1178:
232:
213:
1980:+ past participle": Examples of this include "The car needs washed", "The cat wants petted", and "Babies like cuddled". More common constructions are "The grass needs cutting" or "The grass needs to be cut" or "Babies like cuddling" or "Babies like to be cuddled"; "The car needs washing" or "The car needs to be washed"; and "The cat wants petting" or "The cat wants to be petted." Found predominantly in the North Midland region, this is especially common in southwestern Pennsylvania.
5326:
5030:
4306:
1169:
questions for which they already are quite sure of the answer. A speaker uttering the above example is simply confirming what is already thought: yes, the person spoken to is painting their garage. It is most common in areas of heavy German settlement, especially southeastern
Pennsylvania, hence its nickname, the "Pennsylvania Dutch question", but it is also found elsewhere in Pennsylvania, including Pittsburgh. It is of German origin.
2282:
states that its distribution is "scattered, but chiefly N. Midland, esp PA". Dressman suggested that it was brought to the U.S. by Scots. It's almost certainly of
Scandinavian/Viking origin; the Danish "rydde op" means to clean up. "Redd up" and its associated variants probably entered the English language from old Norse.
2281:
An example of this term is "Yinz better redd up this room". Dressman notes that it is common to the
Pittsburgh area and throughout Pennsylvania, but less so in Philadelphia. It is also scattered about New England States and in New Brunswick, though its occurrence is heaviest in Pennsylvania. Hall
1945:
must be used as a negative polarity item (NPI), some speakers in
Pittsburgh and throughout the Midland area do not have this restriction. This is somewhat common in both the Midland regions (Montgomery 1989) and in northern Maryland (Frederick, Hagerstown, and Westminster), likely of Scots-Irish
313:
to the dialect (see "Vocabulary" below). Many of the sounds and words found in the dialect are popularly thought to be unique to
Pittsburgh, but that is a misconception since the dialect resides throughout the greater part of western Pennsylvania and the surrounding areas. Central Pennsylvania,
1168:
Western
Pennsylvania English speakers may use falling intonation at the end of questions, for example, in "Are you painting your garage?" (with pitch rising in intonation up to just before the last syllable and then falling precipitously). Such speakers typically use falling pitch for yes–no
1992:+ past participle. The forms are "implicationally related" to one another (Murray and Simon 2002). This means the existence of a less common construction from the list in a given location entails the existence of the more common ones there, but not vice versa. The constructions "
385:." The word "yinzer" is sometimes heard as pejorative, indicating a lack of sophistication, but the term is now used in a variety of ways. Older men are more likely to use the accent than women "possibly because of a stronger interest in displaying local identity...."
2271:
is
Southwestern Pennsylvania, possibly Scots-Irish. Macaulay (1995) finds it in the regular speech and narratives of Scottish coal miners in Glasgow, a principal area from which Scottish settlers emigrated to Northern Ireland, and from there, to the American
929:), and the diphthong then remains . That is one of the few features, if not the only one, restricted almost exclusively to western Pennsylvania in North America, but it can sometimes be found in other accents of the English-speaking world, such as
318:
as a subregion between western and eastern
Pennsylvania, but some scholars in the 20th century onwards have identified it within the western Pennsylvania dialect region. Since Kurath's study, one of western Pennsylvania's defining features, the
2241:, respectively. "Jus' jaggin'" is a common expression, the same as standard "just kidding". Descended from Scots-Irish usage in English, this is chiefly a Pennsylvania term, especially southwestern Pennsylvania, but also portions of Appalachia.
2138:) means "grandmother" or (endearingly) "old woman." In Pittsburgh and much Northern U.S. English, the word also denotes a type of headscarf that might be worn by an old woman. Predominantly used in the northeast United States,
2012:+ past participle are Scots-Irish, the distributions of all three constructions are implicationally related, the area where they are predominantly found is most heavily influenced by Scots-Irish, and a related construction, "
2027:
descriptor refers to the use of the word for "a onetime momentary event rather than in its two common uses for a recurrent event or a conditional one". This Scots-Irish usage is found in the
Midlands and the
2186:
Kurath (1949) claims these forms are used from the western edge of the
Alleghenies to beyond the Ohio line; and Crozier claims that they are restricted to southwestern Pennsylvania, from Scots-Irish English
1698:) to pry into a conversation or argument intrusively or impertinently (this term and its derivatives are common to Pennsylvania, but especially southwestern Pennsylvania, from Scots-Irish English)
2151:
Kurath (1949) mentions that speakers in a large portion of Pennsylvania use the term, but that it is "very common in the Pittsburgh area... the adjoining counties of Ohio and on the lower Kanawha"
2142:
is most heavily in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It is sometimes used as a derogatory term for an elderly woman, similar to calling someone an "old hag."
4740:
5002:
640:. While the merger of the low back vowels is also widespread elsewhere in the United States, the rounded realizations of the merged vowel around is less common, except in
1093:
merger is found in western Pennsylvania, as well as parts of the southern United States, including Alabama, Texas and the west (McElhinny 1999). On the other hand, the
5364:
9008:
2205:
This can mean "comfort", as in "He's been in poor hap since his wife died", or "comforter or quilt," as in "It was cold last night but that hap kept me warm."
1514:) a person perceived as unsophisticated or having rural sensibilities (i.e., redneck or hillbilly; used especially in Ohio Valley and northern West Virginia)
8852:
8792:
5161:
4745:
419:
851:
7586:
4254:
Murray, T. E.; Simon, B. L. (2002). "At the intersection of regional and social dialects: the case of like + past participle in American English".
3398:
3314:
4859:
2229:
to mean (as a verb) "to annoy, irritate, play tricks on; to disparage; to reject", or (as a noun) "an annoying or irritating person;" as well as
9013:
4335:
2169:
This is heard in Southwestern Pennsylvania and Northern West Virginia. It origins are not entirely known, but rumored to have begun during the
4121:
McElhinny, B (1999). "More on the third dialect of English: linguistic constraints on the use of three phonological variables in Pittsburgh".
1941:, be used in a positive sense to mean "these days" or "nowadays". An example is "I wear these shoes a lot anymore". While in Standard English
4464:
Montgomery, Michael B. (1997). "A tale of two Georges: the language of Irish Indian traders in colonial North America". In Kallen, J. (ed.).
5357:
3432:
17:
2004:+ past participle" could be from Scots-Irish or German, it seems likely that this construction is Scots-Irish, as Murray and Simon claim.
4926:
8887:
7860:
3169:
2410:
2061:- Rogers' accent is an example of the softer variation of the accent that was spoken by the middle class of the era that he grew up in.
2591:
2483:
3967:
2110:
2375:
1181:
City of Pittsburgh Recycling Drop-Off Center sign using the term "redd up", illustrating an example of Western Pennsylvania English.
7721:
7691:
2023:": "Whenever" is often used to mean "at the time that." An example is "My mother, whenever she passed away, she had pneumonia." A
5350:
5154:
5009:
3644:
McElhinny 1999; Wisnosky 2003; Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson 2006: Used Southwestern Pennsylvania and elsewhere in Appalachia,
1965:
would be used; and vice versa. Used in Southwestern Pennsylvania and elsewhere, this is either Pennsylvania Dutch or Scots-Irish.
869:
vowel typically begins front in the mouth . A less common variant has a central starting point, , matching the starting point of
7802:
4823:
641:
8937:
8722:
7757:
7748:
7715:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7474:
4454:
4074:
3845:
3780:
3725:
3676:
3560:
3487:
3382:
3340:
3298:
3222:
3066:
2944:
2358:
819:
vowel often has an unrounded central or fronted starting point in Pittsburgh: . Outside of the city itself, is more common.
485:
3601:
1003:). This has since been reversed and now is confined to the environment of a following nasal, matching the GenAm allophony.
8957:
8030:
7915:
7763:
7742:
7736:
7703:
7697:
7431:
7393:
5614:
4685:
4633:
8438:
7814:
7808:
5419:
4715:
4064:
9018:
8543:
7623:
6175:
5330:
5147:
4828:
4775:
4755:
4710:
4366:
4299:
1089:
is based only on a close approximation of some forms, and does not represent the underlying norms of the dialect." The
501:
4948:
4913:
4427:
3966:
Duncan, Daniel (2016). Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.).
3956:
3413:
2720:
2659:
2420:
983:
377:
Speakers of Pittsburgh English are sometimes called "Yinzers" in reference to their use of the second-person plural
8342:
7641:
6614:
5471:
5258:
4987:
4982:
4921:
4303:
787:
715:
3053:
Notes on west Penn-Ohio phonology. In: Studies in Linguistics in Honor of Raven I. McDavid, Jr., ed. by L.M. Davis
8590:
8386:
7130:
6180:
5670:
5563:
4967:
4720:
549:
401:
221:
5973:
3615:
858:
is typically pronounced with nasalization, as . Elsewhere in the article, this allophone is transcribed ⟨
9003:
8907:
8347:
7853:
7030:
6087:
5533:
5373:
5263:
5067:
4992:
4770:
4610:
522:
7115:
2160:
According to Kurath (1949), this may be heard from the western edge of the Alleghenies to beyond the Ohio line
2134:
In Russian, Slovak, and many other Slavic languages, the word babushka (a familial/cute extension of the word
1177:
8947:
8640:
8602:
6940:
6604:
6028:
4977:
4953:
2412:
Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration [3 volumes]: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration
8942:
8595:
8232:
8053:
7576:
5781:
5253:
4879:
4730:
4437:
Macauley, Ronald K. S. (1985). "The narrative skills of a Scottish coal miner". In Gorlach, Manfred (ed.).
4171:
Montgomery, M. B. (2001). "'My mother, whenever she died, she had pneumonia': The history and functions of
1762:) to tidy up, clean up, or clean out (a room, house, cupboard, etc.); to clean house, tidy up (hence v bl.
1547:
661:
354:
are sometimes pronounced with an "ah" sound, instead of the more standard pronunciation of "ow", rendering
328:
275:
3093:
Paper Presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAVE IX) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
1685:
1656:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1011:
992:
977:
942:
859:
809:
805:
801:
797:
709:
703:
699:
671:
655:
637:
625:
609:
601:
593:
580:
415:
411:
332:
8318:
8308:
7906:
7873:
7869:
7563:
7439:
7302:
5543:
5501:
5496:
5285:
4833:
4785:
4725:
2592:""Dahntahn" Pittsburgh: Monophthongal /aw/ and Representations of Localness in Southwestern Pennsylvania"
693:
649:
492:
294:
8902:
8617:
8475:
7886:
6905:
6548:
6535:
6473:
6308:
6185:
5268:
3938:
A search for sound change: A look at the lowering of tense vowels before liquids in the Pittsburgh area
2093:
1612:
7838:
4643:
2314:
8998:
8988:
8882:
8408:
8366:
8337:
8269:
8237:
7846:
6574:
6301:
5558:
5538:
5528:
5170:
4843:
4780:
4765:
981:
854:
published a description of the dialect, whose author Bruce Lee Johnson notes that the auxiliary verb
785:
777:
727:
725:
713:
691:
659:
560:
267:
2233:
to mean "annoy, tease, or engage in a frivolous endeavor." These phrases are probably influenced by
2073:- Although he grew up some of the time away from the city, Gardell sports a heavy Pittsburgh accent.
2067:- Cope's colorful vocabulary added dozens of words to the dialect, including his most famous, "Yoi!"
8607:
8561:
8460:
8433:
8398:
8293:
8164:
7350:
6910:
6714:
6048:
5590:
5486:
5461:
5414:
5243:
4760:
4702:
4678:
2088:
1938:
1151:
721:
613:
508:
324:
263:
8993:
8819:
8652:
8470:
8445:
6857:
6660:
6639:
6579:
6058:
5760:
5753:
5523:
5426:
4735:
4204:
Murray, T. E.; Frazer, T. C.; Simon, B. L. (1996). "Need + past participle in American English".
3174:
2196:
Kurath 1949): This term is used from the western edge of the Alleghenies to beyond the Ohio line.
779:
567:
83:
73:
63:
6935:
3440:
327:. Perhaps the only feature whose distribution is restricted almost exclusively to the immediate
8734:
8712:
8516:
8213:
8182:
8060:
7648:
7571:
6820:
6555:
6540:
6272:
6258:
6108:
5913:
5820:
5739:
5553:
5311:
5221:
4943:
4290:. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
3058:
3051:
397:
98:
8630:
5955:
3666:
212:
8932:
8717:
8612:
8325:
8259:
8013:
8003:
7998:
7709:
7365:
7328:
7104:
7090:
6867:
6849:
6525:
6520:
6446:
6129:
6053:
6023:
5998:
5774:
5675:
5518:
5127:
4933:
4874:
4864:
4805:
4502:
4028:
3835:
2788:
934:
589:
320:
290:
8925:
7820:
5962:
5934:
3476:
3371:
3287:
2709:
2686:
1688:) - et cetera; and so on; a "general extender"; literally, a contraction of "and (all) that"
8354:
8247:
8187:
8065:
8038:
7955:
7604:
7540:
7502:
7497:
7256:
7062:
7025:
6838:
6758:
6679:
6594:
6279:
5993:
5725:
5548:
5273:
5014:
4813:
4795:
4582:
4354:
2627:
2519:
2380:
2376:"Demographic, social, cultural characteristics of persons of Ukrainian ancestry in Chicago"
2098:
259:
150:
46:
5948:
1401:) complimentary term for an attractively childlike girl or woman (reversal of "baby doll")
8:
8952:
8782:
8774:
8672:
8635:
8521:
8506:
8381:
8371:
8298:
8137:
7826:
7492:
7360:
7230:
7083:
7017:
6915:
6394:
6291:
6195:
6080:
5924:
5895:
5838:
5700:
5685:
5585:
5575:
5513:
5508:
5491:
5431:
5248:
5033:
4972:
4671:
4441:. Varieties of English Around the World. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 101–124.
3717:
3091:
Fasold, Ralph W. (1980). "The conversational function of Pennsylvania Dutch intonation".
2386:
2174:
1811:
1296:
236:
6900:
5941:
2960:
Hankey, Clyde T. (1965). "Miscellany: 'tiger,' 'tagger,' and in western Pennsylvania".
231:
8842:
8809:
8744:
8727:
8582:
8403:
7950:
7940:
7775:
7421:
7370:
7097:
7076:
7055:
7048:
7035:
6971:
6895:
6729:
6653:
6566:
6481:
6435:
6407:
6238:
6147:
6038:
6013:
5988:
5903:
5848:
5767:
5680:
5650:
5451:
5278:
5194:
5121:
5092:
5060:
4997:
4938:
4908:
4838:
4790:
4560:
4531:
4271:
4242:
4221:
4192:
4138:
4109:
4048:
4016:
4008:
3816:
3549:
3520:
3392:
3308:
3262:
2977:
2827:
Language attitudes in Pittsburgh: 'Pittsburghese' vs. standard English. Master's thesis
2619:
2611:
2511:
2503:
2315:"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Pittsburghese - PBS"
1501:
645:
335:
78:
68:
6953:
995:
to not only before nasals (as in GenAm) but also before all voiced consonants (as in
203:
8847:
8832:
8804:
8764:
8556:
8493:
8242:
8018:
7982:
7769:
7145:
7140:
6989:
6930:
6925:
6890:
6885:
6875:
6646:
6619:
6609:
6599:
6486:
6462:
6454:
6427:
6422:
6357:
6326:
6315:
6265:
6223:
6208:
6115:
5858:
5833:
5828:
5788:
5718:
5655:
5436:
4960:
4750:
4606:
4450:
4423:
4398:
4381:
4362:
4275:
4196:
4142:
4070:
4020:
3952:
3841:
3820:
3721:
3672:
3583:
3556:
3483:
3378:
3336:
3294:
3218:
3062:
2940:
2770:
2716:
2655:
2587:
2479:
2416:
2354:
531:
8538:
7487:
7482:
4640:
article, March 17, 2006 /9"Pittsburgh is the Galapagos Islands of American dialect")
1607:- idiom used to inform someone that their fly is open ("Kennywood" referring to the
1295:) very thinly sliced chopped ham loaf for sandwiches (from a local brand name) (see
823:
is sometimes also fronted, to (more usual value: ). As in other American dialects,
8967:
8920:
8872:
8799:
8707:
8697:
8692:
8682:
8528:
8501:
8359:
8279:
8224:
8122:
8104:
8091:
7928:
7923:
7793:
7781:
7727:
7530:
7459:
7444:
7401:
7237:
7207:
7202:
7165:
7155:
7125:
6997:
6920:
6797:
6765:
6751:
6744:
6694:
6671:
6632:
6589:
6530:
6512:
6494:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6375:
6243:
6170:
6160:
6136:
6122:
6101:
6018:
5876:
5866:
5795:
5746:
5705:
5645:
5640:
5403:
5392:
5295:
5290:
5238:
4552:
4523:
4469:
4442:
4415:
4291:
4263:
4213:
4184:
4159:
4130:
4101:
4052:
4040:
4000:
3991:
Johnson, Bruce Lee (1971), "The Western Pennsylvania dialect of American English",
3979:
3808:
3512:
3254:
2969:
2932:
2623:
2603:
2515:
2495:
2170:
1957:: Examples of this include "Leave him go outside" and "Let the book on the table".
1927:
1722:) the kind of person who is always poking into people's affairs; inquisitive person
1671:
1630:
938:
894:
843:
271:
255:
171:
103:
93:
88:
4233:
Murray, T. E.; Simon, B. L. (1999). "Want + past participle in American English".
1200:
8837:
8739:
8677:
8647:
8455:
8330:
8151:
8127:
8099:
8070:
8043:
8008:
7895:
7525:
7512:
7411:
7266:
7160:
7150:
7002:
6960:
6815:
6786:
6779:
6737:
6724:
6719:
6709:
6704:
6689:
6501:
6365:
6233:
6218:
6213:
6203:
6043:
6033:
5884:
5843:
5695:
5690:
5632:
5456:
5342:
5199:
4506:
3946:
3710:
2649:
1923:
would be understood as "the butter is all gone." This likely derives from German.
1188:
323:, has expanded into central Pennsylvania, moving eastward until being blocked at
55:
6003:
314:
currently an intersection of several dialect regions, was identified in 1949 by
8912:
8827:
8787:
8687:
8511:
8264:
8169:
8159:
8075:
7877:
7787:
7516:
7454:
7416:
7261:
7217:
7212:
7197:
7192:
7069:
7007:
6979:
6945:
6810:
6805:
6699:
6624:
6383:
6370:
6228:
6165:
6155:
6094:
6066:
5983:
5871:
5809:
5802:
5710:
5580:
5441:
5205:
5105:
4652:
2104:
1838:
1834:
1116:
164:
145:
4543:
Shields, Kenneth Jr. (1985). "Germanisms in Pennsylvania English: an update".
4188:
4134:
4004:
3812:
2607:
2499:
760:. This is also found in contemporary Standard Southern British English, where
8982:
8962:
8877:
8533:
8450:
8391:
8303:
8254:
8132:
8114:
7222:
7135:
7040:
6880:
6830:
6684:
6251:
6073:
6008:
5908:
5732:
5660:
5570:
5446:
5214:
5053:
4884:
4818:
4295:
4283:
4267:
4060:
4044:
3546:
2070:
440:
298:
279:
5139:
941:
during the early 20th century. Monophthongization also occurs for the sound
921:). The monophthongization does not occur, however, in word-final positions (
8465:
8313:
8192:
7464:
7449:
7406:
7274:
6825:
6772:
5665:
5481:
5476:
4889:
4869:
4514:
Newlin, Claude M. (1928). "Dialects on the western Pennsylvania frontier".
4473:
4412:
The atlas of North American English: phonetics, phonology, and sound change
4163:
2258:, and notes that the former pronunciation is Polish and the latter Russian.
2209:
is used for "comfort" in western Pennsylvania; and a "quilt" is known as a
1626:
1303:
1275:) edge of the road, curb: an accepted alternative to "shoulder of the road"
1026:
4446:
4419:
3983:
2936:
682:, but a more common pronunciation is back and rounded: etc. The vowel in
3433:"Gardening: The fruit of the Osage orange tree has many odd reputed uses"
2058:
2038:
1465:
874:
757:
479:
435:
355:
315:
282:
of Pittsburgh, users of the dialect are colloquially known as "Yinzers".
140:
4150:
Montgomery, M. B. (1989). "Exploring the roots of Appalachian English".
4012:
3837:
Usability of Complex Information Systems: Evaluation of User Interaction
3245:
Crozier, Alan (1984). "The Scotch-Irish influence on American English".
2615:
2586:
2507:
8376:
7868:
7581:
6584:
5466:
5111:
4694:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
2884:
2115:
2064:
2053:
2048:
2043:
1085:
merger, Labov, Ash and Boberg (2006) note "the stereotype of merger of
1007:
882:
543:
445:
302:
217:
4564:
4535:
4246:
4225:
4113:
3524:
3266:
2981:
1391:) appropriate for dipping into, such as gravy, coffee, egg yolks, etc.
7933:
7535:
5600:
4663:
4339:
1608:
1589:
1261:
906:
575:
516:
196:
184:
4627:
4393:
Kurath, Hans; McDavid, Raven I. Jr. (1961). "Western Pennsylvania".
4092:
Maxfield, E. K. (1931). "The speech of south-western Pennsylvania".
3143:
1029:
occur uniquely in Western Pennsylvania English before the consonant
7960:
4556:
4527:
4217:
4105:
4029:"Mobility, indexicality, and the enregisterment of "Pittsburghese""
3516:
3464:
McElhinny 1999; Wisnosky 2003; Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson 2006
3258:
2973:
1652:
1452:
407:
310:
3623:
3537:
Also see McElhinny (1999); Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson (2006).
8897:
8892:
8702:
8048:
7975:
7970:
5116:
2295:
2016:+ directional adverb", as in "The cat wants out", is Scots-Irish.
1800:, specifically an outdoor faucet used to connect to a garden hose
930:
378:
4658:
4402:
4385:
3866:
3864:
1893:(second-person personal plural pronoun from Scots-Irish English)
1732:) given to prying into the affairs of others; nosey; inquisitive
7965:
7945:
7596:
5099:
4901:
2929:
A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool
2083:
1984:+ past participle is the most common construction, followed by
1797:
1568:
1492:
1320:
1097:
merger is consistently found only in western Pennsylvania. The
306:
2931:. Vol. 1. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 407–416.
2872:
1421:) Letter "W", Often used when saying "www." Or a local station
4085:
The dialect of western Pennsylvania: evaluation of ten sounds
3861:
2789:"Questions and Answers: Who Uses Pittsburgh Speech the Most?"
2748:
2000:+ past participle" are Scots-Irish. While Adams argues that "
266:, but potentially appearing in some speakers as far north as
220:(in white) overlaid with dialect regions defined by the 2006
4603:
An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English
4336:"Redd Up Your Pittsburghese: A Deep Dive Into How Yinz Talk"
3030:
2736:
2484:""Pittsburghese" Online: Vernacular Norming in Conversation"
5087:
5076:
4397:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 17–18.
4380:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 35–36.
3646:
1869:
1316:
1312:
1267:
382:
4481:
Montgomery, Michael B. (2002). "The structural history of
4395:
The pronunciation of English in the Atlantic United States
4353:
4087:(MA thesis). Gothenburg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg.
3900:
3898:
3896:
3883:
3881:
3879:
2838:
2836:
862:⟩, following its usual transcription on Knowledge.
588:
A defining feature of Western Pennsylvania English is the
3915:
3913:
3770:
3768:
2319:
2173:, when people took meat scraps and fashioned a makeshift
1431:) parental term (of Polish origin) for a child's backside
658:
has a stylistic variant, which is open central unrounded
612:(phonetically ). As in most other American dialects, the
4026:
3551:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3478:
Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume IV: P-Sk
3373:
Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume III: I-O
3170:"Something different, Something delicious: City Chicken"
3156:
2993:
2991:
2032:
1961:
is used in some contexts in which, in standard English,
1546:) any small, sharp-pointed object or implement, usually
1504:(i.e., submarine sandwich; used throughout Pennsylvania)
5045:
3893:
3876:
3133:
3131:
3106:
3104:
3102:
2908:
2896:
2833:
2478:
1122:
is also common in the Western Pennsylvania dialect; an
3910:
3765:
3741:
3650:
is a particularly salient feature of Pittsburgh speech
3547:
Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries (2006).
1260:) noisy celebration or mock serenade for newlyweds; a
4410:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2005).
3753:
3289:
Dictionary of American Regional English, Vol. II: D-H
3003:
2988:
2860:
2795:. University Library System, University of Pittsburgh
1851:) knit hat designed to provide warmth in cold weather
1478:) term used to describe undergarments of any variety.
1014:
sound may occur after vowels in a few words, such as
224:. Western Pennsylvania English can be seen in orange.
3128:
3099:
3020:
3018:
2848:
2711:
An Introduction to the Phonetics of American English
2351:
Dictionary of American Regional English, Vol. I: A-C
1861:) a job shift (as used in West-Central Pennsylvania)
406:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3978:. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America.
2927:Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W., eds. (2004).
5372:
4583:"Psych verbs and verbal passives in Pittsburghese"
4468:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 227–254.
4320:(MA thesis). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
3940:(MA thesis). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
3709:
3548:
3475:
3370:
3286:
3116:
3050:
2708:
1911:: When referring to consumable products, the word
5534:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
4203:
4027:Johnstone, B.; Andrus, J.; Danielson, A. (2006).
3993:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
3870:
3015:
2926:
2777:. Urban Symbolic Landscapes conference. Helsinki.
852:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8980:
5401:
3968:"'Tense' /æ/ Is still lax: A phonotactics study"
3799:Adams, Michael (2003). "Lexical Doppelgängers".
3664:
1625:) any ice cream bar, even if not specifically a
1053:to be pronounced as something like . Similarly,
877:to in some environments (sounding instead like
420:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4069:, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, pp. 187–208,
3972:Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology
2680:
2678:
4409:
4059:
3779:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMontgomery1999 (
3555:(Fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3215:Speaking Pittsburghese: The Story of a Dialect
3036:
2878:
2754:
2742:
2301:
937:. The sound may be the result of contact from
235:A sign using "Dahntahn" to mean "Downtown" in
9009:Scotch-Irish American culture in Pennsylvania
7854:
5358:
5169:
5155:
5061:
4679:
4571:
4392:
4378:A Word Geography of the Eastern United States
4376:Kurath, Hans (1949). "Western Pennsylvania".
3460:
3458:
3326:
3324:
3285:Cassidy, F. G. and. J.H. Hall., Eds. (1991).
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
2765:
2763:
2651:A Word Geography of the Eastern United States
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
1933:": In addition to the normal negative use of
1642:
1636:
8212:
3712:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
3602:"Yinzer Basics: Pittsburghese for Beginners"
3397:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3369:Cassidy, F. G. and J. H. Hall, Eds. (1996).
3313:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2675:
2590:; Bhasin, Neeta; Wittkofski, Denise (2002).
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
796:in Pittsburgh. The remaining checked vowels
309:immigrants to the area all provided certain
4253:
4232:
3904:
3887:
3701:
3671:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271.
1524:) to prick, stab, or jab; to tease (often,
776:vowel instead: , which falls together with
8888:Comparison of American and British English
7861:
7847:
5365:
5351:
5162:
5148:
5068:
5054:
4686:
4672:
4480:
4463:
4170:
4149:
3944:
3919:
3774:
3747:
3455:
3321:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3189:
3162:
2890:
2760:
1250:) usually of an ear: infected or abscessed
812:are all within the General American norm.
211:
4572:Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C. (1991).
4120:
3759:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3330:
3212:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2769:
2641:
2533:
2429:
2221:
2219:
2111:Regional vocabularies of American English
1161:can be pronounced as the single-syllable
991:Johnson notes a tendency to diphthongize
8581:
4576:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
4436:
4333:
4315:
4091:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3503:Dressman, Michael R. (1979). "Redd up".
3502:
3496:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3157:Johnstone, Andrus & Danielson (2006)
3137:
3110:
3057:. University of Alabama Press. pp.
2684:
2373:
1441:) to think about, understand, or imagine
1176:
1130:or a cross between a vowel and a "dark"
230:
5624:
4542:
4063:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006),
3990:
3707:
3482:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3377:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3368:
3293:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3284:
3244:
3231:
3042:
2997:
2953:
2914:
2902:
2866:
2842:
2829:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
2353:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2348:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
1134:at the end of a syllable. For example,
1101:merger towards may also appear before
961:is pronounced . That phenomenon allows
846:to before voiceless consonants, as in
666:, as in the sarcastic pronunciation of
428:Vowels of Western Pennsylvania English
14:
8981:
4693:
4644:"American Varieties: Steel Town Speak"
4634:"It's Not the Sights, It's the Sounds"
4600:
4513:
4375:
4082:
3965:
3653:
3616:"Yunzonics: Translating Pennsylvanian"
3430:
3122:
3090:
3075:
3048:
3009:
2959:
2824:
2807:
2706:
2687:"Linguistic Geography of Pennsylvania"
2647:
2216:
1576:) an idiot, fool, or unlikeable person
1150:as . The phenomenon is also common in
9014:Working-class culture in Pennsylvania
7842:
5400:
5346:
5143:
5049:
4667:
4605:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
4580:
4361:. Senator John Heinz History Center.
4334:Blackley, Katie (28 September 2017).
4282:
3935:
3833:
3798:
3787:
3716:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
3665:Robert P. Marzec (30 December 2004).
3467:
3349:
3273:
3024:
2854:
2408:
2033:Notable examples of lifelong speakers
1837:(also used in Ohio and Indiana; from
1786:) slippery (from Scots-Irish English)
1081:may merge to something like . On the
949:, before liquid consonants, so that
784:in Pittsburgh). Earlier reports give
8958:Non-native pronunciations of English
3473:
3431:Parker, Jeanie (September 2, 2000).
2327:
980:sequence) is phonetically close-mid
410:. For the distinction between ,
4318:'Pittsburghese' in Pittsburgh humor
4066:The Atlas of North American English
3540:
3411:
3333:Pittsburgh Speech and Pittsburghese
2775:Place, language, and semiotic order
24:
4326:
2374:Wolowyna, Oleh (January 9, 2000).
1776:) extreme; extraordinary, powerful
1554:or "I got a jagger in my finger").
1488:) comfort; or, comforter or quilt:
999:) and voiceless fricatives (as in
581:eɪ aɪ ɔɪ aʊ oʊ
25:
9030:
4621:
4574:Compact Oxford English Dictionary
3948:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
3871:Murray, Frazer & Simon (1996)
3622:. Thomas H. Twine. Archived from
1810:) alternate pronunciation of the
566:
559:
548:
530:
521:
507:
500:
491:
484:
38:Pittsburgh English, Pittsburghese
7642:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
5472:Inland Northern American English
5325:
5324:
5029:
5028:
3834:Still, Brian (15 October 2010).
2654:. University of Michigan Press.
2409:LeMay, Michael C. (2012-12-10).
7624:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
4628:Pittsburgh Speech & Society
4495:Southern Journal of Linguistics
4359:Pittsburghese from Ahrn to Yinz
3928:
3827:
3692:
3638:
3608:
3594:
3576:
3531:
3439:. PG Publishing. Archived from
3424:
3405:
2920:
2781:
2700:
2275:
2261:
2254:as a variable pronunciation of
2244:
2199:
2190:
2180:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2128:
1937:it can also, as in the greater
402:International Phonetic Alphabet
278:. Commonly associated with the
8908:English-based creole languages
5374:Languages of the United States
4177:Journal of English Linguistics
4033:Journal of English Linguistics
3801:Journal of English Linguistics
3037:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2879:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2755:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2743:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2402:
2367:
2307:
2302:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2225:The word is often followed by
1323:, breaded, then fried or baked
1109:then sounds to outsiders like
702:due to the cot-caught merger:
670:as . It may also occur before
13:
1:
8948:List of English-based pidgins
4123:Language Variation and Change
2893:, pp. 122, 126–128, 130.
2793:Pittsburgh Speech and Society
2289:
2213:only in western Pennsylvania.
1796:) alternate pronunciation of
1704:- to mind one's own business
1172:
835:is also within GenAm norm: .
712:is backer and more open than
8943:Linguistic purism in English
7577:Black American Sign Language
7355:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
5596:Western Pennsylvania English
3178:, p. 4, 2 November 1932
2349:Cassidy, F. G., ed. (1985).
1988:+ past participle, and then
1548:thorns, spines, and prickles
736:an unrounded counterpart of
388:
260:western half of Pennsylvania
244:Western Pennsylvania English
109:Western Pennsylvania English
33:Western Pennsylvania English
18:Central Pennsylvania dialect
7:
8044:London & Thames Estuary
7371:Navajo Family Sign Language
3951:(8th ed.). Routledge.
3331:Johnstone, Barbara (2015).
3217:. Oxford University Press.
3213:Johnstone, Barbara (2013).
2077:
1766:house-cleaning; tidying up)
1651:) variant pronunciation of
965:to merge with the sound of
285:
27:Dialect of American English
10:
9035:
8903:English as a lingua franca
7587:Puerto Rican Sign Language
5269:Pennsylvania Dutch English
5182:indicate extinct languages
4630:, University of Pittsburgh
3335:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
2685:Salvucci, Claudio (1999).
2094:Pennsylvania Dutch English
1919:. For example, the phrase
1898:
1629:(first marketed in nearby
1613:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania
1472:gutchies; or undergutchies
686:is the same as the one in
262:, centered on the city of
9019:Languages of Pennsylvania
8883:Broad and general accents
8865:
8818:
8793:regional and occupational
8773:
8760:
8753:
8665:
8626:
8574:
8552:
8492:
8424:
8289:
8278:
8223:
8205:
8178:
8150:
8113:
8090:
8029:
7991:
7914:
7905:
7894:
7885:
7662:
7633:
7613:
7595:
7562:
7553:
7511:
7473:
7430:
7392:
7383:
7343:
7310:Anishinaabe Sign Language
7301:
7292:
7247:
7185:
7178:
7114:
7016:
6988:
6970:
6866:
6848:
6796:
6670:
6565:
6511:
6472:
6445:
6393:
6356:
6325:
6289:
6194:
6146:
5972:
5922:
5894:
5857:
5819:
5631:
5613:
5559:Southern American English
5539:Pacific Northwest English
5529:Northern American English
5410:
5391:
5380:
5320:
5304:
5231:
5187:
5177:
5171:Languages of Pennsylvania
5083:
5023:
5003:combined statistical area
4860:Colleges and universities
4852:
4804:
4701:
4189:10.1177/00754240122005350
4135:10.1017/s0954394599112031
4005:10.1017/S0025100300000268
3945:Cruttenden, Alan (2014).
3905:Murray & Simon (2002)
3888:Murray & Simon (1999)
3840:. CRC Press. p. 57.
3813:10.1177/00754240022005054
3474:Hall, J. H., ed. (2002).
3049:Hankey, Clyde T. (1972).
2608:10.1215/00031283-77-2-148
2500:10.1215/00031283-79-2-115
2482:; Baumgardt, Dan (2004).
2399:(based on 1990 US Census)
1915:has a secondary meaning:
1643:
1637:
579:
444:
434:
432:
276:Clarksburg, West Virginia
246:, known more narrowly as
210:
194:
182:
177:
161:
133:
52:
42:
37:
32:
6337:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
5591:Western American English
5487:Midland American English
5462:General American English
5415:African-American English
5259:Inland Northern American
5075:
4885:Pittsburgh Parking Chair
4296:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
4268:10.1215/00031283-77-1-32
4045:10.1177/0075424206290692
2707:Thomas, Charles (1958).
2121:
2089:Midland American English
1996:+ past participle" and "
1609:Kennywood amusement park
1240:) to fester or suppurate
1152:African-American English
831:are narrow diphthongs .
722:Midland American English
650:Northeastern New England
616:also occurs. Therefore,
258:native primarily to the
7313:Blackfoot Sign Language
5524:New York Latino English
5427:American Indian English
4954:2018 synagogue shooting
4653:Pittsburghese: Welcome!
3708:Metcalf, Allan (2000).
3668:The Mid-Atlantic Region
3588:www.merriam-webster.com
3584:"Definition of SPICKET"
3437:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
3175:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
976:vowel (phonemically an
398:phonetic transcriptions
338:in which words such as
8061:Received Pronunciation
7649:Henniker Sign Language
7572:American Sign Language
7316:Cheyenne Sign Language
6181:Central Siberian Yupik
6176:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
5671:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
5581:Upper Michigan English
5554:Puerto Rican Englishes
5312:American Sign Language
5264:Northeast Pennsylvania
4648:Do You Speak American?
4474:10.1075/veaw.g21.15mon
4164:10.1075/eww.10.2.03mon
4083:Layton, N. N. (1999).
2825:Gagnon, C. L. (1999).
2689:. Evolution Publishing
1182:
1045:consonant, cause both
842:vowel alone undergoes
756:contrasting mainly by
395:This section contains
329:vicinity of Pittsburgh
274:, and as far south as
240:
99:North American English
9004:Culture of Pittsburgh
8255:Multicultural Toronto
7351:Hawai'i Sign Language
7334:Ktunaxa Sign Language
7329:Plateau Sign Language
7091:Northern Sierra Miwok
7031:Southern Sierra Miwok
6340:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
6088:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
5576:Transatlantic English
5519:New York City English
5509:New Mexican Englishes
5492:New England Englishes
4993:Notable Pittsburghers
4655:, Duquesne University
4581:Tenny, Carol (1998).
4447:10.1075/veaw.g5.08mac
4420:10.1515/9783110167467
4414:. Mouton de Gruyter.
4316:Wisnosky, M. (2003).
3984:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653
2937:10.1515/9783110175325
2648:Kurath, Hans (1949).
2250:The OED (1991) lists
1180:
1041:may merge before the
1033:. The pair of vowels
935:South African English
740:, with pairs such as
608:) merge to a rounded
234:
8416:Western Pennsylvania
7799:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
7667:in 2021 in millions)
7605:Samoan Sign Language
7322:Navajo Sign Language
7257:Afro-Seminole Creole
7026:Central Sierra Miwok
6605:North Straits Salish
6029:Mescalero-Chiricahua
5549:Philadelphia English
5254:Central Pennsylvania
4814:Allegheny Conference
4355:Heinz History Center
3626:on 23 September 2009
2389:on September 6, 2008
2381:The Ukrainian Weekly
2304:, pp. 130, 133.
2267:The distribution of
1939:Midland U.S. dialect
1601:) bologna lunch meat
1018:pronounced as , and
957:is pronounced ; and
768:by rounding (though
698:: but phonemically
624:are both pronounced
614:father–bother merger
151:Early Modern English
47:Western Pennsylvania
8953:Mid-Atlantic accent
8544:Trinidad and Tobago
7665:(number of speakers
7663:Immigrant languages
7361:Inuit Sign Language
5586:Utah Mormon English
5514:New Orleans English
5432:Appalachian English
5232:Immigrant languages
5188:Indigenous language
4824:Chamber of Commerce
4601:Thomas, E. (2001).
3414:"The jimmies story"
2099:Philadelphia accent
1812:Pittsburgh Steelers
1744:) early spring snow
1297:chipped chopped ham
1138:is pronounced as ;
1126:then sounds like a
429:
237:Downtown Pittsburgh
8476:Pennsylvania Dutch
7440:Pennsylvania Dutch
7319:Cree Sign Language
7131:Havasupai–Hualapai
7077:Kings River Yokuts
7056:Buena Vista Yokuts
7036:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
5544:Pennsylvania Dutch
5467:High Tider English
5452:California English
5286:Pennsylvania Dutch
5093:Pittsburgh English
4914:Fictional settings
4695:City of Pittsburgh
4439:Focus on: Scotland
4288:Accents of English
4152:English World-Wide
3936:Brown, C. (1982).
2771:Johnstone, Barbara
2588:Johnstone, Barbara
2480:Johnstone, Barbara
2383:No. 2, Vol. LXVIII
1949:Reversed usage of
1605:"Kennywood's open"
1468:; elastic fastener
1319:on a short wooden
1183:
881:), namely: before
772:has a contrastive
764:also differs from
724:, being closer to
427:
336:monophthongization
295:Pennsylvania Dutch
254:, is a dialect of
248:Pittsburgh English
241:
8976:
8975:
8861:
8860:
8661:
8660:
8570:
8569:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8409:Pacific Northwest
8270:Standard Canadian
8201:
8200:
8146:
8145:
8086:
8085:
7836:
7835:
7658:
7657:
7549:
7548:
7379:
7378:
7293:Manual Indigenous
7288:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7174:
7173:
6549:Northeastern Pomo
6536:Southeastern Pomo
6309:Northern Kalapuya
5609:
5608:
5437:Baltimore English
5340:
5339:
5137:
5136:
5043:
5042:
4961:Pittsburgh toilet
4756:District Attorney
4716:Convention Center
4659:Pittsburghese.com
4466:Focus on: Ireland
4456:978-90-272-4863-3
4076:978-3-11-016746-7
3920:Montgomery (2001)
3847:978-1-4398-2894-6
3775:Montgomery (1999)
3748:Montgomery (1989)
3727:978-0-618-04362-0
3678:978-0-313-32954-8
3604:. March 21, 2012.
3562:978-0-618-70173-5
3489:978-0-674-00884-7
3443:on 5 October 2014
3384:978-0-674-20519-2
3342:978-1-614-51178-6
3300:978-0-674-20512-3
3224:978-0-199-94568-9
3068:978-0-8173-0010-4
2946:978-3-11-019718-1
2891:Cruttenden (2014)
2360:978-0-674-20511-6
1065:may merge before
895:liquid consonants
590:cot–caught merger
586:
585:
321:cot–caught merger
270:, as far west as
229:
228:
16:(Redirected from
9026:
8999:City colloquials
8989:American English
8873:English language
8758:
8757:
8579:
8578:
8562:Falkland Islands
8461:General American
8434:African-American
8287:
8286:
8221:
8220:
8210:
8209:
7912:
7911:
7903:
7902:
7892:
7891:
7863:
7856:
7849:
7840:
7839:
7560:
7559:
7531:Louisiana Creole
7390:
7389:
7299:
7298:
7183:
7182:
6474:Plateau Penutian
6302:Central Kalapuya
5629:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5404:American English
5398:
5397:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5328:
5327:
5244:African American
5164:
5157:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5128:Commons category
5070:
5063:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5032:
5031:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4646:, part of PBS's
4616:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4568:
4539:
4510:
4477:
4460:
4433:
4406:
4389:
4372:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4321:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4279:
4250:
4229:
4200:
4167:
4146:
4117:
4088:
4079:
4056:
4023:
3987:
3962:
3941:
3923:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3874:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3796:
3785:
3784:
3772:
3763:
3760:McElhinny (1999)
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3715:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3662:
3651:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3388:
3376:
3366:
3347:
3346:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3292:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3242:
3229:
3228:
3210:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3073:
3072:
3056:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2924:
2918:
2917:, pp. 72–3.
2912:
2906:
2905:, pp. 70–2.
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2881:, pp. 88–9.
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:, pp. 71–2.
2840:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2715:. Ronald Press.
2714:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2626:. Archived from
2584:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2518:. Archived from
2476:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2385:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2364:
2346:
2325:
2324:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2223:
2214:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2132:
1921:the butter's all
1687:
1677:monkey ball tree
1672:Maclura pomifera
1658:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1631:Youngstown, Ohio
1371:) cottage cheese
1208:) shopping cart
1133:
1129:
1125:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1013:
994:
987:
979:
975:
953:is pronounced ;
944:
939:Slavic languages
883:nasal consonants
872:
868:
861:
844:Canadian raising
841:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:as the norm for
791:
783:
775:
739:
735:
731:
719:
711:
705:
701:
697:
673:
665:
657:
639:
627:
611:
603:
595:
582:
570:
563:
552:
534:
525:
511:
504:
495:
488:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
430:
426:
417:
413:
334:
272:Youngstown, Ohio
256:American English
250:or popularly as
215:
206:
187:
172:English alphabet
167:
104:American English
58:
30:
29:
21:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9023:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8857:
8814:
8769:
8749:
8657:
8653:Solomon Islands
8622:
8566:
8548:
8480:
8471:New York Latino
8446:American Indian
8426:
8420:
8281:
8274:
8215:
8197:
8183:Channel Islands
8174:
8142:
8109:
8082:
8025:
7987:
7897:
7881:
7867:
7837:
7832:
7666:
7664:
7654:
7629:
7609:
7591:
7555:
7545:
7507:
7469:
7426:
7385:
7375:
7339:
7294:
7280:
7249:
7243:
7170:
7117:
7110:
7012:
6984:
6966:
6911:Northern Paiute
6862:
6858:Coast Tsimshian
6844:
6792:
6666:
6561:
6507:
6468:
6441:
6389:
6352:
6321:
6285:
6190:
6142:
6049:Upper Kuskokwim
5975:
5968:
5918:
5890:
5853:
5815:
5616:
5615:Oral Indigenous
5605:
5601:Yeshiva English
5457:Chicano English
5406:
5387:
5376:
5371:
5341:
5336:
5316:
5300:
5227:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5138:
5133:
5122:Yappin' Yinzers
5079:
5074:
5044:
5039:
5019:
4848:
4800:
4697:
4692:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4585:
4545:American Speech
4516:American Speech
4457:
4430:
4369:
4344:
4342:
4329:
4327:Further reading
4324:
4307:
4256:American Speech
4235:American Speech
4206:American Speech
4094:American Speech
4077:
3959:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3894:
3886:
3877:
3869:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3832:
3828:
3797:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3706:
3702:
3698:Montgomery 2001
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3663:
3654:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3505:American Speech
3501:
3497:
3490:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3425:
3410:
3406:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3367:
3350:
3343:
3329:
3322:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3283:
3274:
3247:American Speech
3243:
3232:
3225:
3211:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3144:
3138:Wisnosky (2003)
3136:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3111:Maxfield (1931)
3109:
3100:
3089:
3076:
3069:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3016:
3012:, pp. 1–2.
3008:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2962:American Speech
2958:
2954:
2947:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2834:
2823:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:(May 3, 2011).
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2596:American Speech
2585:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2488:American Speech
2477:
2430:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2392:
2390:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2347:
2328:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2224:
2217:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2080:
2035:
1901:
1896:
1752:ret, rid, ridd,
1669:) fruit of the
1218:) baby carriage
1175:
973:
875:monophthongized
870:
866:
850:. In 1971, the
839:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
793:
773:
737:
733:
690:, phonetically
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
425:
424:
423:
391:
288:
225:
202:
183:
168:
163:
157:
136:
129:
59:
56:Language family
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9032:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8994:American slang
8991:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8915:
8913:Englishisation
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8869:
8867:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8824:
8822:
8820:Southeast Asia
8816:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8785:
8779:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8735:South Atlantic
8732:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8669:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8633:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8587:
8585:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8517:Cayman Islands
8514:
8509:
8504:
8498:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8430:
8428:
8427:ethno-cultural
8422:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8235:
8229:
8227:
8218:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8156:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8119:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8096:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8063:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8019:Stoke-on-Trent
8016:
8011:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7909:
7900:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7878:Modern English
7866:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7752:
7746:
7740:
7734:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7670:
7668:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7619:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7557:
7554:Manual settler
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7520:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7483:Caló (Chicano)
7479:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7398:
7396:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7366:Keresan Pueblo
7363:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7262:Chinook Jargon
7259:
7253:
7251:
7248:Mixed or trade
7245:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7234:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7189:
7187:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7073:
7070:Gashowu Yokuts
7066:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6941:Ute-Chemehuevi
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6854:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6661:Upper Chehalis
6657:
6650:
6643:
6640:Lower Chehalis
6636:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6580:Columbia-Moses
6577:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6498:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6458:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6334:Cochiti Pueblo
6331:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6297:
6295:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6061:
6059:Western Apache
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5930:
5928:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5761:Mohegan-Pequot
5757:
5754:Miami-Illinois
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5442:Boston English
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5305:Sign languages
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5106:The New Yinzer
5102:
5097:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4949:Jewish history
4946:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4844:Stock Exchange
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4641:
4638:New York Times
4631:
4623:
4622:External links
4620:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4598:
4578:
4569:
4557:10.2307/454887
4551:(3): 228–237.
4540:
4528:10.2307/452864
4522:(2): 104–110.
4511:
4478:
4461:
4455:
4434:
4428:
4407:
4390:
4373:
4368:978-0936340210
4367:
4357:staff (2015).
4351:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4313:
4284:Wells, John C.
4280:
4251:
4241:(2): 140–164.
4230:
4218:10.2307/455549
4212:(3): 255–271.
4201:
4183:(3): 234–249.
4168:
4158:(2): 227–278.
4147:
4129:(2): 171–195.
4118:
4106:10.2307/451308
4089:
4080:
4075:
4061:Labov, William
4057:
4024:
3988:
3963:
3957:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3909:
3892:
3875:
3860:
3846:
3826:
3807:(3): 295–310.
3786:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3726:
3700:
3691:
3677:
3652:
3637:
3607:
3593:
3575:
3561:
3539:
3530:
3517:10.2307/455213
3511:(2): 141–145.
3495:
3488:
3466:
3454:
3423:
3412:Freeman, Jan.
3404:
3383:
3348:
3341:
3320:
3299:
3272:
3259:10.2307/454783
3253:(4): 310–331.
3230:
3223:
3188:
3161:
3142:
3127:
3115:
3098:
3074:
3067:
3041:
3029:
3014:
3002:
2998:Johnson (1971)
2987:
2974:10.2307/454074
2968:(3): 226–229.
2952:
2945:
2919:
2915:Johnson (1971)
2907:
2903:Johnson (1971)
2895:
2883:
2871:
2867:Johnson (1971)
2859:
2857:, p. 484.
2847:
2843:Johnson (1971)
2832:
2806:
2780:
2759:
2757:, p. 123.
2747:
2735:
2721:
2699:
2674:
2660:
2640:
2602:(2): 148–166.
2532:
2494:(2): 115–145.
2428:
2421:
2401:
2366:
2359:
2326:
2306:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2260:
2243:
2215:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2171:Depression Era
2162:
2153:
2144:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2105:Pittsburgh Dad
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2017:
1966:
1947:
1924:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1839:carpet sweeper
1835:vacuum cleaner
1824:
1814:
1801:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1705:
1689:
1679:
1660:
1634:
1616:
1602:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1555:
1515:
1505:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1455:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1300:
1286:
1276:
1264:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1197:
1184:
1174:
1171:
584:
583:
578:
572:
571:
564:
557:
555:
553:
546:
540:
539:
537:
535:
528:
526:
519:
513:
512:
505:
498:
496:
489:
482:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
418:⟩, see
394:
393:
392:
390:
387:
287:
284:
227:
226:
216:
208:
207:
200:
192:
191:
188:
180:
179:
178:Language codes
175:
174:
169:
165:Writing system
162:
159:
158:
156:
155:
154:
153:
146:Middle English
139:
137:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
62:
60:
53:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9031:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8933:International
8931:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8864:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8817:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8613:Torres Strait
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8580:
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8554:
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8540:
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8535:
8532:
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8527:
8523:
8520:
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8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
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8500:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8348:North-Central
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8326:New York City
8324:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:Ottawa Valley
8258:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8211:
8208:
8204:
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8191:
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8149:
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8118:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
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8093:
8089:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8054:Multicultural
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8014:Black Country
8012:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8005:
8004:West Midlands
8002:
8000:
7999:East Midlands
7997:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
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7949:
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7908:
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7884:
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7871:
7864:
7859:
7857:
7852:
7850:
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7841:
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7816:
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7810:
7807:
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7620:
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7616:
7612:
7606:
7603:
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7598:
7594:
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7542:
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7534:
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7518:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7501:
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7496:
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7489:
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7480:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7466:
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7461:
7458:
7456:
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7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
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7429:
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7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7382:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7291:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
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7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:Valley Yokuts
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:Southern Tiwa
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6780:Tutelo-Saponi
6777:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6575:Coeur d'Alene
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6556:Northern Pomo
6553:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:Southern Pomo
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:Laguna Pueblo
6348:
6345:
6343:Western Keres
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6273:Susquehannock
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6259:Neutral Huron
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6186:Chevak Cup’ik
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6109:Plains Apache
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5914:Upper Chinook
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5740:Nawathinehena
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Texan English
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Maine English
5480:
5478:
5477:Miami English
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Cajun English
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5382:Languages in
5379:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5333:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5222:Susquehannock
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5036:
5035:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Neighborhoods
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Economic Club
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Duquesne Club
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4429:9783110167467
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4319:
4314:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:(2): 77–104.
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3958:9781444183092
3954:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3123:Layton (1999)
3119:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3045:
3039:, p. 72.
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:Duncan (2016)
3006:
3000:, p. 72.
2999:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2869:, p. 70.
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2745:, p. 66.
2744:
2739:
2724:
2722:9780826086303
2718:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2663:
2661:9780472085323
2657:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2630:on 2017-09-22
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2522:on 2018-04-21
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2422:9780313396441
2418:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2071:Billy Gardell
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:) town square
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:cruddled milk
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
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1287:
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1259:
1255:
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1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1121:
1120:-vocalization
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1052:
1048:
1028:
1027:vowel mergers
1023:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
989:
985:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
863:
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
813:
789:
781:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
732:. This makes
729:
723:
717:
707:
695:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
663:
653:
651:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
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599:
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574:
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569:
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562:
558:
556:
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547:
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541:
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533:
529:
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518:
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478:
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456:
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431:
421:
409:
405:
403:
399:
386:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:eye spellings
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
326:
322:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
283:
281:
280:working class
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:Pittsburghese
249:
245:
238:
233:
223:
219:
214:
209:
205:
201:
199:
198:
193:
189:
186:
181:
176:
173:
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166:
160:
152:
149:
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147:
144:
143:
142:
138:
132:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:Anglo–Frisian
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:West Germanic
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:Indo-European
61:
57:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
8718:South Africa
8713:Sierra Leone
8466:Miami Latino
8415:
8355:Philadelphia
8343:Inland North
8248:Newfoundland
8066:West Country
7880:by continent
7647:
7640:
7622:
7614:
7503:Sabine River
7498:Puerto Rican
7450:Plautdietsch
7384:Oral settler
7327:
7275:Mohawk Dutch
7273:
7236:
7229:
7105:Plains Miwok
7103:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
6959:
6952:
6837:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6554:
6547:
6526:Eastern Pomo
6521:Central Pomo
6500:
6493:
6461:
6434:
6382:
6346:Acoma Pueblo
6314:
6307:
6300:
6290:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6135:
6130:Upper Umpqua
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6054:Upper Tanana
6024:Lower Tanana
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5923:
5883:
5821:Austronesian
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5775:Narragansett
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5676:Massachusett
5595:
5402:Dialects of
5386:are extinct.
5383:
5329:
5274:Philadelphia
5220:
5213:
5204:
5179:
5126:
5104:
5091:
5027:
4896:
4890:Picklesburgh
4870:cookie table
4853:Other topics
4829:Corporations
4647:
4637:
4602:
4593:
4589:
4573:
4548:
4544:
4519:
4515:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4465:
4438:
4411:
4394:
4377:
4358:
4343:. Retrieved
4317:
4304:0-52128541-0
4287:
4262:(1): 32–69.
4259:
4255:
4238:
4234:
4209:
4205:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4155:
4151:
4126:
4122:
4100:(1): 18–20.
4097:
4093:
4084:
4065:
4036:
4032:
3999:(2): 69–73,
3996:
3992:
3975:
3971:
3947:
3937:
3929:Bibliography
3851:. Retrieved
3836:
3829:
3804:
3800:
3755:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3711:
3703:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3667:
3645:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:the original
3620:tomtwine.com
3619:
3610:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3550:
3542:
3533:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3477:
3469:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3436:
3426:
3417:
3407:
3372:
3332:
3288:
3250:
3246:
3214:
3182:16 September
3180:, retrieved
3173:
3164:
3118:
3092:
3052:
3044:
3032:
3025:Brown (1982)
3005:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2928:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2855:Wells (1982)
2850:
2826:
2797:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2774:
2750:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2710:
2702:
2691:. Retrieved
2665:. Retrieved
2650:
2643:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:the original
2599:
2595:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2491:
2487:
2415:. ABC-CLIO.
2411:
2404:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2379:
2369:
2350:
2318:
2309:
2297:
2277:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2177:out of them.
2165:
2156:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2103:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1890:
1889:) plural of
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1648:
1627:Klondike bar
1622:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1361:crudded milk
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1315:loin and/or
1308:
1304:city chicken
1302:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1230:) Pittsburgh
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1050:
1046:
1025:A number of
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:(intruding)
1005:
1000:
996:
990:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
864:
855:
847:
837:
814:
769:
765:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
708:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
654:
633:
629:
621:
617:
605:
597:
587:
414:and ⟨
396:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
347:
343:
339:
289:
251:
247:
243:
242:
195:
108:
8843:Philippines
8636:New Zealand
8522:Bay Islands
8502:The Bahamas
8425:Social and
8382:New Orleans
8299:New England
8193:Isle of Man
8138:Port Talbot
8039:East Anglia
7956:Northumbria
7733:Hindi (0.9)
7541:Angloromani
7493:New Mexican
7422:New England
7063:Coast Miwok
6936:Tübatulabal
6868:Uto-Aztecan
6850:Tsimshianic
6839:Piro Pueblo
6759:Mitchigamea
6715:Omaha–Ponca
6680:Assiniboine
6595:Lushootseed
6447:Palaihnihan
6280:Wenrohronon
5976:Yeniseian?)
5839:Refaluwasch
5726:Gros Ventre
5249:Appalachian
5010:Skyscrapers
4590:Linguistics
4345:22 November
3447:26 February
2239:jack around
2059:Fred Rogers
2039:John Kasich
1823:) to vacuum
1663:monkey ball
1552:jagger bush
1466:rubber band
1311:) cubes of
1289:chipped ham
1196:) headscarf
1069:, so that
758:roundedness
668:I apologize
592:, in which
316:Hans Kurath
291:Scots-Irish
268:Erie County
141:Old English
135:Early forms
8983:Categories
8783:Bangladesh
8775:South Asia
8728:Cape Flats
8678:The Gambia
8603:Aboriginal
8439:vernacular
8404:California
8377:High Tider
8372:Appalachia
8233:Aboriginal
8165:South-West
8009:Birmingham
7966:Sunderland
7951:Manchester
7941:Lancashire
7754:Urdu (0.5)
7722:Portuguese
7692:Vietnamese
7582:Protactile
7564:Francosign
7231:Chitimacha
7084:Lake Miwok
6585:Halkomelem
6081:Holikachuk
5956:Purisimeño
5701:Potawatomi
5420:Vernacular
5279:Pittsburgh
5112:Yinztagram
4927:television
4726:Courthouse
4703:Government
4612:0822364948
4596:: 591–597.
4507:2152905187
3853:1 November
3733:26 October
3684:1 November
3568:26 October
3418:Boston.com
2728:21 October
2693:2012-10-21
2667:21 October
2634:2019-09-17
2526:2018-04-20
2290:References
2116:Yinztagram
2065:Myron Cope
2054:Dan Rooney
2049:Art Rooney
2044:Pat McAfee
2019:"Punctual
1845:tossle cap
1764:redding up
1738:onion snow
1712:nebby-nose
1657:/kʊlˈbɒsi/
1558:jaggerbush
1530:jag around
1343:) crawfish
1285:) kerosene
1279:carbon oil
1224:the 'Burgh
1212:baby buggy
1173:Vocabulary
1008:epenthetic
907:obstruents
873:(). It is
646:California
576:Diphthongs
352:sauerkraut
325:Harrisburg
264:Pittsburgh
218:Appalachia
79:Ingvaeonic
8848:Singapore
8810:Sri Lanka
8765:Hong Kong
8591:variation
8583:Australia
8494:Caribbean
8360:Baltimore
8243:Lunenburg
8188:Gibraltar
8105:Highlands
7983:Yorkshire
7946:Liverpool
7556:languages
7536:Spanglish
7519:languages
7445:Hutterite
7402:Louisiana
7386:languages
7303:Hand Talk
7295:languages
7250:Languages
7098:Palewyami
7049:Bay Miwok
7018:Yuk-Utian
6896:Kitanemuk
6730:Winnebago
6654:Tillamook
6482:Nez Perce
6436:Apalachee
6408:Chickasaw
6395:Muskogean
6292:Kalapuyan
6239:Tuscarora
6196:Iroquoian
6039:Tanacross
6014:Jicarilla
5989:Deg Xinag
5963:Ventureño
5935:Barbareño
5925:Chumashan
5904:Kathlamet
5896:Chinookan
5849:Tokelauan
5768:Nanticoke
5681:Menominee
5651:Blackfoot
5617:languages
4988:Nicknames
4968:Hospitals
4880:Green Man
4781:Education
4771:Libraries
4721:City Hall
4501:: 19–27.
4276:143892781
4197:143776545
4143:145656857
4021:146649800
3821:220752970
3393:cite book
3309:cite book
2272:colonies.
2175:drumstick
1928:Positive
1590:sprinkles
1550:(as in a
1411:) drought
1395:doll baby
1157:The word
1146:as ; and
1142:as or ;
1083:/il/~/ɪl/
720:found in
636:are both
389:Phonology
372:sahrkraht
311:loanwords
303:Ukrainian
197:Glottolog
185:ISO 639-3
8968:Standard
8938:Learning
8926:Nerrière
8917:Globish
8833:Malaysia
8805:Pakistan
8745:Zimbabwe
8673:Cameroon
8507:Barbados
8238:Atlantic
8206:Americas
8123:Abercraf
8092:Scotland
8071:Cornwall
7992:Midlands
7976:Teesside
7971:Tyneside
7961:Pitmatic
7924:Cheshire
7870:Dialects
7803:Armenian
7776:Gujarati
7770:Japanese
7634:Isolates
7460:Alsatian
7412:Missouri
7344:Isolates
7186:Isolates
7146:Maricopa
7141:Kumeyaay
6972:Wakashan
6931:Timbisha
6926:Shoshoni
6891:Kawaiisu
6886:Ivilyuat
6876:Comanche
6647:Quinault
6620:Thompson
6610:Okanagan
6600:Nooksack
6567:Salishan
6487:Sahaptin
6463:Atsugewi
6455:Achumawi
6428:Muscogee
6423:Mikasuki
6316:Yoncalla
6266:Nottoway
6224:Onondaga
6209:Cherokee
6148:Eskaleut
6116:Tsetsaut
5999:Gwich’in
5994:Dena'ina
5949:Obispeño
5834:Hawaiian
5829:Chamorro
5789:Powhatan
5719:Etchemin
5656:Cheyenne
5625:Families
5331:Category
5195:Delaware
5034:Category
4944:timeline
4918:Filming
4839:HYP Club
4796:Regional
4746:InterGov
4503:ProQuest
4403:60005671
4386:49050233
4286:(1982).
4173:whenever
4013:44526647
3630:19 April
2616:40281028
2508:40281107
2256:kielbasa
2235:jack off
2187:origins.
2140:babushka
2078:See also
2025:punctual
2021:whenever
1917:all gone
1909:all gone
1907:to mean
1804:Stillers
1770:reverend
1756:redd out
1708:neb-nose
1653:kielbasa
1644:kolbassi
1619:Klondike
1453:chipmunk
1333:) closet
1262:shivaree
1189:babushka
945:, as in
887:downtown
674:, as in
412:/ /
408:Help:IPA
358:such as
307:Croatian
286:Overview
204:west2919
69:Germanic
8898:Engrish
8893:E-Prime
8866:Related
8853:Vietnam
8838:Myanmar
8708:Nigeria
8703:Namibia
8693:Liberia
8575:Oceania
8557:Bermuda
8529:Jamaica
8456:Chicano
8294:Midland
8280:United
8216:America
8152:Ireland
8128:Cardiff
8100:Glasgow
8049:Cockney
7929:Cumbria
7907:England
7898:Britain
7874:accents
7794:Punjabi
7782:Bengali
7758:Persian
7749:Italian
7728:Haitian
7716:Russian
7686:Tagalog
7680:Chinese
7674:Spanish
7615:Kentish
7475:Spanish
7455:Bernese
7417:Muskrat
7238:Tonkawa
7208:Siuslaw
7203:Kutenai
7166:Yavapai
7156:Quechan
7126:Cocopah
7118:Cochimí
6998:Nomlaki
6990:Wintuan
6921:Serrano
6916:O'odham
6901:Luiseño
6816:Picuris
6766:Moneton
6752:Chiwere
6745:Catawba
6695:Hidatsa
6633:Cowlitz
6590:Klallam
6531:Kashaya
6495:Klamath
6418:Koasati
6413:Choctaw
6403:Alabama
6376:Nisenan
6358:Maiduan
6327:Keresan
6244:Wyandot
6171:Alutiiq
6161:Inupiat
6137:Wailaki
6123:Tututni
6102:Mattole
6019:Koyukon
5942:Cruzeño
5877:Wichita
5867:Arikara
5859:Caddoan
5796:Quiripi
5782:Pamlico
5747:Mahican
5706:Shawnee
5686:Mi'kmaq
5646:Arapaho
5641:Abenaki
5502:Western
5497:Eastern
5393:English
5384:italics
5296:Italian
5291:Spanish
5239:English
5180:Italics
5117:YinzCam
4978:Museums
4934:History
4897:Dialect
4875:theatre
4865:Culture
4806:Economy
4776:Transit
4761:Sheriff
4736:Council
4711:Airport
4491:you'uns
4487:you all
4340:WESA-FM
4053:3851451
2624:2783229
2516:3861413
2393:May 16,
2252:kolbasa
1946:origin.
1943:anymore
1935:anymore
1930:anymore
1899:Grammar
1887:pronoun
1879:you'uns
1827:sweeper
1790:spicket
1748:redd up
1716:nebshit
1702:neb out
1686:/əˈnæt/
1638:kolbusy
1582:jimmies
1564:) briar
1526:jag off
1458:gumband
1445:grinnie
1435:feature
1375:diamond
1353:) Creek
1327:cubberd
1254:belling
1099:/i/~/ɪ/
1095:/u/~/ʊ/
1091:/i/~/ɪ/
1087:/ɪl~il/
931:Cockney
774:THOUGHT
704:/hoʊrs/
604:(as in
596:(as in
441:Central
400:in the
379:pronoun
94:English
8921:Gogate
8828:Brunei
8740:Uganda
8723:accent
8698:Malawi
8666:Africa
8641:accent
8596:accent
8539:Samaná
8512:Bequia
8331:accent
8304:Boston
8282:States
8265:Quebec
8225:Canada
8214:North
8170:Ulster
8160:Dublin
8076:Dorset
7934:Barrow
7896:Great
7887:Europe
7821:Hebrew
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