of the constructive activities of its predecessors, building roads, digging canals, issuing a legal code, holding examinations, sponsoring care facilities for the sick, compiling maps and history books, and exerting influence over Cambodia and Laos.

3525:, the old policy of cultural assimilation again imposed forcibly, and the country was ruthlessly exploited. However, by this time, Vietnamese nationalism had reached a point where attempts to sinicize them could only strengthen further resistance. Almost immediately, 2052:

Nanyue), to be ruled by the Zhao dynasty. Zhao Tuo later appointed himself a commandant of central Guangdong, closing the borders and conquering neighboring districts and titled himself "King of Nanyue". In 179 BC, he defeated King An Dương Vương and annexed Âu Lạc.

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After having been restored from Khmer domination in 1220, Champa continued to face another counter-power from the north. After their invasion of 982, the Vietnamese had been pushing war against Champa in 1020, 1044, and 1069, plundered Cham capital. In 1252 king

2584:, arose to power, repelled the Cham and began his conquest of Champa in 1190. He finally defeated the Cham in 1203 and put Champa under Khmer governance for 17 years. In 1220, as the Khmer voluntary withdraw from Champa, a Cham prince named Angsaraja proclaimed 5045:), which stressed education for the masses, modernizing the country, fostering understanding and tolerance between the French and the Vietnamese, and peaceful transitions of power. The early part of the 20th century saw the growing in status of the Romanized 3331:

philosophy, the use of paper currency in place of coins, investment in building large warships and cannons, and land reform. He ceded the throne to his son, Hồ Hán Thương, in 1401 and assumed the title Thái Thượng Hoàng, in similar manner to the Trần kings.

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Map of Vietnam showing (roughly) the areas controlled by the Trịnh, Nguyễn, Mạc, and Champa around 1650. Violet: Trịnh Territory. Yellow: Nguyễn Territory. Green: Champa-Panduranga (under Nguyễn overlordship). Pink (Cao Bang): Mạc Territory. Orange: Vũ

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Mã Viện) with a large army to quell the revolt. After a long, difficult campaign, Ma Yuan suppressed the uprising and the Trung Sisters committed suicide to avoid capture. To this day, the Trưng Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of

5076:, planning armed resistance against the French. In 1925, French agents captured him in Shanghai and spirited him to Vietnam. Due to his popularity, Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest until his death in 1940. In 1927, the 2609:

which by then was still Hindu, there was a mass migration of men from Champa and they were locally known as Orang Dampuan, and they caused conflicts (which were then resolved) with the local Sulu people. They became the ancestors of the local

2223:

Learning a lesson from the Trưng revolt, the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles. The Vietnamese elites were educated in Chinese culture and politics. A Giao Chỉ prefect,

2560:

of Khmer Empire invaded Champa in 1145 and 1149 after Cham ruler Indravarman refused to join with the Khmer campaign against the Vietnamese. It was believed that Suryavarman II died during the war against Champa in 1150. In 1177 Cham king

7948:

Well over 90 percent rural. Trần Ngọc Thêm, (2016). Hệ Giá Trị Việt Nam từ Truyền thống đến Hiện Đại và con đường tới tương lai (Vietnam values system from traditional to modern and future path)TP. Hồ Chí Minh: NXB Văn hóa – Văn nghê, p.

4720:

also displayed very little military attention to their relations with China. Rather, Vietnamese leaders were clearly more concerned with quelling chronic domestic instability and managing relations with kingdoms to their south and west."

2509:. They supplemented their income from the trade routes not only by exporting ivory and aloe, but also by engaging in piracy and raiding. This period of prosperity and cultural flourishing is often referred to as the golden age of Champa. 4778:(Tourane) in 1858. The attack caused significant damage, yet failed to gain any foothold, in the process being afflicted by the humidity and tropical diseases. De Genouilly decided to sail south and captured the poorly defended city of 1414:

Vietnam's long coastal and narrowed lands, rugged mountainous terrains, with two major deltas, were soon home to several different ancient cultures and civilizations. In the north, the Dongsonian culture and its indigenous chiefdoms of

8035:

Land to collaborators Catholics, landless class. Ham, Vietnam : the Australian War, Chapter 2, Kindle location 491; Carter, Inventing Vietnam, p. 38, Kindle location 750. Frenchman on destruction. Lamb, Vietnam's Will to Live, p.

4965:

from its previous invader, Thailand, which occupied and destroyed Cambodia. Fulfilling a past promise by Spanish-Philippines to restore Cambodia, which the French-Vietnamese instead fulfilled, and both peoples being mostly Catholics.

9112: 4844:(Trung Kỳ, central Vietnam), Tonkin (Bắc Kỳ, northern Vietnam) and Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ, southern Vietnam), with Cambodia and Laos added in 1893. Within French Indochina, Cochinchina had the status of a colony, Annam was nominally a 5174:

Front, and it was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam's independence, but was dominated by the Communist Party. The Việt Minh had a modest armed force and during the war worked with the American

4336:

in 1788 for help. The Qianlong Emperor supplied Lê Chiêu Thống with a massive army of around 200,000 troops to regain his throne from the usurper. In December 1788, Nguyễn Huệ–the third Tây Sơn brother–proclaimed himself Emperor

3304:(1377). Multiple Cham northward invasions from 1371 to 1390 put Vietnamese capital Thăng Long and Vietnamese economy in destruction. However, in 1390 the Cham naval offensive against Hanoi was halted by the Vietnamese general 6282:

Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan

5622:. The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it; these figures include the children of people who were exposed. The 1625: 4681:

established the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802, he tolerated Catholicism and employed some Europeans in his court as advisors. His successors were more conservative Confucians and resisted Westernization. The next Nguyễn emperors,

8610:

Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China. ... Yet the Vietnamese 'land reform' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades

5717:(MIAs) as an obstacle to normal relations, barred normal ties as long as Vietnamese troops occupied Cambodia. Washington also continued to enforce the trade embargo imposed on Hanoi at the conclusion of the war in 1975. 3662: 5680:

Compounding economic difficulties were new military challenges. In the late 1970s, Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge regime started harassing and raiding Vietnamese villages at the common border. To neutralize the threat,

4277:, not related to the Nguyễn lord's family. In 1773, Tây Sơn rebels took Quy Nhon as the capital of the revolution. Tây Sơn brothers' forces attracted many poor peasants, workers, Christians, ethnic minorities in the 1395:. The need to have a single authority to prevent floods of the Red River, to cooperate in constructing hydraulic systems, trade exchange, and to repel invaders, led to the creation of the first legendary Vietnamese 2360:, a man from the west with a magic bow. Kaundinya then became the ruler of Funan. Funan is said to be the first Khmer state, or Austronesian, or multiethnic. According to Chinese annals, the last king of Funan, 5661:'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the U.S. or the Saigon government, confounding Western fears. However, up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to 2486:, became prosperous through benefiting from the ancient maritime trade routes from the Middle East to China. The wealthy of Lâm Ấp attracted attention from the Chinese Empire. In 605, emperor Yang Guang of the 2175:

Tô Định) and recaptured 65 states (including modern Guangxi). Trưng Trắc, angered by the killing of her husband by Su Dung, led the revolt together with her sister, Trưng Nhị. Trưng Trắc later became the Queen

3966:

In the year 1600, Nguyễn Hoàng also declared himself Lord (officially "Vương", popularly "Chúa") and refused to send more money or soldiers to help the Trịnh. He also moved his capital to Phú Xuân, modern-day

2879:

Ngô Quyền in 938 declared himself king, but died after only 6 years. His untimely death after a short reign resulted in a power struggle for the throne, resulting in the country's first major civil war, the

2912:). The new emperor introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again. He then tried to form alliances by granting the title of Queen to five women from the five most influential families. 3694:

was introduced in 1483 with some strong Confucian elements, yet also included some progressive rules, such as the rights of women. Art and architecture during the Lê dynasty also became more influenced by

5810:

Vietnam is expected to be a newly industrialized country, and a regional power in the future. Vietnam has been named as one of the Next Eleven nations, a term describing eleven economies which could have

3226:. Three Mongol armies said to have numbered from 300,000 to 500,000 men were defeated. The key to Annam's successes was to avoid the Mongols' strength in open field battles and city sieges—the Trần court 1756:, which existed for 3,000 years between 2000 BC to 1000 AD. Pottery reached a higher level of technique and decoration style. The early farming multilinguistic societies in Vietnam were mainly wet rice 8045:

Fourniau, Annam–Tonkin, pp. 39–77; term "resistance war". Ban Tuyên Giáo Thành Ủy Đà Nẵng (2018). Cuộc Kháng Chiến Chống Pháp – Tây Ban Nha Tại Đà Nẵng (1858–1860). Quảng Nam: NXB Đà Nẵng, pp. 118–131.

2818:

emerged that allowed native Vietnamese words to be written. However, it remained limited to poetry, literature, and practical texts like medicine while all state and official documents were written in

8536: 5068:

As the French suppressed both movements, and after witnessing revolutionaries in action in China and Russia, Vietnamese revolutionaries began to turn to more radical paths. Phan Bội Châu created the

2402:. All of them ultimately failed, yet most notable were those led by Lý Bôn and Triệu Quang Phục, who ruled the briefly independent Van Xuan kingdom for almost half a century, from 544 to 602, before 5418:(executed in September), Hồ Chí Minh, while allowing that "Thâu was a great patriot", replied: "All those who do not follow the line which I have laid down will be broken.’" At his direction, the 5095: 2064:

general; whereas others consider it still an era of Vietnamese independence as the Zhao family in Nanyue were assimilated into local culture. They ruled independently of what then constituted the

3854:

conquered this last Mạc territory. The Lê monarchs, ever since Nguyễn Kim's restoration, only acted as figureheads. After the fall of the Mạc dynasty, all real power in the north belonged to the

5146:

and in 1924 traveled to the Soviet Union to join the Comintern. Through the late 1920s, he acted as a Comintern agent to help build Communist movements in Southeast Asia. During the 1930s, the

2266:(Complete Annals of Đại Việt), Lady Triệu had long hair that reached her shoulders and rode into battle on an elephant. After several months of warfare she was defeated and committed suicide. 4970:“Traditional Annamite society, so well organized to satisfy the needs of the people has, in the final analysis, been destroyed by us.” This split in society lasted into the war in the 1960s. 4114: 5721:

traditionalists. Throughout the 1980s, Vietnam received nearly $ 3 billion a year in economic and military aid from the Soviet Union and conducted most of its trade with the USSR and other

732: 7764: 5626:

estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to contaminated Agent Orange. The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable.

2133:. While governors and top officials were Chinese, the original Vietnamese nobles (Lạc Hầu, Lạc Tướng) from the Hồng Bàng period still managed in some of the highlands. During this period, 7103:(2001). Tìm về Bản Sắc Văn hóa Việt Nam: Cái Nhìn Hệ Thống-Loại Hình (In lần thứ 3, sửa chữa và bổ sung, ed.). Việt Nam: Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh. NXB T.P. Hồ Chí Minh, pp. 99–102, 110–118. 4494:

The Period of Division with its many tragedies and dramatic historical developments inspired many poets and gave rise to some Vietnamese masterpieces in verse, including the epic poem

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Malnutrition. De la Roche, J. “A Program of Social and Cultural Activity in Indo-China. Ninth Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations, Virginia, French Paper No. 3, pp. 5-6.

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script were seen as too cumbersome and too difficult to learn. The use of prose in literature also became popular with the appearance of many novels; most famous were those from the

3807:. After defeating many revolutions for two years, Mạc Đăng Dung adopted the Trần dynasty's practice and ceded the throne to his son, Mạc Đăng Doanh, and he became Thái Thượng Hoàng. 5392: 5241:. Their success in staging uprisings and in seizing control of most of the country by September 1945 was partially undone, however, by the return of the French a few months later. 4455:

and the Nguyễn royalists were assisted with French, Chinese, Siamese and Christian supports, sailed north in 1799, capturing Tây Sơn's stronghold Quy Nhon. In 1801, his force took

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merchant class, who hope the Tây Sơn revolt will spare down the heavy tax policy of the Nguyễn Lord, however their contributions later were limited due to Tây Sơn's nationalist

4766:

in the country. In response to many incidents in which Catholic missionaries were persecuted, harassed and in some cases executed, and also to expand French influence in Asia,

2822:. Aside from some mining and fishing, agriculture was the primary activity of most Vietnamese, and economic development and trade were not promoted or encouraged by the state. 2253: 7290:《長編》卷三百上載出師兵員“死者二十萬”，“上曰：「朝廷以交址犯順，故興師討罪，郭逵不能剪滅，垂成而還。今廣源瘴癘之地，我得之未為利，彼失之未為害，一夫不獲，朕尚閔之，况十死五六邪？」又安南之師，死者二十萬，朝廷當任其咎。《續資治通鑑長編·卷三百》”。《越史略》載廣西被殺者“無慮十萬”。《玉海》卷一九三上稱“兵夫三十萬人冒暑涉瘴地，死者過半”。 5019:. Châu's plan was to send Vietnamese students to Japan to learn modern skills, so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French. With Prince 4361:– one of the most strongest and feared pirate army in the world late 18th century–early 19th century. Nguyễn Ánh, assisted by many talented recruits from the South, captured 3686:

The Lê kings carried out land reforms to revitalize the economy after the war. Unlike the Lý and Trần kings, who were more influenced by Buddhism, the Lê kings leaned toward

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that killed over 6000 people. As a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh and his DRV, France decided, following his service to the Japanese, to bring back the former emperor

8666: 4439:

After Quang Trung's death in September 1792, the Tây Sơn court became unstable as the remaining brothers fought against each other and against the people who were loyal to

3937: 3718:. This event effectively ended Champa as a powerful kingdom, although some smaller surviving Cham states lasted for a few centuries more. It initiated the dispersal of the 3323:, Western Capital, now Thanh Hóa. Thăng Long was renamed Đông Đô, Eastern Capital. Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the 2024:

or Nam Việt (204 BCE – 111 BCE) —an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan and northern Vietnam.

1692:

period. Early anatomically modern human settlement in Mainland Southeast Asia dates back 65 to 10,5 kya (65,000 years ago). Probably the foremost hunter-gatherers were the

7246: 4184:). Various European efforts to establish trading posts in Vietnam failed, but missionaries were allowed to operate for some time until the mandarins began concluding that 3327:, Hồ Quý Ly's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive, ambitious reforms, including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations, the open critique of 4981:

were also exiled to Africa for having anti-French tendencies. The former was deposed on the pretext of insanity and Duy Tân was caught in a conspiracy with the mandarin

1909:, a weapon, that can fire thousands of bolts simultaneously, seems to hint at the extensive use of archery in warfare. The about 1,000 traditional craft villages of the 5677:. This program, in turn, displaced around 750,000 to over 1 million Southerners from their homes and forcibly relocated them to uninhabited mountainous forested areas. 5488:

Despite substantial U.S. assistance, the French were persuaded to withdraw from Indochina when in May 1954 the Viet Minh inflicted a decisive defeat of their forces at

4124: 3533:

at first gained some advances, yet as Trần Quý Khoáng executed two top commanders out of suspicion, a rift widened within his ranks and resulted in his defeat in 1413.

3691: 3305: 5422:

broke or substantially weakened all rival anti-colonial forces, but in the Paris talks of 1946 Hồ failed to secure national unity and independence from the French.

7904:

Kang, David C; Nguyen, Dat X; Fu, Ronan Tse-min; Shaw, Meredith (2018). "War, Rebellion, and Intervention under Hierarchy: Vietnam–China Relations, 1365 to 1841".

5391:. In the interregnum between the surrender of the Japanese occupiers in August 1945 and the British-assisted French reconquest of the city in late September, the " 2244:. According to Stephen O'Harrow, Shi Xie was essentially "the first Vietnamese". Nearly 200 years passed before the Vietnamese attempted another revolt. In 248 a 1467:

During these 1,000 years there were many uprisings against Chinese domination, and at certain periods Vietnam was independently governed under the Trưng Sisters,

9430: 2691:, a Yunnan kingdom, opportunity to intervene the region, provoking local tribes to revolt against the Chinese. The Yunnanese and their local allies launched the 5590:, which sought to maintain South Vietnamese independence with the support of the U.S. military, whose troop strength peaked at 540,000 during the communist-led 9240: 4408:'s court, Pigneaux brokered the Little Treaty of Versailles which promised French military aid in exchange for Vietnamese concessions. However, because of the 1594:. During the French period, widespread malnutrition and brutality from the 1880s until Japan invaded in 1940 created deep resentment that fueled resistance to 4973:

Guerrillas of the Cần Vương movement killed around a third of Vietnam's Christian population during the resistance war. Decades later, two more Nguyễn kings,

4938:

fighting in central Vietnam until 1895, and in the northern mountains, former bandit leader Hoàng Hoa Thám fought until 1911. Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor

3827:, suspecting that Trịnh Kiểm might kill him as he had done to his brother to secure power, asked to be governor of the far south provinces around present-day 3625: 1881:

refined skills in melting techniques, in the lost-wax casting technique and acquired master skills of composition and execution for the elaborate engravings.

10189: 8544: 5234: 1391:

valley formed a natural geographic and economic unit, bounded to the north and west by mountains and jungles, to the east by the sea and to the south by the

3466:

conquered Champa, killed 60,000 people, and took away 30,000 prisoners included the Cham king and the royal family. Champa was reduced to the rump state of

4957:

During this period, many Catholic converts collaborated with the French. This gave Catholics “an aura of subversion and treachery,” stated Neil Sheehan in

3462:

disputes escalated into civil war between Cham princes, weakening the kingdom. The Vietnamese took advantage, raided Vijaya in 1446. In 1471 Dai Viet king

1848:). Great numbers of metal weapons and tools excavated at various Phung Nguyen culture sites in northern Indochina are associated with the beginning of the 10179: 10164: 10159: 7939:

Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books, pp. 159–62, Kindle locations 2933-2975; Lamb, H. (1972). Vietnam's Will to Live. NY: Monthly Review Press, pp. 1–2.

7869: 6042:

All for DRV but tiny minority. Logevall, F. (2012), Embers of war. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chapter 8, Kindle location 3513–3520, 3950.

4416:(India), and secured two ships, a regiment of Indian troops, and a handful of volunteers and returned to Vietnam in 1788. One of Pigneaux's volunteers, 9022:"The Lifting of the Trade Embargo Between the United States and Vietnam: The Loss of a Potential Bargaining Tool or a Means of Fostering Cooperation?" 8746: 3311:

The wars with Champa and the Mongols left Đại Việt exhausted and bankrupt. The Trần family was in turn overthrown by one of its own court officials,

1661:

and has great ethnolinguistic diversity. Vietnam's demography consists of 54 different ethnicities belonging to five major ethnolinguistic families:

6266:

Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158,

6232: 3624:, Lê Lợi's movement finally gathered momentum. In September 1426, the Lam Sơn rebellion marched northward, ultimately defeated the Ming army in the 9208: 9039: 9003: 6301:

Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.

6115:"Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers" 5796: 5142:, did not favor nationalistic sentiments. Being a leftist revolutionary living in France since 1911, Nguyễn Ái Quốc participated in founding the 1956:, emigrated from present-day southern China to the Hồng River delta and mixed with the indigenous Văn Lang population. In 257 BC, a new kingdom, 10418: 4301:, and obtained military support from the Siamese king. Nguyễn Ánh came back with 50,000 Siamese troops to regain power, but was defeated at the 3431:(r. 1288–1307), married with a Vietnamese Queen (daughter of the ruling Vietnamese king) in 1306, and Dai Viet acquired two northern provinces. 2260:

and 8,000 elite soldiers to suppress the rebels. He managed to pacify the rebels with a combination of threats and persuasion. According to the

10400: 9995: 9724: 9448: 7613: 5991: 5437:

In late 1946, after his return from Paris, the French embarked on a full-scale war against the DRV, initiating what was to become known as the

2324:

in Southeast Asia, oldest surviving literature of any Southeast Asian language, leading Buddhist, Hindu, and cultural expertise in the region.

1362:

can be traced back to around 20,000 years ago. The first modern humans to arrive and settle in the area of modern-day Vietnam are known as the

8184: 7727: 5940: 5700:

to "punish" Vietnam. Relations between the two countries had been deteriorating for some time. Territorial disagreements along the border and

4320:. The Trịnh army failed and Trịnh Khải committed suicide. The Tây Sơn army captured the capital in less than two months. The last Lê emperor, 1988: 11455: 10550: 5657:

well as traditional animosities arising from cultural and historical differences between North and South. In the aftermath of the war, under

4156: 4150:, a Jesuit priest from the Papal States, improved on earlier work by Portuguese missionaries and developed the Vietnamese romanized alphabet 4120: 3035: 2536:

took advance of unsettling situation and seized Indrapura in 983, declared himself the king of Champa in 986, disrupted the Cham kingdom. In

2262: 6782: 4487:, Gia Long asked the Manchu Qing emperor to rename the country, from Annam to Nam Việt. To prevent any confusion of Gia Long's kingdom with 3628:

in south of Hanoi by using cannons. Then Lê Lợi's forces launched a siege at Đông Quan (now Hanoi), the capital of the Ming occupation. The

3180:, Huệ Tông's 8-year-old young daughter, to become ruler of the country. Trần Thủ Độ then arranged the marriage of Chiêu Hoàng to his nephew 3022:, moving the capital Đại Cồ Việt from Hoa Lư, a natural fortification surrounded by mountains and rivers, to the new capital in present-day 10272: 8697: 4302: 4293:

sentiment. By 1776, the Tây Sơn had occupied all of the Nguyễn Lord's land and killed almost the entire royal family. The surviving prince

4058: 2501:

From the 7th to the 10th centuries, the Cham controlled the trade in spices and silk between China, India, the Indonesian islands, and the

1747:

Fishing and hunting supplemented the main rice crop. Arrowheads and spears were dipped in poison to kill larger animals such as elephants.

1345: 1010: 5138:

with Trần Phú as the first Secretary General. Later the party changed its name to the Indochinese Communist Party as the Comintern, under

10265: 10184: 5701: 5465:

refused his assent insisting that on a complete reunification of Vietnam. In Saigon, the French had designated the direct-rule colony of

1816:(c. 2919 – 2794 BC) proclaimed himself as Kinh Dương Vương and founded the state of Xích Quỷ in 2879 BC, that marks the beginning of the 4694:

brutally suppressed Catholicism and pursued a 'closed door' policy, perceiving the Westerners as a threat, following events such as the

10976: 10868: 9294: 3706:

Overpopulation and land shortages stimulated a Vietnamese expansion south. In 1471, Dai Viet troops led by king Lê Thánh Tông invaded

11129: 5643: 5450: 3982:

and army, but they were unable to vanquish the Nguyễn, who had built two defensive stone walls and invested in Portuguese artillery.

3778: 1629:

Proposed neolithic migration paths into Southeast Asia, with Austronesian peoples from the sea and Austroasiatic peoples from inland

686: 3090:, and killed 100,000 Chinese. The Song dynasty took revenge and invaded Đại Việt in 1076, but the Song troops were held back at the 2288: 1547:. At various points during the imperial dynasties, Vietnam was ravaged and divided by civil wars and witnessed interventions by the 10917: 10310: 10305: 9756: 9619: 8976: 3632:

of Ming China responded by sent two reinforcement forces of 122,000 men, but Lê Lợi staged an ambush and killed the Ming commander

3457:

The Islamization of Champa began in the 8th century to 11th century, being faster proselytized during the 14th and 15th centuries.

2931:

invaded Đại Cồ Việt. Facing such a grave threat to national independence, the commander of the armed forces, (Thập Đạo Tướng Quân)

2687:(today Hanoi) was a major urbanized settlement in the southwest region of Tang Empire. From 858 to 864, disturbances in Annan gave 1116: 4762:

was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; often French intervention was undertaken in order to protect the work of the

3091: 2256:, popularly known as Lady Triệu (Bà Triệu), led a revolt against the Wu dynasty. Once again, the uprising failed. Eastern Wu sent 11404: 9962: 9666: 9190: 5396: 5077: 3727:, founded in 1600 lies close to where the Champa capital of Indrapura once stood. In 1479, Lê Thánh Tông also campaigned against 3443: 3396: 2524:) and a large Buddhist temple in Dong Duong. The dynasty of Indravarman II continued to rule until the late 10th century, when a 1269: 88: 9258: 5150:

was nearly wiped out under French suppression with the execution of top leaders such as Phú, Lê Hồng Phong, and Nguyễn Văn Cừ.

11465: 10608: 9950: 9785: 5833:(since 2021) and the most powerful leader Nguyễn Phú Trọng (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary. 3739:, in which later the city was totally ransacked and destroyed by the Vietnamese. He made further incursions westwards into the 932: 60: 5696:

regime. In response, as an action to support the pro-Beijing Khmer Rouge regime, China increased its pressure on Vietnam, and

3866:

of Quảng Nam exchanged total 34 letters from 1589 to 1612, and a Japanese town was established in the city of Hội An in 1604.

3620:

against the Ming from his base of Lam Sơn (Thanh Hóa province). Overcoming many early setbacks and with strategic advice from

3018:

The Lý monarchs are credited for laying down a concrete foundation for the nation of Vietnam. In 1010, Lý Công Uẩn issued the

10342: 9955: 9858: 9674: 9651: 9589: 9525: 9501: 9483: 9465: 9385: 9324: 8896: 8871: 8603: 8507: 8439: 8414: 8302: 8007: 7980: 7051: 7025: 6686: 6624: 6511: 6462: 6216: 6187: 5159: 4866: 4832:, marking the colonial era (1883–1954) in the history of Vietnam. France assumed control over the whole of Vietnam after the 4384:

during persecutions. 64 Martyrs were declared blessed in 1900 of whom 54 were natives; 26 of the martyrs were members of the

2836: 2540:(present-day Binh Dinh) from the south, a new Hindu dynasty was founded in 989 and relocated Cham capital to Vijaya in 1000. 663: 4848:

where the Nguyễn dynasty still ruled, and Tonkin had a French governor with local governments run by Vietnamese officials.

3232: 11030: 10939: 10300: 10295: 10000: 6204: 4923:

in the south refused to recognize the treaty and continued to fight the French, some led by former court officers, such as

3732: 3019: 3008: 2218: 1098: 409: 7970: 6378:

Higham, Charles; Higham, Thomas; Ciarla, Roberto; Douka, Katerina; Kijngam, Amphan; Rispoli, Fiorella (10 December 2011).

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parties; the Indochinese Communist Party, Annamese Communist Party and the Indochinese Communist Union, joined later by a

2789: 1484: 67: 11379: 10413: 10408: 10395: 10169: 9705: 5742: 5376:

tried to regain power by force while the non-Communist and Communist forces were engaging each other in sporadic battle.

5291: 5069: 3350: 2634: 2494:

Lâm Ấp. The kingdom was quickly overwhelmed by the invaders who pillaged and looted Cham sanctuaries. Despite that, king

2088: 429: 389: 41: 6356: 6333: 5729:, who was elevated to CPV general secretary the following year, launched a campaign for political and economic renewal ( 3814:, a former official in the Lê court, revolted against the Mạc and helped king Lê Trang Tông restore the Lê court in the 9610: 9421: 9403: 9355: 9276: 8368: 6554: 6528: 5887: 5673:. Between 1975 and 1980, more than 1 million northerners migrated to the south and central regions formerly under the 4790:

to 1867, French troops expanded their control over all six provinces on the Mekong delta and formed a colony known as

11424: 11082: 10786: 10535: 10491: 9928: 9769: 9537: 9152: 8344: 8165: 8127: 8106: 7838: 6776: 5313: 4138:'s exposure to Annam and Annamese exposure to Westerners dated back to 166 AD with the arrival of merchants from the 3994:, forced the Nguyễn back by 1655. After one last offensive in 1672, Trịnh Tạc agreed to a truce with the Nguyễn Lord 3889: 937: 917: 803: 526: 107: 10363: 8294:

The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

4463:, along with many Tây Sơn royals, generals and officials. Nguyễn Ánh ascended the throne and called himself Emperor 3315:. Hồ Quý Ly forced the last Trần emperor to abdicate and assumed the throne in 1400. He changed the country name to 2228:, ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese monarchs. 2093: 1440:

192 AD, the Cham of Central Vietnam revolted against the Chinese and subsequently formed the independent kingdom of

74: 10793: 10237: 9623: 8775:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme" 5258: 4950:("Save the King") movement, trying to rally the people to resist the French. He was captured in 1888 and exiled to 4870: 4358: 3846:

and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp. Survivors of the Mạc royal family fled to the northern mountains in the province of

1338: 1003: 9021: 7041: 7015: 4821: 3099:

provinces. Together they invaded Đại Việt in 1128 and 1132. Further invasions followed in the subsequent decades.

10662: 10545: 10540: 9918: 7644: 6987: 5606:, and the South Vietnamese army surrendered in 1975. In 1976, the government of united Vietnam renamed Saigon as 5587: 4962: 4146:, and the early 16th century with the arrival of Portuguese in 1516 and other European traders and missionaries. 3899: 2946:

Emperor Lê Đại Hành's death in 1005 resulted in infighting for the throne amongst his sons. The eventual winner,

873: 8674: 5614:

standing at between 966,000 and 3.8 million, and many thousands more crippled by weapons and substances such as

5055:

as a useful tool to quickly reduce illiteracy and to educate the masses. The traditional Chinese scripts or the

4516:) by Đặng Trần Côn and Đoàn Thị Điểm, and a collection of satirical, erotically charged poems by a female poet, 10900: 10567: 10523: 10005: 9825: 9546: 6999: 5746: 5586:

rule. In this conflict, the North and the Viet Cong—with logistical support from the Soviet Union—defeated the

5339: 5327: 5295: 5238: 4763: 3711: 3143: 2516:(r. 854–893) founded a new dynasty with Buddhism as state religion. Indravarman II built a new capital city in 1093: 56: 45: 9575: 9511: 4816:

twice in 1873 and 1882. The French managed to keep their grip on Tonkin although, twice, their top commanders

4459:, the Tây Sơn capital. Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802, when he sieged Thăng Long (Hanoi) and executed 3975:, who likewise refused to acknowledge the power of the Trịnh, yet still pledged allegiance to the Lê monarch. 11122: 10959: 10557: 10380: 9913: 9643: 9040:"Remarks Announcing the Normalization of Diplomatic Relations With Vietnam | The American Presidency Project" 5254: 5182: 4211:

land. Việt settlers also arrived in the sparsely populated area known as "Water Chenla", which was the lower

3699:

than during previous Lý and Trần dynasties. The Lê dynasty commissioned the drawing of national maps and had

3600: 2781: 2755: 2715: 2525: 2399: 1476: 380: 272: 7866: 2973: 11529: 11214: 10714: 10679: 10260: 10124: 9790: 9749: 9171: 5921: 5892: 5685: 5458: 5187: 5176: 4771: 4413: 4265:, which was under the control of the Nguyễn lord. The leaders of this revolution were three brothers named 4250: 4200: 4074: 3986: 3883: 2773: 2529: 2498:

of Lâm Ấp (r. 572–629) quickly reasserted his independence, beginning the unified period of Champa in 629.

1488: 922: 893: 623: 8202: 1586:

The Ming Empire conquered the Red River valley for a while before native Vietnamese regained control. The

11524: 11460: 11042: 10645: 10601: 10481: 10358: 10119: 10060: 9896: 9805: 9800: 9795: 8228: 6311: 6207:. In Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura and David Bulbeck, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). 5872: 5822:, was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades. 5662: 5579: 5454: 5250: 4278: 3972: 3832: 3219: 3071: 3031: 2162: 1331: 996: 962: 947: 942: 927: 613: 399: 125: 8835: 6292:

Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

5819: 5602:. Two years after the withdrawal of the last U.S. forces in 1973, Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, 5194:

On March 9, 1945, the Japanese removed Vichy France's control of Indochina, and created the short-lived

3971:. Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613 after having ruled the south for 55 years. He was succeeded by his 6th son, 3235:. The military architect behind Annam's victories was Commander Trần Quốc Tuấn, more popularly known as 3070:

in late 1075. Upon learning that a Song invasion was imminent, the Vietnamese army under the command of

1808: 11419: 11324: 10726: 10709: 10686: 10508: 10315: 10287: 10151: 10015: 9940: 9923: 8913: 6764: 6579: 6113:

Tagore, Debashree; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Naidu, Rakesh; Phipps, Maude E.; Basu, Analabha (2021-03-29).

5902: 5741:

In February 1994, the United States lifted its economic embargo against Vietnam, and in June 1995, the

5666: 5653: 5639: 5147: 5135: 4429: 4065: 3236: 2881: 2854: 2695:

in early 863, defeating the Chinese, and captured the capital in three years. In 866, Chinese jiedushi

2602: 2077: 1813: 1444:, while the Red River Delta saw a loosening of Chinese control. At that time, with the introduction of 1299: 466: 6771:. Internet. Canberra, ACT: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. p. 739. 6429: 5089: 4943: 4797: 4695: 4539: 4341:

and defeated the Qing troops with 100,000 men in a surprise 7 day campaign during the lunar new year (

3995: 3947: 3828: 3239:. In order to avoid further disastrous campaigns, the Tran and Champa acknowledged Mongol supremacy. 3173: 2901: 2317: 2313: 2177: 2126: 10895: 10631: 10596: 10232: 10220: 9990: 9985: 9906: 9600: 9517: 9058: 7997: 6529:"THE CRAFT VILLAGES OF THE RED RIVER DELTA (VIETNAM): PERIODIZATION, SPATIALIZATION, SPECIALIZATIONS" 5882: 5708:

were revived at the war's end, and a postwar campaign engineered by Hanoi against the ethnic Chinese

5559: 5203: 4928: 4745: 4460: 4448: 4444: 3491: 3191:

Trần Thủ Độ viciously purged members of the Lý nobility; some Lý princes escaped to Korea, including

2923:

were assassinated by Đỗ Thích, a government official, leaving his lone surviving son, the 6-year-old

2638: 2585: 2210: 1452:

by the 2nd century AD, Vietnam was the first place in Southeast Asia which shared influences of both

262: 9721: 8961: 7606: 6478: 5995: 5826: 5665:, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labor. The 5131: 4517: 3919: 3783: 3513: 2759: 2491: 2056:

The period has been given some controversial conclusions by Vietnamese historians, as some consider

1857: 1790: 11429: 11146: 11115: 10813: 10683: 10626: 10513: 10503: 10486: 10375: 9945: 9815: 9222: 8181: 7723: 5944: 5757: 4829: 4576: 4557: 4484: 2784:. In 938, the Chinese state Southern Han once again sent a fleet to subdue the Vietnamese. General 2765: 2644: 2352:

attracted merchants and craftmen from China, India, and even Rome. The first ruler of Funan, Queen

1961: 1939: 1579:. Vietnam also conquered and colonized the Champa states and parts of Cambodia (today known as the 1134: 1060: 957: 8623: 3297: 1873: 1861: 1817: 1780: 339: 227: 11374: 11339: 11294: 11035: 10858: 10828: 10746: 10704: 10129: 10114: 9972: 9742: 9635: 5907: 5489: 5430: 5284: 5127: 4916: 4321: 4007: 3633: 3530: 3047:

Buddhism traditions also had influences on Vietnamese beliefs at the time. Lý kings adopted both

2513: 2412: 2257: 2249: 1666: 1658: 1294: 1176: 1154: 34: 8728: 8593: 4935: 4924: 4741: 4737: 3231:

raids. The Yuan-Trần war reached its climax when the retreating Yuan fleet was decimated at the

81: 11264: 11259: 11154: 10998: 10591: 10579: 10498: 10448: 10134: 9364: 8499: 7113: 6061:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity" 5825:

In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President

5611: 5493: 5372: 5210: 5143: 4767: 4759: 4329: 4207:

Meanwhile, the Nguyễn lords continued the southward expansion by the conquest of the remaining

4092: 3800: 3526: 3495: 3192: 2897: 2747: 2710:. Early in the 10th century, as China became politically fragmented, successive lords from the 2707: 2593: 2181: 2102: 2068:. At one point, Zhao Tuo even declared himself Emperor, equal to the Han Emperor in the north. 1721: 1678: 1662: 1587: 1516: 1432: 1083: 853: 707: 10468: 9317:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

9076: 8648: 8564:

Szalontai, Balazs (November 2005). "Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56".

7247:"Dấu tích Phật giáo Mật Tông trong bộ tượng Di Đà Tam Tôn cổ nhất Việt Nam (tiếp theo và hết)" 6177: 5830: 5726: 5469:

as a separate "Autonomous Republic" (Cộng hòa Nam Kỳ). In July 1949, unity was conceded and a

3177: 2574: 1590:

reduced Vietnam to a French dependency for nearly a century, followed by an occupation by the

1399:

approximately 2879 BC. Ongoing research from archaeologists has suggested that the Vietnamese

217: 11384: 11359: 11274: 11254: 11204: 11174: 11164: 11018: 11008: 10983: 10927: 10719: 10244: 10227: 10109: 9715: 7630: 7336: 6750: 6614: 6501: 6424: 5769: 5384: 5020: 5002: 4841: 3272:

It was also during this period that the Vietnamese waged war against the southern kingdom of

2885: 2653: 2648: 2185: 2118: 1973: 1696:, a large group that gradually settled across Southeast Asia, most likely akin to modern-day 1602:

insurrection put an end to the monarchy after World War II, and the country was proclaimed a

1370:. Archaeological findings from 1965, which are still under research, show the remains of two 1237: 1190: 8491: 8254: 7662: 6334:"Administration of Van Lang – Au Lac era Vietnam Administration in Van Lang – Au Lac period" 5764:, Vietnam has been a development success story. Its economic reforms since the beginning of 5035:, who favored a peaceful, non-violent struggle to gain independence, led a second movement, 3671: 2909: 2699:

recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao army. He renamed the city to Daluocheng (大羅城,

2114: 1960:, emerged as the union of the Âu Việt and the Lạc Việt, with Thục Phán proclaiming himself " 1528: 556: 11470: 11349: 11344: 11224: 11003: 10993: 10988: 10878: 10781: 10657: 10618: 10586: 10368: 10277: 10215: 9980: 9884: 8255:"Seventy-five years since the Stalinist murder of Vietnamese Trotskyist leader Ta Thu Thau" 5877: 5623: 5598:, which officially settled the war by calling for free elections in the South and peaceful 5595: 5558:

Tens of thousands of civilians were killed during the American bombing of North Vietnam in

4729: 4628: 4496: 4397: 4236: 3640:. Ming troops at Đông Quan surrendered. The Lam Sơn rebels defeated 200,000 Ming soldiers. 3579: 3293: 3289: 2533: 2387: 1670: 1650: 1540: 1483:(King of Vietnam, 938–944) restored sovereign power in the country with the victory at the 1424: 1067: 566: 302: 5554: 5016: 4998: 4652: 4308: 2986: 2947: 2651:, Annam became a flourishing trading outpost, receiving goods from the southern seas. The 1825: 8: 11444: 11414: 11364: 11319: 11299: 11289: 11189: 11013: 10949: 10885: 10818: 10808: 10776: 10771: 10764: 10699: 10674: 10562: 10385: 10329: 10097: 10072: 10055: 10050: 10038: 10033: 9935: 6769:

Generals of the South: The Foundation and Early History of the Three Kingdoms State of Wu

5897: 5768:

in 1986 have helped to change Vietnam from being one of the world’s poorest nations to a

5697: 5674: 5647: 5438: 5343: 5335: 5085: 4920: 4749: 4668: 4645: 4580: 4405: 4401: 4346: 4266: 4151: 4147: 4043: 4028: 3590: 3505: 3467: 3416: 3132: 3012: 2994: 2562: 2548: 1820:. However, modern Vietnamese historians assume, that statehood was only developed in the 1144: 1126: 1088: 237: 10853: 9343: 9094: 6059:

Liu D, Duong NT, Ton ND, Van Phong N, Pakendorf B, Van Hai N, Stoneking M (April 2020).

5371:

and held the position of chairman (Chủ Tịch). Communist rule was cut short, however, by

4982: 4607: 4316:

The Tây Sơn army commanded by Nguyễn Huệ marched north in 1786 to fight the Trịnh Lord,

3863: 3824: 3700: 3667: 3648: 3617: 3547: 3419:(r. 1252–1257). The new king was however assassinated by his nephew in 1257, who became 2936: 2864: 2848: 2675:. From there, goods were taken over land to the rest of China via the regions of modern 2381: 1645: 1637: 1500: 1468: 486: 419: 11304: 11284: 11169: 11159: 11075: 11052: 11047: 10944: 10890: 10845: 10759: 10574: 10530: 10453: 10436: 9901: 9571: 9202: 9133: 8949: 8801: 8774: 8751: 8720: 8581: 8472: 8080: 8072: 7921: 6399: 6149: 6114: 6087: 6060: 5543: 5466: 4947: 4904: 4791: 4703: 4534: 4476: 4440: 4317: 4274: 3859: 3820: 3719: 3243: 3075: 2517: 2395: 2241: 2138: 1996: 1943: 1931: 1753: 1544: 1381: 1109: 1036: 603: 576: 10458: 9711: 6678:

The Rebel Den of Nùng Trí Cao: Loyalty and Identity Along the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier

5765: 5730: 5462: 5446: 5425: 5415: 5226: 5222: 5199: 5167: 5123: 5100: 5037: 5032: 4480: 4166: 3978: 3621: 3196: 2490:

ordered general Liu Fang, who had just reconquered and pacificed northern Vietnam, to

756: 11499: 11434: 11369: 11334: 11269: 11249: 11239: 11199: 11184: 11179: 10932: 10912: 10873: 10823: 10803: 10754: 10669: 10518: 10476: 9670: 9647: 9606: 9585: 9542: 9521: 9497: 9479: 9461: 9442: 9417: 9399: 9381: 9351: 9320: 8985: 8984:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. xxxvii. 8942:

Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation

8892: 8867: 8806: 8599: 8585: 8503: 8492: 8435: 8410: 8364: 8340: 8298: 8161: 8123: 8102: 8084: 8003: 7976: 7925: 7834: 7047: 7021: 6995: 6772: 6682: 6620: 6507: 6458: 6403: 6379: 6212: 6183: 6154: 6136: 6092: 5714: 5442: 5218: 5195: 4733: 4687: 4488: 4409: 4270: 4240: 4164:

in the 17th century established a firm foundation of Christianity in both domains of

3991: 3851: 3838:

The civil war between the Lê-Trịnh and Mạc dynasties ended in 1592, when the army of

3749: 3471: 3181: 3168:

Toward the declining Lý monarch's power in the late 12th century, the Trần clan from

2982: 2819: 2769: 2738: 2692: 2606: 2245: 2060:'s rule as the starting point of the Chinese domination, since Zhao Tuo was a former 2057: 2012: 1682: 1674: 1595: 1242: 1203: 1198: 1149: 883: 645: 362: 9628:

Parcourse d'un historien du Viêt Nam: Recueil des articles écrits par Nguyên Thê Anh

7694: 5051:

alphabet for the Vietnamese language. Vietnamese patriots realized the potential of

4989: 4691: 4452: 4393: 4099: 3839: 3774: 3285: 2814:

was used to write, but by the 11th century, a set of derivative characters known as

2406: 1918:

festivals in an unbroken culture of veneration for these legendary popular spirits.

282: 175: 11475: 11394: 11354: 11329: 11309: 11244: 11219: 11209: 11194: 11091: 11025: 10966: 10954: 10907: 10833: 10736: 10694: 10067: 10023: 9810: 8796: 8788: 8712: 8573: 8464: 8388: 8064: 8055:

Bui Minh Dung (July 1995). "Japan's Role in the Vietnamese Starvation of 1944–45".

7913: 6391: 6267: 6144: 6126: 6082: 6072: 5971: 5607: 5470: 5388: 5331: 5166:

colonial administration in place as a puppet. In 1941 Nguyễn Ái Quốc, now known as

5047: 4892: 4862: 4837: 4783: 4417: 4333: 4192: 4161: 3879: 3745: 3522: 3185: 2963: 2788:(r. 938–944), Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law, defeated the Southern Han fleet at the 2661:

to China arrived by this route, and merchants were soon to follow. The 3rd-century

2194: 1897: 1877: 1776: 1701: 1689: 1572: 1536: 1508: 1457: 1400: 1388: 1253: 1232: 1224: 1214: 1027: 952: 696: 634: 506: 292: 5411: 4875: 3509: 3312: 2920: 2785: 2439: 2168: 2158: 1979:

After assembling an army, he defeated and overthrew the eighteenth dynasty of the

1480: 1436: 863: 312: 11314: 11279: 11234: 11229: 11138: 10922: 10798: 10731: 10045: 10028: 9728: 8319: 8292: 8188: 7873: 7617: 6676: 6452: 6205:"The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia" 5784: 4974: 4833: 4825: 4817: 4787: 4753: 4699: 4420:, reorganized Nguyễn Ánh's navy along European lines and defeated the Tây Sơn at 4385: 4285:

who had been oppressed by the Nguyễn Lord for a long time, and also attracted to

4196: 4176: 3875: 3855: 3804: 3770: 3740: 3715: 3450:(r. 1400–41) reestablished relations with the second kingdom of Dai Viet's ruler 3301: 2671:) mentioned a "water route" (the Red River) from Annam into what is now southern 2537: 2297: 1964:" ("King An Dương"). Some modern Vietnamese believe that Thục Phán came upon the 1910: 1828:(c. 2825 BC – ?). The next royal dynasty produced 18 monarchs, known as the 1821: 1619: 1591: 1576: 1532: 1524: 1453: 1396: 1392: 1289: 546: 9333: 8526:, Indiana University Press, p. 340, gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions. 8387:, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55, 4880: 4779: 4468: 4433: 4362: 4245: 3169: 2889: 2844: 2483: 1614: 1496: 476: 11096: 10863: 10141: 9350:(in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Cultural Publishing House, 6131: 5864: 5850: 5670: 5652:

In the post-1975 period, it was immediately apparent that the effectiveness of

5603: 5505: 4951: 4808:

A few years later, French troops landed in northern Vietnam (which they called

3811: 3803:

in 1527. He killed the Lê emperor and proclaimed himself emperor, starting the

3656: 3629: 3517: 3447: 3411: 3227: 2967: 2924: 2884:(Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân). The war lasted from 944 to 968, until the clan led by 2581: 2557: 2427: 2342:, the first Indianized kingdom of Southeast Asia which the Chinese called them 2237: 2036:(Triệu Đà in Vietnamese) established an independent kingdom in the present-day 1806:

According to a Vietnamese legend which first appeared in the 14th century book

1512: 1319: 1168: 986: 967: 746: 516: 9191:"'Sometimes you have to walk': Trump leaves Hanoi with no deal | CNN Politics" 8577: 8068: 6395: 6271: 5658: 5407: 4191:

Between 1627 and 1775, two powerful families had partitioned the country: the

4127:, Hanoi. Both are examples of highly-defined style of Vietnamese wood carving. 3435: 3428: 3373: 3320: 3316: 3212: 3128: 3004: 2840: 2815: 2811: 2772:

governors like an autonomous state. Tĩnh Hải circuit had to paid tributes for

2730:: Tiết Độ Sứ), (governor), but stopped short of proclaiming themselves kings. 2597:

notes that to the east of Champa through a two-day journey lay the country of

2413:

Golden Age of Cham Civilization and wars with Angkor Empire (7th century–1203)

1992: 1965: 1953: 1492: 456: 11518: 11493: 9868: 9863: 7917: 7607:

Sun Laichen (2003), "Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet: c.1390-1597,"

7589: 6140: 6077: 5976: 5959: 5916: 5912: 5599: 5591: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5171: 5139: 5104: 4683: 4635: 4505: 4135: 3926: 3764: 3736: 3482: 3463: 3420: 3208: 2566: 2521: 2364:(r. 514–545) sent many embassies to China. Also according to Chinese annals, 2304:

nations in 192. Chinese dynasties called it Lin-Yi (Lin village; Vietnamese:

1889: 718: 672: 9241:"Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term" 5610:

in honor of Hồ, who died in 1969. The war left Vietnam devastated, with the

4994: 4813: 4412:, Pigneaux's plan failed to materialize. He went to the French territory of 3652: 3644: 3609: 3500:

In 1407, under the pretext of helping to restore the Trần monarchs, Chinese

3149:

Cannonball with size 57 mm, produced during Trần dynasty, 14th century.

3027: 2998: 2959: 2913: 2888:

defeated the other warlords, unifying the country. Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the

2792:. He then proclaimed himself King Ngô, established a monarchy government in 2700: 2479: 2275: 1957: 1947: 1869: 1520: 1504: 1420: 536: 496: 352: 10077: 8810: 6646: 6158: 6096: 5804: 5788: 5749: 5619: 5501: 5477: 5214: 5163: 5011: 4912: 4845: 4325: 4258: 4216: 4212: 4185: 4139: 4103: 4011: 3847: 3753: 3696: 3687: 3501: 3324: 3277: 3263: 3121: 3095: 3059: 3040: 2932: 2928: 2872: 2777: 2719: 2658: 2627: 2611: 2544: 2495: 2391: 2146: 1824:

by the second half of 1st millennium BC. Kinh Dương Vương was succeeded by

1737: 1725: 1697: 1681:. Among 54 groups, the majority ethnic group is the Austroasiatic-speaking 1580: 1568: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1376: 1139: 843: 833: 8144:

International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement

4483:'s abdication in 1945. As China for centuries had referred to Đại Việt as 3815: 3703:

continue the task of writing Đại Việt's history up to the time of Lê Lợi.

3613: 2751: 2711: 2348:

emerged and became the great economic power in the region, its prime city

1980: 1829: 1472: 11503: 9581: 9396:

The Tây Sơn Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-century Vietnam

5800: 5705: 5693: 5571: 5509: 5347: 5009:

There emerged two parallel movements of modernization. The first was the

4887: 4828:

hired by the mandarins. The Nguyễn dynasty surrendered to France via the

4569: 4381: 4338: 4282: 4181: 3788: 3675: 3571:. Originally a Vietnamese Buddhism temple, it remains Lê's architectures. 3458: 3439: 3384: 3357: 3276:, continuing the Vietnamese long history of southern expansion (known as 3223: 3216: 2487: 2403: 2361: 2357: 2321: 2301: 2065: 2061: 2029: 1712: 1428: 1427:

of Austronesian Chamic peoples also thrived. Both were swept away by the

774: 165: 8595:

Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia

8407:

Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam

6651:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

4939: 4372: 4350: 3637: 3222:. Đại Việt repelled all attacks of the Yuan Mongols during the reign of 3078:

operations to preemptively destroy three Song military installations at

3066:

in the south. The most notable conflict took place on Chinese territory

2993:

When the king Lê Long Đĩnh died in 1009, a palace guard commander named

2953: 1984: 1901: 1865: 1833: 1618:

Migration of Austroasiatic peoples and the Austroasiatic languages from

1598:

military-political efforts by France and the US. Political upheaval and

1487:, the next millennium was advanced by the accomplishments of successive 9153:"President Obama in Vietnam: The Next Chapter in a Renewed Partnership" 8773:

Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008).

8747:"20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate" 8724: 8476: 8455:

Gittinger, J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam".

7765:"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007" 5761: 5709: 5689: 5400: 5298: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5119: 5081: 4290: 4286: 4143: 3910: 3792: 3586: 3568: 3247: 3184:

and eventually had the throne transferred to Trần Cảnh, thus begun the

2793: 2353: 2233: 1853: 1849: 1785: 1748: 1693: 1363: 248: 196: 186: 8914:"Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death" 8076: 7114:"The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia" 5114:

was also introduced into Vietnam with the emergence of three separate

4978: 3557: 2810:

Literacy remained the province of the upper classes. Originally, only

2622: 1884: 1435:

bringing parts of Vietnam under Chinese rule in 111 BC. In 40 AD, the

9686:

From Indochina to Vietnam: Revolution and War in a Global Perspective

9685: 9510:

Dutton, George E.; Werner, Jayne S.; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012).

8792: 6555:"Discovering Craft Villages in Vietnam, Ten itineraries around Hanoi" 5583: 5575: 5535: 5419: 5410:

sects—had formed their own militias. A year later in Paris, asked by

5380: 5115: 5073: 4223:

and the Mekong Delta. The Nguyễn army at times also clashed with the

4021: 3470:, which persisted to exist until being fully absorbed in 1832 by the 3328: 3083: 3044: 2037: 1969: 1599: 207: 8716: 8468: 8392: 5273: 4662: 4305:

and almost killed. Nguyễn Ánh fled Vietnam, but he did not give up.

3113:

Buddhist inscriptions in Nom (Vietnamese) and Chinese scripts (1366)

2997:

was nominated by the court to take over the throne, and founded the

2905: 2667: 2394:, several revolts against Chinese rule took place, such as those of 23: 9734: 6499: 5776: 5713:

Vietnam's minimal cooperation in accounting for Americans who were

5539: 5403: 5134:

to Hong Kong to coordinate the unification of the parties into the

4678: 4614: 4598: 4591: 4464: 4421: 4298: 4294: 4262: 4224: 3643:

In 1428, Lê Lợi reestablished the independent of Vietnam under his

3284:, through the peaceful means of the political marriage of Princess 3107: 3048: 2723: 2696: 2684: 2283: 2134: 2033: 1972:, and southern Guangxi province, with its capital in what is today 1603: 1449: 1445: 1416: 1371: 252: 145: 11107: 9731:(Institute of Vietnamese Studies) Pdfs of Vietnamese history books 5231:

Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

4856: 4471:, the old name of Saigon; Long is for Thăng Long, the old name of 3541: 2591:

Champa expanded its commerce to the Philippines in the 1200s. The

2349: 2205: 2097:

Northern and Central Vietnam under the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.

1836:. The administrative system includes offices like military chief ( 9765: 8824:

Ben Stocking for AP, published in the Seattle Times May 22, 2010

6994:(revised ed.). Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 66. 6992:

Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History

5722: 5669:

was implemented by the Vietnamese communist government after the

5635: 5225:

to abdicate and ending the Nguyễn dynasty. On September 2, 1945,

5111: 5092:

and many other leaders captured and executed by the guillotine.

4990:

French Indochina and Vietnamese nationalist movements (1897–1945)

4899: 4775: 4456: 4354: 4342: 3968: 3724: 3366: 3281: 3258: 3087: 3079: 3067: 2893: 2859: 2830: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2506: 2502: 2229: 2225: 2130: 2106: 2044:

area of China's southern coast. He proclaimed his new kingdom as

2041: 1926: 1404: 1367: 1359: 823: 8989: 8379: 8377: 7663:"Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire" 5031:. Due to French diplomatic pressure, Japan later deported Châu. 4353:. Emperor Quang Trung ruled the north from the capital Phú Xuân 4027:

One of the earliest Western maps of Annam, published in 1651 by

4001: 2935:

took the throne, replaced the house of Đinh and established the

9700: 9295:"New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report" 8698:"Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" 5615: 5542:

prisoners await being carried by helicopter to rear area after

5529: 5433:, escorted by Vietnamese troops, walk to a prisoner-of-war camp 4809: 4802: 4425: 4404:, sailed to France to seek military backing for Nguyễn Ánh. At 4377: 4366: 4220: 4208: 4171: 4047: 3787:

From 1533 until 1592, Vietnam was divided between the northern

3707: 3679: 3564: 3451: 3273: 3063: 3052: 2940: 2868: 2672: 2570: 2553: 2453: 2369: 2339: 2309: 2142: 2045: 2021: 2008: 1983:, around 258 BC. He then renamed his newly acquired state from 1795: 1772: 1733: 1716: 1630: 1556: 1441: 813: 793: 8122:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 522–523. 6552: 5508:, provisionally divided Vietnam along the 17th Parallel, with 5352: 5057: 3957: 3442:(r. 1360–90). During his thirty-year reign, Champa gained its 3200: 2978: 2465: 2113:: Jiaozhi), now the Red River delta; Cửu Chân from modern-day 10971: 8374: 6179:

The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One, Part One

5780: 5736: 5497: 4475:. Hence Gia Long implied the unification of the country. The 4472: 4451:, the third ruler of the Tây Sơn dynasty. In the South, lord 3906: 3843: 3296:(Cham: Po Binasuor or Che Bonguar, r. 1360–1390) killed king 3176:

forced the emperor Lý Huệ Tông to become a Buddhist monk and

3023: 2365: 2344: 2333: 2017: 1914: 1757: 1729: 1461: 783: 6112: 5756:

On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the

5483: 4376:

Many Catholic martyrs (believers and priests) were slain in

9223:"What Are the Next Eleven Economies With Growth Prospects?" 8695: 5812: 5682: 4037: 3728: 3253: 3172:

eventually rise to power. In 1224, powerful court minister

2927:, to assume the throne. Taking advantage of the situation, 2796:

and effectively began the age of independence for Vietnam.

2598: 2279: 1564: 1460:, and the rise of the first Indianized kingdoms Champa and 1408: 9599:

Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît, eds. (2004).

8836:"U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam" 8524:

The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans

8321:

Myths of the Vietnam War: The Pentagon Papers Reconsidered

7414: 6941: 6209:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

5480:

was officially proclaimed, with Bảo Đại as Head of State.

4227:

army to establish influence over the former Khmer Empire.

3765:

Mạc & Later Lê dynasties – restored period (1527–1788)

2904:(literally "Great Viet"), with its capital in the city of 2892:

and proclaimed himself Đinh Tiên Hoàng (Đinh the Majestic

2082: 1045: 9334:

Vietnamese National Bureau for Historical Record (1998),

8912:

Sagan, Ginetta; Denney, Stephen (October–November 1982).

8840: 8779: 8696:

Hirschman, Charles; Preston, Samuel; Vu Manh Loi (1995).

8652: 7995: 7402: 7131: 6953: 6857: 6845: 6719: 4424:

in 1792. A few years later, Nguyễn Ánh's forces captured

1479:—although their triumphs and reigns were temporary. When 8889:

RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era

7810: 7798: 7776: 7774: 7750:

Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto

7673: 7671: 7545: 7543: 7530: 7528: 7503: 7501: 7390: 7378: 7257: 5084:

in China, was founded, and the party launched the armed

3477: 3062:

China, and a few invasive campaigns against neighboring

3058:

The Vietnamese during Lý dynasty had one major war with

2617: 2269: 9843: 9259:"Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong" 8974: 6707: 6656: 6377: 6233:"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia" 4369:) in 1788 and established a strong base for his force. 3869: 3536: 2240:

era of China. The Eastern Wu was a formative period in

2105:

and established new territories, dividing Vietnam into

9057:

Engel, Matthew; Engel, By Matthew (23 November 2000).

8772: 7882: 7847: 7072: 4934:

Some of the resistance movements lasted decades, with

2780:

invaded Jinghai but was repelled by Vietnamese leader

2459:

Head of Shiva made of gold-silver alloy (10th century)

2171:

led a successful revolt against Han Governor Su Ding (

1995:

town in northern Vietnam, where he tried to build the

9277:"Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years" 7877:

Die katholischen Missionen. Illustrierte Monatschrift

7786: 7771: 7701: 7692: 7668: 7567: 7555: 7540: 7525: 7513: 7498: 7486: 7474: 7462: 7450: 7438: 7426: 7366: 7354: 7342: 7060: 7017:

Study Skills in English for a Changing World' 2001 Ed

6929: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6797: 6731: 6695: 6357:"How and When the Bronze Age Reached South East Asia" 5594:

in 1968. The North did not abide by the terms of the

4851: 4523: 4357:. In the South. He officially funded and trained the 2954:

Lý dynasty, Trần dynasty & Hồ dynasty (1009–1407)

2919:

In 979, Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng and his crown prince

2776:

to exchange political protection. In 923, the nearby

2200: 1852:

in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the beginning of the

9714:

Exhaustive collection of Vietnam related documents (

9509: 9371:(in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials 8887:

Elliot, Duong Van Mai (2010). "The End of the War".

8363:. Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. p. 187. 8160:. University of California Press. pp. 408–409. 7747: 7339:. University of California Press – via Google Books. 7317: 7305: 7269: 7227: 7179: 7143: 7119: 7084: 6833: 6821: 6809: 6753:. University of California Press – via Google Books. 6594: 6058: 5957: 5840: 5206:

in 1944–45, leaving from 600,000 to 2,000,000 dead.

5153: 4942:

left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 with regent

4919:

between the Nguyễn dynasty and France in 1862, many

2368:

might have been conquered by another kingdom called

1968:

territory (modern-day northernmost Vietnam, western

1786:Đông Sơn culture and the Legend of Hồng Bàng dynasty 594: 7043:

Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed

6022:

Handbook of Asian Education: A Cultural Perspective

5818:In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, 5582:(PAVN) forces of the DRV unified the country under 5453:was formed in 1948, reuniting the protectorates of 5015:("Travel to the East") Movement started in 1905 by 4824:, were ambushed and killed fighting pirates of the 4349:, ruled the centre of the country from his capital 3799:The Lê dynasty was overthrown by its general named 3759: 2556:river. Tensions escalated during the next century. 2386:In the period between the beginning of the Chinese 2152: 1934:, walls in red, water in blue, vegetation in green. 1366:, who can be traced as the ancestors of modern-day 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9848: 9602:Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945 9338:(in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House 9189:Diamond, Kevin Liptak, Jeremy (28 February 2019). 7968: 6493: 6012:. International Student. West Virginia University. 5775:However, Vietnam also faces disputes, mostly with 5088:in 1930 in Tonkin which resulted in its chairman, 5080:(Vietnamese Nationalist Party), modeled after the 4927:, some by farmers and other rural people, such as 4915:, and three southern provinces to France with the 4428:, where Pigneaux died in 1799. Another volunteer, 4396:, the surviving heir of the Nguyễn lords, and the 447: 9853: 9838: 9598: 8861: 8432:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 8026:, tome 1, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1988, page 92 6450: 6380:"The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia" 6354: 5186:Hồ Chí Minh (third from left, standing) with the 1764: 330: 11516: 8434:. Hoover Institution Publications. p. 143. 7903: 7748:Davidson, Jeremy H. C. S.; H. L. Shorto (1991). 7116:. University of Hawaii Press – via Google Books. 6454:Two Cakes Fit for a King: Folktales from Vietnam 5263: 4080:Dutch narration about North Vietnamese officials 3131:, capital of Dai Viet from 1397 to 1407. UNESCO 2375: 9376:Coedes, George (1975), Vella, Walter F. (ed.), 8158:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946) 6974:Champa in the Song hui-yao: A draft translation 6196: 5244: 5179:(OSS) to collect intelligence on the Japanese. 4857:French colonial conquest of Vietnam (1858–1897) 4563:1838 map of Vietnam published by Jean L. Taberd 3542:Later Lê dynasty – primitive period (1427–1527) 2137:was introduced into Vietnam from India via the 2071: 1952:By the 3rd century BC, another Viet group, the 9363: 9113:"order Conflicts between Cambodia and Vietnam" 8324:. American Friends of Vietnam. pp. 14–18. 8297:. Indiana University Press. pp. 153–154. 7665:. Rowman & Littlefield – via Google Books. 6674: 6616:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc 6500:Keith Weller Taylor; John K. Whitmore (1995). 5779:over their shared border, and especially with 5743:United States and Vietnam normalized relations 5395:" and other popular groupings—the nationalist 5367:In September 1945, Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the 5217:for Vietnamese nationalists of all parties to 4774:with 14 French gunships to attack the port of 4249:Battle of Thọ Xương river between Tây Sơn and 4230: 4102:Bodhisattva wooden statue in Bút Tháp temple, 3998:. The country was effectively divided in two. 3604:Cannons of Vietnam during the Later Lê dynasty 2831:Ngô, Đinh, & Early Lê dynasties (938–1009) 2657:recorded that in 166 the first envoy from the 2512:In 875, a new Mahayana Buddhist monarch named 2471:Dong Duong Bodhisattva sculpture (9th century) 1921: 1860:. Vietnamese historians usually attribute the 1423:flourished by 500 BC. In Central Vietnam, the 11123: 9750: 8975:Cima, Ronald J.; Library Of Congress (1989). 8935: 8933: 8537:"Newly released documents on the land reform" 8054: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 5799:was held between North Korean supreme leader 5760:(World Trade Organization). According to the 4528: 4443:'s young son. Quang Trung's 10-years-old son 4157:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 4002:Advent of Europeans & southward expansion 3819:power fell into the hands of his son-in-law, 3034:the first noble university; and establishing 2799: 2718:, ruled Tĩnh Hải quân autonomously under the 2647:until AD 866. With its capital around modern 2149:spread to Vietnam through the Chinese rules. 1987:to Âu Lạc and established the new capital at 1715:, who for over one thousand years settled in 1339: 1004: 9429: 9207:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9172:"Obama's Visit to Vietnam: A Turning Point?" 8833: 8146:. Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 961-962 8120:Why Vietnam?: Prelude to America's Albatross 7609:Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series 6762: 6668: 6526: 6211:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. 3850:and continued to rule there until 1677 when 2643:During the Tang dynasty, Vietnam was called 2433:Champa and the region during the 9th century 2372:around AD 627, ending the kingdom of Funan. 2338:In the early first century AD, on the lower 9342: 8911: 8891:. RAND Corporation. pp. 499, 512–513. 8598:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. 8383:Hammer, Ellen J. “The Bao Dai Experiment.” 7989: 7831:Pirates of the South China Coast, 1790–1810 7221: 7209: 7197: 7173: 7161: 6653:, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, Jan 1, 2004; p.933-34 6202: 6182:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. 5797:2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit 4911:After Vietnam lost Gia Định, the island of 3335: 3220:invaded Đại Việt in 1258, 1285, and 1287–88 3207:During the Trần dynasty, the armies of the 2733: 11130: 11116: 9757: 9743: 9447:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9151:Montevideo, U. S. Embassy (15 June 2016). 9150: 9056: 8930: 8689: 7756: 7718: 7716: 6633: 5960:"First Farmers in Mainland Southeast Asia" 5737:Doimoi and contemporary era (1986–present) 5629: 5170:, arrived in northern Vietnam to form the 3529:. The resistance, under the leadership of 2601:, at Mindoro, Philippines; while Pu-duan ( 2588:of Champa and restored Cham independence. 2565:led a surprised attacked on Khmer capital 1346: 1332: 1011: 997: 9554: 8944:. Executive Publications, Singapore 1987. 8800: 8563: 8454: 8398: 8334: 7962: 7645:"Những mốc lịch sử quan trọng của GHCGVN" 7584: 7582: 7293: 7263: 7112:Andaya, Barbara Watson (1 January 2006). 6148: 6130: 6086: 6076: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 5975: 5698:sent troops into Northern Vietnam in 1979 5644:History of the Communist Party of Vietnam 5484:Partition and the Vietnam War (1954–1975) 5383:hunted down and executed left-opposition 5314:Learn how and when to remove this message 5023:, he started two organizations in Japan: 3779:Northern and Southern dynasties (Vietnam) 3593:, founded in 1470 during Later Lê period. 3390:Sculpture of Gadura, Vijaya, 13th century 3356:Champa at its zenith during the reign of 2532:(r. 972–982). A Vietnamese usurper named 2327: 2002: 1403:were traceable back to Northern Vietnam, 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 9633: 8738: 8489: 8404: 7629:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1 January 1996). 6965: 6108: 6106: 5553: 5534: 5424: 5351: 5181: 5094: 4993: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4796: 4538: 4371: 4307: 4244: 3956: 3782: 3661: 3599: 3481: 3402:Cham temple in Duong Long (12th century) 3252: 3155: 3094:commonly known as the Cầu river, now in 3003: 2977: 2858: 2825: 2737: 2621: 2287: 2204: 2092: 2016: 1925: 1883: 1789: 1644: 1636: 1624: 1613: 9833: 9824: 9534: 9411: 9378:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 9188: 7713: 7688: 7686: 7420: 7396: 7384: 7299: 7078: 7066: 6612: 6444: 6175: 5233:in Ba Đình flower garden, now known as 4710: 3612:was the son of a wealthy aristocrat in 3527:Trần loyalists started a resistance war 3261:showing the conquest of the south (the 3082:, Qinzhou, and Lianzhou in present-day 2308:). It later became a powerful kingdom, 2083:First Chinese domination (111 BC–AD 40) 1856:has been verified for around 500 BC at 1752:this, Vietnam later became part of the 1384:era, roughly half a million years ago. 155: 11517: 9660: 9570: 9491: 9473: 9455: 9393: 9375: 9336:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục 9134:"What is the South China Sea dispute?" 8886: 8744: 8429: 8317: 8290: 8252: 7969:George Childs Kohn (31 October 2013). 7899: 7897: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7792: 7780: 7707: 7677: 7579: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7534: 7519: 7507: 7492: 7480: 7468: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7408: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7323: 7311: 7275: 7233: 7185: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7090: 6959: 6947: 6935: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6701: 6662: 6600: 6045: 3486:Ming occupation of Vietnam (1407–1427) 3308:, whose soldiers made use of cannons. 1641:Ethnolinguistic map of Indochina, 1970 11111: 10343:National Defense and Security Council 9738: 8939: 8353: 8279:Aux services des colonises, 1930-1953 8200: 8117: 6986: 6976:. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. 6749:Taylor, Keith Weller (1 April 1991). 6355:Daryl Worthington (October 1, 2015). 6103: 5815:-like potential to rival G7 nations. 5704:that had remained dormant during the 5103:, in France, 1921, to later become a 4867:History of Vietnam during World War I 4392:In 1784, during the conflict between 3647:. Lê Lợi renamed the country back to 3478:Fourth Chinese domination (1407–1427) 3372:Po Klong Garai temple, built by king 2837:Timeline of early independent Vietnam 2683:. The capital of Annam, Tống Bình or 2618:Third Chinese domination (602–AD 905) 2270:Early Cham kingdoms (192–7th century) 1657:Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country on 1609: 9764: 9663:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 9314: 9059:"Clinton leaves his mark on Vietnam" 8766: 8498:. Harvard University Press. p. 8194: 8155: 7888: 7853: 7762: 7683: 7046:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 39–. 7020:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 23–. 6971: 6553:Sylvie Fanchette, Nicholas Stedman. 5414:about the fate of Trotskyist leader 5369:Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) 5296:adding citations to reliable sources 5267: 3870:Trịnh & Nguyễn lords (1627-1777) 3674:(1460–1497), including conquests in 3537:Restored Dai Viet period (1428–1527) 3020:Edict on the Transfer of the Capital 3009:Edict on the Transfer of the Capital 2219:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam 733:Provisional Revolutionary Government 344: 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 11137: 10170:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 8864:The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 8226: 8220: 7894: 7661:Dardess, John W. (1 January 2012). 6506:. SEAP Publications. pp. 37–. 6304: 5964:Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 5958:Charles F. W. Higham (2017-05-24). 5512:'s communist DRV government ruling 4400:, a French Roman Catholic prelate, 3690:. A comprehensive set of laws, the 2635:Third Chinese domination of Vietnam 2300:, there was a successful revolt of 2089:First Chinese domination of Vietnam 1431:expansion from the north, with the 13: 9689:by University of California Press. 9564: 9460:, University of California Press, 9169: 8591: 8339:. University of California Press. 8048: 7996:Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). 7741: 5387:who had a significant presence in 5379:Hồ's party and its national-front 4852:French colonial period (1862–1945) 4723: 4524:Unified Vietnam period (1802–1862) 4297:(often called Nguyễn Ánh) fled to 3199:, and the rising in status of the 3026:, Đại La, which was later renamed 2201:Second Chinese domination (43–544) 1688:Holocene Vietnam began during the 14: 11541: 9693: 9538:Old History of the Five Dynasties 8705:Population and Development Review 8653:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 8203:"Một số chi tiết về Phan Văn Hùm" 7631:"The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty" 5943:. January 6, 2010. Archived from 5520:State of Vietnam (from 1955, the 5496:, signed by the DRV, France, the 5154:Second World War and Independence 4715:According to a 2018 study in the 4031:(north is oriented to the right). 2482:kingdom, with capital located in 2445:Crown of Champa (7th-8th century) 2296:At the same time, in present-day 11498: 11489: 11488: 10175:History of central officeholders 9699: 9624:fr:Philippe Papin Philippe Papin 9557:The Cambridge History of China 1 9287: 9269: 9251: 9233: 9215: 9182: 9163: 9144: 9126: 9105: 9087: 9069: 9050: 9032: 9014: 8996: 8968: 8905: 8880: 8854: 8827: 8818: 8745:Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). 8659: 8641: 8616: 8529: 8516: 8483: 8448: 8423: 8328: 8311: 8284: 8281:,. Paris: Editions Minuit, p. 22 8271: 8246: 8229:"Tìm hiểu vụ ám sát Tạ Thu Thâu" 8174: 8156:Marr, David G. (15 April 2013). 8149: 8136: 8111: 8091: 8039: 8029: 8016: 8002:. Macmillan Press. p. 282. 7952: 7942: 7932: 7867:"Nachrichten aus den Missionen," 7859: 7822: 7655: 7636: 7633:. SUNY Press – via Google Books. 7623: 7600: 7335:Cœdès, George (1 January 1966). 6785:from the original on 9 July 2012 5857: 5843: 5272: 5136:Vietnamese Communist Party (CPV) 4871:French Indochina in World War II 4840:was formed in October 1887 from 4661: 4644: 4627: 4606: 4590: 4568: 4556: 4359:Pirates of the South China Coast 4113: 4091: 4073: 4057: 4036: 4020: 3936: 3918: 3898: 3760:Decentralized period (1527–1802) 3578: 3556: 3395: 3383: 3365: 3349: 3343:Champa from 13th century to 1471 3142: 3120: 3106: 2464: 2452: 2438: 2426: 2320:). The Cham developed the first 2153:Trưng Sisters' rebellion (40–43) 1900:tells of a youth, who leads the 1313: 1044: 980: 677:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam) 144: 22: 10977:Traditional musical instruments 9513:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition 9308: 8862:Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2011). 8337:Vietnam 1946: How the War Began 8118:Patti, Archimedes L.A. (1981). 7730:from the original on 2021-02-25 7642: 7337:"The Making of South East Asia" 7329: 7281: 7239: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7167: 7155: 7106: 7096: 7034: 7008: 6980: 6756: 6743: 6606: 6572: 6546: 6520: 6471: 6417: 6371: 6348: 6326: 6295: 6286: 6276: 6260: 6250: 6225: 6169: 6065:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5941:"BVOM.COM – Vietnamese History" 5588:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 5283:needs additional citations for 5099:Nguyễn Ái Quốc, later known as 3929:that conducted trade in Vietnam 3905:Vietnam's capital Đông Kinh or 2896:) and renamed the country from 2882:upheaval of the Twelve Warlords 2420:Champa from 7th to 13th century 2209:Northern Vietnam under Eastern 33:needs additional citations for 11456:British Indian Ocean Territory 9640:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories 9478:, Cambridge University Press, 9380:, University of Hawaii Press, 8649:"Battlefield:Vietnam Timeline" 7906:Journal of Conflict Resolution 6457:. University of Hawaii Press. 6036: 6027: 6015: 6002: 5984: 5970:. University of Otago: 13–21. 5951: 5933: 5572:Vietnam (Second Indochina) War 5494:agreement negotiated at Geneva 5451:Provisional Central Government 5429:Captured French soldiers from 5328:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 5239:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 4764:Paris Foreign Missions Society 4717:Journal of Conflict Resolution 4698:when a French missionary, Fr. 3651:and moved the capital back to 3626:Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động 2103:the Han dynasty invaded Nanyue 1765:Ancient period (c. 500–111 BC) 1700:(Mundari-speaking people) and 687:Provisional Central Government 1: 10195:Central Inspection Commission 9644:University of Wisconsin Press 9605:. Paris: Les Indes Savantes. 9394:Dutton, George Edson (2008), 8409:. random House. p. 606. 8142:Alexander, Robert J. (1991), 7833:. Stanford University Press. 7763:Tran, Anh Q. (October 2018). 7643:NAM, HỘI ĐỒNG GIÁM MỤC VIỆT. 6613:Chapuis, Oscar (1995-01-01). 6582:. Vietnam Culture. 2013-10-02 6481:. Vietnam Culture. 2013-10-02 6413:– via Researchgate.net. 6008:Lê Huyền Thảo Uyên, 2012–13. 5829:(since 2023), Prime Minister 5264:First Indochina war (1946–54) 5255:History of Vietnam since 1945 4447:succeeded the throne, became 3890:Artillery of the Nguyễn lords 3823:. In 1558, Nguyễn Kim's son, 3250:visited Champa and Đại Việt. 2376:Kingdom of Vạn Xuân (544–602) 1799: 9669:, Cornell University Press. 9630:. Paris: Les Indes Savantes. 9559:, Cambridge University Press 9077:"WTO | Accessions: Viet Nam" 8361:The Shape of Battles to Come 7975:. Routledge. pp. 445–. 6763:de Crespigny, Rafe (2004) . 6503:Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts 6312:"Early History & Legend" 6203:Simanjuntak, Truman (2017). 5927: 5922:Nothing, and So Be It (book) 5893:List of Vietnamese dynasties 5795:On 27–28 February 2019, the 5692:, driving out the incumbent 5259:1940–1946 in the Vietnam War 5245:Modern period (1945–present) 5177:Office of Strategic Services 4772:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 4142:, to 1292 with the visit of 2072:Chinese rule (111 BC–AD 938) 1907:Legend of the Magic Crossbow 1832:, who renamed their country 1380:, dating as far back as the 804:Cát Tiên archaeological site 7: 10338:Central Military Commission 10200:Central Military Commission 9722:Thư viện Sử – Viện Việt Học 9492:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), 9476:A History of the Vietnamese 8834:Jessica King (2012-08-10). 8494:The Black Book of Communism 8490:Courtois, Stephane (1997). 7693:National Archive of Japan. 7288:Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian 6425:"history of Southeast Asia" 6384:Journal of World Prehistory 5873:Economic history of Vietnam 5836: 5688:and overran its capital of 5251:National Assembly (Vietnam) 4303:Battle of Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút 4231:Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802) 3204:mentor to the new Emperor. 2863:Indochina c. 1010 AD. 2573:) and defeated them at the 1922:Âu Lạc kingdom (257–179 BC) 737:(Republic of South Vietnam) 10: 11546: 10306:Supreme People's Procuracy 9661:Wilcox, Wynn, ed. (2010). 8978:Vietnam: a country history 8866:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. 8522:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001), 8430:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 8405:Logevall, Fredrik (2012). 8318:Turner, Robert F. (1972). 8291:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). 8201:Phiêu, Trần Nguơn (2019). 7999:History of South-East Asia 7724:"Brief History of Vietnam" 6451:Nguyen Nguyet Càm (2003). 6176:Tarling, Nicholas (1999). 6132:10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x 5903:Vietnam under Chinese rule 5667:New Economic Zones program 5640:Communist Party of Vietnam 5633: 5498:People's Republic of China 5340:War in Vietnam (1945–1946) 5325: 5248: 5237:, officially creating the 5219:seize power in August 1945 4860: 4801:French gunships attacking 4727: 4550:Nguyễn Vietnam (1802–1945) 4532: 4529:Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945) 4430:Victor Olivier de Puymanel 4234: 4005: 3909:in 1688 (viewing from the 3887: 3873: 3768: 3545: 3489: 3434:In 1307 the new Cham king 3233:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) 3092:Battle of Như Nguyệt River 2974:Timeline of the Lý dynasty 2971: 2957: 2855:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 2852: 2834: 2800:Dynastic period (938–1945) 2745: 2706:In 866, Annan was renamed 2632: 2626:Vietnam under the Chinese 2526:Vietnamese invasion in 982 2379: 2331: 2273: 2216: 2156: 2125:: Rinan), from modern-day 2086: 2078:Vietnam under Chinese rule 2075: 2006: 1937: 1770: 1649:Pottery fruit tray of the 467:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 11484: 11443: 11403: 11145: 11069: 10844: 10745: 10653: 10644: 10617: 10444: 10435: 10394: 10351: 10328: 10286: 10253: 10208: 10150: 10105: 10096: 10014: 9971: 9892: 9883: 9776: 9555:Twitchett, Denis (2008), 9541:, Zhonghua Book Company, 9518:Columbia University Press 9412:Maspero, Georges (2002), 9315:Choi, Byung Wook (2004). 8578:10.1080/14682740500284630 8335:Tonnesson, Stein (2009). 8069:10.1017/s0026749x00014001 6396:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6 6272:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751 5883:History of Southeast Asia 5560:Operation Rolling Thunder 5202:as the emperor. A famine 4436:fort in central Saigon. 3735:and captured its capital 3492:Fourth Chinese domination 3319:and moved the capital to 2790:Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) 2639:Annan (Tang protectorate) 2586:Jaya Paramesvaravarman II 2580:The new Cambodian ruler, 2528:murdered the ruling king 2398:and his general and heir 1818:Hồng Bàng dynastic period 1583:) between 1471 and 1760. 11205:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9494:East Asia: A New History 9416:, White Lotus Co., Ltd, 8918:The Indochina Newsletter 8259:World Socialist Web Site 8253:Martin, Patrick (2020). 8182:1945, The Saigon Commune 7918:10.1177/0022002718772345 7829:Murray, Dian H. (1987). 5977:10.7152/jipa.v41i0.15014 5686:invaded Cambodia in 1978 5580:People's Army of Vietnam 5393:Fourth Internationalists 4786:). From 1859 during the 4510:Song of a Soldier's Wife 4261:revolution broke out in 4195:ruled the South and the 3752:, and started spreading 3336:Champa from 1220 to 1471 3127:Remain Southern gate of 2768:had been ruled by local 2734:Autonomous era (905–938) 2543:Champa and the emerging 2530:Jaya Paramesvaravarman I 2184:sent his famous general 2163:Trung sisters' rebellion 1717:controlled and civilized 1702:Malaysian Austroasiatics 1135:Vietnamese folk religion 400:Trung sisters' rebellion 11466:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9712:Virtual Vietnam Archive 9437:(in Vietnamese), Saigon 9348:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 9157:U.S. Embassy in Uruguay 9044:www.presidency.ucsb.edu 8940:Desbarats, Jacqueline. 8860:"Defoliation" entry in 8628:Encyclopædia Britannica 8359:Cirillo, Roger (2015). 8277:Guerin, Daniel (1954), 8024:Les Guerres d'Indochine 7590:"明史/卷321 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆" 6675:James Anderson (2007). 6619:. Bloomsbury Academic. 6430:Encyclopædia Britannica 5908:French colonial Vietnam 5630:Unified era (1976–1986) 5443:bombardment of Haiphong 5160:Japan invaded Indochina 5128:Communist International 5070:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 4098:Thousand-arms-and-eyes 4008:Christianity in Vietnam 2407:reconquered the kingdom 2263:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 2167:In February AD 40, the 1794:Southern China and the 1740:and the Khmer kingdom. 1659:Mainland Southeast Asia 1374:closely related to the 1177:Vietnamese martial arts 894:Principality of Hà Tiên 10787:Language and computers 10536:Science and Technology 10296:Supreme People's Court 10238:Deputy Prime Ministers 10029:Hong (Red) River Delta 9577:Vietnam: A New History 9456:Taylor, K. W. (1983), 7251:Báo Pháp luật Việt Nam 6751:"The Birth of Vietnam" 6078:10.1093/molbev/msaa099 5702:in the South China Sea 5604:fell to the communists 5563: 5547: 5434: 5364: 5209:Japan's defeat by the 5191: 5144:French Communist Party 5108: 5078:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 5029:Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội 5006: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4879:French army attacking 4805: 4768:Napoleon III of France 4760:French colonial empire 4544: 4432:would later build the 4389: 4313: 4254: 4215:portion of the former 4050:missionary in Vietnam. 3963: 3862:of Japan and governor 3796: 3683: 3605: 3487: 3269: 3165: 3015: 2990: 2876: 2871:polities in green and 2743: 2630: 2328:Funan kingdom (68–627) 2293: 2214: 2182:Emperor Guangwu of Han 2098: 2028:In 207 BC, the former 2025: 2003:Nanyue (180 BC–111 BC) 1935: 1893: 1803: 1654: 1642: 1634: 1622: 1433:Han conquest of Nanyue 775:Non-Vietnamese history 527:4th Chinese domination 430:3rd Chinese domination 410:2nd Chinese domination 390:1st Chinese domination 11019:Person Dignity Theory 9716:Texas Tech University 9535:Juzheng, Xue (1995), 9474:Taylor, K.W. (2013), 9319:. SEAP Publications. 9008:www.oecd-ilibrary.org 8667:"China saved Vietnam" 8541:Vietnam Studies Group 6765:"Empire in the South" 5787:. In 2016, President 5770:middle-income economy 5654:Communist Party (CPV) 5557: 5546:. August 18–24, 1965. 5538: 5428: 5355: 5185: 5162:in 1940, keeping the 5158:During World War II, 5098: 4997: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4800: 4542: 4375: 4311: 4248: 4199:ruled the North. The 3960: 3950:, Hanoi, 17th century 3786: 3665: 3603: 3485: 3256: 3159: 3011:, written by emperor 3007: 2981: 2862: 2853:Further information: 2826:First Dai Viet period 2741: 2654:Book of the Later Han 2625: 2322:native writing system 2291: 2208: 2096: 2020: 1929: 1887: 1864:with the kingdoms of 1793: 1648: 1640: 1628: 1617: 723:(Republic of Vietnam) 640:1887–1945 / 1945–1954 628:1883–1945 / 1946–1948 618:1883–1945 / 1945–1948 608:1862–1945 / 1945–1949 11380:United Arab Emirates 10541:Traditional medicine 10419:Self-Defence Militia 9963:World Heritage Sites 9919:Environmental issues 9708:at Wikimedia Commons 9683:Eight-volume series 9458:The Birth of Vietnam 9026:elibrary.law.psu.edu 8057:Modern Asian Studies 8022:Philippe Franchini, 7253:. February 27, 2020. 6972:Wade, Geoff (2005). 6950:, pp. 163, 166. 6580:"The Magic Crossbow" 5878:History of East Asia 5725:countries. In 1986, 5624:Red Cross of Vietnam 5596:1973 Paris Agreement 5292:improve this article 5001:(seated) and prince 4959:A Bright Shining Lie 4921:resistance movements 4891:French officers and 4830:Treaty of Huế (1883) 4730:Cochinchina Campaign 4711:Relations with China 4577:Imperial City of Huế 4312:Vietnam around 1788. 3670:during the reign of 3429:Jaya Simhavarman III 3374:Jaya Simhavarman III 3300:through a battle in 3290:Jaya Simhavarman III 3160:A print of banknote 3074:, and Tông Đản used 3055:as state religions. 2916:became the capital. 2388:Age of Fragmentation 1728:principalities like 1270:World Heritage Sites 708:North–South division 557:Later Lê Restoration 263:Phùng Nguyên culture 57:"History of Vietnam" 42:improve this article 11530:Prehistoric Vietnam 11407:limited recognition 11014:Ho Chi Minh Thought 10190:Central Secretariat 9634:Tran, Nhung Tuyet; 9572:Goscha, Christopher 8677:on 22 December 2020 6962:, pp. 169–173. 6866:, pp. 161–163. 6728:, pp. 111–112. 5898:Politics of Vietnam 5888:Lịch sử nước An Nam 5807:in Hanoi, Vietnam. 5803:and U.S. president 5772:in one generation. 5675:Republic of Vietnam 5648:Politics of Vietnam 5570:As a result of the 5522:Republic of Vietnam 5492:. In July 1954, an 5439:First Indochina War 5344:First Indochina War 5336:Republic of Vietnam 5211:World War II Allies 4669:Flag Tower of Hanoi 4581:World Heritage Site 4543:Vietnam around 1838 4402:Pigneaux de Behaine 4148:Alexandre de Rhodes 4066:Vietnamese Catholic 4044:Alexandre de Rhodes 4029:Alexandre de Rhodes 3948:Hàng Trống painting 3591:World Heritage Site 3523:a province of China 3417:Jaya Indravarman VI 3133:World Heritage Site 2774:Later Liang dynasty 2575:Battle of Tonlé Sap 2563:Jaya Indravarman IV 2390:and the end of the 2356:, got married with 2232:pledged loyalty to 1991:in the present-day 1812:, the tribal chief 1809:Lĩnh nam chích quái 1485:battle of Bạch Đằng 933:Historical capitals 854:Nung-Zhuang kingdom 201:12,000 BC–10,000 BC 180:20,000 BC–12,000 BC 11525:History of Vietnam 11053:Vietnamese studies 10765:Overseas community 10558:Telecommunications 10311:Procurator-General 10266:Standing Committee 9956:Endangered species 9727:2023-04-19 at the 9706:History of Vietnam 9414:The Champa Kingdom 9398:, Silkworm Books, 9247:. 31 January 2021. 8752:The New York Times 8592:Vu, Tuong (2010). 8457:Far Eastern Survey 8233:Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử 8207:Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử 8187:2022-05-16 at the 7972:Dictionary of Wars 7872:2021-02-25 at the 7616:2021-03-07 at the 7611:, No.11, September 7423:, p. 107-109. 7411:, p. 257-258. 7140:, p. 211-212. 6854:, p. 158–159. 6527:Sylvie Fanchette. 6010:Welcome to Vietnam 5663:re-education camps 5564: 5548: 5544:Operation Starlite 5435: 5365: 5221:, forcing Emperor 5192: 5109: 5065:literary circle. 5007: 4909: 4897: 4893:Tonkinese riflemen 4885: 4806: 4696:Lê Văn Khôi revolt 4545: 4449:Cảnh Thịnh Emperor 4390: 4314: 4255: 3973:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên 3964: 3860:Tokugawa Shogunate 3797: 3733:Vietnamese–Lao War 3684: 3606: 3567:communal house in 3496:Later Trần dynasty 3488: 3270: 3166: 3016: 2991: 2910:Ninh Bình Province 2877: 2744: 2631: 2312:, stretching from 2294: 2242:Vietnamese history 2215: 2180:). In 43 AD, 2139:Maritime Silk Road 2099: 2026: 1936: 1894: 1804: 1754:Maritime Jade Road 1655: 1643: 1635: 1623: 1610:Prehistoric period 1382:Middle Pleistocene 1320:Vietnam portal 1037:Culture of Vietnam 987:Vietnam portal 604:French Cochinchina 222:10,000 BC–8,000 BC 11512: 11511: 11449:other territories 11105: 11104: 11065: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11031:Traditional games 10715:Human trafficking 10640: 10639: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10324: 10323: 10261:National Assembly 10180:National Congress 10165:General Secretary 10160:Central Committee 10125:Foreign relations 10092: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10061:Central Highlands 9879: 9878: 9844:Chinese dominated 9704:Media related to 9676:978-0-87727-782-8 9667:SEAP Publications 9653:978-0-299-21774-7 9591:978-0-465-09437-0 9527:978-0-231-51110-0 9503:978-1-4772-6516-1 9485:978-0-521-69915-0 9467:978-0-520-07417-0 9387:978-0-8248-0368-1 9326:978-0-87727-138-3 9299:www.aljazeera.com 9263:www.aljazeera.com 8898:978-0-8330-4754-0 8873:978-1-85109-961-0 8787:(7659): 1482–86. 8605:978-1-139-48901-0 8509:978-0-674-07608-2 8441:978-0-8179-6431-3 8416:978-0-679-64519-1 8304:978-0-253-33854-9 8227:Đức, Tấn (1999). 8180:Văn, Ngô (1991), 8009:978-0-333-24163-9 7982:978-1-135-95494-9 7594:zh.wikisource.org 7053:978-971-23-3449-8 7027:978-971-23-3225-8 6688:978-9971-69-367-1 6626:978-0-313-29622-2 6513:978-0-87727-718-7 6479:"The Saint Giong" 6464:978-0-8248-2668-0 6218:978-1-76046-095-2 6189:978-0-521-66369-4 5998:on July 23, 2011. 5715:missing in action 5324: 5323: 5316: 5196:Empire of Vietnam 5130:(Comintern) sent 4929:Nguyễn Trung Trực 4746:Nguyễn Trung Trực 4734:Citadel of Saigon 4575:Meridian Gate of 4461:Nguyễn Quang Toản 4445:Nguyễn Quang Toản 4410:French Revolution 4279:Central Highlands 4253:in December, 1788 4125:Tây Phương temple 4046:, an influential 3791:and the southern 3666:The territory of 3472:Vietnamese Empire 3162:Hội Sao Thông Bảo 3036:court examination 2983:One Pillar Pagoda 2867:lands in yellow, 2820:Classical Chinese 2693:Siege of Songping 2607:Sultanate of Sulu 2252:with her brother 1974:Cao Bằng Province 1874:Hồng Bàng dynasty 1781:Hồng Bàng dynasty 1596:post-World War II 1356: 1355: 1204:Vietnamese poetry 1199:Vietnamese comics 1021: 1020: 902: 901: 884:Sip Song Chau Tai 765: 764: 738: 724: 678: 654: 653: 646:Empire of Vietnam 585: 584: 438: 437: 371: 370: 340:Hồng Bàng dynasty 321: 320: 307:(1,000 BC–200 AD) 297:(1,000 BC–100 AD) 277:1,500 BC–1,000 BC 267:2,000 BC–1,500 BC 242:4,000 BC–3,000 BC 232:8,000 BC–6,000 BC 228:Quỳnh Văn culture 118: 117: 110: 92: 11537: 11502: 11492: 11491: 11461:Christmas Island 11147:Sovereign states 11132: 11125: 11118: 11109: 11108: 11085: 11078: 10743: 10742: 10651: 10650: 10482:Renewable energy 10472: 10464: 10442: 10441: 10349: 10348: 10148: 10147: 10120:Fatherland Front 10103: 10102: 9969: 9968: 9890: 9889: 9822: 9821: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9736: 9735: 9703: 9680: 9657: 9616: 9595: 9560: 9551: 9531: 9506: 9488: 9470: 9452: 9446: 9438: 9435:Việt Sử Toàn Thư 9426: 9408: 9390: 9372: 9369:Việt Nam sử lược 9360: 9339: 9330: 9303: 9302: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9206: 9198: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9117: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8983: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8959: 8955: 8953: 8945: 8937: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8804: 8793:10.1136/bmj.a137 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8734:on 20 June 2010. 8733: 8727:. Archived from 8702: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8673:. Archived from 8663: 8657: 8656: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8589: 8566:Cold War History 8561: 8553: 8552: 8543:. Archived from 8533: 8527: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8497: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8402: 8396: 8381: 8372: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8288: 8282: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8198: 8192: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8153: 8147: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8115: 8109: 8099:The American War 8097:Neale, Jonathan 8095: 8089: 8088: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8020: 8014: 8013: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7901: 7892: 7891:, p. 42-43. 7886: 7880: 7879:31, pp. 2552–57. 7863: 7857: 7856:, p. 22-24. 7851: 7845: 7844: 7826: 7820: 7819:, p. 48-49. 7814: 7808: 7807:, p. 45-46. 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7769: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7720: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7690: 7681: 7675: 7666: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7640: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7586: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7538: 7532: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7399:, p. 93-94. 7394: 7388: 7387:, p. 86-87. 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7222:Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 7219: 7213: 7210:Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 7207: 7201: 7198:Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7174:Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 7171: 7165: 7162:Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 7159: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7110: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7012: 7006: 7005: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6760: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6716:, p. 37-38. 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6672: 6666: 6665:, p. 23-27. 6660: 6654: 6644: 6631: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6152: 6134: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6080: 6071:(9): 2503–2519. 6056: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5994:. Archived from 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5937: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5820:Nguyen Phu Trong 5612:total death toll 5608:Hồ Chí Minh City 5471:State of Vietnam 5332:State of Vietnam 5319: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5276: 5268: 5122:movement led by 4946:and started the 4917:Treaty of Saigon 4863:French Indochina 4838:French Indochina 4784:Ho Chi Minh City 4665: 4648: 4631: 4613:Seal of Emperor 4610: 4594: 4572: 4560: 4497:The Tale of Kiều 4418:Jean-Marie Dayot 4334:Qianlong Emperor 4201:Trịnh–Nguyễn War 4117: 4095: 4077: 4061: 4040: 4024: 3987:Trịnh–Nguyễn War 3940: 3922: 3902: 3884:Trịnh–Nguyễn War 3748:, were at first 3746:Age of Discovery 3618:Lam Sơn uprising 3585:The old city of 3582: 3560: 3548:Later Lê dynasty 3423:(r. 1257–1288). 3399: 3387: 3369: 3353: 3146: 3124: 3110: 2937:Early Lê dynasty 2929:the Song dynasty 2849:Early Lê dynasty 2766:Tĩnh Hải circuit 2742:Khúc clan 923 CE 2468: 2456: 2442: 2430: 2400:Triệu Quang Phục 2382:Early Lý dynasty 2292:Cham inscription 2195:Vietnamese women 2121:; and Nhật Nam ( 1913:near and around 1911:Hồng River Delta 1862:Đông Sơn culture 1844:) and mandarin ( 1801: 1690:Late Pleistocene 1425:Sa Huỳnh culture 1401:Đông Sơn culture 1348: 1341: 1334: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1048: 1039: 1023: 1022: 1013: 1006: 999: 985: 984: 983: 780: 779: 736: 722: 697:State of Vietnam 676: 669: 668: 635:French Indochina 600: 599: 537:Later Lê dynasty 497:Later Lý dynasty 487:Early Lê dynasty 453: 452: 420:Early Lý dynasty 386: 385: 346: 336: 335: 303:Sa Huỳnh culture 293:Dong Son culture 273:Đồng Đậu culture 161: 160: 148: 138: 120: 119: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11480: 11448: 11439: 11420:Northern Cyprus 11406: 11399: 11141: 11139:History of Asia 11136: 11106: 11101: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11057: 10840: 10741: 10727:Public holidays 10710:Sex trafficking 10636: 10613: 10509:Five-Year Plans 10470: 10462: 10423: 10398: 10396:Public Security 10390: 10347: 10320: 10316:Military Courts 10282: 10249: 10204: 10152:Communist Party 10146: 10084: 10010: 10006:Electoral units 9967: 9924:Protected areas 9875: 9854:French colonial 9820: 9772: 9763: 9729:Wayback Machine 9696: 9677: 9654: 9642:. Madison, WI: 9638:, eds. (2006). 9613: 9592: 9567: 9565:Further reading 9549: 9528: 9504: 9496:, AuthorHouse, 9486: 9468: 9440: 9439: 9424: 9406: 9388: 9358: 9327: 9311: 9306: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9200: 9199: 9187: 9183: 9176:thediplomat.com 9168: 9164: 9149: 9145: 9140:. 13 June 2011. 9132: 9131: 9127: 9115: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9055: 9051: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8957: 8956: 8947: 8946: 8938: 8931: 8922: 8920: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8859: 8855: 8846: 8844: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8771: 8767: 8757: 8755: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8717:10.2307/2137774 8700: 8694: 8690: 8680: 8678: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8624:"Ngo Dinh Diem" 8622: 8621: 8617: 8606: 8550: 8548: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8488: 8484: 8469:10.2307/3024603 8453: 8449: 8442: 8428: 8424: 8417: 8403: 8399: 8393:10.2307/2753754 8385:Pacific Affairs 8382: 8375: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8333: 8329: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8289: 8285: 8276: 8272: 8263: 8261: 8251: 8247: 8238: 8236: 8235:(in Vietnamese) 8225: 8221: 8212: 8210: 8209:(in Vietnamese) 8199: 8195: 8189:Wayback Machine 8179: 8175: 8168: 8154: 8150: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8116: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8030: 8021: 8017: 8010: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7874:Wayback Machine 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7779: 7772: 7761: 7757: 7746: 7742: 7733: 7731: 7722: 7721: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7656: 7649:hdgmvietnam.com 7641: 7637: 7628: 7624: 7618:Wayback Machine 7605: 7601: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7541: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6985: 6981: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6779: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6645: 6634: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6449: 6445: 6435: 6433: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6359:. New Historian 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6174: 6170: 6111: 6104: 6057: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5956: 5952: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5831:Pham Minh Chinh 5785:South China Sea 5739: 5727:Nguyễn Văn Linh 5650: 5634:Main articles: 5632: 5518:Ngô Đình Diệm's 5516:from Hanoi and 5486: 5350: 5326:Main articles: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5289: 5277: 5266: 5261: 5249:Main articles: 5247: 5156: 5126:. In 1930, the 5090:Nguyễn Thái Học 5063:Tự Lực Văn Đoàn 5033:Phan Châu Trinh 4992: 4944:Tôn Thất Thuyết 4936:Phan Đình Phùng 4873: 4861:Main articles: 4859: 4854: 4834:Tonkin Campaign 4826:Black Flag Army 4818:Francis Garnier 4812:) and captured 4788:Siege of Saigon 4756: 4754:Tonkin Campaign 4750:Phan Thanh Giản 4742:Phan Đình Phùng 4728:Main articles: 4726: 4724:French conquest 4713: 4700:Joseph Marchand 4675: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4537: 4531: 4526: 4398:Tây Sơn dynasty 4386:Dominican Order 4295:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 4243: 4237:Tây Sơn dynasty 4235:Main articles: 4233: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4096: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4014: 4006:Main articles: 4004: 3996:Nguyễn Phúc Tần 3955: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3930: 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2080: 2074: 2015: 2007:Main articles: 2005: 1950: 1938:Main articles: 1924: 1892: 1822:Red River Delta 1788: 1783: 1771:Main articles: 1767: 1620:Red River Delta 1612: 1592:Japanese Empire 1489:local dynasties 1477:Dương Đình Nghệ 1458:Indian cultures 1411:around 700 BC. 1393:Red River Delta 1358:The history of 1352: 1314: 1312: 1305: 1304: 1300:National anthem 1285: 1284: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1248: 1247: 1228: 1227: 1209: 1208: 1194: 1193: 1182: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1160: 1159: 1130: 1129: 1104: 1103: 1079: 1078: 1035: 1017: 981: 979: 974: 973: 972: 912: 904: 903: 777: 767: 766: 735: 721: 675: 666: 656: 655: 597: 587: 586: 567:Tây Sơn dynasty 450: 440: 439: 383: 373: 372: 333: 323: 322: 218:Bắc Sơn culture 158: 136: 129: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 11543: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11496: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11452: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11411: 11409: 11401: 11400: 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10779: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10751: 10749: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10689:hybrid variant 10677: 10667: 10666: 10665: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10632:Rail transport 10629: 10623: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10533: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10492:Power stations 10489: 10484: 10474: 10466: 10463:("Renovation") 10456: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10405: 10403: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10366: 10355: 10353: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10292: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10233:Prime Minister 10230: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10221:Vice President 10212: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10156: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10043: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10020: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9996:District-level 9993: 9988: 9986:Municipalities 9983: 9977: 9975: 9966: 9965: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9929:National parks 9921: 9916: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9907:Climate change 9899: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9830: 9828: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9782: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9762: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9719: 9709: 9695: 9694:External links 9692: 9691: 9690: 9681: 9675: 9665:. Ithaca, NY: 9658: 9652: 9631: 9620:Nguyễn Thế Anh 9617: 9612:978-2846540643 9611: 9596: 9590: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9552: 9547: 9532: 9526: 9507: 9502: 9489: 9484: 9471: 9466: 9453: 9427: 9423:978-9747534993 9422: 9409: 9405:978-9749511541 9404: 9391: 9386: 9373: 9365:Trần Trọng Kim 9361: 9357:978-6041690134 9356: 9340: 9331: 9325: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9286: 9268: 9250: 9232: 9214: 9181: 9170:Thayer, Carl. 9162: 9143: 9125: 9104: 9086: 9068: 9049: 9031: 9013: 8995: 8967: 8958:|website= 8929: 8904: 8897: 8879: 8872: 8853: 8826: 8817: 8765: 8737: 8711:(4): 783–812. 8688: 8658: 8640: 8615: 8604: 8572:(4): 395–426. 8528: 8515: 8508: 8482: 8463:(8): 113–126. 8447: 8440: 8422: 8415: 8397: 8373: 8369:978-0813165752 8352: 8345: 8327: 8310: 8303: 8283: 8270: 8245: 8219: 8193: 8173: 8166: 8148: 8135: 8128: 8110: 8090: 8063:(3): 573–618. 8047: 8038: 8028: 8015: 8008: 7988: 7981: 7961: 7951: 7941: 7931: 7912:(4): 896–922. 7893: 7881: 7858: 7846: 7839: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7785: 7770: 7755: 7740: 7712: 7700: 7697:(in Japanese). 7682: 7667: 7654: 7635: 7622: 7599: 7578: 7576:, p. 259. 7566: 7564:, p. 258. 7554: 7552:, p. 239. 7539: 7537:, p. 238. 7524: 7522:, p. 237. 7512: 7510:, p. 230. 7497: 7495:, p. 229. 7485: 7483:, p. 217. 7473: 7471:, p. 193. 7461: 7459:, p. 192. 7449: 7447:, p. 182. 7437: 7435:, p. 257. 7425: 7413: 7401: 7389: 7377: 7375:, p. 110. 7365: 7363:, p. 109. 7353: 7351:, p. 103. 7341: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7266:, p. 468. 7264:Twitchett 2008 7256: 7238: 7226: 7224:, pp. 197 7214: 7212:, pp. 193 7202: 7200:, pp. 160 7190: 7178: 7176:, pp. 155 7166: 7164:, pp. 154 7154: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7105: 7095: 7083: 7081:, p. 100. 7071: 7059: 7052: 7033: 7026: 7007: 7000: 6988:Scott, William 6979: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6938:, p. 160. 6928: 6926:, p. 164. 6916: 6914:, p. 154. 6904: 6902:, p. 125. 6892: 6890:, p. 124. 6880: 6878:, p. 122. 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6806:, p. 133. 6796: 6777: 6755: 6742: 6740:, p. 132. 6730: 6718: 6706: 6704:, p. 110. 6694: 6687: 6667: 6655: 6632: 6625: 6605: 6593: 6571: 6545: 6519: 6512: 6492: 6470: 6463: 6443: 6416: 6390:(4): 227–274. 6370: 6347: 6325: 6314:. Asian-Nation 6303: 6294: 6285: 6275: 6259: 6249: 6238:. Roger Blench 6224: 6217: 6195: 6188: 6168: 6102: 6044: 6035: 6026: 6014: 6001: 5992:"Ancient time" 5983: 5950: 5947:on 2010-01-06. 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5865:History portal 5854: 5851:Vietnam portal 5838: 5835: 5738: 5735: 5671:Fall of Saigon 5631: 5628: 5506:United Kingdom 5485: 5482: 5322: 5321: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5246: 5243: 5235:Ba Đình square 5155: 5152: 5132:Nguyễn Ái Quốc 5086:Yên Bái mutiny 4991: 4988: 4952:French Algeria 4905:Nguyễn dynasty 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4725: 4722: 4712: 4709: 4704:Nguyễn dynasty 4667: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4605: 4604: 4601:(r. 1802–1820) 4596: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4574: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4535:Nguyễn dynasty 4533:Main article: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4514:Chinh Phụ Ngâm 4477:Nguyễn dynasty 4322:Lê Chiêu Thống 4287:ethnic Chinese 4232: 4229: 4119: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4100:Avalokiteśvara 4097: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4003: 4000: 3942: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3924: 3917: 3916: 3904: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3871: 3868: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3697:Chinese styles 3630:Xuande Emperor 3584: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3562: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3546:Main article: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3479: 3476: 3448:Indravarman VI 3436:Simhavarman IV 3412:Tran Thai Tong 3401: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3376:(r. 1288–1307) 3371: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3306:Trần Khát Chân 3178:Lý Chiêu Hoàng 3148: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3126: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3072:Lý Thường Kiệt 2955: 2952: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2801: 2798: 2760:Kiều Công Tiễn 2735: 2732: 2714:, followed by 2619: 2616: 2582:Jayavarman VII 2558:Suryavarman II 2514:Indravarman II 2470: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2380:Main article: 2377: 2374: 2332:Main article: 2329: 2326: 2271: 2268: 2254:Triệu Quốc Đạt 2238:Three Kingdoms 2217:Main article: 2202: 2199: 2178:Trưng Nữ Vương 2154: 2151: 2087:Main article: 2084: 2081: 2076:Main article: 2073: 2070: 2004: 2001: 1997:Cổ Loa Citadel 1962:An Dương Vương 1944:Cổ Loa Citadel 1940:An Dương Vương 1932:Cổ Loa Citadel 1923: 1920: 1896:The Legend of 1888: 1787: 1784: 1766: 1763: 1611: 1608: 1577:Imperial Japan 1354: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1001: 993: 990: 989: 976: 975: 971: 970: 968:Indochina Wars 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 899: 896: 890: 889: 886: 880: 879: 876: 874:Jarai kingdoms 870: 869: 866: 860: 859: 856: 850: 849: 846: 840: 839: 836: 830: 829: 826: 820: 819: 816: 810: 809: 806: 800: 799: 796: 790: 789: 786: 778: 773: 772: 769: 768: 763: 762: 759: 753: 752: 749: 747:Subsidy period 743: 742: 739: 729: 728: 725: 715: 714: 711: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 689: 683: 682: 679: 667: 662: 661: 658: 657: 652: 651: 648: 642: 641: 638: 630: 629: 626: 620: 619: 616: 610: 609: 606: 598: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 582: 579: 577:Nguyễn dynasty 573: 572: 569: 563: 562: 559: 553: 552: 549: 543: 542: 539: 533: 532: 529: 523: 522: 519: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 499: 493: 492: 489: 483: 482: 479: 473: 472: 469: 463: 462: 459: 451: 446: 445: 442: 441: 436: 435: 432: 426: 425: 422: 416: 415: 412: 406: 405: 402: 396: 395: 392: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 369: 368: 365: 359: 358: 355: 349: 348: 342: 334: 329: 328: 325: 324: 319: 318: 315: 309: 308: 305: 299: 298: 295: 289: 288: 285: 283:Gò Mun culture 279: 278: 275: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 256: 244: 243: 240: 238:Đa Bút culture 234: 233: 230: 224: 223: 220: 214: 213: 211: 203: 202: 199: 193: 192: 190: 182: 181: 178: 176:Sơn Vi culture 172: 171: 169: 159: 154: 153: 150: 149: 141: 140: 131: 130: 123: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11542: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11495: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11430:South Ossetia 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11128: 11126: 11121: 11119: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10965: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10794:Ethnic groups 10792: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10627:Air transport 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10556: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10514:Manufacturing 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10504:Foreign trade 10502: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10487:Nuclear power 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10301:Chief Justice 10299: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10056:South Central 10054: 10052: 10051:North Central 10049: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10004: 10002: 10001:Commune-level 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9870: 9869:South Vietnam 9867: 9865: 9864:North Vietnam 9862: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9760: 9755: 9753: 9748: 9746: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9636:Reid, Anthony 9632: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9558: 9553: 9550: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9508: 9505: 9499: 9495: 9490: 9487: 9481: 9477: 9472: 9469: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9407: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9389: 9383: 9379: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9210: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9121: 9114: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8979: 8971: 8963: 8951: 8943: 8936: 8934: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8883: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8769: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8741: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8558: 8547:on 2011-04-20 8546: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8525: 8519: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8418: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8348: 8346:9780520944602 8342: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8287: 8280: 8274: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8177: 8169: 8167:9780520274150 8163: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8131: 8129:9780520041561 8125: 8121: 8114: 8108: 8107:1-898876-67-3 8104: 8101:, pp. 23–24; 8100: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8042: 8032: 8025: 8019: 8011: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7992: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7965: 7955: 7945: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7898: 7890: 7885: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7842: 7840:0-8047-1376-6 7836: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7795:, p. 42. 7794: 7789: 7783:, p. 43. 7782: 7777: 7775: 7766: 7759: 7752:. p. 95. 7751: 7744: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7710:, p. 21. 7709: 7704: 7696: 7689: 7687: 7680:, p. 20. 7679: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7536: 7531: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7502: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7338: 7332: 7326:, p. 93. 7325: 7320: 7314:, p. 84. 7313: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7278:, p. 81. 7277: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7236:, p. 86. 7235: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7188:, p. 62. 7187: 7182: 7175: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7152:, p. 60. 7151: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7128:, p. 47. 7127: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7099: 7093:, p. 45. 7092: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7069:, p. 53. 7068: 7063: 7055: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7011: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6842:, p. 69. 6841: 6840:Coedes (1975) 6836: 6830:, p. 48. 6829: 6824: 6818:, p. 90. 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6784: 6780: 6778:0-7315-0901-3 6774: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6690: 6684: 6681:. NUS Press. 6680: 6679: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6609: 6603:, p. 25. 6602: 6597: 6581: 6575: 6556: 6549: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6480: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6447: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6358: 6351: 6335: 6329: 6313: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6253: 6234: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6039: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:South Vietnam 5914: 5913:North Vietnam 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5855: 5852: 5841: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5827:Vo Van Thuong 5823: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5710:Hoa community 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600:reunification 5597: 5593: 5592:Tet Offensive 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5524:), governing 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5490:Dien Bien Phu 5481: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5441:with a naval 5440: 5432: 5431:Dien Bien Phu 5427: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5412:Daniel Guerin 5409: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5361:South Vietnam 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5318: 5315: 5307: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5281:This section 5279: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5105:revolutionary 5102: 5097: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5043:Modernization 5040: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5017:Phan Bội Châu 5014: 5013: 5004: 5000: 4999:Phan Bội Châu 4996: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4836:(1883–1886). 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4822:Henri Rivière 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4782:(present-day 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4718: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4654: 4647: 4637: 4630: 4616: 4609: 4600: 4593: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4559: 4541: 4536: 4521: 4519: 4518:Hồ Xuân Hương 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4479:lasted until 4478: 4474: 4470: 4467:. Gia is for 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4365:(present-day 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4257:In 1771, the 4252: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4076: 4067: 4064:18th century 4060: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4023: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3959: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3928: 3927:Red Seal Ship 3921: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3801:Mạc Đăng Dung 3794: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3744:midst of the 3742: 3738: 3737:Luang Prabang 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3692:Hồng Đức code 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3672:Lê Thánh Tông 3669: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3655:, renamed it 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3549: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3514:Hồ Hán Thương 3511: 3508:and captured 3507: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464:Le Thanh Tong 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444:momentum peak 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3421:Indravarman V 3418: 3413: 3398: 3386: 3375: 3368: 3359: 3352: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298:Trần Duệ Tông 3295: 3291: 3288:to Cham king 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3237:Trần Hưng Đạo 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209:Mongol Empire 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3193:Lý Long Tường 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3145: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3109: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898:Tĩnh Hải quân 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:Tĩnh Hải quân 2740: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708:Tĩnh Hải quân 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:Yasodharapura 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2467: 2455: 2441: 2429: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2169:Trưng Sisters 2164: 2160: 2159:Trưng Sisters 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2090: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2013:Triệu dynasty 2010: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1890:Dong Son drum 1886: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1797: 1792: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:Austroasiatic 1664: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:French Empire 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1437:Trưng sisters 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 994: 992: 991: 988: 978: 977: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 908: 907: 897: 895: 892: 891: 887: 885: 882: 881: 877: 875: 872: 871: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 855: 852: 851: 847: 845: 842: 841: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 825: 822: 821: 817: 815: 812: 811: 807: 805: 802: 801: 797: 795: 792: 791: 787: 785: 782: 781: 776: 771: 770: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 748: 745: 744: 740: 734: 731: 730: 726: 720: 719:South Vietnam 717: 716: 712: 710: 709: 705: 704: 700: 698: 695: 694: 690: 688: 685: 684: 680: 674: 673:North Vietnam 671: 670: 665: 660: 659: 649: 647: 644: 643: 639: 637: 636: 632: 631: 627: 625: 624:French Tonkin 622: 621: 617: 615: 612: 611: 607: 605: 602: 601: 596: 591: 590: 580: 578: 575: 574: 570: 568: 565: 564: 560: 558: 555: 554: 550: 548: 545: 544: 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 528: 525: 524: 520: 518: 515: 514: 510: 508: 505: 504: 500: 498: 495: 494: 490: 488: 485: 484: 480: 478: 475: 474: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 458: 455: 454: 449: 444: 443: 433: 431: 428: 427: 423: 421: 418: 417: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 401: 398: 397: 393: 391: 388: 387: 382: 377: 376: 367:204 BC–111 BC 366: 364: 363:Triệu dynasty 361: 360: 357:257 BC–179 BC 356: 354: 351: 350: 343: 341: 338: 337: 332: 327: 326: 316: 314: 313:Óc Eo culture 311: 310: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 294: 291: 290: 286: 284: 281: 280: 276: 274: 271: 270: 266: 264: 261: 260: 257: 255: 254: 250: 246: 245: 241: 239: 236: 235: 231: 229: 226: 225: 221: 219: 216: 215: 212: 210: 209: 205: 204: 200: 198: 195: 194: 191: 189: 188: 184: 183: 179: 177: 174: 173: 170: 168: 167: 163: 162: 157: 152: 151: 147: 143: 142: 139: 133: 132: 127: 122: 121: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 11445:Dependencies 11389: 11375:Turkmenistan 11340:Saudi Arabia 11036:Martial arts 10859:Architecture 10829:Christianity 10747:Demographics 10705:Prostitution 10663:Universities 10609:Water supply 10459: 10369:Border Guard 10364:Ground Force 10352:Armed forces 10130:Human rights 10115:Constitution 10078:Mekong Delta 9777: 9684: 9662: 9639: 9627: 9601: 9580:. New York: 9576: 9556: 9536: 9512: 9493: 9475: 9457: 9434: 9431:Phạm Văn Sơn 9413: 9395: 9377: 9368: 9347: 9335: 9316: 9309:Bibliography 9298: 9289: 9280: 9271: 9262: 9253: 9244: 9235: 9226: 9217: 9194: 9184: 9175: 9165: 9156: 9146: 9137: 9128: 9120:durham.ac.uk 9119: 9107: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9071: 9063:The Guardian 9062: 9052: 9043: 9034: 9025: 9016: 9007: 8998: 8977: 8970: 8941: 8921:. Retrieved 8917: 8907: 8888: 8882: 8863: 8856: 8845:. Retrieved 8839: 8829: 8820: 8815:See Table 3. 8784: 8778: 8768: 8756:. Retrieved 8750: 8740: 8729:the original 8708: 8704: 8691: 8681:23 September 8679:. Retrieved 8675:the original 8670: 8661: 8643: 8631:. Retrieved 8627: 8618: 8609: 8594: 8569: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8549:. Retrieved 8545:the original 8540: 8531: 8523: 8518: 8493: 8485: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8431: 8425: 8406: 8400: 8384: 8360: 8355: 8336: 8330: 8320: 8313: 8293: 8286: 8278: 8273: 8262:. Retrieved 8258: 8248: 8237:. Retrieved 8232: 8222: 8211:. Retrieved 8206: 8196: 8191:, libcom.org 8176: 8157: 8151: 8143: 8138: 8119: 8113: 8098: 8093: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8041: 8031: 8023: 8018: 7998: 7991: 7971: 7964: 7954: 7944: 7934: 7909: 7905: 7884: 7876: 7861: 7849: 7830: 7824: 7812: 7800: 7788: 7758: 7749: 7743: 7732:. Retrieved 7703: 7657: 7648: 7638: 7625: 7608: 7602: 7593: 7569: 7557: 7515: 7488: 7476: 7464: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7421:Maspero 2002 7416: 7404: 7397:Maspero 2002 7392: 7385:Maspero 2002 7380: 7368: 7356: 7344: 7331: 7319: 7307: 7302:, p. 77 7300:Chapuis 1995 7295: 7287: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7250: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7181: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7108: 7098: 7086: 7079:Juzheng 1995 7074: 7067:Juzheng 1995 7062: 7042: 7036: 7016: 7010: 6991: 6982: 6973: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6789:22 September 6787:. Retrieved 6768: 6758: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6677: 6670: 6658: 6650: 6647:Keat Gin Ooi 6615: 6608: 6596: 6584:. Retrieved 6574: 6562:. Retrieved 6548: 6536:. Retrieved 6534:. IRD France 6522: 6502: 6495: 6483:. Retrieved 6473: 6453: 6446: 6434:. Retrieved 6428: 6419: 6407:. Retrieved 6387: 6383: 6373: 6361:. Retrieved 6350: 6338:. Retrieved 6328: 6316:. Retrieved 6306: 6297: 6288: 6278: 6262: 6252: 6240:. Retrieved 6227: 6208: 6198: 6178: 6171: 6162: 6122: 6118: 6068: 6064: 6038: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6004: 5996:the original 5986: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5945:the original 5935: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5805:Donald Trump 5794: 5789:Barack Obama 5774: 5755: 5750:Bill Clinton 5740: 5719: 5679: 5651: 5620:Agent Orange 5578:and regular 5569: 5565: 5549: 5502:Soviet Union 5487: 5478:French Union 5473: 5436: 5378: 5366: 5310: 5301: 5290:Please help 5285:verification 5282: 5215:power vacuum 5208: 5193: 5164:Vichy French 5157: 5110: 5107:of Vietnam. 5067: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5010: 5008: 4983:Trần Cao Vân 4972: 4968: 4963:Protectorate 4958: 4956: 4933: 4913:Poulo Condor 4910: 4903:Flag of the 4846:protectorate 4807: 4757: 4716: 4714: 4676: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4438: 4391: 4315: 4291:anti-Chinese 4256: 4241:Tây Sơn wars 4217:Khmer Empire 4213:Mekong Delta 4206: 4193:Nguyễn lords 4190: 4186:Christianity 4175: 4165: 4155: 4152:chữ Quốc ngữ 4140:Roman Empire 4133: 3984: 3977: 3965: 3943: 3880:Nguyễn lords 3864:Nguyễn Hoàng 3837: 3825:Nguyễn Hoàng 3809: 3798: 3756:since 1533. 3754:Christianity 3714:its capital 3705: 3688:Confucianism 3685: 3642: 3607: 3521:directly as 3499: 3456: 3433: 3425: 3408: 3360:(r. 1360–90) 3310: 3294:Chế Bồng Nga 3271: 3262: 3241: 3206: 3190: 3186:Trần dynasty 3167: 3057: 3041:Dali kingdom 3032:Quốc Tử Giám 3017: 2992: 2987:Lý Thái Tông 2964:Trần dynasty 2948:Lê Long Đĩnh 2945: 2918: 2908:(modern-day 2890:Đinh dynasty 2886:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh 2878: 2873:Khmer Empire 2845:Đinh dynasty 2809: 2805: 2803: 2778:Southern Han 2763: 2727: 2705: 2666: 2663:Tales of Wei 2662: 2659:Roman Empire 2652: 2642: 2628:Tang dynasty 2612:Yakan people 2592: 2590: 2579: 2545:Khmer Empire 2542: 2520:(modern-day 2511: 2500: 2496:Sambhuvarman 2477: 2392:Tang dynasty 2385: 2343: 2337: 2305: 2295: 2261: 2222: 2189: 2172: 2166: 2147:Confucianism 2122: 2110: 2100: 2055: 2049: 2027: 1978: 1951: 1906: 1895: 1876:. The local 1845: 1841: 1840:), paladin ( 1837: 1807: 1805: 1768: 1746: 1742: 1738:Khmer Empire 1710: 1706: 1698:Munda people 1687: 1679:Sino-Tibetan 1663:Austronesian 1656: 1585: 1581:Mekong Delta 1466: 1413: 1386: 1377:Sinanthropus 1375: 1357: 1295:Coat of arms 1155:Christianity 1140:Confucianism 1053: 844:Dali Kingdom 834:Khmer Empire 761:1986–present 706: 633: 614:French Annam 507:Trần dynasty 477:Đinh dynasty 394:111 BC–40 AD 353:Thục dynasty 287:1,000–800 BC 247: 206: 185: 164: 134: 104: 95: 85: 78: 71: 64: 52: 40:Please help 35:verification 32: 15: 11504:Asia portal 11405:States with 11325:Philippines 11265:South Korea 11260:North Korea 11155:Afghanistan 10999:Nationalism 10950:News Agency 10901:Ingredients 10592:Expressways 10580:Visa policy 10546:Measurement 10499:Foreign aid 10449:Agriculture 10386:Coast Guard 10254:Legislative 9849:Monarchical 9834:Prehistoric 9582:Basic Books 9344:Ngô Sĩ Liên 9281:Nikkei Asia 9227:The Balance 9081:www.wto.org 8758:24 February 8633:26 November 7817:Dutton 2008 7805:Dutton 2008 7793:Dutton 2008 7781:Dutton 2008 7708:Dutton 2008 7678:Dutton 2008 7574:Walker 2012 7562:Walker 2012 7550:Coedes 1975 7535:Coedes 1975 7520:Coedes 1975 7508:Coedes 1975 7493:Coedes 1975 7481:Coedes 1975 7469:Coedes 1975 7457:Coedes 1975 7445:Coedes 1975 7433:Walker 2012 7409:Walker 2012 7373:Taylor 2013 7361:Taylor 2013 7349:Taylor 2013 7324:Taylor 2013 7312:Taylor 2013 7276:Taylor 2013 7234:Taylor 2013 7186:Taylor 2013 7150:Taylor 2013 7138:Walker 2012 7126:Taylor 2013 7091:Taylor 2013 6960:Coedes 1975 6948:Coedes 1975 6936:Coedes 1975 6924:Coedes 1975 6912:Coedes 1975 6900:Coedes 1975 6888:Coedes 1975 6876:Coedes 1975 6864:Taylor 1983 6852:Taylor 1983 6828:Coedes 1975 6816:Taylor 1983 6804:Walker 2012 6738:Walker 2012 6726:Walker 2012 6714:Walker 2012 6702:Walker 2012 6663:Taylor 1983 6601:Taylor 1983 6336:. Đăng Nhận 6119:BMC Biology 5801:Kim Jong Un 5783:, over the 5706:Vietnam War 5694:Khmer Rouge 5574:(1954–75), 5510:Hồ Chí Minh 5467:Cochinchina 5416:Tạ Thu Thâu 5385:Trotskyists 5363:(1954–1976) 5348:Vietnam War 5227:Hồ Chí Minh 5168:Hồ Chí Minh 5124:Tạ Thu Thâu 5101:Hồ Chí Minh 5025:Duy Tân Hội 4925:Trương Định 4907:, 1920–1945 4792:Cochinchina 4738:Trương Định 4579:, a UNESCO 4502:Truyện Kiều 4382:Cochinchina 4347:Nguyễn Nhạc 4339:Quang Trung 4283:Cham people 4267:Nguyễn Nhạc 4197:Trịnh lords 4182:Cochinchina 4121:Buddhanandi 3979:Trịnh Tráng 3944:Five tigers 3925:A Japanese 3876:Trịnh lords 3856:Trịnh lords 3810:Meanwhile, 3805:Mạc dynasty 3789:Mac dynasty 3771:Mạc dynasty 3720:Cham people 3701:Ngô Sĩ Liên 3676:Muang Phuan 3622:Nguyễn Trãi 3589:, a UNESCO 3459:Ibn Battuta 3440:Po Binasuor 3358:Po Binasuor 3325:Ming Empire 3266:, 1069–1757 3224:Kublai Khan 3217:Kublai Khan 3213:Möngke Khan 3174:Trần Thủ Độ 3013:Lý Công Uẩn 2995:Lý Công Uẩn 2902:Đại Cồ Việt 2841:Ngô dynasty 2764:Since 905, 2534:Lưu Kế Tông 2362:Rudravarman 2211:Jin dynasty 2190:Vietnamese: 2173:Vietnamese: 2101:In 111 BC, 1930:Map of the 1898:Thánh Gióng 1722:Proto-Khmer 1713:Cham people 1694:Hoabinhians 1429:Han dynasty 1364:Hoabinhians 938:Immigration 918:Agriculture 547:Mạc dynasty 457:Ngô dynasty 166:Paleolithic 156:Prehistoric 135:History of 11519:Categories 11385:Uzbekistan 11360:Tajikistan 11275:Kyrgyzstan 11255:Kazakhstan 11175:Bangladesh 11165:Azerbaijan 11009:Trotskyism 10984:Philosophy 10960:Newspapers 10945:Television 10940:Mass media 10928:Literature 10720:Corruption 10568:Censorship 10551:Inventions 10524:Automotive 10471:(currency) 10228:Government 10110:Censorship 9914:Ecoregions 9548:7101003214 9099:World Bank 9095:"Overview" 8923:2016-09-01 8847:2012-08-11 8611:elsewhere. 8551:2016-07-15 8264:2021-05-17 8239:2022-12-05 8213:2022-12-04 7865:(1902–03) 7734:2011-11-17 7001:9711002264 5792:military. 5762:World Bank 5690:Phnom Penh 5461:, but the 5213:created a 5120:Trotskyist 5082:Kuomintang 4975:Thành Thái 4679:Nguyễn Ánh 4453:Nguyễn Ánh 4441:Nguyễn Huệ 4414:Pondichéry 4394:Nguyễn Ánh 4330:petitioned 4326:Qing China 4324:, fled to 4318:Trịnh Khải 4275:Nguyễn Huệ 4177:Đàng Trong 4167:Đàng Ngoài 4144:Marco Polo 4123:statue of 3888:See also: 3842:conquered 3840:Trịnh Tùng 3829:Quảng Bình 3821:Trịnh Kiểm 3812:Nguyễn Kim 3793:Le dynasty 3775:Lê-Mạc War 3750:Portuguese 3653:Thăng Long 3645:Lê dynasty 3616:, led the 3468:Panduranga 3286:Huyền Trân 3248:Marco Polo 3197:Lê Văn Hưu 3076:amphibious 3028:Thăng Long 2999:Lý dynasty 2972:See also: 2968:Hồ dynasty 2960:Lý dynasty 2875:in purple. 2770:Vietnamese 2728:Vietnamese 2505:empire in 2488:Sui Empire 2318:Bình Thuận 2314:Quảng Bình 2234:Eastern Wu 2127:Quảng Bình 2066:Han Empire 1981:Hùng kings 1872:, and the 1854:Bronze Age 1850:Copper Age 1830:Hùng Kings 1749:Betel nuts 1671:Hmong-Mien 1529:Revival Lê 1517:Later Trần 1238:Television 1191:Literature 1077:Traditions 517:Hồ dynasty 317:(1–630 AD) 197:Hoabinhian 187:Mesolithic 98:April 2024 68:newspapers 11471:Hong Kong 11425:Palestine 11350:Sri Lanka 11345:Singapore 11225:Indonesia 11004:Socialism 10994:Communism 10989:Anarchism 10918:Festivals 10879:Animation 10782:Phonology 10658:Education 10619:Transport 10587:Transport 10519:Standards 10381:Air Force 10288:Judiciary 10278:Elections 10245:Ministers 10216:President 10209:Executive 10185:Politburo 10073:Southeast 10039:Northwest 10034:Northeast 9981:Provinces 9973:Divisions 9885:Geography 9791:Dynasties 9245:France 24 9203:cite news 8960:ignored ( 8950:cite book 8671:Bob Seals 8586:153956945 8085:145374444 7926:158733115 7889:Choi 2004 7854:Choi 2004 6404:162300712 6141:1741-7007 6125:(1): 61. 5928:Citations 5747:President 5584:communist 5576:Viet Cong 5526:the South 5514:the North 5420:Việt Minh 5401:syncretic 5381:Việt Minh 5304:July 2021 5229:read the 5204:broke out 5172:Việt Minh 5116:Communist 5074:Guangzhou 4948:Cần Vương 4688:Thiệu Trị 4684:Minh Mạng 4653:Khải Định 4636:Minh Mạng 4506:Nguyễn Du 4406:Louis XVI 4271:Nguyễn Lữ 4251:Qing army 4160:in 1651. 3992:Trịnh Tạc 3962:Lordship. 3911:Red River 3852:Trịnh Tạc 3833:Bình Định 3816:Thanh Hóa 3657:Đông Kinh 3614:Thanh Hóa 3608:In 1418, 3565:Fujianese 3518:Hồ family 3510:Hồ Quý Ly 3454:in 1428. 3329:Confucian 3313:Hồ Quý Ly 3246:explorer 3242:In 1288, 3228:abandoned 3182:Trần Cảnh 3084:Guangdong 3045:Vajrayana 2985:built by 2925:Đinh Toàn 2921:Đinh Liễn 2786:Ngô Quyền 2752:Khúc clan 2722:title of 2712:Khúc clan 2549:waged war 2522:Quảng Nam 2518:Indrapura 2484:Simhapura 2478:The Cham 2404:Sui China 2358:Kaundinya 2115:Thanh Hóa 2038:Guangdong 1989:Phong Khê 1970:Guangdong 1838:lạc tướng 1600:Communist 1481:Ngô Quyền 1389:Red River 1263:Monuments 1117:Festivals 1068:Languages 923:Dynasties 898:1707–1832 888:1600–1954 878:1100–1904 868:1061–1432 864:Ngưu Hống 858:1042–1052 751:1975–1986 741:1969–1976 727:1955–1975 713:1954–1976 701:1949–1955 691:1948–1949 681:1945–1976 581:1802–1945 571:1778–1802 561:1533–1789 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Brill. 7728:Archived 7614:Archived 6990:(1984). 6783:Archived 6586:March 5, 6564:March 5, 6538:March 5, 6485:March 5, 6363:March 7, 6340:March 1, 6318:March 1, 6159:33781248 6097:32344428 5837:See also 5777:Cambodia 5745:. After 5540:Vietcong 5504:and the 5399:and the 5053:Quốc Ngữ 5048:Quốc Ngữ 5021:Cường Để 5005:in Japan 5003:Cường Để 4940:Hàm Nghi 4881:Nam Định 4780:Gia Định 4770:ordered 4651:Tomb of 4634:Tomb of 4615:Gia Long 4599:Gia Long 4597:Emperor 4489:Triệu Đà 4469:Gia Định 4465:Gia Long 4457:Phú Xuân 4434:Gia Định 4422:Quy Nhon 4363:Gia Định 4351:Qui Nhơn 4263:Quy Nhon 4106:province 4104:Bắc Ninh 4012:Nam tiến 3848:Cao Bằng 3712:captured 3668:Đại Việt 3649:Đại Việt 3638:Chi Lăng 3634:Liu Shan 3278:Nam tiến 3264:Nam tiến 3244:Venetian 3170:Nam Định 3096:Bắc Ninh 3080:Yongzhou 3049:Buddhism 2865:Đại Việt 2724:Jiedushi 2703:thành). 2697:Gao Pian 2685:Songping 2649:Bắc Ninh 2284:Quduqian 2141:, while 2135:Buddhism 2107:Giao Chỉ 2046:Nam Việt 2034:Zhao Tuo 2032:general 1985:Văn Lang 1902:Văn Lang 1878:Lạc Việt 1866:Văn Lang 1858:Đông Sơn 1846:bố chính 1834:Văn Lang 1826:Sùng Lãm 1777:Lạc Việt 1651:Sa Huỳnh 1604:republic 1521:Later Lê 1501:Early Lê 1469:Early Lý 1450:Hinduism 1446:Buddhism 1417:Van Lang 1372:hominins 1368:Negritos 1145:Buddhism 1127:Religion 1094:Marriage 1089:Clothing 1028:a series 1026:Part of 948:Monarchs 943:Military 911:By topic 848:937–1253 838:802–1431 798:192–1832 664:Republic 595:Colonial 491:980–1009 448:Dynastic 126:a series 124:Part of 11390:Vietnam 11305:Myanmar 11285:Lebanon 11215:Georgia 11170:Bahrain 11160:Armenia 11076:Outline 11048:Theater 11043:Symbols 10891:Cuisine 10846:Culture 10760:Eunuchs 10646:Society 10575:Tourism 10531:Poverty 10460:Doi Moi 10454:Banking 10437:Economy 10401:Militia 10046:Central 10016:Regions 9941:Mammals 9902:Climate 9897:Borders 9839:Ancient 9778:History 9766:Vietnam 8802:2440905 8725:2137774 8477:3024603 7695:"朱印船貿易" 6436:7 March 6409:7 March 6242:5 March 6150:8008685 6088:7475039 6024:, p. 95 5766:Đổi Mới 5731:Đổi Mới 5723:Comecon 5659:Lê Duẩn 5636:Vietnam 5463:Bảo Đại 5447:Bảo Đại 5408:Hòa Hảo 5404:Cao Dai 5223:Bảo Đại 5200:Bảo Đại 5190:in 1945 5112:Marxism 5038:Duy Tân 5012:Đông Du 4979:Duy Tân 4895:, 1884. 4883:, 1883. 4776:Đà Nẵng 4481:Bảo Đại 4259:Tây Sơn 4225:Siamese 4162:Jesuits 3731:in the 3504:troops 3317:Đại Ngu 3259:Vietnam 3257:Map of 3164:in 1393 3088:Guangxi 3068:Guangxi 2989:in 1049 2933:Lê Hoàn 2894:Emperor 2816:Chữ Nôm 2812:Chữ Hán 2689:Nanzhao 2681:Chengdu 2677:Kunming 2507:Baghdad 2503:Abbasid 2248:woman, 2236:of the 2230:Shi Xie 2226:Shi Xie 2213:382 AD. 2186:Ma Yuan 2119:Hà Tĩnh 2050:pinyin: 2042:Guangxi 1993:Phú Thọ 1966:Âu Việt 1954:Âu Việt 1842:lạc hầu 1814:Lộc Tục 1802:200 BC. 1675:Kra-Dai 1653:people. 1565:Siamese 1541:Tây Sơn 1454:Chinese 1405:Guangxi 1360:Vietnam 1283:Symbols 1110:Cuisine 1084:Kinship 1054:History 928:Economy 828:738–902 824:Nanzhao 818:550–781 808:300–800 757:Đổi Mới 481:968–980 471:965–968 461:939–965 434:602–938 424:544–602 347:–258 BC 345:2879 BC 331:Ancient 137:Vietnam 82:scholar 11435:Taiwan 11370:Turkey 11335:Russia 11270:Kuwait 11250:Jordan 11240:Israel 11200:Cyprus 11185:Brunei 11180:Bhutan 11097:Portal 11026:Sports 10933:Poetry 10913:Emblem 10896:Dishes 10874:Cinema 10869:Awards 10854:Anthem 10824:Taoism 10804:Racism 10755:People 10670:Health 10477:Energy 10409:Police 9991:Cities 9768: 9673: 9650: 9622:& 9609: 9588: 9545: 9524: 9500: 9482: 9464: 9420: 9402: 9384: 9354: 9323: 9004:"Home" 8988: 8895: 8870: 8809: 8799: 8723: 8602: 8584: 8506: 8475: 8438: 8413: 8367: 8343: 8301: 8164: 8126: 8105: 8083: 8077:312870 8075: 8006: 7979: 7924: 7837: 7050: 7024: 6998: 6775: 6685: 6623: 6510: 6461: 6402: 6283:Times. 6215: 6186: 6157: 6147: 6139: 6095: 6085: 5646:, and 5616:napalm 5530:Saigon 5500:, the 5474:within 5459:Tonkin 5389:Saigon 5373:Allied 5346:, and 5257:, and 5140:Stalin 4869:, and 4814:Hà Nội 4810:Tonkin 4803:Saigon 4752:, and 4692:Tự Đức 4690:, and 4677:After 4426:Saigon 4378:Tonkin 4367:Saigon 4273:, and 4221:Saigon 4174:) and 4172:Tonkin 4048:Jesuit 3882:, and 3777:, and 3716:Vijaya 3708:Champa 3680:Champa 3610:Lê Lợi 3587:Hội An 3569:Hội An 3516:. 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