351:
305:
27:
381:
366:
320:
254:
270:
335:
396:
2490:
168:
233:
566:
218:), the merlons were enlarged and provided with loop-holes of various dimensions and shapes, varying from simply rounded to cruciform. From the 13th century, the merlons could also be used to pivot wooden shutters; these added further protection for the defenders when they were not firing, or were firing downwards near the base of the wall. The shutters, also known as
350:
183:
buildings, where battlements, though defensive, could be attractively formed, thus having a secondary decorative purpose. Some (especially later) buildings have false "decorative battlements". The two most notable
European variants in Middle Ages merlons shape were the
232:
289:
After falling out of favour when the invention of the cannon forced fortifications to take a much lower profile, merlons re-emerged as decorative features in buildings constructed in the
1884:
203:, shielded, flower-like, rounded (typical of Islamic and African world), pyramidal, etc., depending either from the type of attacks expected or aesthetic considerations.
304:
551:
192:
merlon: the former ended in the upper part with a swallow-tailed form, while the latter term indicates the normal rectangular shape merlons (
269:
380:
243:
597:
253:
1700:
494:
469:
448:
365:
2294:
1989:
276:
2109:
1894:
535:
334:
210:, the merlons had a width sufficient to shelter a single man. As new weapons appeared in the Middle Ages (including
319:
2319:
2515:
1542:
1080:
590:
1879:
960:
1475:
65:, and a succession of merlons and crenels is a crenellation. Crenels designed in later eras for use by
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1549:
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239:
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26:
20:
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865:
401:
31:
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1556:
1379:
708:
54:
310:
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1959:
1585:
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1350:
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632:
8:
2248:
1984:
1340:
718:
386:
356:
260:
371:
2370:
1979:
1954:
1939:
1934:
1784:
1764:
1561:
1122:
989:
733:
545:
179:, merlons were used in fortifications for millennia. The best-known examples appear on
61:
or slits designed for observation and fire. The space between two merlons is called a
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Balestracci, Duccio (1989). "I materiali da costruzione nel castello medievale".
415:
149:(mentioned from the end of the 10th century) functioned as a diminutive of Latin
82:
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2119:
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2039:
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Scudi di pietra, I castelli e l'arte della guerra tra
Medioevo e Rinascimento
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The medieval fortress: castles, forts and walled cities of the Middle Ages
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2014:
2009:
1969:
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47:
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1964:
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1234:
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245:
Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle
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176:
43:
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or fortifications. Merlons are sometimes pierced by narrow, vertical
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994:
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132:
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J. E. Kaufmann; H. W. Kaufmann; Robert M. Jurga (2004).
159:", expressing an image of this bird sitting on a wall.
453:
489:. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 43, 126, and 165.
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443:, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2003, p. 202.
150:
144:
126:
120:
114:
104:
598:
584:
550:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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222:, could be opened by hand, or by using a
171:Annotated sketch of an Italian battlement
162:
166:
25:
2508:
579:
525:
199:Other shapes include: three-pointed,
1990:Weapons Storage and Security System
487:Dictionary of building preservation
13:
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42:is the solid upright section of a
14:
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564:
394:
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252:
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16:Part of a medieval fortification
441:The Sutton Companion to Castles
94:, possibly a shortened form of
464:. Da Capo Press. p. 307.
433:
1:
1885:British "hedgehog" road block
426:
69:were also called embrasures.
284:
72:
7:
2295:Cities with defensive walls
1880:Defensive fighting position
1795:
1600:
1410:
1356:
1217:
1208:
1174:
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1020:
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293:style of the 19th century.
10:
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296:
18:
2479:
2409:
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1925:Hardened aircraft shelter
1900:Entry control point (ECP)
1812:
1723:
1439:
1432:
864:
613:
2422:Continuity of government
175:As an essential part of
113:), or from a diminutive
2244:Motte-and-bailey castle
1950:Missile launch facility
1945:Main line of resistance
640:
439:Friar, Stephen (2003).
275:Guelphs merlons in the
238:Usage of merlons, from
21:Merlon (disambiguation)
2320:Military installations
2184:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2065:
1736:
1711:
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1677:Scarp and Counterscarp
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1639:
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259:Ghibelline merlons at
172:
163:As part of battlements
151:
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127:
121:
115:
105:
96:
90:
35:
2089:Floating water castle
1820:Admiralty scaffolding
1113:Fortified buildings (
573:at Wikimedia Commons
511:Archeologia Medievale
340:Torre de la Carrova,
240:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
170:
55:medieval architecture
29:
2432:Subterranean warfare
1385:Viking ring fortress
485:Ward Bucher (1996).
277:Castle of Montechino
19:For other uses, see
2516:Castle architecture
2249:Quadrangular castle
1985:Weapon storage area
1341:Quadrangular castle
387:Castle of Capdepera
357:Moscow Kremlin Wall
261:Saint-Pierre Castle
85:, adapted from the
32:Alcazaba of Almería
1980:Underground hangar
1765:Fire control tower
1562:Gunpowder magazine
990:Butter-churn tower
526:Luisi, R. (1996).
374:, Lisbon, Portugal
311:Cathedral of Évora
173:
139:suggests that the
135:). An alternative
36:
2503:
2502:
2427:Military urbanism
2361:Fortified gateway
2234:Concentric castle
1998:
1997:
1915:Fire support base
1755:Coastal artillery
1630:(Spanish America)
1224:
1066:Concentric castle
569:Media related to
496:978-0-471-14413-7
471:978-0-306-81358-0
449:978-0-7509-3994-2
389:, Mallorca, Spain
34:in Almería, Spain
2528:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2376:National redoubt
2305:Fortified estate
2229:Circular rampart
2189:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2070:
1830:Anti-tank trench
1825:Air raid shelter
1800:
1760:Disappearing gun
1741:
1716:
1692:
1653:
1644:
1629:
1605:
1596:
1582:
1553:
1524:
1515:
1491:
1452:
1437:
1436:
1415:
1395:Bailey (or ward)
1361:
1266:Motte-and-bailey
1257:
1238:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1179:
1170:
1156:
1105:
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831:
822:
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768:
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694:Circular rampart
690:
681:
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636:
600:
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549:
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513:(XVI): 227–242.
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476:
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437:
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383:
372:São Jorge Castle
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2483:
2475:
2405:
2329:
2273:
2207:
2142:Imperial castle
2115:Coercion castle
2110:Coastal defence
2093:
2055:Promontory fort
2025:Hillside castle
1994:
1910:Fallout shelter
1875:Concertina wire
1855:Border security
1808:
1719:
1428:
1061:Coercion castle
1049:Cheval de frise
1031:Chemin de ronde
879:Albarrana tower
860:
805:Schwedenschanze
782:Promontory fort
609:
604:
562:
543:
542:
538:
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504:
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472:
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416:Defensive walls
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165:
100:, connected to
83:French language
81:comes from the
75:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2459:Trench warfare
2456:
2454:Tunnel warfare
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2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
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2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
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2404:
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2310:Fortifications
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2213:
2209:
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2190:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2120:Counter-castle
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Border barrier
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2057:
2052:
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2040:Lowland castle
2037:
2032:
2030:Hilltop castle
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
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1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Electric fence
1902:
1897:
1895:Dragon's teeth
1892:
1890:Czech hedgehog
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
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1847:
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1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1804:Wire obstacles
1801:
1792:
1790:Polygonal fort
1787:
1782:
1780:Martello tower
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Border outpost
1742:
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1619:Polygonal fort
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1190:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1111:
1109:Flanking tower
1106:
1097:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:Counter-castle
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
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1007:
1002:
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977:
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930:
925:
920:
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910:
905:
900:
895:
886:
881:
876:
870:
868:
866:Post-classical
862:
861:
859:
858:
856:Vitrified fort
853:
841:
832:
823:
814:
809:
800:
795:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
760:
755:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
714:Defensive wall
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691:
682:
673:
664:
655:
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607:Fortifications
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560:External links
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519:10.1400/244020
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326:Walls of Ávila
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291:Gothic Revival
286:
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237:
230:
214:and the first
164:
161:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2533:
2522:
2521:Types of wall
2519:
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2513:
2511:
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2481:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:Urban warfare
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2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
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2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Civil defense
2415:
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2402:
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2318:
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2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Bastion forts
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2269:Z-plan castle
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:L-plan castle
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Bridge castle
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Refuge castle
2191:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Military base
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Hunting lodge
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
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2090:
2087:
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2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Moated castle
2048:
2046:
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2038:
2036:
2035:Island castle
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:By topography
2001:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
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1975:Submarine pen
1973:
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1968:
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1963:
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1930:Hesco bastion
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1845:Blast shelter
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1614:Place-of-arms
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1247:Machicolation
1245:
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1242:L-plan castle
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975:Bridge castle
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947:
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938:Bent entrance
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923:Battery tower
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874:Advanced work
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845:
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829:
824:
821:
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815:
813:
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807:
806:
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799:
798:Refuge castle
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778:
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537:88-420-5083-0
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473:
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456:
450:
446:
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436:
432:
422:
421:Machicolation
419:
417:
414:
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403:
397:
392:
388:
382:
377:
373:
367:
362:
358:
352:
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336:
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306:
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300:
294:
292:
278:
271:
266:
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255:
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221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
182:
178:
169:
160:
158:
153:
147:
142:
138:
134:
129:
123:
117:
112:
107:
103:
98:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
2487:
2442:Siege engine
2410:Other topics
2334:Related word
2300:Defense line
2264:Tower castle
2219:Bastion fort
2203:Urban castle
2131:Ganerbenburg
2129:
2084:Water castle
2060:Ridge castle
2045:Marsh castle
1860:Bomb shelter
1840:Belgian gate
1813:20th century
1724:19th century
1662:Retrenchment
1634:Punji sticks
1543:Entrenchment
1538:Device Forts
1505:Counterguard
1440:Early modern
1370:Tower castle
1306:Powder tower
1281:Outer bailey
1253:
1193:Inner bailey
1167:Gulyay-gorod
1135:Ganerbenburg
1133:
1129:Fujian tulou
1071:Corner tower
1010:Chamber gate
980:Bridge tower
828:Trou de loup
563:
527:
510:
486:
480:
461:
455:
440:
435:
288:
244:
205:
198:
174:
78:
76:
39:
37:
2341:Castle town
2198:Toll castle
2167:Lustschloss
2149:Kaiserpfalz
2079:Spur castle
2074:Rock castle
2015:Hill castle
2010:Cave castle
1970:Spider hole
1870:Bremer wall
1835:Barbed tape
1731:Barbed wire
1405:Witch tower
1375:Tower house
1365:Toll castle
1351:Shield wall
1271:Murder hole
1160:Guard tower
777:Pincer gate
724:Faussebraye
402:Carcassonne
208:Roman times
177:battlements
48:crenellated
30:Merlons of
2510:Categories
2366:Gatekeeper
2186:Ordensburg
2158:Landesburg
1965:Sentry gun
1920:Flak tower
1850:Blast wall
1770:Gun turret
1667:Sally port
1572:Kotta mara
1512:Couvreface
1476:Breastwork
1471:Blockhouse
1449:Abwurfdach
1400:Watchtower
1390:Wall tower
1346:Shell keep
1296:Portcullis
1291:Peel tower
1276:Neck ditch
1235:Landesburg
1183:Half tower
1141:Gate tower
1086:Drawbridge
928:Battlement
844:Wagon fort
687:Chengqiang
427:References
313:, Portugal
201:quatrefoil
186:Ghibelline
59:embrasures
44:battlement
2469:Guerrilla
2212:By design
1960:Revetment
1775:Land mine
1706:Star fort
1533:Crownwork
1528:Covertway
1461:Barricade
1102:Embrasure
1015:Chartaque
945:Bergfried
903:Arrowslit
729:Gatehouse
699:City gate
660:Castellum
626:Acropolis
546:cite book
285:Later use
212:crossbows
157:blackbird
137:etymology
111:pitchfork
77:The term
73:Etymology
2494:Category
2484:See also
2371:Loophole
2259:Ringwork
2254:Ringfort
2179:Obstacle
2020:Hillfort
1940:Loophole
1738:Barbette
1713:Tenaille
1696:Sea fort
1626:Presidio
1586:Magazine
1567:Hornwork
1500:Cavalier
1495:Casemate
1488:Caponier
1331:Ringwork
1219:Detinets
1188:Hoarding
1093:Enceinte
968:Bretèche
913:Bartizan
908:Barbican
884:Alcazaba
812:Stockade
792:Ringfort
772:Palisade
744:Landwehr
739:Hillfort
530:. Bari.
410:See also
404:, France
359:, Russia
220:mantlets
216:firearms
188:and the
181:medieval
141:medieval
116:moerulus
2401:Vedette
2391:Schloss
2356:Festung
2351:Dungeon
2346:Château
2290:Castles
2098:By role
1955:Pillbox
1785:Outpost
1701:Station
1689:Schanze
1672:Sandbag
1657:Redoubt
1641:Ravelin
1609:Palanka
1593:Orillon
1579:Lunette
1521:Coupure
1466:Bastion
1456:Arsenal
1424:Zwinger
1336:Roundel
1326:Ricetto
1301:Postern
1286:Outwork
1210:Kremlin
1081:Curtain
1056:Citadel
1040:Chemise
1000:Caltrop
918:Bastion
891:Alcázar
787:Rampart
765:Oppidum
758:Nuraghe
704:Crannog
678:Castros
614:Ancient
571:Merlons
344:, Spain
342:Amposta
328:, Spain
297:Gallery
279:, Italy
263:, Italy
194:wimperg
146:merulus
119:, from
97:mergola
91:merlone
87:Italian
67:cannons
51:parapet
2396:Trench
2386:Picket
1797:Sangar
1750:Bunker
1682:Sconce
1602:Ostrog
1550:Flèche
1433:Modern
1412:Yagura
1380:Turret
1316:Reduit
1254:Merlon
1198:Kasbah
1176:Gusuku
1153:Glacis
1146:Gabion
1115:church
1022:Chashi
1005:Castle
849:Laager
837:Vallum
794:(Rath)
669:Castra
651:Burgus
621:Abatis
534:
493:
468:
447:
224:pulley
190:Guelph
143:Latin
128:moerus
106:mergae
79:merlon
63:crenel
40:merlon
2437:Siege
2381:Palas
2325:Walls
2315:Forts
2278:Lists
2125:Fence
2067:Rocca
1935:Kabal
1650:Redan
1557:Gorge
1481:Canal
1358:Shiro
1321:Ribat
1311:Qalat
1123:Dzong
1119:house
819:Sudis
751:Limes
709:Ditch
642:Broch
633:Agger
152:merle
122:murus
102:Latin
53:) in
2447:list
1865:Buoy
1419:Yett
1261:Moat
1228:Ksar
1203:Keep
995:Caer
985:Burh
961:Boom
954:Berm
933:Bawn
898:Amba
734:Gord
552:link
532:ISBN
491:ISBN
466:ISBN
445:ISBN
133:wall
719:Dun
515:doi
242:'s
206:In
196:).
155:, "
131:(a
125:or
46:(a
2512::
2486::
1121:,
1117:,
548:}}
544:{{
226:.
38:A
1223:)
1215:(
1125:)
852:)
846:(
599:e
592:t
585:v
554:)
540:.
521:.
517::
499:.
474:.
109:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
