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status-symbol much sought after by the socially ambitious, in
Coulson's words: "Licences to crenellate were mainly symbolic representations of lordly status: castellation was the architectural expression of noble rank". They indicated to the observer that the grantee had obtained "royal recognition, acknowledgment and compliment". They could, however, provide a basic deterrent against wandering bands of thieves, and it is suggested that the function of battlements was comparable to the modern practice of householders fitting highly visible
378:
559:. Loopholes could be made both in the merlons themselves, and under the crenels. They could either look forward (to command distant approaches) or downward (to command the foot of the wall). Sometimes a merlon was pierced with two or three loopholes, but typically, only one loophole was divided into two or three slits by horizontal or vertical partitions. The shape of loopholes, as well as the shape of merlons, need not have been the same everywhere in the castle, as shown by
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There has been academic debate over the purpose of licensing. The view of military-focused historians is that licensing restricted the number of fortifications that could be used against a royal army. The modern view, proposed notably by
Charles Coulson, is that battlements became an architectural
209:
might be fortified by adding battlements, where no parapet previously existed, or cutting crenellations into its existing parapet wall. A distinctive feature of late medieval
English church architecture is to crenellate the tops of church towers, and often the tops of lower walls. These are
204:
The function of battlements in war is to protect the defenders by giving them part of the parapet to hide behind, from which they can quickly expose themselves to launch projectiles, then retreat behind the parapet. A defensive building might be designed and built with battlements, or a
554:
and complicated systems of loopholes, which differ substantially from rest of the world. Typical Indian merlons were semicircular and pointed at the top, although they could sometimes be fake: the parapet may be solid and the merlons shown in relief on the outside, as is the case in
327:. The castles in England vastly outnumbered the licences to crenellate. Royal pardons were obtainable on the payment of an arbitrarily-determined fine by a person who had fortified without licence. The surviving records of such licences, generally issued by
470:
the crenel comprised one-third of the width of the merlon: the latter, in addition, could be provided with arrow-loops of various shapes (from simply round to cruciform), depending on the weapon being utilized. Late merlons permitted fire from the first
331:, provide valuable evidence for the dating of ancient buildings. A list of licences issued by the English Crown between the 12th and the 16th centuries was compiled by Turner & Parker and expanded and corrected by Philip Davis and published in
175:(a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences. These gaps are termed
530:
battlement, with V-shaped notches in the tops of the merlon, giving a horn-like effect. This would allow the defender to be protected whilst shooting standing fully upright. The normal rectangular merlons were later nicknamed Guelph.
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had a more decorative and varied character, and were continued from the 13th century onwards not so much for defensive purposes as for a crowning feature to the walls. They serve a function similar to the
871:
1093:
Coulson, Charles, 1995, "Battlements and the
Bourgeoisie: Municipal Status and the Apparatus of Urban Defence" in Church, Stephen (ed), Medieval Knighthood Vol. 5(Boydell), pp. 119–95
297:, also used to describe a gap of any kind, for example a parking space at the side of the road between two cars, interval between groups of marching troops or a timeslot in a broadcast.
2426:
311:
In medieval
England and Wales a licence to crenellate granted the holder permission to fortify their property. Such licences were granted by the king, and by the rulers of the
686:
503:, additional protection derived from small internal buttresses or spur walls, against which the defender might stand so as to gain complete protection on one side.
479:) that provided added protection when closed. The shutters were designed to be opened to allow shooters to fire against the attackers, and closed during reloading.
522:
Loop-holes were frequent in
Italian battlements, where the merlon has much greater height and a distinctive cap. Italian military architects used the so-called
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and burglar alarms, often merely dummies. The crown usually did not charge for the granting of such licences, but occasionally charged a fee of about half a
1087:
Coulson, Charles, 1979, "Structural
Symbolism in Medieval Castle Architecture" Journal of the British Archaeological Association Vol. 132, pp 73–90
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chimney-pots. A further decorative treatment appears in the elaborate paneling of the merlons and that portion of the parapet walls rising above the
1090:
Coulson, Charles, 1994, "Freedom to
Crenellate by Licence - An Historiographical Revision" Nottingham Medieval Studies Vol. 38, pp. 86–137
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between the 14th and 17th centuries. These were battlements of a "stepped" form, with each merlon shaped like an inverted 'T'.
1047:
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1012:
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2531:
733:
Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of
Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.).
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Battlements may be stepped out to overhang the wall below, and may have openings at their bases between the supporting
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Battlements have been used for thousands of years; the earliest known example is in the fortress at
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Castles in the
Medieval Polity - Crenellation, Privilege, and Defence in England, Ireland and Wales
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518:, Italy, outer walls 13th–14th century, showing on the tower curved v-shaped notches in the merlons
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Larousse Dictionnaire Lexis de la Langue Française, Paris, 1979; Collins French Dictionary Robert
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European architects persistently used battlements as a purely decorative feature throughout the
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essentially decorative rather than functional, as are many examples on secular buildings.
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201:. The act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation.
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behind them. On tower or building tops, the often flat roof is used as a protected
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475:. From the 13th century, the merlons could be connected with wooden shutters (
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Scudi di pietra, I castelli e l'arte della guerra tra Medioevo e Rinascimento
970:
Balestracci, D. (1989). "I materiali da costruzione nel castello medievale".
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Many South Asian battlements are made up of parapets with peculiarly shaped
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periods of Gothic architecture. They not only occur on parapets but on the
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or other gap cut out often to receive another element or fixing; see also
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fortifications, the merlons often were rounded. The battlements of the
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of windows and on the tie-beams of roofs and on screens, and even on
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Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate
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Ireland in the Virginian Sea: Colonialism in the British Atlantic
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600:"Irish" crenellations are a distinctive form that appeared in
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and other conventional forms filled with foliage and shield.
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872:"' Indeed a town of castles'; the castles of Limerick city"
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92:"Castellated" redirects here. For the hardware item, see
27:
Parapet in which gaps or indentations occur at intervals
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233:
The term originated in about the 14th century from the
217:. Battlements on walls have protected walkways, termed
737:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 312.
803:
791:
760:
189:, and a wall or building with them is described as
99:"Embattled" redirects here. For heraldic term, see
1035:
990:(1982). "Hierarchism in Conventual Crenellation".
401:. Battlements were used in the walls surrounding
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732:
427:vases suggest the existence of battlements. The
213:The solid widths between the crenels are called
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619:building exterior, Lyndhurst, New Jersey, USA
163:, in defensive architecture, such as that of
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1013:"English Licences to Crenellate: 1199–1567"
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853:"Irish tower houses - Roaringwater Journal"
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1071:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
491:used low wooden pinnacles for their first
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140:Annotated sketch of an Italian battlement
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
820:
818:
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415:and elsewhere. Traces of them remain at
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315:within their jurisdictions, e.g. by the
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43:This article includes a list of general
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896:Horning, Audrey J. (12 November 2018).
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289:. The modern French word for crenel is
14:
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924:"Irish castles - Roaringwater Journal"
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831:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27.
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29:
2532:Weapons Storage and Security System
699:, Ireland, with Irish crenellations
466:In the European battlements of the
24:
1147:
1081:
735:The Architecture of Ancient Israel
148:Battlement in the coat of arms of
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
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879:North Munster Antiquarian Journal
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132:Drawing of battlements on a tower
3031:
3030:
1020:The Castle Studies Group Journal
704:
685:
671:
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590:Spanish Renaissance architecture
333:The Castle Studies Group Journal
257:derives from the ancient French
34:
934:
916:
889:
482:
1004:10.1080/00766097.1982.11735438
863:
845:
751:
726:
434:
193:; alternative older terms are
13:
1:
2427:British "hedgehog" road block
825:Nossov, Konstantin S (2012).
719:
385:attack on a walled town with
1110:King, D. J. Cathcart, 1983,
870:Hodkinson, Brian J. (2011).
543:Indian style battlements at
381:9th-century BC relief of an
228:
7:
2837:Cities with defensive walls
2422:Defensive fighting position
2337:
2142:
1952:
1898:
1759:
1750:
1716:
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1098:Castles in Medieval Society
10:
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1100:, Oxford University Press.
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121:Decorative battlements in
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91:
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2639:
2544:
2467:Hardened aircraft shelter
2442:Entry control point (ECP)
2354:
2265:
1981:
1974:
1406:
1155:
912:– via Google Books.
679:Idrakpur Fort, Bangladesh
643:, by the introduction of
499:). In the battlements of
2964:Continuity of government
1096:Coulson, Charles, 2003,
942:"Clara Castle, Kilkenny"
506:
2786:Motte-and-bailey castle
2492:Missile launch facility
2487:Main line of resistance
1182:
1112:Castellarium Anglicanum
928:roaringwaterjournal.com
857:roaringwaterjournal.com
260:
240:
64:more precise citations.
2862:Military installations
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1989:
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1173:
1042:. London: Yale Books.
1011:Davis, Philip (2007).
620:
567:Middle East and Africa
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519:
463:
390:
323:and after 1351 by the
292:
276:
268:
253:of defence). The word
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141:
133:
125:
114:
2631:Floating water castle
2362:Admiralty scaffolding
1655:Fortified buildings (
972:Archeologia Medievale
665:Rohtas Fort, Pakistan
615:
542:
514:
442:
380:
307:Licence to crenellate
301:Licence to crenellate
147:
139:
131:
120:
109:
2974:Subterranean warfare
1927:Viking ring fortress
992:Medieval Archaeology
249:" (fixed or movable
101:embattled (heraldry)
3058:Castle architecture
2791:Quadrangular castle
2527:Weapon storage area
1883:Quadrangular castle
902:. UNC Press Books.
788:, pp. 226–245.
535:Indian subcontinent
443:Battlements of the
429:Great Wall of China
405:towns, as shown on
281:, meaning a notch,
245:, "to fortify with
112:Great Wall of China
110:Battlements on the
2522:Underground hangar
2307:Fire control tower
2104:Gunpowder magazine
1532:Butter-churn tower
1103:Coulson, Charles,
1057:Luisi, R. (1996).
1038:The English Castle
946:Megalithic Ireland
621:
608:Decorative element
548:
520:
464:
451:, dating from the
391:
389:shaped battlements
325:Dukes of Lancaster
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142:
134:
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115:
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2969:Military urbanism
2903:Fortified gateway
2776:Concentric castle
2540:
2539:
2457:Fire support base
2297:Coastal artillery
2172:(Spanish America)
1766:
1608:Concentric castle
1049:978-0-300-11058-6
838:978-1-84908-050-7
744:978-965-221-013-5
431:has battlements.
317:Bishops of Durham
313:counties palatine
223:fighting platform
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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2918:National redoubt
2847:Fortified estate
2771:Circular rampart
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2372:Anti-tank trench
2367:Air raid shelter
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2302:Disappearing gun
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1937:Bailey (or ward)
1903:
1808:Motte-and-bailey
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974:(XVI): 227–242.
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545:Kumbhalgarh Fort
321:Earls of Chester
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60:this article by
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2657:Coercion castle
2652:Coastal defence
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2597:Promontory fort
2567:Hillside castle
2536:
2452:Fallout shelter
2417:Concertina wire
2397:Border security
2350:
2261:
1970:
1603:Coercion castle
1591:Cheval de frise
1573:Chemin de ronde
1421:Albarrana tower
1402:
1347:Schwedenschanze
1324:Promontory fort
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1082:Further reading
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2852:Fortifications
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:Counter-castle
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:Border barrier
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Lowland castle
2579:
2574:
2572:Hilltop castle
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Electric fence
2444:
2439:
2437:Dragon's teeth
2434:
2432:Czech hedgehog
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2346:Wire obstacles
2343:
2334:
2332:Polygonal fort
2329:
2324:
2322:Martello tower
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Border outpost
2284:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2161:Polygonal fort
2158:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1767:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1699:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1653:
1651:Flanking tower
1648:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Counter-castle
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:Post-classical
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1398:Vitrified fort
1395:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:Defensive wall
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:Fortifications
1145:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1054:
1048:
1028:
1008:
984:
980:10.1400/244020
966:
964:
961:
958:
957:
933:
915:
908:
888:
862:
844:
837:
814:
802:
790:
771:
759:
750:
743:
724:
723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
710:
703:
701:
693:Taghmon Church
691:
684:
682:
677:
670:
668:
663:
656:
652:
649:
617:Medieval Times
609:
606:
597:
594:
568:
565:
536:
533:
516:Gradara Castle
508:
505:
484:
481:
445:Tower of David
436:
433:
374:
371:
367:machicolations
355:Main article:
352:
351:Machicolations
349:
329:letters patent
305:Main article:
302:
299:
230:
227:
200:
196:
192:
181:, also called
171:, comprises a
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3075:
3064:
3063:Types of wall
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:Urban warfare
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Civil defense
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Bastion forts
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2811:Z-plan castle
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:L-plan castle
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Bridge castle
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Refuge castle
2733:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Military base
2714:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Hunting lodge
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Moated castle
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Island castle
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:By topography
2543:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Submarine pen
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Hesco bastion
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Blast shelter
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Place-of-arms
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1789:Machicolation
1787:
1785:
1784:L-plan castle
1782:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Bridge castle
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:Bent entrance
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Battery tower
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:Advanced work
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1340:Refuge castle
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:Goodall, John
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
967:
947:
943:
937:
929:
925:
919:
911:
909:9781469610726
905:
901:
900:
892:
884:
880:
873:
866:
858:
854:
848:
840:
834:
830:
829:
821:
819:
812:, p. 83.
811:
806:
800:, p. 72.
799:
794:
787:
782:
780:
778:
776:
768:
763:
754:
746:
740:
736:
729:
725:
713:
707:
702:
698:
694:
688:
683:
680:
674:
669:
666:
660:
655:
654:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:Perpendicular
626:
618:
614:
605:
603:
593:
591:
588:found in the
587:
582:
578:
574:
564:
562:
558:
553:
546:
541:
532:
529:
525:
517:
513:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
469:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
432:
430:
426:
425:ancient Greek
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
388:
384:
379:
370:
368:
364:
358:
357:Machicolation
348:
346:
342:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
298:
296:
294:
288:
284:
280:
278:
272:
270:
264:
262:
256:
252:
248:
244:
242:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
211:
208:
202:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
155:
151:
146:
138:
130:
124:
119:
113:
108:
102:
95:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3029:
2984:Siege engine
2952:Other topics
2876:Related word
2842:Defense line
2806:Tower castle
2761:Bastion fort
2745:Urban castle
2673:Ganerbenburg
2671:
2626:Water castle
2602:Ridge castle
2587:Marsh castle
2402:Bomb shelter
2382:Belgian gate
2355:20th century
2266:19th century
2204:Retrenchment
2176:Punji sticks
2085:Entrenchment
2080:Device Forts
2047:Counterguard
1982:Early modern
1912:Tower castle
1848:Powder tower
1823:Outer bailey
1735:Inner bailey
1709:Gulyay-gorod
1677:Ganerbenburg
1675:
1671:Fujian tulou
1613:Corner tower
1552:Chamber gate
1522:Bridge tower
1469:
1370:Trou de loup
1111:
1104:
1097:
1058:
1037:
1023:
1019:
995:
991:
971:
949:. Retrieved
945:
936:
927:
918:
898:
891:
882:
878:
865:
856:
847:
827:
810:Coulson 1982
805:
798:Coulson 1982
793:
769:, p. 9.
767:Goodall 2011
762:
753:
734:
728:
622:
599:
570:
549:
527:
521:
492:
486:
483:Ancient Rome
465:
406:
392:
360:
337:
332:
310:
290:
274:
266:
258:
254:
246:
238:
232:
212:
203:
186:
182:
176:
160:
158:
76:
67:
48:
2883:Castle town
2740:Toll castle
2709:Lustschloss
2691:Kaiserpfalz
2621:Spur castle
2616:Rock castle
2557:Hill castle
2552:Cave castle
2512:Spider hole
2412:Bremer wall
2377:Barbed tape
2273:Barbed wire
1947:Witch tower
1917:Tower house
1907:Toll castle
1893:Shield wall
1813:Murder hole
1702:Guard tower
1319:Pincer gate
1266:Faussebraye
988:Coulson, C.
645:quatrefoils
561:Kumbhalgarh
557:Chittorgarh
528:swallowtail
497:terrepleins
468:Middle Ages
435:Development
423:, and some
408:bas reliefs
207:manor house
195:castellated
191:crenellated
62:introducing
3052:Categories
2908:Gatekeeper
2728:Ordensburg
2700:Landesburg
2507:Sentry gun
2462:Flak tower
2392:Blast wall
2312:Gun turret
2209:Sally port
2114:Kotta mara
2054:Couvreface
2018:Breastwork
2013:Blockhouse
1991:Abwurfdach
1942:Watchtower
1932:Wall tower
1888:Shell keep
1838:Portcullis
1833:Peel tower
1818:Neck ditch
1777:Landesburg
1725:Half tower
1683:Gate tower
1628:Drawbridge
1470:Battlement
1386:Wagon fort
1229:Chengqiang
1026:: 226–245.
998:: 69–100.
951:2019-08-21
786:Davis 2007
720:References
524:Ghibelline
235:Old French
178:embrasures
165:city walls
161:battlement
123:Persepolis
45:references
3011:Guerrilla
2754:By design
2502:Revetment
2317:Land mine
2248:Star fort
2075:Crownwork
2070:Covertway
2003:Barricade
1644:Embrasure
1557:Chartaque
1487:Bergfried
1445:Arrowslit
1271:Gatehouse
1241:City gate
1202:Castellum
1168:Acropolis
1067:cite book
714:in Bosnia
625:Decorated
461:Palestine
449:Jerusalem
287:crenation
273:), Latin
247:batailles
241:batailler
229:Etymology
199:embattled
187:crenelles
150:Seinäjoki
70:July 2010
18:Embattled
3036:Category
3026:See also
2913:Loophole
2801:Ringwork
2796:Ringfort
2721:Obstacle
2562:Hillfort
2482:Loophole
2280:Barbette
2255:Tenaille
2238:Sea fort
2168:Presidio
2128:Magazine
2109:Hornwork
2042:Cavalier
2037:Casemate
2030:Caponier
1873:Ringwork
1761:Detinets
1730:Hoarding
1635:Enceinte
1510:Bretèche
1455:Bartizan
1450:Barbican
1426:Alcazaba
1354:Stockade
1334:Ringfort
1314:Palisade
1286:Landwehr
1281:Hillfort
1034:(2011).
885:: 53–60.
633:transoms
586:cresting
477:mantlets
473:firearms
459:eras in
403:Assyrian
383:Assyrian
319:and the
2943:Vedette
2933:Schloss
2898:Festung
2893:Dungeon
2888:Château
2832:Castles
2640:By role
2497:Pillbox
2327:Outpost
2243:Station
2231:Schanze
2214:Sandbag
2199:Redoubt
2183:Ravelin
2151:Palanka
2135:Orillon
2121:Lunette
2063:Coupure
2008:Bastion
1998:Arsenal
1966:Zwinger
1878:Roundel
1868:Ricetto
1843:Postern
1828:Outwork
1752:Kremlin
1623:Curtain
1598:Citadel
1582:Chemise
1542:Caltrop
1460:Bastion
1433:Alcázar
1329:Rampart
1307:Oppidum
1300:Nuraghe
1246:Crannog
1220:Castros
1156:Ancient
1114:(Kraus)
1061:. Bari.
963:Sources
651:Gallery
641:cornice
602:Ireland
596:Ireland
577:African
552:merlons
501:Pompeii
493:aggeres
457:Ottoman
417:Mycenae
387:zig-zag
373:History
363:corbels
293:créneau
283:mortice
251:turrets
215:merlons
183:crenels
173:parapet
169:castles
154:Finland
58:improve
2938:Trench
2928:Picket
2339:Sangar
2292:Bunker
2224:Sconce
2144:Ostrog
2092:Flèche
1975:Modern
1954:Yagura
1922:Turret
1858:Reduit
1796:Merlon
1740:Kasbah
1718:Gusuku
1695:Glacis
1688:Gabion
1657:church
1564:Chashi
1547:Castle
1391:Laager
1379:Vallum
1336:(Rath)
1211:Castra
1193:Burgus
1163:Abatis
1046:
906:
835:
741:
573:Muslim
489:Romans
453:Mamluk
421:Greece
413:Nimrud
255:crenel
47:, but
2979:Siege
2923:Palas
2867:Walls
2857:Forts
2820:Lists
2667:Fence
2609:Rocca
2477:Kabal
2192:Redan
2099:Gorge
2023:Canal
1900:Shiro
1863:Ribat
1853:Qalat
1665:Dzong
1661:house
1361:Sudis
1293:Limes
1251:Ditch
1184:Broch
1175:Agger
1016:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
637:Tudor
581:Arabs
507:Italy
411:from
399:Egypt
395:Buhen
341:CC TV
277:crena
237:word
2989:list
2407:Buoy
1961:Yett
1803:Moat
1770:Ksar
1745:Keep
1537:Caer
1527:Burh
1503:Boom
1496:Berm
1475:Bawn
1440:Amba
1276:Gord
1073:link
1044:ISBN
904:ISBN
833:ISBN
739:ISBN
627:and
575:and
487:The
455:and
345:mark
269:cran
261:cren
197:and
1261:Dun
1000:doi
976:doi
695:in
571:In
526:or
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419:in
397:in
185:or
167:or
152:in
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