577:, such as Iraq, closer to the projected anti-communist Arab alliance, as the former would have been of inspiration for other "like-minded" countries. It was also hoped that by agreeing to the Baghdad Pact the Turkish and the Iraqi relations would get their time in the sun. However, this optimism was not rewarded as Iraq was under constant threat of the infiltration of Turkish troops , and Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri was desperate to strike an agreement. Finally, the Turkish courting by western nations, such as the US, did not have the outcome that was desired as Arab countries, primarily
679:
503:
164:
771:
727:
519:
149:
335:
487:
205:
816:
703:
535:
179:
45:
839:
795:
749:
551:
192:
57:
409:
924:
The institutions supported a wide range of non-military activities, with a particular focus on agriculture and development, In 1960, for example, CENTO had funded 37 projects covering agriculture, education, health, economic development and transportation. It also arranged at least one symposium on
469:
halted military aid to Turkey despite two
Presidential vetoes. With the fall of the Iranian monarchy, whatever remaining rationale for the organization was lost. Future U.S. and British defence agreements with regional countriesâsuch as Pakistan, Egypt, and the Arab-Gulf statesâwere conducted
362:(USSR) by having a line of strong states along the Soviet Union's southwestern frontier. Similarly, it was known as the 'Northern Tier' to prevent Soviet expansion into the Middle East. Unlike NATO, METO did not have a unified military command structure, nor were many American or British
425:
CENTO did little to prevent the expansion of Soviet influence to non-member states in the area. Whatever containment value the pact might have had was lost when the
Soviets 'leap-frogged' the member states, establishing close military and political relationships with governments in
413:
412:
414:
1384:
411:
1349:
884:
in Iran was completed and funded in large part by CENTO (mainly the UK). The civil engineering was especially challenging because of the difficult terrain. Part of the route included a rail ferry across Lake Van with a terminal at
599:
February 24, 1955: Iraq and Turkey sign a military agreement in
Baghdad and the term "Baghdad Pact" started to be used. United Kingdom (April 5), Pakistan (September 23) and Iran (November 3) joined the Baghdad Pact in the same
473:
With the withdrawal of Iran, the
Secretary-General of CENTO, Turkish diplomat Kamuran Gurun, announced on March 16, 1979, that he would call a meeting of the pact's council in order to formally dissolve the organization.
1385:
http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2011/Geneva%20NY%20Daily%20Times/Geneva%20NY%20Daily%20Times%201971%20Mar-Apr%201971%20Grayscale/Geneva%20NY%20Daily%20Times%201971%20Mar-Apr%201971%20Grayscale%20-%201035.pdf
381:
who withdrew Iraq from the
Baghdad Pact, opened diplomatic relations with Soviet Union and adopted a non-aligned stance. The organization dropped the name 'Baghdad Pact' in favor of 'CENTO' at that time.
1398:
Along the Path of a CENTO Railway: A Narrative with Text and
Photographs Telling how Iran and Turkey, with the Support of CENTO Associates, are Repeating History by Linking Their Countries with a Modern
1681:
The Role of
Science in the Development of Natural Resources with Particular Reference to Pakistan, Iran and Turkey: A Symposium Held Under the Auspices of the CENTO Scientific Council, Lahore, January,
1555:
1551:
CIA memorandum, released under US Freedom of
Information provisions. "EIGHTH CENTO MINISTERIAL COUNCIL SESSION TEHRAN, APRIL 28-30, 1960 U.S. POSITION ON THE TURKISH- IRANIAN RAILWAY LINK".
1573:"CENTO Seminar on the Control and Eradication of Viral Diseases in the CENTO Region: With Special Emphasis on Foot-and-mouth Disease and Rinderpest and Renderpest-like Diseases; [papers"
1612:
Sahimi, M. Website. "Iran's
Nuclear Energy Program. Part V: From the United States Offering Iran Uranium Enrichment Technology to Suggestions for Creating Catastrophic Industrial Failure".
1346:
410:
626:
1971: In a new war with India, Pakistan again tried unsuccessfully to get allied assistance. (The U.S. provided limited military support to
Pakistan, but not under the rubric of CENTO.)
3162:
1425:
370:
intelligence flights over the Soviet Union from bases in Pakistan. The United Kingdom had access to facilities in Pakistan and Iraq at various times while the treaty was in effect.
1662:
1283:
936:
The organization that became the CENTO Institute of Nuclear Science was established by Western powers in the Baghdad Pact, as CENTO was then known. It was initially located in
4677:
4497:
1183:
4702:
4712:
3348:
2779:
1347:
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-treaty-organization-cento-a-mutual-defense-and-economic-cooperation-pact-among-persia-turkey-and-pakistan-wi
1552:
2827:
4642:
964:, Pakistan, in 1962, entitled "The Role of Science in the Development of Natural Resources with Particular Reference to Pakistan, Iran and Turkey".
4482:
4009:
2759:
1088:
401:. CENTO was unwilling to get deeply involved in either dispute. In 1965 and 1971, Pakistan unsuccessfully tried to get assistance in its wars with
295:
In 1958, the U.S. joined the military committee of the alliance. It is generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War alliances.
2326:
292:
and the difficulty of obtaining Congressional Approval." Others said that the reason was "for purely technical reasons of budgeting procedures."
4722:
4568:
2077:
1886:
1301:
993:
620:
1679:
354:(NATO), METO committed the nations to mutual cooperation and protection, as well as non-intervention in each other's affairs. Its goal was to
4727:
4662:
655:
A Secretary General, appointed by the council of ministers for a renewable three years, oversaw CENTO activities. Secretaries general were:
366:
established in member countries, although the United States had communications and electronic intelligence facilities in Iran, and operated
4558:
998:
1587:
1422:
450:. By 1970, the Soviet Union had deployed over 20,000 troops to Egypt, and had established naval bases in Syria, Somalia, and South Yemen.
4657:
4532:
3419:
1633:
623:
on September 20 and the United States and the United Kingdom supported the UN decision by cutting off arms supplies to both belligerents.
1772:
4717:
4707:
4692:
4682:
4522:
1659:
4611:
1720:
Cohen, Michael J. "From âColdâ to âHotâ War: Allied Strategic and Military Interests in the Middle East after the Second World War."
1281:
952:
in 1958 after Iraq withdrew from CENTO. Students from Pakistan and Turkey as well as those from Iran were trained at the Institute.
4697:
4687:
4667:
4563:
2596:
1113:
Thus, the Baghdad Pact is widely considered the least successful of the Cold War schemes engendered by the Anglo-American alliance.
4742:
3999:
2643:
1794:
4492:
2764:
978:
4487:
2422:
2109:
2087:
1690:
1330:
1100:
3510:
1531:
1489:
4747:
3329:
3254:
2914:
2514:
1441:
1009:
1760:
1616:
889:
on the Western side of the lake. Notable features of the railway on the Iranian side included 125 bridges, among them the
4637:
4527:
2934:
2067:
461:. This led the United Kingdom to withdraw forces that had been earmarked to the alliance - Nos 9 and 35 Squadrons flying
2176:
2104:
4652:
4616:
3969:
3064:
2042:
1927:
1881:
1876:
1822:
1014:
272:
U.S. pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, but the
4732:
3701:
3264:
2534:
2475:
1643:
1597:
1553:
http://www.foia.cia.gov/document/eighth-cento-ministerial-council-session-tehran-april-28-30-1960-us-position-turkish
1525:
1483:
1298:
The India-Pakistan War of 1965. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State
1071:
988:
398:
289:
2272:
405:
through CENTO, but this was rejected under the idea that CENTO was aimed at containing the Soviet Union, not India.
3404:
3399:
2894:
2857:
2586:
2032:
281:
3082:
2944:
2628:
4752:
4672:
4124:
3505:
3434:
3334:
3212:
2984:
2974:
2561:
1948:
901:
Like its counterparts NATO and SEATO, CENTO sponsored a number of cultural and scientific research institutions:
616:
28:
2899:
2786:
2774:
960:
The CENTO Scientific Council organized a number of scientific symposia and other events, including a meeting in
3555:
3324:
2904:
2806:
2539:
1983:
1978:
457:
spelled the end of the organization in 1979, but in reality, it essentially had been finished since 1974, when
94:
3224:
2954:
2465:
2237:
1412:
Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh. OUP (2011) Conceiving Citizens: Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran. p. 291.
1257:
4502:
3517:
3470:
3234:
3157:
2889:
2949:
2658:
2581:
2252:
1743:
The origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great power conflict and diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece
3535:
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3188:
3059:
2989:
2754:
2571:
2337:
2232:
2164:
1169:
339:
1734:
Jalal, Ayesha. "Towards the Baghdad Pact: South Asia and Middle East Defence in the Cold War, 1947â1955."
4737:
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3979:
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3097:
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2801:
2745:
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2529:
2487:
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1917:
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4344:
3565:
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3540:
3394:
2994:
2482:
2285:
2052:
1423:
http://www.bengalfoundation.org/old/index.php?view=artist/ArtistProfile.php&artistID=100&page=5
637:
630:
458:
443:
565:'s role in the Baghdad Pact was one of a unique and elevated nature compared to other nations such as
4757:
4573:
4449:
4394:
4214:
3202:
2909:
2470:
2082:
1999:
394:
1660:
http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/irans-nuclear-decision-making-calculus?print
1299:
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3939:
3429:
3374:
3359:
3299:
3107:
3087:
2847:
2524:
2129:
1727:
Hashmi, Sohail H. "âZero Plus Zero Plus Zeroâ: Pakistan, the Baghdad Pact, and the Suez Crisis."
1366:
860:
CENTO sponsored a railway line, some of which was completed, to enable a rail connection between
2332:
1658:
Entessar, Nader. Middle East Policy Council website. "Iran's Nuclear Decision-Making Calculus".
4219:
3723:
3117:
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2027:
2022:
1815:
1174:
926:
873:
466:
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2402:
2367:
2277:
2222:
2119:
1960:
1777:
319:
17:
893:, measuring 1,485 feet (453 m) in length, spanning a gorge 396 feet (121 m) deep.
646:
March 16, 1979: CENTO is formally disbanded. United Kingdom and Turkey withdraws from CENTO.
3994:
3761:
3616:
3570:
3485:
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3279:
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2924:
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285:
8:
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2939:
2879:
2852:
2678:
2663:
2633:
2611:
2397:
2387:
2114:
2037:
2007:
1991:
609:
March 24, 1959: The new republican regime of Iraq withdrew the country from the alliance.
3294:
3207:
1709:. Air Force Dept. Air Historical Branch, Great Britain. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1232:
4593:
4389:
4374:
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3044:
3034:
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418:
378:
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277:
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2999:
2796:
2653:
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2504:
2455:
2429:
2407:
2247:
2227:
2171:
2159:
1973:
1808:
1686:
1639:
1593:
1521:
1479:
1465:
1326:
1140:
1096:
1067:
242:
97:
4583:
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4369:
4294:
4224:
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3919:
3914:
3894:
3844:
3834:
3661:
3626:
3611:
3560:
3289:
3229:
3069:
2728:
2708:
2417:
2359:
2353:
2320:
2300:
2290:
2139:
1940:
1932:
1789:
1214:
1179:
1707:
Wings in the sun: a history of the Royal Air Force in the Mediterranean, 1945â1986
4588:
4444:
4434:
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4359:
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4069:
4037:
3929:
3889:
3651:
3646:
3586:
3527:
3259:
3137:
2964:
2929:
2837:
2832:
2556:
2450:
2124:
2057:
2047:
2012:
1968:
1955:
1907:
1666:
1620:
1572:
1559:
1511:
1469:
1429:
1396:
1353:
1305:
1287:
684:
508:
343:
254:
169:
2551:
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4339:
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3924:
3713:
3636:
3364:
3269:
3019:
2959:
2591:
2509:
2412:
2372:
2342:
2242:
2197:
1613:
890:
695:
615:
1965: Pakistan tried to get help from its allies in its war against India. The
492:
363:
334:
266:
210:
1218:
318:
was also an important location for CENTO due to the British military bases in
4631:
4578:
4424:
4319:
4284:
4269:
4229:
3771:
3601:
3339:
3249:
3112:
3092:
2979:
2740:
2718:
2683:
2262:
2257:
2212:
2134:
2094:
1843:
1757:
The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950â59
606:
March 5, 1959: U.S. signs military agreements with Pakistan, Iran and Turkey.
273:
1750:
The quest for hegemony in the Arab world: The struggle over the Baghdad Pact
4364:
4314:
4244:
4234:
4088:
4076:
4063:
3869:
3696:
3197:
2445:
2295:
2154:
2149:
2144:
1850:
1205:
Jasse, Richard (Winter 1991). "The Baghdad Pact: Cold War or Colonialism".
1033:
881:
776:
732:
596:
May 19, 1954: U.S. and Pakistan sign a Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement.
524:
367:
359:
250:
154:
1319:
629:
1974: The United Kingdom withdraws forces from the alliance following the
338:
Three U.S. Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom II aircraft parked at
4409:
4014:
3984:
3839:
3829:
3728:
3591:
3384:
2873:
2703:
2688:
2499:
2347:
2315:
2202:
2017:
1922:
1861:
1280:
CENTO nation help sought by Pakistan. Chicago Tribune. September 7, 1965
869:
570:
462:
439:
386:
355:
323:
4168:
3879:
3849:
3803:
3718:
3686:
3678:
3621:
3309:
3024:
2713:
2601:
2207:
930:
593:
February 1954: Turkey signs a Pact of Mutual Cooperation with Pakistan.
574:
390:
2822:
905:
CENTO Conferences on Teaching Public Health and Public Health Practice
4464:
4309:
4158:
4131:
3944:
3899:
3808:
3776:
3756:
3748:
3077:
2867:
1517:
1233:"The Baghdad Pact (1955) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)"
603:
October 1958: Baghdad Pact headquarters moved from Baghdad to Ankara.
569:. It was given "special" attention by the West primarily due to its
4043:
3884:
3781:
3656:
3475:
3379:
2519:
2377:
1831:
1124:
Dimitrakis, Panagiotis, The Value to CENTO of UK Bases on Cyprus",
877:
821:
708:
540:
258:
246:
184:
3163:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
393:
became extremely volatile areas during the 1960s with the ongoing
3989:
3874:
3864:
3813:
3354:
2099:
937:
299:
125:
107:
1786:"Baghdad pact. Unified Military Command Seen, 1958/01/30 (1958)"
44:
4057:
3859:
3798:
2733:
1402:. Central Treaty Organization, Public Relations Division. 1960.
961:
945:
886:
865:
861:
844:
800:
754:
562:
556:
315:
311:
307:
262:
197:
112:
4542:
4498:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
4004:
3787:
1866:
973:
578:
447:
431:
427:
402:
56:
4082:
3964:
1856:
1800:
1004:
949:
941:
566:
435:
351:
303:
4537:
4517:
4512:
1150:
373:
On 14 July 1958, the Iraqi monarchy was overthrown in a
1575:. Central Treaty Organization – via Google Books.
573:
importance. It was believed that the Turks could draw
4678:
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
896:
1052:
ISIO Monographs, University of Sussex, UK (1971): 2.
1318:
377:. The new government was led by military officer
4629:
4483:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
1325:. Vol. II. New York: Simon & Schuster.
911:CENTO Institute of Nuclear & Applied Science
483:
4703:Military alliances involving the United Kingdom
2920:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
2327:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1797:on the US State Department's website (archived)
1136:
1134:
269:. The alliance was dissolved on 16 March 1979.
4713:Military alliances involving the United States
1442:"Video: Sadik Kakaç, 2013 Honorary Membership"
1170:"CENTO pact members to dissolve alliance soon"
994:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
643:March 12, 1979: Pakistan withdraws from CENTO.
1816:
1571:Lawrence, Mary Margaret (21 September 1973).
4559:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2110:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
1614:http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/1186.html
1321:Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician 1962â1972
1258:"Records of International Military Agencies"
1131:
999:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
3420:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1128:, Volume 45, Issue 4, July 2009, pp 611â624
955:
4523:United States involvement in regime change
2078:1947â1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
1823:
1809:
531:
280:, who was involved in the negotiations as
43:
1421:See, for example, in "Solo exhibitions":
4643:Cold War alliances and military strategy
1570:
1091:. In Ruud van Dijk; et al. (eds.).
547:
407:
333:
322:along with the islandâs location in the
2649:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
1585:
1513:Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran
1316:
1145:American Presidents and the Middle East
298:The organization's headquarters was in
249:. It was formed on 24 February 1955 by
14:
4630:
4493:Russian espionage in the United States
2765:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1464:
1086:
1066:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 88.
767:
723:
675:
650:
515:
499:
346:, during exercise Cento, 1 August 1977
160:
145:
34:Cold War military alliance (1955â1979)
4723:Military alliances involving Pakistan
4488:Soviet espionage in the United States
2644:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â1966
2423:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
2088:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1804:
1677:
1204:
1061:
4728:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
4663:International military organizations
4564:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
2915:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
1509:
1010:Regional Cooperation for Development
713:January 1, 1959 â December 31, 1961
612:August 19, 1959: METO renamed CENTO.
306:from 1955 to 1958 and thereafter in
4528:Soviet involvement in regime change
1773:Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
1745:(Princeton University Press, 2014).
1704:
1638:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
1631:
1471:Language, Status, and Power in Iran
1156:
1095:. New York: Routledge. p. 57.
920:CENTO Symposia on Rural Development
914:CENTO Scientific Coordinating Board
544:(September 1955 â March 1979),
24:
4658:Former international organizations
4569:Soviet UnionâUnited States summits
2043:1947 Polish parliamentary election
1928:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1714:
1364:
1015:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
979:ArabâIsraeli alliance against Iran
897:Cultural and research institutions
528:(November 1955 â March 1979),
352:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
25:
4769:
4718:Military alliances involving Iran
4708:Military alliances involving Iraq
4683:Organizations established in 1955
3330:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
3265:United States invasion of Grenada
2535:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
2476:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
1766:
1367:"International Organizations A-L"
989:Economic Cooperation Organization
276:could not initially participate.
3405:United States invasion of Panama
3255:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
2895:1971 Turkish military memorandum
2858:Communist insurgency in Thailand
2828:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
2760:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
2587:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
2515:IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation
2033:Restatement of Policy on Germany
1788:is available for viewing at the
1632:Orr, Tamra B. (15 August 2009).
1589:Science, Technology, and Society
1383:Geneva Times, 15 April 1971. p9
855:
837:
814:
793:
782:February 1, 1972 â January 1975
769:
747:
725:
701:
677:
640:withdrew the country from CENTO.
549:
533:
517:
501:
485:
282:United States Secretary of State
203:
190:
177:
162:
147:
55:
4698:Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
4688:1955 in international relations
4668:20th-century military alliances
4125:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3506:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3435:Fall of the inner German border
3335:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
2985:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
2975:Spanish transition to democracy
2935:1972â1975 Bangladesh insurgency
2562:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
2068:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947â1948
1949:Occupation of the Baltic states
1671:
1652:
1625:
1606:
1579:
1564:
1545:
1534:from the original on 2017-12-01
1503:
1492:from the original on 2017-12-01
1458:
1434:
1415:
1406:
1389:
1377:
1358:
1339:
1310:
1292:
1274:
1250:
1225:
1186:from the original on 2015-11-17
908:CENTO Cultural Works Programme
759:January 1968 â 1 February 1972
617:United Nations Security Council
288:, claimed that was due to "the
231:Middle East Treaty Organization
29:Middle East Treaty Organization
4743:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2905:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
2540:Mozambican War of Independence
1979:Indonesian National Revolution
1198:
1162:
1118:
1080:
1055:
1042:
1027:
805:January 1975 â August 1, 1977
13:
1:
4693:IraqâUnited Kingdom relations
4503:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
3518:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3471:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
3193:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
3158:Seven Days to the River Rhine
2890:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
2177:March 1949 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2105:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
1510:Amad, Mohammad Javad (2011).
1050:CENTO: The Forgotten Alliance
1038:Suez 1956: A Personal account
1020:
581:, turned hostile to the pact.
477:
3496:Fall of communism in Albania
3466:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
3415:Polish Round Table Agreement
2755:1968 Polish political crisis
2572:Eritrean War of Independence
2338:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2233:East German uprising of 1953
2165:Chinese Communist Revolution
1830:
1736:International History Review
1729:International History Review
1317:Ambrose, Stephen E. (1989).
1093:Encyclopedia of the Cold War
738:January 1962 â January 1968
61:CENTO members shown in green
7:
4748:1955 establishments in Iraq
3370:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
3098:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
2843:Corrective Movement (Syria)
2807:New People's Army rebellion
2802:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2530:Angolan War of Independence
2393:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
2273:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
1918:Jamaican political conflict
1678:Smith, M. L. (2013-10-22).
1592:. Oxford University Press.
1345:From Encyclopedia Iranica.
967:
587:
223:Central Treaty Organization
38:Central Treaty Organization
10:
4774:
4638:Treaties concluded in 1955
3566:Sino-Indian border dispute
3395:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
3325:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
3083:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
2995:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
2945:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
2629:1964 Brazilian coup d'Ă©tat
2597:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
2286:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2053:Asian Relations Conference
1755:Yesilbursa, Behcet Kemal.
1182:. 1979-03-17. p. 46.
638:Interim Government of Iran
631:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
329:
26:
4653:1958 in the United States
4602:
4551:
4473:
4450:William Appleman Williams
4395:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
4177:
4149:
4098:
4030:
4023:
3957:
3822:
3747:
3677:
3670:
3579:
3526:
3458:
3171:
2910:Bangladesh Liberation War
2900:1971 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
2815:
2787:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
2775:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
2438:
2213:Arab Cold War (1952â1979)
2190:
1900:
1838:
1648:– via Google Books.
1602:– via Google Books.
1219:10.1080/00263209108700852
1087:Martin, Kevin W. (2008).
826:August 1977 â March 1978
690:1955 â December 31, 1958
229:), formerly known as the
131:
119:
103:
90:
82:
74:
66:
54:
42:
4733:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
3225:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
3060:CambodianâVietnamese War
3030:1978 Somali coup attempt
2990:Second IraqiâKurdish War
2955:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
2780:Revolutionary Government
2674:South African Border War
2466:1960 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
2383:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
2238:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
2218:1952 Egyptian revolution
1635:Iran and Nuclear Weapons
1586:Restivo, Sal P. (1982).
1476:Indiana University Press
1064:A Dictionary of Aviation
1062:Wragg, David W. (1973).
956:CENTO Scientific Council
917:CENTO Scientific Council
237:) and also known as the
3430:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3375:People Power Revolution
3360:Central American crisis
3300:1986 Black Sea incident
2950:1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat
2848:Western Sahara conflict
2659:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2582:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2525:Portuguese Colonial War
2488:First IraqiâKurdish War
2253:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2130:Annexation of Hyderabad
2073:1947â1949 Palestine war
1705:Lee, Sir David (1989).
944:, but was relocated to
4753:Anti-communism in Iraq
4673:1979 disestablishments
3724:Neoclassical economics
3235:Gulf of Sidra incident
2792:1969 Libyan revolution
2483:IraqiâKurdish conflict
2268:1954 Geneva Conference
2028:Turkish straits crisis
2023:Corfu Channel incident
1722:Middle Eastern Studies
1371:www.worldstatesmen.org
1207:Middle Eastern Studies
1159:, pp. 180, 192â3.
1126:Middle Eastern Studies
849:March 31, 1978 â 1979
467:United States Congress
422:
421:about the Baghdad Pact
347:
4574:RussiaâNATO relations
4455:Jonathan Reed Winkler
3739:Democratic capitalism
3734:Supply-side economics
3702:American conservatism
3501:Breakup of Yugoslavia
3390:Bougainville conflict
3305:South Yemen civil war
3240:Martial law in Poland
3103:Nicaraguan Revolution
3078:Dirty War (Argentina)
2885:1971 JVP insurrection
2699:Years of Lead (Italy)
2577:North Yemen civil war
2495:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2471:AlbanianâSoviet split
2403:1959 Tibetan uprising
2368:Syrian Crisis of 1957
2223:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
2083:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1778:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1738:11.3 (1989): 409â433.
1731:33.3 (2011): 525â544.
1724:43.5 (2007): 725â748.
743:Turgut MenemencioÄlu
459:Turkey invaded Cyprus
417:
395:ArabâIsraeli conflict
337:
320:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3995:Non-Aligned Movement
3617:Peaceful coexistence
3571:North Borneo dispute
3486:German reunification
3481:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
3179:Salvadoran Civil War
3128:Grand Mosque seizure
3123:Yemenite War of 1979
3015:Mozambican Civil War
2970:Carnation Revolution
2925:Yemenite War of 1972
2863:1970 Polish protests
2694:1967 Hong Kong riots
2669:Argentine Revolution
2619:Guatemalan Civil War
2547:Cuban Missile Crisis
2461:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2333:1956 PoznaĆ protests
2311:Geneva Summit (1955)
1913:Hukbalahap Rebellion
1892:Non-Aligned Movement
891:Towering Quotor span
719:Abbas Ali Khalatbari
636:March 11, 1979: The
286:Dwight D. Eisenhower
4440:Alex von Tunzelmann
4430:Vladimir TismÄneanu
4355:Thomas J. McCormick
4350:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
4250:Robert Hugh Ferrell
4113:Crusade for Freedom
3910:Illiberal democracy
3794:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3597:Eisenhower Doctrine
3450:Peaceful Revolution
3445:Romanian Revolution
3425:Revolutions of 1989
3410:1988 Polish strikes
3320:Operation INFEKTION
3315:1987 Lieyu massacre
3220:Eritrean Civil Wars
3203:Peruvian Revolution
3153:1979 Herat uprising
3143:Sino-Vietnamese War
3108:UgandaâTanzania War
3088:EgyptianâLibyan War
3055:Third Indochina War
3050:Sino-Albanian split
3040:Ethiopian Civil War
2940:Eritrean Civil Wars
2880:Ping-pong diplomacy
2853:Cambodian Civil War
2679:Korean DMZ Conflict
2664:Cultural Revolution
2634:Dominican Civil War
2612:Tlatelolco massacre
2398:1959 Mosul uprising
2388:1958 Lebanon crisis
2115:Al-Wathbah uprising
2038:First Indochina War
2008:Iran crisis of 1946
1741:Kuniholm, Bruce R.
1237:2001-2009.state.gov
810:Sidar Hasan Mahmud
788:Ămit Haluk BayĂŒlken
651:Secretaries General
512:(until March 1959),
496:(since April 1955),
399:Indo-Pakistani wars
314:from 1958 to 1979.
39:
4738:Treaties of Turkey
4594:Russian Revolution
4390:Mary Elise Sarotte
4375:William B. Pickett
4300:Patrick J. Hearden
4280:Gabriel Gorodetsky
4275:Timothy Garton Ash
4260:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
3855:Ethnic nationalism
3607:Hallstein Doctrine
3491:Yemeni unification
3280:1985 Geneva Summit
3245:Casamance conflict
3148:New Jewel Movement
3133:Iranian Revolution
3118:ChadianâLibyan War
3065:Cambodian conflict
3045:Lebanese Civil War
3035:Western Sahara War
3010:June 1976 protests
3005:Cambodian genocide
2770:17 July Revolution
2724:Nigerian Civil War
2639:Rhodesian Bush War
2624:Colombian conflict
2567:Ramadan Revolution
2306:Bandung Conference
2182:Operation Valuable
2063:Partition of India
1665:2015-06-18 at the
1619:2015-09-07 at the
1558:2015-06-18 at the
1466:Beeman, William O.
1428:2017-03-21 at the
1352:2013-11-17 at the
1304:2015-07-08 at the
1286:2015-09-09 at the
984:Balkan Pact (1953)
455:Iranian Revolution
423:
419:Universal Newsreel
379:Abd al-Karim Qasim
350:Modeled after the
348:
278:John Foster Dulles
37:
4648:Cold War treaties
4625:
4624:
4612:List of conflicts
4460:Rudolph Winnacker
4405:Giles Scott-Smith
4380:Ronald E. Powaski
4335:Melvyn P. Leffler
4265:John Lewis Gaddis
4240:Robert D. English
4205:Warren H. Carroll
4195:Michael Beschloss
4164:Nuclear arms race
4145:
4144:
4051:Neues Deutschland
3953:
3952:
3935:White nationalism
3905:Liberal democracy
3642:Ulbricht Doctrine
3632:Brezhnev Doctrine
3440:Velvet Revolution
3184:SovietâAfghan War
3000:Angolan Civil War
2797:Goulash Communism
2654:ASEAN Declaration
2607:Mexican Dirty War
2505:Annexation of Goa
2456:1960 U-2 incident
2430:Sino-Soviet split
2408:Laotian Civil War
2248:Bricker Amendment
2228:Mau Mau rebellion
2172:Malayan Emergency
2160:Chinese Civil War
2120:TitoâStalin split
1974:Division of Korea
1692:978-1-4831-8518-7
1332:978-0-671-72506-8
1141:George Lenczowski
1102:978-0-415-97515-5
853:
852:
465:bombers, and the
415:
243:military alliance
219:
218:
98:military alliance
95:Intergovernmental
27:For the NGO, see
16:(Redirected from
4765:
4758:1950s in Baghdad
4370:David S. Painter
4295:John Earl Haynes
4225:Nicholas J. Cull
4210:Adrian Cioroianu
4190:Thomas A. Bailey
4137:Voice of America
4028:
4027:
3940:White separatism
3920:Social democracy
3915:Guided democracy
3895:Authoritarianism
3845:Ultranationalism
3835:Anti-imperialism
3762:MarxismâLeninism
3675:
3674:
3662:Kinmen Agreement
3627:Johnson Doctrine
3612:Kennedy Doctrine
3528:Frozen conflicts
3511:1991 August Coup
3400:Afghan Civil War
3295:ReykjavĂk Summit
3290:Somali Rebellion
3230:Ugandan Bush War
3208:GdaĆsk Agreement
2729:Protests of 1968
2709:War of Attrition
2418:Cuban Revolution
2354:We will bury you
2321:Cyprus Emergency
2301:Kashmir Princess
2291:Jebel Akhdar War
2140:Western betrayal
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1790:Internet Archive
1710:
1697:
1696:
1675:
1669:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1629:
1623:
1610:
1604:
1603:
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1337:
1336:
1324:
1314:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1262:www.archives.gov
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:. 7 January 2008
1229:
1223:
1222:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
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1160:
1154:
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1138:
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1122:
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658:
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559:
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527:
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511:
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491:
489:
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416:
290:pro-Israel lobby
284:under President
209:
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196:
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183:
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180:
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157:
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78:24 February 1955
59:
47:
40:
36:
21:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4598:
4589:Second Cold War
4547:
4475:
4469:
4445:Odd Arne Westad
4435:Patrick Vaughan
4420:Athan Theoharis
4400:Ellen Schrecker
4385:Yakov M. Rabkin
4360:Timothy Naftali
4305:Tvrtko Jakovina
4290:Jussi HanhimÀki
4173:
4151:
4141:
4119:Paix et Liberté
4094:
4038:Active measures
4019:
3949:
3930:White supremacy
3890:Totalitarianism
3818:
3743:
3666:
3652:Reagan Doctrine
3647:Carter Doctrine
3587:Truman Doctrine
3575:
3522:
3454:
3349:Soviet reaction
3260:Ndogboyosoi War
3167:
3138:Saur Revolution
2965:1973 oil crisis
2930:Munich massacre
2838:Alcora Exercise
2833:Black September
2811:
2557:Sino-Indian War
2451:Simba rebellion
2434:
2278:Capture of the
2186:
2125:Berlin Blockade
2058:May 1947 crises
2048:Truman Doctrine
2013:Greek Civil War
2002:Blacklist Forty
1969:Gouzenko Affair
1956:Cursed soldiers
1908:Morgenthau Plan
1896:
1834:
1829:
1769:
1717:
1715:Further reading
1701:
1700:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1667:Wayback Machine
1657:
1653:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1621:Wayback Machine
1611:
1607:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1560:Wayback Machine
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1528:
1520:. p. 172.
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1478:. p. 226.
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:Wayback Machine
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1394:
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1378:
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1354:Wayback Machine
1344:
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1306:Wayback Machine
1297:
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1288:Wayback Machine
1279:
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1199:
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1132:
1123:
1119:
1107:
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1103:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1023:
970:
958:
925:the problem of
899:
858:
838:
836:
815:
813:
794:
792:
770:
768:
748:
746:
726:
724:
702:
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678:
676:
653:
590:
550:
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518:
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486:
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340:Shiraz Air Base
332:
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62:
50:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
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4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
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4505:
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4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:Timothy Snyder
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:Vojtech Mastny
4342:
4340:Geir Lundestad
4337:
4332:
4330:Walter Laqueur
4327:
4325:Walter LaFeber
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4255:André Fontaine
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Gar Alperovitz
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
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4073:
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4025:
4021:
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4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Third-Worldism
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
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3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
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3817:
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3806:
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3796:
3791:
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3779:
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3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Libertarianism
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3692:Chicago school
3689:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Nixon Doctrine
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3580:Foreign policy
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
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3523:
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3515:
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3503:
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3493:
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3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Operation RYAN
3362:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Able Archer 83
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
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3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
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3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Oromo conflict
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
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2987:
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2977:
2972:
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2960:Yom Kippur War
2957:
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2592:Aden Emergency
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2510:Papua conflict
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2413:Kitchen Debate
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2395:
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2373:Sputnik crisis
2370:
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2343:Polish October
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2243:Pact of Madrid
2240:
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2198:Bamboo Curtain
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2015:
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1767:External links
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1752:(Brill, 1995).
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1213:(1): 140â156.
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1089:"Baghdad Pact"
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364:military bases
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4474:Espionage and
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4425:Andrew Thorpe
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4320:Gabriel Kolko
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4285:Fred Halliday
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4270:Lloyd Gardner
4268:
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4230:Norman Davies
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4215:John Costello
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4150:Technological
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4031:Pro-communist
4029:
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4016:
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4011:
4008:
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3958:Organizations
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3602:Domino theory
3600:
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3556:South Ossetia
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3340:8888 Uprising
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3311:
3308:
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3285:IranâIraq War
3283:
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3258:
3256:
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3250:Falklands War
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3139:
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3126:
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3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:NDF Rebellion
3111:
3109:
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3093:German Autumn
3091:
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3008:
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2980:Metapolitefsi
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2741:Prague Spring
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2719:Al-Wadiah War
2717:
2715:
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2684:12-3 incident
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2263:Domino theory
2261:
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2258:Petrov Affair
2256:
2254:
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2135:Madiun Affair
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2095:Marshall Plan
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4584:Brinkmanship
4476:intelligence
4365:Marius Oprea
4315:Harvey Klehr
4245:Herbert Feis
4235:Willem Drees
4200:Archie Brown
4117:
4105:
4087:
4077:Trybuna Ludu
4075:
4068:
4064:Radio Moscow
4056:
4049:
4042:
3974:
3870:Anti-Zionism
3786:
3709:Keynesianism
3697:Conservatism
3561:Transnistria
3541:China-Taiwan
3198:Gera Demands
3071:
2872:
2747:
2552:El Porteñazo
2446:Congo Crisis
2361:
2296:Algerian War
2279:
2155:Western Bloc
2150:Eastern Bloc
2145:Iron Curtain
2001:
1993:
1985:
1962:
1942:
1934:
1871:
1851:Soviet Union
1849:
1842:
1784:A film clip
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1685:. Elsevier.
1680:
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1512:
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1470:
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1449:. Retrieved
1446:www.asme.org
1445:
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1265:. Retrieved
1261:
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1241:. Retrieved
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1227:
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1200:
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1178:. Montreal.
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1164:
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1106:. Retrieved
1092:
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1044:
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1034:Selwyn Lloyd
1029:
959:
935:
923:
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882:Sharafkhaneh
859:
764:Nasir Assar
654:
571:geopolitical
472:
452:
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384:
372:
360:Soviet Union
349:
297:
294:
271:
239:Baghdad Pact
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
220:
173:(until 1959)
133:Membership
104:Headquarters
67:Abbreviation
4410:Shen Zhihua
4220:Michael Cox
4152:competition
4099:Pro-Western
4089:Soviet Life
4015:Safari Club
3985:Warsaw Pact
3840:Nationalism
3830:Imperialism
3729:Reaganomics
3592:Containment
3385:Perestroika
2874:Realpolitik
2704:Six-Day War
2689:Greek junta
2500:Berlin Wall
2348:Suez Crisis
2316:Vietnam War
2203:McCarthyism
2018:Baruch Plan
1963:Unthinkable
1923:Dekemvriana
1862:Warsaw Pact
1175:The Gazette
463:Avro Vulcan
440:South Yemen
387:Middle East
324:Middle East
115:(1958â1979)
110:(1955â1958)
4632:Categories
4178:Historians
4169:Space Race
4070:Rudé pråvo
4024:Propaganda
3880:Neo-Nazism
3850:Chauvinism
3804:Trotskyism
3719:Monetarism
3687:Liberalism
3679:Capitalism
3671:Ideologies
3622:Ostpolitik
3345:Solidarity
3310:Toyota War
3213:Solidarity
3070:Operation
3025:Ogaden War
2714:Dhofar War
2602:Shifta War
2360:Operation
2208:Korean War
2000:Operation
1992:Operation
1984:Operation
1961:Operation
1941:Operation
1933:Operation
1781:(archived)
1538:2017-11-18
1496:2017-11-18
1451:2023-08-31
1267:2023-08-31
1243:2023-07-10
1108:2009-01-30
1021:References
931:rinderpest
667:In office
478:Membership
391:South Asia
265:, and the
4465:Ken Young
4310:Tony Judt
4159:Arms race
4132:Red Scare
4000:NN States
3945:Apartheid
3900:Autocracy
3809:Stalinism
3777:Guevarism
3767:Castroism
3757:Communism
3749:Socialism
3275:Star Wars
2868:Koza riot
1994:Beleaguer
1986:Masterdom
1775:entry in
1518:Routledge
83:Dissolved
75:Formation
4617:Timeline
4607:Category
4552:See also
4044:Izvestia
3885:Islamism
3782:Hoxhaism
3657:Rollback
3536:Abkhazia
3476:Gulf War
3380:Glasnost
2750:incident
2520:Sand War
2378:Ifni War
1887:Rio Pact
1832:Cold War
1761:Excerpt.
1759:(2003).
1663:Archived
1617:Archived
1556:Archived
1532:Archived
1490:Archived
1468:(1986).
1426:Archived
1350:Archived
1302:Archived
1284:Archived
1190:15 March
1184:Archived
1157:Lee 1989
968:See also
878:Lake Van
822:Pakistan
709:Pakistan
588:Timeline
541:Pakistan
397:and the
259:Pakistan
247:Cold War
241:, was a
185:Pakistan
140:5 states
4107:Amerika
3990:Comecon
3875:Fascism
3865:Zionism
3814:Titoism
3355:Contras
2823:DĂ©tente
2100:Comecon
1399:Railway
1001:(IMCTC)
938:Baghdad
874:section
619:passed
444:Somalia
356:contain
330:History
300:Baghdad
245:of the
126:Eurasia
108:Baghdad
4058:Pravda
3860:Racism
3799:Maoism
3551:Kosovo
3072:Condor
2748:Pueblo
2734:May 68
2362:Gladio
2280:Tuapse
1943:Jungle
1935:Priboi
1689:
1642:
1596:
1524:
1482:
1329:
1099:
1070:
962:Lahore
946:Tehran
887:Tatvan
866:Tehran
862:London
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801:Turkey
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730:
706:
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557:Turkey
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316:Cyprus
312:Turkey
308:Ankara
263:Turkey
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113:Ankara
4543:Stasi
4010:SAARC
4005:ASEAN
3970:SEATO
3823:Other
3788:Juche
3546:Korea
3459:1990s
3172:1980s
2816:1970s
2439:1960s
2191:1950s
1901:1940s
1882:NEATO
1877:SEATO
1867:ANZUS
1795:CENTO
974:ANZUS
876:from
664:State
600:year.
579:Egypt
448:Libya
432:Syria
428:Egypt
403:India
227:CENTO
70:CENTO
18:CENTO
4083:TASS
3975:METO
3965:NATO
3191:and
3189:1980
2746:USS
1872:METO
1857:NATO
1687:ISBN
1682:1962
1640:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1192:2014
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1068:ISBN
1005:NATO
950:Iran
942:Iraq
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221:The
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