3299:. Workers under this programme have often been subject to working long hours in extreme temperatures and being forced to live in squalid conditions. Poor access to clean water, adequate food and medical assistance has resulted in several deaths. These reports, together with allegations of workers receiving as little as $ 10 a week after rent and transport deductions, resulted in the "Harvest Trail Inquiry" into the conditions of migrant horticultural workers. This inquiry confirmed widespread exploitation, intimidation and underpayment of workers with at least 55% of employers being non-compliant in regard to payments and conditions. It found many workers were contracted under a "piece rate" of pay with no written agreement and no minimum hourly rate (as is typical for Australian seasonal agricultural workers). Even though some wages were recovered and a number of employers and contractors were fined, the inquiry found that much more regulation was needed. Despite this report, the government expanded the programme in 2018 with the Pacific Labour Scheme which includes three-year contracts. Strong parallels have been drawn with the working conditions observed under this programme to those of blackbirded Pacific Islander labourers in the 19th Century.
2561:
detained, seized, and brought in for adjudication by any officer, all goods and effects found on board such vessel may also be detained, seized, and brought in for adjudication by such officer, either with or without such vessel" with the "High Court of
Admiralty of England and every Vice-Admiralty Court in Her Majesty's dominions out of the United Kingdom shall have jurisdiction to try and condemn as forfeited to Her Majesty or restore any vessel, goods, and effects alleged to be detained or seized in pursuance of the principal Act or of this Act". The 1875 Act also provided authority for "Her Majesty to exercise power and jurisdiction over Her subjects within any islands and places in the Pacific Ocean not being within Her Majesty's dominions, nor within the jurisdiction of any civilized power, in the same and as ample a manner as if such power or jurisdiction had been acquired by the cession or conquest of territory", although the 1875 Act did not specify any Pacific islands to which this authority was to be applied.
4078:. Another recruiter, John Higginson, entered the trade in 1868, and by 1870, around 720 Islanders had been brought to labour in New Caledonia. A mining boom in 1873 saw a large increase in labour demand and many more ships became involved in the blackbirding trade with 900 Islanders being recruited in 1874 alone. Apart from some early government controls in the 1860s, the recruitment of Islanders was highly unregulated and open to abuse. Children as young as six years old could be legally recruited on lengthy contracts of up to twelve years. These children could also be legally paid at only half the rate of adults and given only half the required rations. Somewhere between a quarter and half of all the Islanders transported and forced to labour at New Caledonia were children.
2008:
4036:
2046:. Although the process of acquiring these indentured labourers varied from violent kidnapping at gunpoint to relatively acceptable negotiation, most of the people affiliated with the trade were regarded as blackbirders. The majority of those taken were male and around one quarter were under the age of sixteen. In total, approximately 15,000 Kanakas died while working in Queensland, a figure which does not include those who died in transit or who were killed in the recruitment process. This represents a mortality rate of at least 30%, which is high considering most were only on three year contracts. It is also similar to the estimated 33% death rate of enslaved Africans in the first three years of being taken to America.
65:
4082:
to their islands of origin and of those who were, about a third died in the first year of returning from poor health acquired from working in terrible conditions at New
Caledonia. The labourers were subjected to inadequate food, poor shelter and harsh punishments whilst in New Caledonia. They could be imprisoned for not working to their employer's satisfaction, where the colonial government exploited them further as unpaid prison labour. They were also sold-on and transferred to other colonists upon the death or bankruptcy of their original employer. Well-known blackbirding vessels involved in the labour trade to New Caledonia were
3451:
2235:
prevent sea-captains from tricking islanders on-board or otherwise engaging in kidnapping with violence. The Act also stipulated that the
Kanakas were to be contracted for no more than 3 years and be paid £18 for their work. This was an extremely low wage that was only paid at the end of their three years of work. Additionally, a system whereby the Islanders were heavily influenced to buy overpriced goods of poor quality at designated shops before they returned home, robbed them further. The Act, instead of protecting the South Sea Islanders, actually gave legitimacy to a kind of slavery in Queensland.
4114:. Captains and recruiters notorious for kidnap and blackbirding for the New Caledonia market included James Toutant Proctor, "Black Tom", Jean-Louis Villedieu, Martial Briault, Charles Peterson Stuart, Walter Champion, Gabriel Madezo and Captain H. McKenzie. The company Joubert & Carter run by Didier Numa Joubert and Douglas Carter owned many of the blackbirding vessels in the early years of trade. Recruiting to New Caledonia continued well into the 20th Century but at a much lower rate and less violent manner. It was only brought to an end in the 1930s with the approach of World War II.
5621:
3156:
22:
4423:. His company, J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn, was able to obtain large tracts of land from the indigenous population at times of civil unrest by selling firearms and exacerbating factional conflict. By 1872, the company owned over 100,000 acres on Upolu and greatly expanded their cotton and other agricultural plantations on the island. Cheap labour was required to work these plantations and the blackbirding operations of the Germans expanded at this time. After initially utilising people from
4011:
Protector of
Pacific Islanders, routine checks of worker conditions and the ability of the labourers to take employers to court for maltreatment. These workers, usually on 3 year contracts, were also paid cash wages at the end of each month which amounted from £10 to £16 per annum. In spite of these conditions during these years, the mortality rate of the workers was still over 10% for each year. Outside of these years, where protections were less, the death rate was much higher.
4294:
3627:
British Consul to Fiji, Edward March, outlined how the labourers were treated as slaves. They were given insufficient food, subjected to regular beatings and sold on to other colonists. If they became rebellious they were either imprisoned by their owners or sentenced by magistrates (who were also plantation owners) to heavy labour. The planters were allowed to inflict punishment and restrain the
Islanders as they saw fit and young girls were openly bartered for and sold into
3402:
11545:
11535:
2244:
4201:
3259:
8175:
2388:, one dying while in their custody. When the owners of the properties went bankrupt, the Islanders would often either be abandoned or sold as part of the estate to a new owner. In the Torres Strait, Kanakas were left at isolated pearl fisheries such as the Warrior Reefs for years with little hope of being returned home. In this region, three ships used to procure pearl-shells and beche-de-mer, including
2055:
3516:. When islanders were enticed to a religious service, Murray and his men would produce guns and force the islanders onto boats. During the voyage Murray and his crew shot about 60 islanders. He was never brought to trial for his actions, as he was given immunity in return for giving evidence against his crew members. The captain of
3686:. This vessel was chartered by the colonial British government in Fiji to conduct six recruiting voyages for the Fiji labour market. Captain James Lynch was in command and on one of these voyages he ordered 150 recruits to be locked in the ship's hold during an extended period of stormy weather. By the time the ship arrived in
4564:, a semi-fictional novella, relates the brutal history of the Kanaka trade and highlights 19th century imperial connections between the French and British Pacific. Translated from the original French by Karin Speedy in 2015, it offers a French/New Caledonian perspective on blackbirding in the Pacific, first published in 1919.
3767:. Their multi-cultural descendants identify as a distinct community but, to outsiders, their language and culture cannot be distinguished from native Fijians. Descendants of Solomon Islanders have filed land claims to assert their right to traditional settlements in Fiji. A group living at Tamavua-i-Wai in Fiji received a
4454:, became well known in the area and was involved in several conflicts with islanders while recruiting. Imported Chinese workers eventually became more favourable but labour recruiting from Melanesian islands continued until at least the transfer of power from the Germans to New Zealand at the start of World War I.
3497:, brought only minor regulations upon the trade through the introduction of a licensing system for the labour vessels. Melanesian labourers were generally recruited for a term of three years at a rate of three pounds per year and issued with basic clothing and rations. The payment was half of that offered in
4081:
The blackbirded labourers in New
Caledonia worked in the plantation, mining, pastoral, domestic servant and sailing industries. Approximately 33% of these workers died while in New Caledonia and around half of those who survived did not receive any payment for their toil. They were often not returned
3762:
By 1890, the number of
Melanesian labourers declined in preference to imported Indian indentured workers, but they were still being recruited and employed in such places as sugar mills and ports. In 1901, Islanders continued to be sold in Fiji for £15 per head and it was only in 1902 that a system of
3388:
in 1874 and he was required to pay the 10 Malays plus an additional 4 months wages as amends for the lack of food, totaling £198. 14s. 4d. They received just £16. 16s. from the sale of Cadell's property at Shark Bay as Cadell had left the Colony of
Western Australia some months previously. Broadhurst
2612:
appeared in poor condition and, having no understanding of
English and no interpreter, had little idea of why they were being transported. Palmer seized the ship, freed the Kanakas and arrested both Captain Daggett and the ship's owner Thomas Pritchard for slavery. Daggett and Pritchard were taken to
1986:
in
September 1847, and another 57 in October of that same year. Many of these Islanders soon absconded from their workplaces and were observed starving and destitute on the streets of Sydney. Reports of violence, kidnap and murder used during the recruitment of these labourers surfaced in 1848 with a
4010:
From 1868 until the year 1887 when the recruiting of Pacific Islanders to Hawaii was largely replaced with the more cost effective Japanese immigration scheme, some 2,600 Islanders were recruited. From 1880 to 1883 these people were protected by strong government measures which included an appointed
3626:
The passing of the Pacific Islanders Protection Act in 1872 by the British government was meant to improve the conditions for the Islanders but instead it legitimised the labour trade and the treatment of the blackbirded Islanders upon the Fiji plantations remained appalling. In his 1873 report, the
3501:
and like that colony was only given at the end of the three-year term usually in the form of poor quality goods rather than cash. Most Melanesians were recruited by combination of deceit and violence, and then locked up in the ship's hold to prevent escape. They were sold in Fiji to the colonists at
2560:
1875. The principal Act provided for the Governor of one of the Australian colonies to have the authority to licence British vessels in the South Pacific Ocean to carry "native labourers". The 1875 Act amended that licensing system and stated that any "British vessel may, under the principal Act, be
4381:
The Peruvian labour trade in Polynesians was short-lived, only lasting from 1862 to 1863. In this period an estimated 3,634 Polynesians were recruited. Over 2,000 died from disease, starvation or neglect either aboard the blackbirding ships or at the places of labour they were sent to. The Peruvian
4268:
where, over several days, the combined crews systematically surrounded villages and captured as many of the Islanders as possible. In these raids and others like them that occurred at Easter Island during this period, 1407 people were taken for the Peruvian labour trade. This represented a third of
2234:
debacle, requiring every ship to be licensed and carry a government agent to observe the recruitment process, was poor in protections and even more poorly enforced. Government agents were often corrupted by bonuses paid for labourers 'recruited,' or blinded by alcohol, and did little or nothing to
3843:
Conditions at the Atimaono plantation were appalling with long hours, heavy labour, poor food and inadequate shelter being provided. Harsh punishment was meted out to those who did not work and sickness was prevalent. The mortality rate for one group of blackbirded labourers at Atimaono was around
3250:
were distributed to their home islands by vessels of Lever's Pacific Plantations company. Deported Solomon Islanders who were unable to go to their villages of origin or who were born in Australia, were often put to work in plantations in these islands. In some localities, serious conflict between
3241:
after March 1904 and mandated for the forcible deportation of all Islanders from Australia after 1906. Strong lobbying from Islander residents in Australia forced some exemptions to be made, for example, those who were married to an Australian, who owned land or who had been living for 20 years in
3523:
Some Islanders brought to Fiji against their will demonstrated desperate actions to escape from their situation. Some groups managed to overpower the crews of smaller vessels to take command of these ships and attempt to sail back to their home islands. For example, in late 1871, Islanders aboard
4546:
complicity between them and the attacking party. However, it could not be proved, and we sailed with the majority of this same crew. The present skipper smilingly warned us that the same tribe still required two more heads from the Minota, to square up for deaths on the Ysabel plantation. (p 387)
3763:
paying monthly cash wages directly to the workers was proposed. When Islander labourers were expelled from Queensland in 1906, around 350 were transferred to the plantations in Fiji. After the system of recruitment ended in 1911, those who remained in Fiji settled in areas like the region around
3139:
and in this region there was a very large mortality rate of Kanakas in 1892 and 1893. South Sea Islanders made up 50% of all deaths in this period even though they only made up 20% of the total population in the Bundaberg area. The deaths were due to the hard manual labour and diseases such as
3042:
to return 450 New Guinea Islanders to their homelands. Just like the global slave trade, the plantation owners, instead of being held criminally responsible, were financially compensated by the government for the loss of these returned workers. Fourteen sugar companies and individual planters
2895:
purchasing several well-known blackbirding ships to quickly exploit the human resource in this region. Plantation owners such as Robert Cran also bought vessels and made contact with missionaries like Samuel MacFarlane in the New Guinea area to help facilitate the acquisition of cheap workers.
4545:
at Langa Langa several months before broke in for the trove of rifles and ammunition locked therein, after bloodily slaughtering Jansen's predecessor, Captain Mackenzie. The burning of the vessel was somehow prevented by the black crew, but this was so unprecedented that the owner feared some
1885:, cotton, and coffee plantations in these lands was the main usage of blackbirded labour, but they were also exploited in other industries. Blackbirding ships began operations in the Pacific from the 1840s which continued into the 1930s. Blackbirders from the Americas sought workers for their
2229:
Many members of the Queensland government were already either invested in the labour trade or had Kanakas actively working on their land holdings. Therefore, the 1868 legislation on the trade in the form of the Polynesian Labourers Act of the Queensland parliament, that was brought in due to
3836:, the islanders, including another 150 already imprisoned on the vessel, rebelled killing Blackett and some of the crew. The remaining crew managed to isolate the islanders to a part of the ship and then used explosives to blow them up. Close to 200 people were killed in this incident with
3903:
were recruited to work on the Hawaiian plantations owned by European colonists. Most of these people died and the operation was considered a failure. However, in 1877 British officials in Hawaii planned a more organised system of Pacific Islander recruitment. Captain H.W. Mist of the
3727:. The very high death rate of Line Islanders taken for the Fiji market quickly forced the prohibition of taking people from there. Although the death rates of recruits from New Britain and New Ireland were also high, the trade in humans from these islands was allowed to continue. The
3047:
and David Adolphus Louis, took the Queensland Government to court to demand financial recompense and were collectively awarded £18,500. This is despite consistent evidence given in court of each plantation recording labourer death rates of up to 60% over the term of their servitude.
2415:
arrived with Islanders either dead or infected with the disease. There were 30 deaths recorded of measles, followed by dysentery. From 1875 to 1880, at least 443 Kanakas died in the Maryborough region from gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease at a rate 10 times above average. The
2456:
As the blackbirding activities increased and the detrimental results became more understood, resistance by the Islanders to this recruitment system grew. Labour vessels were regularly repelled from landing at many islands by local people. Recruiter, Henry Ross Lewin, was killed at
3021:
were charged and convicted of murdering a number of Islanders. The kidnappers received jail terms of 7 to 10 years, while McNeil and the boatswain were sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment. Despite evidence showing that at least 38 Islanders had been killed by
2904:, freely acknowledged in his memoirs that he took boatloads of young boys with no information given about contracts, pay or the nature of the work. Up to 530 boys were recruited per month from these islands, most of whom were transported to the new large company plantations in
4006:
undertook the last recruiting voyage to the Pacific Islands for the Hawaiian plantations in 1887. This vessel, commanded by Captain Phillips, proceeded illegally without a license and Phillips was also later charged and convicted of kidnap in relation to this final voyage.
2152:
labourers in trinkets instead of cash at the end of their working terms. His agent claimed that blackbirded labourers were "savages who did not know the use of money" and therefore did not deserve cash wages. Apart from a small amount of Melanesian labour imported for the
4320:
was more profitable than whaling, went to the atoll and invited the islanders on board for trading. However, once almost half of the population was on board, he ordered the ship's compartments locked, and the ship departed. These 144 people never returned to their homes.
3502:
a rate of £3 to £6 per head for males and £10 to £20 for females. After the expiry of the three-year contract, the government required captains to transport the surviving labourers back to their villages, but many were disembarked at places distant from their homelands.
3528:
being transported to a plantation on a smaller Fijian island, freed themselves, killed most of the crew and took charge of the vessel. Unfortunately, the ship was low in supplies and was blown westward into the open ocean where they spent two months adrift. Eventually,
2308:
made enquiries and "found that there were a few islanders between fourteen and sixteen years of age, but that they, like all the others who accompanied them, had engaged without any pressure and were perfectly happy and contented". It was alleged by missionaries in the
2213:. This influx, together with information that the recently arrived labourers were being sold for £2 each and that kidnapping was at least partially used during recruitment, raised fears of a burgeoning new slave trade. These fears were realised when French officials in
2634:, gave further legitimacy to the blackbirding trade out of Queensland and allowed it to flourish. It also constrained the actions by naval commanders when dealing with incidents on the high seas and also crimes against the many missionaries working on the islands.
1789:
or poorly paid labourers in countries distant from their native land. The practice took place on a large scale with the taking of people indigenous to the numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean during the 19th and 20th centuries. These blackbirded people were called
4191:
Approximately 1,200 Gilbert Islanders were recruited in three shiploads for the Mexican and Guatemalan coffee plantations. Only 250 survived, most of these being returned to their homeland in two voyages in 1896 and 1908. This represented a mortality rate of 80%.
9346:
4333:. Due to new government regulations in Peru against the blackbirding trade, the islanders were not allowed to disembark and remained aboard for many weeks while their repatriation was organised. Finally on 2 October 1863, by which time many of the imprisoned
3282:
In 2012, the Australian government introduced a seasonal worker scheme under the 416 and 403 visas to bring in Pacific Islander labour to work in the agricultural industry performing tasks such as picking fruit. By 2018, around 17,320 Islanders, mostly from
3743:. The Fijian labour report for the years 1878 to 1882 revealed that 18 vessels were engaged in the trade, recruiting 7,137 Islanders with 1270 or nearly 20% of these dying while in Fiji. Fijian registered ships involved in the trade at this stage included
4457:
Large British and American plantations which owned blackbirding vessels or exploited blackbirded labour also existed in colonial Samoa. The W & A McArthur Company representing Anglo-Australian interests was one of these and recruiting vessels such as
2424:
and Irrawarra plantations belonging to Robert Cran were particularly bad. An investigation revealed that the Islanders were overworked, underfed, not provided with medical assistance and that the water supply was a stagnant drainage pond. At the port of
3306:
into Australian law was partly based upon concerns of slavery being evident in the Queensland agricultural sector. Some commentators have also drawn parallels between blackbirding and the early 21st-century recruitment of labour under the (unconnected)
2489:
who pretended to be missionaries. Patteson may also have been killed due to his desire to take the Islanders' children to a distant mission school and that he had disrupted the local patriarchal hierarchy. At other islands blackbirding vessels, such as
3446:
labour to Fiji continued up until 1911 when it became prohibited by law. A probable total of around 45,000 Islanders were taken to work in Fiji during this 46-year period with approximately a quarter of these dying while under their term of labour.
1563:
4158:
north of San Francisco. Amid accusations of slavery and blackbirding, Ferguson transferred command of the ship to another officer and abandoned the islanders in what amounted to a floating prison. Repairs were delayed for months and in early 1892,
2161:, Robert Towns was the primary exploiter of blackbirded labour up until 1867, when Captain Whish, formerly an officer in H.M. Light Dragoons and subsequently the owner of a plantation near Brisbane was a leading exploiter of Melanesian labour.
4130:. This expansion resulted in local labour shortages for the European plantation owners and managers in these areas. William Forsyth, an Englishman with expert knowledge on tropical plantations, promoted a scheme of recruiting people from the
2916:. This phase of the trade was very profitable, with Burns Philp selling each recruit for around £23. Many of them could not speak any English and died on these plantations at a rate of up to 1 in every 5 from disease, violence and neglect.
3029:
crew, all the prisoners (except for one who died in jail) were released in 1890 in response to a massive public petition signed by 28,000 Queenslanders. This case sparked a Royal Commission into the recruitment of Islanders from which the
2477:. Blackbirders would sometimes make their vessels look like missionary ships, deceiving then kidnapping local Islanders. This led to violence against the missionaries themselves, the best example being the killing of Anglican missionary
2267:
markets. Captains of such ships would get paid about 5 shillings per recruit in "head money" incentives, while the owners of the ships would sell the Kanakas from anywhere between £4 and £20 per head. The Kanakas who were transported on
4435:, exploiting food shortages there to recruit numerous people for their plantations in Samoa. Men, women and children of all ages were taken, separated and sent to work in harsh conditions with many succumbing to illness and poor diet.
3242:
Australia were exempt from compulsory repatriation. However, many Islanders were not made aware of these exemptions. Around 4000 to 7500 were deported in the period 1906 to 1908, while approximately 1600 remained in Australia. The
3061:
Sugar Company, deliberate poisonings of Kanakas also occurred and when this plantation was later put up for sale, the Islander labourers were included as part of the estate. Resistance and conflict also continued. For instance, at
2969:
were all charged with kidnapping. All of these cases, despite strong evidence against them, resulted in acquittal. Charges of neglect resulting in death against plantation managers were also made. For example, Mr Melhuish of the
4014:
When recruiting ended in 1887, 650 Pacific Islander workers remained or were left abandoned in Hawaii and by 1895 this number had reduced to less than 400. In 1904, 220 mostly Gilbert Islanders continued to live in poverty at
4178:
described the recruiting of islanders as clear slavery and even though Royal Navy officers had boarded the vessel for inspection, an understanding existed whereby the authorities intentionally refused to detain the crew of
4149:
under command of Captain Ferguson was assigned to bring another load of Gilbert Islanders to Tapachula. This ship acquired around 370 islanders including about 100 children. While bringing its human cargo to the Americas,
10432:
2173:. By 1868 the extent of the cultivation of sugar cane exceeded that of cotton; which increased the demand for labour. Licences for recruiting ship were issued by Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, as well as Fiji.
9338:
3228:
In 1901, the government of the newly federated British colonies of Australia legislated the "Regulation, Restriction and Prohibition of the Introduction of Labourers from the Pacific Islands" bill, better known as the
3056:
Forceful recruitment of South Sea Islanders persisted in the New Guinea region, as well as in the Solomons and the New Hebrides islands, as did the high death rates of these labourers at Queensland plantations. At the
2944:
on an anti-Kanaka policy platform. Griffith quickly banned recruitment from the New Guinea islands and spearheaded a number of high-profile criminal cases against blackbirding crews operating in the area. The crew of
2321:. Only Captain Coath was brought to trial and, despite being found guilty, he was soon pardoned and allowed to re-enter the recruiting trade. Up to 45 of the Kanakas brought in by Coath died on plantations around the
2852:. "A Cruise in a Queensland Slaver. By a Medical Student" was written in a tone of wonder, expressing "only the mildest criticism"; six months later, Morrison "revised his original assessment", describing details of
4847:
3441:
in Fiji was potentially an extremely profitable business. Thousands of Anglo-American and Anglo-Australian planters flocked to Fiji to establish plantations and the demand for cheap labour boomed. Transportation of
2650:
had increased access to modern firearms which made their resistance to the blackbirders more robust. Well known vessels that experienced mortality amongst their crews while attempting to recruit Islanders included
3199:
recordings and enlarged photographs of relatives of Islanders to induce recruits on board his vessel. Vos and his crew were involved in killings, stealing women and setting fire to villages and were charged with
3823:
to recruit South Sea Islanders for Stewart. These people were unloaded in a "half-naked and wholly starved" condition and on arrival at the plantation they were treated as slaves. Captain Blackett of the vessel
2225:
anchored in Brisbane with 24 dead islander recruits and reports that the remaining ninety on board were taken by force and deception. Despite the controversy, no action was taken against McEachern or Crossley.
4187:
sailed to Guatemala with around 470 islanders and once disembarked they were sold for $ 100 each and force marched 70 miles to the plantations in the highlands. Overwork and disease killed around 200 of them.
2629:
and ordered him to pay reparations to Daggett and Pritchard. No evidence or statements were taken from the Islanders. This decision, which overrode the obvious humanitarian actions of a senior officer of the
3490:, Hugo Levinger, were arrested in Sydney in 1869, found guilty by jury and sentenced to death. This was later commuted to life imprisonment but both were discharged from prison only after a couple of years.
4398:
to their home islands causing local epidemics and additional mortality. By 1866, only around 250 of those recruited had survived with about 100 of these remaining in Peru. The death rate was therefore 93%.
8758:
New Guinea & Polynesia. Discoveries & surveys in New Guinea and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands; a cruise in Polynesia and visits to the pearl-shelling stations in Torres Straits of H. M. S. Basilisk
8272:
2935:
mostly because of fears that it would expose even more of its inhabitants to be forcibly taken to work and possibly die in Queensland. The large influx of New Guinea labourers also sparked concern from
3208:, a vessel owned by the sugar magnate Robert Cran, was another ship regularly involved in blackbirding investigations and conflict with Islanders. In 1890, it was involved in the shooting of people at
2325:. Meanwhile, the famous recruiter Henry Ross Lewin was charged with the rape of a pubescent Islander girl. Despite strong evidence, Lewin was acquitted and the girl was later sold in Brisbane for £20.
2124:
on 17 August 1863. Towns specifically wanted adolescent males. Recruitment and kidnapping were reportedly employed in obtaining these boys. Over the following two years, Towns imported around 400 more
3131:
and found no instances of intimidation or misrepresentation and concluded that the Islanders recruited did so "willingly and cannily", helped the plantation owners secure the resumption of the trade.
1558:
3482:
which was involved in an infamous voyage resulting in charges of murder and slavery being laid. After being recruited, at least three Islanders were shot dead aboard the vessel and the rest sold in
3867:. He was also known as "Captain One Leg", and would put fear into people by firing his pistol into his wooden leg. He boasted of murdering 15 people, and was notorious for shooting the husband of
2317:
murdered two recruits by shooting them, but the immigration agent Charles James Nichols who was on board the vessel denied this occurred. Charges of kidnap were made against Captain John Coath of
8241:
4373:, leaving fewer than 100 of the 300 recorded in 1861 as living on Nukulaelae. On Funafuti and Nukulaelae, the resident traders facilitated the recruiting of the islanders by the "blackbirders".
3940:
on the way to Hawaii where he chained up a local headman and shot another trying to attempt a rescue. During the voyage, Jackson had attempted to kidnap at gunpoint a number of young women from
3715:
labour was more expensive and the market for blackbirded Islander workers remained strong for much of the 1880s. In 1882, the search for new sources of Islander labour expanded firstly to the
3270:. A 1992 census of Australian South Sea Islanders reported around 10,000 descendants living in Queensland. In the 2016 census, 6830 people in Queensland declared that they were descendants of
5193:
8467:
8333:
3978:
was paid by the Planters' Labour and Supply Company of Hawaii $ 15 per recruit and consequently used much deception in obtaining a profitable quota of human cargo. Other ships involved were
2568:
1839 to provide the authority to arrest blackbirding ships, and charge their captains and owners with slavery charges. However, this approach to suppressing blackbirding was not successful.
2974:
Sugar Plantation was tried, but even though he was found responsible, the judge involved imposed only the minimum £5 fine and wished it could be an even lesser amount. During a riot at the
2026:
as they were commonly termed, was in operation from 1863 to 1908, a period of 45 years. Some 55,000 to 62,500 were brought to Australia, most being recruited or blackbirded from islands in
3512:, organised by Dr James Patrick Murray, to recruit labourers to work in the plantations of Fiji. Murray had his men reverse their collars and carry black books, so to appear to be church
10063:
4273:
together with about 30 other vessels involved in recruiting for Peru, kidnapped or deceptively obtained people throughout Polynesia. Captain Marutani's vessel alone took people from
2896:
Kidnapping, forced recruitment, killings, false payment and the enslavement of children was again the typical practice. Captain William T. Wawn, a famous blackbirder working for the
4438:
In 1880 the company became known as Deutsche Handels und Plantagen Gesellschaft (DHPG) and had further expanded their Samoan plantations. Labour recruitment at this stage turned to
1897:, while the blackbirding trade organised by colonists in places like Queensland, Fiji, and New Caledonia used the labourers at plantations, particularly those producing sugar cane.
8211:
2883:
were soon targeted for recruiting as these people were less aware of the blackbirding system and had less access to firearms. A new rush for labour from these islands began, with
8167:
3123:
Legislation was passed to end the South Sea Islander labour trade in 1890 but it was not effectively enforced and it was officially recommenced in 1892. Reports such as those by
8144:
2502:
in 1871 whilst investigating the Bishop Patteson murder and other conflicts between islanders, settlers and missionaries as the Commander describes in his book. And later
2498:
were also called upon to investigate the deeds and deliver appropriate punishment upon islands involved in killings of blackbirding crews and missionaries. For example,
3891:
being utilised as workers on these plantations, there were an insufficient number to keep up with production. From 1868 to 1872, around 200 people from places such as
2185:, resulted in Towns' main labour recruiter, Henry Ross Lewin, and another recruiter by the name of John Crossley opening their services to other land-owners. In 1867,
1684:
10216:
7838:
7577:
7121:
5977:
3251:
these workers and white colonists in the Solomon Islands ensued. Around 350 of the South Sea Islanders banished from Queensland were transferred to plantations in
10368:"A brief history of the South Sea Islands Labour Traffic and the vessels engaged in it. (Paper read at the meeting of the Historical Society of Queensland, Inc.)"
9471:
9441:
8611:
5060:"A brief history of the South Sea Islands Labour Traffic and the vessels engaged in it. (Paper read at the meeting of the Historical Society of Queensland, Inc.)"
2328:
By the 1870s, South Sea Islanders were being put to work not only in cane-fields along the Queensland coast but were also widely used as shepherds upon the large
7672:
6533:
6137:
4252:. A considerable profit was made by the scheme's financiers and almost immediately other speculators and ship owners set out to make money on Polynesian labour.
10139:
8264:
1987:
closed-door enquiry choosing not to take any action against Boyd or Kirsopp. The experiment of exploiting Melanesian labour was discontinued in Australia until
9064:
7930:
7644:
5923:
4798:
4138:
was chartered and sent out to the Pacific where he recruited 300 Gilbert Islanders. They were offloaded in Mexico and sent to work at a coffee plantation near
1548:
1079:
2380:
respectively. Fatal conflict with the landholders was at times evident, for instance a group of South Sea Islanders murdered Mr Gibbie and Mr Bell, owners of
4361:. He said they promised islanders that they would be taught about God while working in coconut oil production, but the slavers' intended destination was the
2292:
making frequent recruiting journeys out of these ports. Reports of blackbirding, kidnap and violence were made against these vessels with Captain Winship of
4142:
owned by an American named John Magee. By 1894, despite supposedly having a three-year contract, none had been returned home and only 58 were still living.
3954:. On one occasion, the government agent aboard the vessel, Henry Freeman, bought a boatload of Gilbert Islanders from another blackbirding vessel named the
3682:. Many deaths continued to occur upon the blackbirding vessels bound for Fiji, with perhaps the worst example from this period being that which occurred on
10407:
10071:
4220:) in the west, seeking workers to fill an extreme labour shortage in Peru. Joseph Charles Byrne, an Irish speculator, received financial backing to import
1433:
805:
542:
1169:
810:
10246:
8233:
3690:, around fifty Islanders had died from suffocation and neglect. A further ten who were hospitalised were expected to die. Captain Lynch and the crew of
4337:
people had died or were dying from neglect and disease, a vessel was organised to take them back. However, this ship dumped the Tongans on uninhabited
3384:
were unpaid, unable to return home and some had starved to death. Fairbairn held that Cadell had not paid 10 Malays from the time they were engaged at
2377:
1927:
Practices similar to blackbirding continue to the present day. One example is the kidnapping and coercion, often at gunpoint, of indigenous peoples in
5090:
4394:
accompanied this operation resulting in the death of a further 1,030 Polynesian labourers. Some of the islanders survived long enough to bring these
3655:, endorsed not only the procuring of Kanaka labour but became an active organiser in the plan to expand it to include mass importation of indentured
5185:
2608:, was described by Palmer as being fitted out "like an African slaver". Even though there was a government agent on board, the Kanakas on board the
10003:
9160:
9096:
8460:
8325:
7812:
502:
6767:
2552:
In 1872, the United Kingdom passed legislation in an attempt to control the coercive labour recruitment practices in the South Pacific Ocean: the
10394:
4924:
2595:
5020:
857:
7241:
A cavalcade of Queensland's crimes and criminals : scoundrels, scallwags & psychopaths : the colonial years and beyond 1859–1920
3639:
The British annexed Fiji in October 1874 and the labour trade in Pacific Islanders continued as before. In 1875, the year of the catastrophic
11579:
4710:
1553:
1403:
3783:
In 1863, British capitalist William Stewart set up the Tahiti Cotton and Coffee Plantation Company at Atimaono on the south-west coast of
11286:
8581:
8203:
4122:
In the late 1880s, a worldwide boom in coffee demand fuelled the expansion of coffee growing in many regions including the south-west of
884:
6998:
3335:
blackbirded from the surrounding areas. After settlement the Aborigines were used as slave labour in the emerging commercial industry.
3262:
South Sea Islander community taking part in the traditional parade of nations during the 2013 Rockhampton Cultural Festival, Queensland.
11209:
8368:
4554:
Three fruitless days were spent at Su'u. The Minota got no recruits from the bush and the bushmen got no heads from the Minota. (p 270)
3652:
1630:
382:
4058:
began in 1865 and lasted until the 1930s. Around 15,000 people were transported during this period, the vast majority coming from the
11589:
4733:
3001:
In 1884, in one specific case, a significant judicial punishment was imposed on the blackbirders. This was in regards to the crew of
832:
3966:
took people from these islands via night raids, armed attacks and firing cannon at canoes. The death rates of the recruits on board
3663:
in 1877, which was based in Fiji, further legitimised the trade by imposing British authority upon most people living in Melanesia.
1603:
1423:
596:
10008:
9912:
9763:
9165:
9101:
9069:
8140:
8118:
8086:
7935:
7903:
7871:
7273:
7126:
6927:
6895:
6863:
6831:
6799:
6745:
6681:
6649:
6538:
6474:
6442:
6206:
6174:
6142:
6078:
4929:
4580:
2792:
under Commander Moore, raided and burned down a village in retaliation for the killing of Captain Belbin of the blackbirding ship
11156:
10186:
10040:
9976:
9944:
9595:
9535:
9406:
9261:
9133:
8906:
8874:
8733:
8671:
8051:
7705:
7505:
7473:
7214:
7094:
7062:
6713:
6388:
6302:
6270:
6238:
6110:
5982:
5864:
5733:
5591:
5505:
5473:
5441:
5409:
5225:
5117:
5025:
4993:
4961:
4897:
1761:
9795:
9229:
9197:
9009:
8842:
8810:
7823:, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1986, accessed online 9 January 2015
7030:
6959:
6506:
6014:
5896:
5832:
5800:
5765:
5377:
5317:
5257:
4768:
4511:
were particularly prominent places for these kidnappers to work, causing fear of being kidnapped by anyone to become prevalent.
8302:
6046:
3520:, Joseph Armstrong, along with the mate Charles Dowden were sentenced to death, which was later commuted to life imprisonment.
2407:
plantations and the labour vessels operating out of that port became notorious for high mortality rates of Kanakas. During the
867:
285:
3372:, 30 nautical miles (56 km) offshore. In 1875 magistrate Robert Fairbairn was sent to investigate pearling conditions at
2642:
The violence and death surrounding the Queensland blackbirding trade intensified in the early 1880s. Local communities in the
2007:
10341:
10331:
10295:
10280:
10180:
7248:
6622:
6415:
1445:
1122:
894:
9731:
3731:
made major investments in the Fijian sugar industry around this time with much of the labour being provided by workers from
11574:
11109:
4035:
1637:
1598:
1241:
10420:
9311:
3631:. Many workers were not paid and those who survived and were able to return to their home islands were regarded as lucky.
11181:
10208:
1679:
1316:
976:
827:
623:
532:
5613:
11104:
10359:
9463:
9433:
8603:
5286:
3390:
2884:
2859:
blackbirding operation, and sharply denouncing the slave trade in Queensland. His articles, letters to the editor, and
2737:
1699:
1393:
1147:
3120:
also bombarded numerous villages in punitive expeditions which elicited condemnation from some sections of the media.
11395:
11124:
11077:
10310:
10133:
10115:
9725:
6992:
6794:
5565:
5146:
4681:
3369:
3230:
2259:
soon became an established industry with labour vessels from across eastern Australia obtaining Kanakas for both the
1521:
1398:
822:
591:
458:
8555:
4790:
1978:. Boyd was a Scottish colonist who wanted cheap labourers to work at his large pastoral leaseholds in the colony of
11139:
8497:
6564:
2932:
2517:
2438:
1652:
862:
847:
793:
478:
468:
463:
292:
148:
4357:
The Rev. A. W. Murray, the earliest European missionary in Tuvalu, described the practices of blackbirders in the
3844:
80%. William Stewart died in 1873 and the Tahiti Cotton and Coffee Plantation Company went bankrupt a year later.
1931:
to work as plantation labourers in the region. They are subjected to poor living conditions, are exposed to heavy
1368:
11569:
10472:
4956:
3660:
2909:
1647:
1418:
224:
10093:
10064:"Counterfeit Kin: Kidnappers of Color, the Reverse Underground Railroad, and the Origins of Practical Abolition"
5282:
South Sea Island immigration for cotton culture : a letter to the Hon. the Colonial Secretary of Queensland
3916:
and appointed another ex-navy officer, Captain George Jackson, to conduct the expedition. On this first voyage,
11051:
9590:
3443:
2524:
of villages, raids by marines, burning of houses, destruction of crops and the hanging of an Islander from the
2272:
had metal discs imprinted with a letter of the alphabet hung around their neck making for easy identification.
2149:
2100:. Towns wanted cheap labour to harvest and prepare the cotton and decided to import Melanesian labour from the
2023:
2011:
1791:
1117:
1105:
685:
497:
143:
6356:
3799:
ship-captain who achieved notoriety for his activities in the Pacific from the 1850s to the 1870s, arrived in
2989:
irons. Only one man, George Goyner, was convicted and received a minor punishment of two months imprisonment.
11609:
10955:
10367:
10238:
5059:
4588:
3950:
made around another five recruiting voyages involving further violence and kidnapping, mostly sailing to the
3701:
made recruiting sufficient workers for the Fiji plantations difficult. Beginning in 1879 with the arrival of
3389:
was also found to have underpaid 18 Malays totaling £183. 4s. 2d. however the judgement was set aside by the
3320:
3070:
were killed together with about six islanders in a skirmish, The boat crew of the labour recruiting schooner
2622:
2417:
1901:
1689:
1472:
333:
10985:
9907:
9758:
9622:
8113:
8081:
5087:
4605:
4499:
and fugitive slaves and sell them into slavery, being particularly prevalent in the 19th century after the
4492:
3772:
3623:
was arrested and tried in court for kidnapping and assault but was discharged due to a legal technicality.
1694:
1538:
1408:
1069:
837:
817:
377:
345:
2296:
being accused of kidnapping and importing Kanaka boys aged between 12 and 15 years for the plantations of
64:
11604:
11584:
11219:
11134:
11119:
9872:
the figure of 250 taken from Nukulaelae is stated by Richard Bedford, Barrie Macdonald & Doug Monro,
9498:
Bennett, J.A. (1976). "Immigration, blackbirding, labour recruiting? The Hawaiian experience 1877–1887".
8398:
3908:
was employed to arrange a large shipment of Islanders to be recruited for Hawaii. Mist bought the vessel
2879:
became too dangerous and too expensive to obtain labour from. However, the well-populated islands around
2540:
for the rape and attempted murder of a white woman, these being the first legal executions in that town.
2393:
2144:. He organised the first importation of South Sea Islander labour to that port in 1866. They came aboard
1754:
1704:
1428:
1346:
473:
254:
74:
7809:
4791:"Reconciling the dark history of slavery and murder in Australian pearling, points to a brighter future"
3466:, was a prominent blackbirder in the early years of the Fijian labour market. In 1867 he was captain of
2494:
under Captain Kilgour, attacked villages, shooting the residents and burning their houses. Ships of the
2485:. A few days before his death, one of the local men had been killed and five others abducted by crew of
1833:
The owners, captains, and crews of the ships involved in the acquisition of these labourers were termed
11619:
11281:
11261:
11241:
10847:
6890:
6644:
4408:
4134:
to counteract the shortage of workers in Mexico and Guatemala. In 1890, Captain Luttrell of the vessel
3872:
3385:
1613:
1465:
1450:
1341:
537:
207:
9833:, Ch. 15, Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu, 1983
6768:"Burn, J G, fl 1881 : Diary kept aboard HMS Emerald during the time spent in the Solomon Islands"
5707:
4571:
makes art about blackbirding. She is a fourth-generation descendant of slaves who were kidnapped from
2703:
warships attempting punitive action were not exempt as targets with Lieutenant Bower and five crew of
11594:
11548:
10035:
9971:
9530:
9373:
9288:
9128:
8869:
8777:
8728:
8666:
8046:
7990:
7700:
7268:
6922:
6708:
6383:
6105:
5947:
5468:
5220:
4988:
3450:
3381:
3339:
3328:
1967:
1909:
1709:
1608:
1139:
1127:
717:
690:
195:
3694:
faced no recriminations for this disaster and were soon at sea again recruiting for the government.
11161:
11129:
10707:
3796:
3039:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2101:
1489:
1358:
911:
700:
185:
86:
3212:, and evidence of kidnapping by the crew was later published. In 1893, conflict with Islanders at
2617:
to be tried but all charges were quickly dismissed and the prisoners discharged. Furthermore, Sir
2364:
of the Islander labourers was found to be occurring across a number of districts including at the
1924:
in the 1840s and 50s to work as unskilled labourers in the pearling, gold and farming industries.
365:
11442:
11256:
11114:
10970:
10712:
8756:
5685:
5665:
4525:
4382:
government shut down the operation in 1863 and ordered the repatriation of those who survived. A
3708:
2590:, under Captain George Palmer, managed to intercept a blackbirding ship loaded with Islanders at
2537:
2478:
2404:
2322:
2273:
1999:
and, in August 1863, despatched her on a recruiting voyage under the command of Captain Greuber.
1674:
1413:
1363:
1291:
1064:
842:
786:
769:
200:
4704:
3819:. The French Governor of Tahiti, who was invested in the company, used government ships such as
2528:. One of these expeditions involved the assistance of the armed crew of the blackbirding vessel
11599:
11516:
11296:
10395:"Scott Morrison's 'no slavery' comment prompts descendants to invite him to sugar cane regions"
9671:
McCreery, David (1993). "The cargo of the Montserrat: Gilbertese labour in Guatemalan coffee".
8525:
8433:
8204:"Seasonal farm workers receiving less than $ 10 a week after deductions, investigation reveals"
7732:
5252:
3332:
3234:
2833:
1913:
1747:
1716:
1221:
962:
874:
722:
446:
412:
407:
10421:"On this island people don't go to the beach alone. They're haunted by the blackbirding trade"
8577:
8459:
Hook, Fiona; McDonald, Eddie; Paterson, Alistair; Souter, Corioli & Veitch, Bruce (2004).
4174:. Ferguson was again employed, but this time as recruiter not as captain. A journalist aboard
3851:, who was also given the nickname "Bully". Captain "Bully" Proctor procured workers for the
3552:. Only thirteen of the original eighty kidnapped Islanders were alive and able to be rescued.
2829:
11306:
11246:
10752:
9224:
9004:
8326:"Modern slavery to be targeted in new laws recommended by Australian parliamentary committee"
7760:
7440:
6982:
4237:
3463:
3031:
2920:
2543:
2521:
2341:
2337:
2085:
1583:
1438:
1351:
1336:
1018:
1006:
752:
737:
522:
297:
219:
190:
8376:
4848:"Indigenous and Asian slaves were the lifeblood of Western Australia's early pearl industry"
2403:
Poor conditions at the sugar plantations led to regular outbreaks of disease and death. The
2384:. One, possibly two of the labourers were shot by Gibbie, while the others were captured by
11614:
10807:
10722:
10610:
10288:
Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of the Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870–1914.
9939:
9256:
9192:
8837:
8805:
8018:
7962:
7528:
7412:
7181:
7025:
6954:
6501:
6265:
6201:
6169:
6041:
6009:
5891:
5827:
5795:
5760:
5372:
5344:
5312:
4500:
4443:
4027:
where they faced further destitution in a land they had been absent from for twenty years.
3816:
3775:
to force the islanders to vacate the land on which they had been living for seventy years.
3724:
3555:
Labour vessels involved in this period of blackbirding for the Fijian market also included
3355:
3014:
2905:
2753:
2715:
2510:
2453:
with a cargo of Kanakas, of which a considerable number were in a dead or dying condition.
2373:
2345:
2166:
2137:
1944:
1827:
1721:
1625:
1588:
1516:
1460:
1329:
1286:
1100:
1030:
705:
485:
387:
271:
178:
4740:
3887:
was expanding rapidly during the early 1870s and despite over 50% of all male able-bodied
3127:, an investigative journalist who in 1892 joined the crew of Queensland blackbirding ship
3034:
concluded that it was no better than the African slave trade, and in 1885 the vessel S.S.
8:
11214:
11099:
11056:
10465:
10324:
The White Pacific: US Imperialism and Black Slavery in the South Seas after the Civil War
9790:
7898:
7866:
7550:
4568:
4221:
4170:, was fitted out to contract more Gilbert Islanders, this time for coffee plantations in
4051:
3545:
3538:
3494:
3267:
3238:
3099:
2982:
2950:
2741:
2533:
2357:
2305:
2256:
2117:
2019:
1795:
1209:
1189:
1074:
1059:
928:
899:
889:
779:
727:
695:
492:
350:
318:
313:
266:
123:
4208:
For several months between 1862 and 1863, crews on Peruvian ships combed the islands of
3678:
was convicted of kidnapping and jailed but was soon allowed to leave Fiji and return to
11474:
11301:
11191:
10857:
9696:
9688:
9401:
8933:
8373:
Australian Government Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts
7621:
6601:
6348:
5554:
5436:
5088:"Australian South Sea Islanders: A Century of Race Discrimination under Australian Law"
4530:
4395:
4317:
3768:
3434:
3271:
3107:
3106:
against the Islanders persisted as well. The official report of the lengthy mission of
2975:
2771:
2760:
2745:
2730:
2704:
2584:
2499:
2442:
2426:
2210:
2081:
1837:. The demand for this kind of cheap labour principally came from European colonists in
1455:
1301:
1276:
1266:
1231:
1226:
1194:
1159:
1152:
1093:
1086:
943:
762:
757:
747:
517:
370:
328:
323:
276:
244:
234:
171:
26:
10162:
5142:
Passage, port and plantation: a history of Solomon Islands labour migration, 1870–1914
4983:
4820:
3875:
in 1876 when he assaulted 2 missionaries, he was subdued and removed from the island.
3266:
Today, the descendants of those who remained are officially referred to as Australian
2054:
392:
338:
11405:
11271:
11186:
10660:
10355:
10327:
10306:
10291:
10276:
10176:
10129:
9842:
the figure of 250 taken from Nukulaelae is given by Laumua Kofe, Palagi and Pastors,
9721:
9700:
9648:
7244:
7089:
6988:
6352:
5561:
4765:
4677:
4611:
4496:
4240:
he was able to acquire 253 recruits of which more than half were women and children.
3644:
3437:
had cut off the supply of cotton to the international market and cultivation of this
3359:
2937:
2924:
2797:
2726:
2725:. Numerous punitive expeditions were carried out by Royal Navy warships based at the
2576:
2503:
2206:
2158:
1543:
1261:
1256:
1199:
1184:
1164:
986:
981:
916:
879:
712:
678:
507:
360:
249:
128:
9887:
The Lives and Times of Resident Traders in Tuvalu: An Exercise in History from Below
8294:
7416:. Vol. XLI, no. 8, 770. Queensland, Australia. 23 February 1886. p. 3
11469:
11311:
11233:
10867:
10665:
10168:
10121:
9829:
the figure of 171 taken from Funafuti is given by Laumua Kofe, Palagi and Pastors,
9680:
9562:
9507:
9036:
7613:
7500:
7468:
7384:
7356:
7328:
7300:
7209:
7153:
7057:
6469:
6340:
6297:
6233:
5859:
5728:
5586:
5404:
5112:
4892:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3828:, was also chartered by Stewart to acquire labourers. In 1869, Blackett bought 150
3648:
3393:
on the technicality that Broadhurst had not been given proper notice of the claim.
3155:
2605:
2466:
2109:
1982:. He financed two more procurements of South Sea Islanders, 70 of which arrived in
1799:
1733:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1271:
1236:
1204:
1174:
1047:
1035:
1013:
991:
938:
774:
742:
44:
6619:
6410:
3619:
were involved in fatal conflict with various Islanders. Captain Finlay McLever of
11452:
11374:
11082:
11061:
10975:
9715:
8638:
7816:
7388:. Vol. XXIX, no. 546. Queensland, Australia. 13 March 1886. p. 419
6626:
6419:
6344:
5094:
4772:
4534:
4447:
4428:
4362:
4249:
4248:
where the human cargo were sold off and sent to work as plantation labourers and
4233:
4131:
4024:
3951:
3829:
3791:
labour but soon shifted to blackbirded Polynesian labour to work the plantation.
3702:
3247:
3114:
2941:
2876:
2866:
2786:
2778:
2647:
2397:
2039:
1979:
1959:
1928:
1900:
Examples of blackbirding outside the South Pacific include the early days of the
1894:
1838:
1819:
1803:
1642:
1533:
1528:
1281:
1251:
1246:
969:
933:
732:
650:
355:
101:
7360:. Vol. XXIX, no. 545. Queensland, Australia. 6 March 1886. p. 368
4345:
went to rescue the remaining 38 survivors and took them to the Peruvian port of
3607:. Many captains engaged in violent means to obtain the labourers. The crews of
21:
11538:
11462:
11457:
11415:
11379:
11174:
11149:
11041:
11031:
10999:
10862:
10832:
10650:
10564:
10505:
10491:
10458:
9998:
9902:
9753:
9617:
9557:
9368:
9315:
9155:
9091:
9059:
8971:
8901:
8633:
8520:
8461:"Cultural Heritage Assessment and Management Plan; Proposed Gorgon Development"
8428:
8108:
8076:
7925:
7893:
7861:
7833:
7783:
7755:
7727:
7667:
7639:
7572:
7295:
7263:
7176:
7116:
6917:
6885:
6853:
6821:
6789:
6735:
6671:
6639:
6528:
6464:
6432:
6196:
6164:
6132:
6068:
5500:
4919:
4023:. These people were gathered together and repatriated in that same year to the
3628:
3572:
3471:
3213:
2722:
2711:
2696:
2680:
2664:
2618:
2474:
2458:
1917:
1726:
1620:
512:
153:
111:
10767:
10172:
10125:
10030:
9966:
9934:
9585:
9525:
9511:
9396:
9283:
9251:
9123:
9031:
8928:
8896:
8864:
8772:
8723:
8661:
8492:
8041:
8013:
7985:
7695:
7617:
7495:
7463:
7323:
7204:
7148:
7084:
7052:
6703:
6378:
6292:
6260:
6228:
6100:
5972:
5919:"Extracts from the Evidence taken by the Select Committee on Polynesian Labor"
5918:
5854:
5723:
5581:
5495:
5463:
5431:
5399:
5215:
5107:
5015:
4951:
4887:
2992:
2181:
The high demand for very cheap labour in the sugar and pastoral industries of
11563:
11505:
11169:
11019:
10965:
10812:
10697:
10675:
10670:
10600:
9785:
9219:
9187:
8999:
8832:
8800:
7957:
7435:
7379:
7351:
7020:
6949:
6496:
6004:
5886:
5822:
5790:
5755:
5650:
James A. Michener & A. Grove Day, "Bully Hayes, South Sea Buccaneer", in
5367:
5339:
5307:
5247:
4621:
4504:
4432:
4365:
in Peru. Rev. Murray reported that in 1863, about 180 people were taken from
4265:
4260:
At the end of 1862, eight Peruvian ships organised under Captain Marutani of
4213:
4055:
3852:
3771:
verdict in their favour on 1 February 2007. The court refused a claim by the
3358:. Cadell and others became notorious for their coercion, capture and sale of
3351:
3246:
company won the contract to deport the Islanders and those taken back to the
2759:
executed various Islanders suspected of killing white men. Captain Dawson of
2749:
2385:
2333:
2329:
2248:
2214:
2170:
1975:
1850:
1815:
1664:
1593:
1040:
1023:
798:
628:
618:
402:
52:
7407:
6036:
4874:
Trouble in Paradise: Globalization and Environmental Crises in Latin America
4329:, and the islanders were transferred to this ship which transported them to
3647:, listed a mortality rate of 540 out of every 1,000 Islander labourers. The
2803:
patrolled the islands, protecting the crews of blackbirding vessels such as
11364:
11352:
11276:
11144:
11092:
10950:
10887:
10882:
10702:
10680:
10532:
8976:
4508:
4338:
4293:
4075:
4059:
4039:
3900:
3855:
nickel mines, and who was well known in the 1870s to 1890s, in Noumea, and
3716:
3534:
3513:
3426:
3401:
3209:
3149:
2978:
2888:
2872:
2837:
2767:
2672:
2643:
2360:. No police report was made and the overseer in charge was only fined £10.
2310:
2154:
2065:
2058:
2031:
1988:
1954:
The first major blackbirding operation in the Pacific was conducted out of
1669:
1506:
1482:
1388:
1381:
640:
613:
554:
441:
158:
138:
116:
106:
96:
91:
81:
10450:
10439:
8801:"Removal of South Sea Islanders by British Vessels to Fiji and Queensland"
5140:
3505:
A notorious incident of the blackbirding trade was the 1871 voyage of the
2637:
921:
11510:
11430:
11420:
11337:
11327:
11266:
11087:
11024:
10929:
10914:
10877:
10817:
10797:
10783:
10757:
10732:
10685:
10655:
10615:
10595:
10590:
10559:
8549:
6422:
London : Low, Marston, Low & Searle, 1873 pp76-79 and pp199-206.
5169:
4674:
Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World
4616:
4520:
4470:
were based in Samoa. In 1880, the crew of the British blackbirding ship,
4439:
3848:
3792:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3697:
This conflict together with competition for Pacific Islander labour from
3592:
3455:
3243:
3191:. Joseph Vos, a well known blackbirder for many years and the captain of
3044:
3006:
2913:
2897:
2892:
2446:
2353:
2297:
2217:
complained that Crossley had stolen half the inhabitants of a village in
2125:
2089:
1963:
1955:
1866:
1511:
1499:
852:
655:
645:
603:
417:
8356:
From Blackbirds to Guestworkers in the South Pacific. Plus ça Change...?
8265:"Hungry, poor, exploited: alarm over Australia's import of farm workers"
7625:
7601:
6605:
6589:
5167:
McKinnon, Alex (July 2019). "Blackbirds, Australia had a slave trade?".
4575:
in 1863. She is currently based in New Zealand, her exhibitions include
3832:
from another blackbirding ship for £5 per head. On transferring them to
3362:
as slaves. The slaves were often detained temporarily at camps known as
2201:
returned with close to 1,000 Kanakas who were offloaded in the ports of
11425:
11410:
11347:
11036:
10902:
10897:
10747:
10692:
10625:
10620:
10605:
10580:
10352:
The People Trade: Pacific Island Labourers and New Caledonia, 1865–1930
10345:
9692:
5280:
4370:
4225:
4155:
4071:
4063:
3905:
3698:
3549:
3498:
3487:
3377:
3324:
3296:
3201:
3196:
3124:
3103:
3010:
2928:
2880:
2841:
2700:
2631:
2601:
2572:
2564:
The 1872 & 1875 Acts were intended to work in conjunction with the
2495:
2301:
2260:
2182:
2162:
2141:
2069:
2043:
1992:
1905:
1882:
1842:
1782:
1659:
956:
660:
527:
10980:
6629:
London : Low, Marston, Low & Searle, 1873 pp51-53 and pp76-79
2243:
11484:
11479:
11369:
11357:
11332:
11291:
10919:
10842:
10837:
10789:
10727:
10585:
10552:
10515:
10338:
Slavers in Paradise: The Peruvian Slave Trade in Polynesia, 1862–1864
10273:
Consuming Whiteness. Australian Racism and the 'White Sugar' Campaign
6620:
Cruise of the Rosario amongst the New Hebrides and Santa Cruz Islands
6412:
Cruise of the Rosario amongst the New Hebrides and Santa Cruz Islands
4387:
4209:
4171:
4139:
4127:
4067:
3933:
3564:
3438:
3422:
3406:
3373:
3364:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3113:
which bombarded and burnt numerous villages in 1885 was kept secret.
3018:
2819:
2434:
2027:
1932:
1878:
904:
569:
431:
9684:
8141:"Queensland's Australian South Sea Islander population, census 2016"
4813:
4672:
Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus and Marcus Buford Rediker (2007).
586:
11342:
10924:
10802:
10742:
10510:
9434:""Bully Proctor" - The Story of the Notorious American Blackbirder"
6328:
4383:
4366:
4217:
4204:
Geographic definition of Polynesia, surrounded by a light pink line
4200:
4016:
3735:. Many of the recruits taken from this island on the labour vessel
3600:
3591:
also participated in the kidnapping trade. The famous blackbirder,
3308:
3098:
causing the drowning deaths of 47 Kanakas. The policy of extensive
2940:
anti-immigration groups, which led to the election in late 1883 of
2525:
2361:
2277:
2202:
2121:
2093:
1886:
1778:
1494:
1052:
996:
948:
608:
453:
308:
214:
36:
and freed its passengers, who were bound for Queensland, Australia.
9339:"William Stewart and the introduction of Chinese labour in Tahiti"
5927:. No. 1920. Queensland, Australia. 2 December 1876. p. 3
2136:(Captain Linklater). In 1865, Towns obtained large land leases in
2080:, wanted to profit from the world-wide cotton shortage due to the
11489:
11400:
11046:
11014:
10945:
10872:
10822:
10762:
10737:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10520:
8189:
6858:
6826:
6740:
6676:
6437:
6073:
4572:
4542:
4334:
4305:
4282:
3959:
3937:
3925:
3868:
3800:
3740:
3640:
3343:
3284:
3095:
3083:
3075:
3063:
3058:
3009:. Captain Lewis Shaw and four crew were charged and convicted of
2986:
2971:
2849:
2824:
2688:
2433:
arrived with half the Kanakas recruited dying on the voyage from
2408:
2176:
2105:
2073:
2035:
1974:, a vessel under the command of Captain Kirsopp and chartered by
1807:
1477:
559:
239:
56:
7602:"The Massacre of the Mystery: A Case Study in Contact Relations"
6704:"Massacre of Lieutenant Bower and five seamen of H.M.S. Sandfly"
3258:
2128:
to Townsvale on one to three year terms of labour. They came on
11447:
11435:
10907:
10852:
10525:
9464:""Bully" Proctor – Blackbirder who wished to be King of Futuna"
4600:
4358:
4330:
4245:
4123:
4043:
3971:
3941:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3892:
3804:
3788:
3784:
3712:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3656:
3596:
3483:
3295:, had been employed with the majority being placed on farms in
3135:
under Captain A.R. Reynolds, transported Islanders to and from
2782:
2614:
2580:
2482:
2349:
2165:
applied Melenesian labour to his twenty acres of sugar cane at
2097:
2077:
1983:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1823:
1786:
1179:
1001:
581:
564:
426:
261:
229:
8697:
R. G. Elmslie, 'The Colonial Career of James Patrick Murray',
8406:
3840:
still able to offload about 60 surviving labourers at Tahiti.
3425:
received the first licence to transport 40 labourers from the
2867:
Mid 1880s: Shifting of recruitment from the New Guinea islands
10892:
10827:
10717:
10642:
10481:
4766:"Slaving In Australian Courts: Blackbirding Cases, 1869–1871"
4420:
4416:
4346:
4309:
4278:
4070:. Henry had previously been involved in sending labourers to
3871:
woman who Proctor was sexually abusing. After an incident on
3856:
3475:
3347:
3292:
3087:
3079:
2770:, killing a chief suspected of murdering blackbirders, while
2656:
2421:
2352:, on the 800 km journey they were required to make from
2218:
1890:
1846:
436:
422:
397:
4486:
4474:, was involved in shooting recruits on board, while in 1894
2280:
became important centres for the trade with vessels such as
2014:
in a sugar cane plantation in Queensland, late 19th century.
8301:(in Kinyarwanda). Australian Government. 10 December 2018.
8071:
8069:
4424:
4412:
4391:
4274:
4020:
3812:
3764:
3506:
3430:
3418:
3288:
3252:
3163:, Captain John Ronald Mackay at the Solomon Islands in 1894
2931:
to be part of Queensland. This was rejected by the British
2591:
2520:
conducted several missions in the late 1870s that involved
2264:
1921:
1870:
1854:
1811:
303:
133:
10303:
The Blackbirders: A Brutal Story of the Kanaka Slave-Trade
8458:
3974:
were as high as 20%. Captain Tierney of the labour vessel
3666:
Violence and kidnapping persisted with Captain Haddock of
2221:, and in 1868 a scandal evolved when Captain McEachern of
10960:
6329:"Reassessing the death of Bishop John Coleridge Patteson"
4537:, when the local islanders attacked a "recruiting" ship:
4285:, as well as those that he kidnapped from Easter Island.
4163:
was found capsized with all but a few survivors drowned.
3847:
Another notorious blackbirder was a fellow countryman of
3090:
a large gun battle between the residents and the crew of
8066:
7839:
Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser
7578:
Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser
7122:
Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser
7085:"Sickening Tragedy amongst Kanakas on the Lower Herbert"
6830:. 28 September 1881. p. 1 (Supplement to The Age).
6590:"Hunting the Blackbirder: Ross Lewin and the Royal Navy"
5978:
The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
5620:. Vol. IX, no. 47. 4 March 1868. p. 217.
4827:. New South Wales, Australia. 2 December 1854. p. 4
7673:
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser
6534:
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser
6138:
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser
5709:
The South Sea Islanders and the Queensland Labour Trade
5086:
Tracey Flanagan, Meredith Wilkie, and Susanna Iuliano.
4478:
was involved in recruiting starving Gilbert Islanders.
4312:. Captain Thomas James McGrath of the Tasmanian whaler
3277:
2638:
Early 1880s: resistance to the blackbirders intensifies
2368:
sheep station, and at the coastal sugar plantations of
2049:
9065:
Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser
8578:"The Story of Blackbirding in the South Seas – Part 2"
8358:
The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 20. 111–121.
8168:"Farm deaths: Seasonal worker program claims 12 lives"
7931:
Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser
7645:
Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser
5924:
Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay And Burnett Advertiser
3167:
In the 1890s, other important recruiting vessels were
8481:– via Environmental Protection Authority of WA.
3958:. By 1880 the labour trade to Hawaii expanded to the
3944:
but was interrupted by the presence of another ship.
3255:. At least 27 of these died while being transported.
2863:
editorials, led to expanded government intervention.
2777:
went on a "savage-hunting expedition" throughout the
10408:"Blackbirds: Australia's hidden slave trade history"
10164:
Georges Baudoux's Jean M'Barai The Trepang Fisherman
8693:
8691:
8689:
7553:. Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893-1978
4872:
Roberts, J. Timmons; Thanos, Nikki Demetria (2003).
4514:
4062:. In 1865 the French colonial government contracted
3204:. However, they were found not guilty and released.
1434:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
10117:
Georges Badoux's Jean M'Barai The Trepang Fisherman
8521:"Supreme Court: Ex parte Broadhurst in re Fairburn"
5791:"Removal of South Sea Islanders by British vessels"
5216:"Brisbane: arrival Don Juan from South Sea Islands"
4216:in the eastern Pacific to the Gilbert Islands (now
3412:
2985:were beaten to death by mounted white men wielding
2781:which resulted in no casualties on either side. At
2556:1872 (the principal Act), which was amended by the
10290:Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
9876:(1980) 89(1) Journal of the Polynesian Society 199
5553:
5192:. Gale Library of Daily Life: Slavery in America.
4269:the island's population. In the following months,
4154:suffered storm damage and was forced to anchor in
3634:
3563:under captain McKenzie who often took people from
2810:
10433:Background and history of the South Sea Islanders
10429:– Blackbirding on the island of Tanna, in Vanuatu
9720:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 35–38.
8833:"South Sea Islanders redressing their grievances"
8686:
6770:. National Library of New Zealand. 25 August 1881
6326:
4550:In another passage from the same book, he wrote:
4541:... still bore the tomahawk marks where the
3674:and burning their villages. Captain John Daly of
3643:epidemic, the chief medical officer in Fiji, Sir
2600:under command of Captain Daggett and licensed in
2108:. Captain Grueber together with labour recruiter
11561:
9879:
9314:. Fijitimes.com. 2 February 2007. Archived from
8547:
7599:
7296:"departure of South Sea Islanders from Brisbane"
4255:
3051:
2238:
1549:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
6984:Undercover Reporting: The Truth About Deception
4925:The Port Phillip Patriot and Morning Advertiser
4676:, University of California Press, pp. 188–190.
4491:Since colonial times in the United States, the
3595:kidnapped Islanders for the Fiji market in his
3478:. The following year, Hovell was in command of
2997:case, Royal Commission and planter compensation
2625:found that Captain Palmer had illegally seized
1935:loads, and do hard labour for very little pay.
16:Coerced labour, mainly in the southeast Pacific
10435:– Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet
7238:
6640:"The recent outrages in the South Sea Islands"
6433:"Punishment of the South Sea Island massacres"
4876:. Routledge, London and New York. p. vii.
4066:merchant Andrew Henry to bring 33 people from
3462:Albert Ross Hovell, son of the noted explorer
3376:, following reports that people, described as
2532:commanded by Captain Satini. Furthermore, two
2177:Expansion of labour recruitment for Queensland
10466:
10365:
10004:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
9786:"The labour traffic in the South Sea Islands"
9643:
9641:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9161:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
9097:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
9000:"Cruise of a labour vessel in the South Seas"
8699:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery
8454:
8452:
7573:"Desperate Conflict with South Sea Islanders"
6987:. Northwestern University Press. p. 33.
5863:. 13 May 1876. p. 3 (The Queenslander).
5646:
5644:
5642:
5278:
5138:
5057:
4871:
4845:
4304:In June 1863 about 350 people were living on
3659:workers from India. The establishment of the
1916:were blackbirded from the surrounding areas.
1755:
10209:"Jasmine Togo-Brisby: Bitter Sweet - Te Uru"
9874:Population Estimates for Kiribati and Tuvalu
9666:
9664:
9662:
6565:"Pacific Islanders Protection Act, ss. 6-11"
6327:Kolshus, Thorgeir; Hovdhaugen, Even (2010).
3433:in order to work on cotton plantations. The
2583:, was sent suppress the blackbirding trade.
2140:and funded the establishment of the port of
1554:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
11287:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
10480:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9312:"Solomon Islands descendants win land case"
8391:
6562:
5021:Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
3493:In 1868 the Acting British Consul in Fiji,
2832:written by journalist and future physician
2332:in the interior and as pearl divers in the
10473:
10459:
9857:The Early Population of the Ellice Islands
9638:
9456:
9421:
8449:
7424:– via National Library of Australia.
7396:– via National Library of Australia.
7368:– via National Library of Australia.
6587:
6322:
6320:
6005:"Polynesian laborers on northern stations"
5935:– via National Library of Australia.
5639:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5400:"Revival of the slave trade in Queensland"
3787:. Initially Stewart used imported Chinese
3739:were put to work on the CSR sugar mill at
3216:resulted in the death of a crew member of
3066:six crew members of the recruiting vessel
3017:, while the recruiter Neil McNeil and the
2348:. In 1876, several Islanders died, one by
2096:, and planted 160 hectares (400 acres) of
1762:
1748:
10326:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
10239:"Resident artist explores slave ancestry"
9897:
9895:
9659:
9647:
8361:
7728:"Punishment of natives in the South Seas"
7526:
7234:
7232:
5679:
5677:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
4725:
4487:Reverse underground railroad blackbirding
4427:, the company sent labour vessels to the
4411:, established a trading company based at
3559:under the command of captain McLeod, and
2840:, while posing as crew of the brigantine
10405:
10392:
9670:
9486:
8955:
8575:
5166:
4687:
4646:Pearl-Shell and Bêche-de-mer Fishery Act
4292:
4199:
4034:
3449:
3400:
3257:
3154:
3094:occurred. This ship later sank during a
2748:and destroying about 33 villages, while
2242:
2053:
2006:
1559:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1424:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1404:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
20:
9713:
9655:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
9497:
9336:
8754:
8262:
8201:
7436:"Mortality amongst South Sea Islanders"
7380:"Pacific Islanders' Compensation Court"
7352:"Pacific Islanders' Compensation Court"
6980:
6583:
6581:
6558:
6556:
6317:
6069:"Seizure of the Woodbine and Christina"
5973:"The murder of Messrs. Gibbie and Bell"
5701:
5699:
5697:
5082:
5080:
4797:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
4788:
4288:
4117:
3454:Blackbirding sea Captain William Henry
3233:. This Act, which was part of a larger
11562:
10427:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
10418:
10401:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
10160:
10113:
9892:
9861:The Journal of the Polynesian Society,
9474:from the original on 29 September 2021
9444:from the original on 29 September 2021
9349:from the original on 28 September 2020
8188:This article can only be accessed via
7408:"PACIFIC ISLANDERS COMPENSATION COURT"
7229:
6618:See for example: Commander AH Markham
6529:"Execution of two South Sea Islanders"
6409:See for example: Commander AH Markham
5945:
5683:
5674:
5551:
5520:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
4731:
4352:
4232:, set forth across the Pacific and at
3321:pearling industry in Western Australia
2836:, who had sailed, undercover, for the
2807:from mutinies of the labour recruits.
2148:under Captain Edwards. Towns paid his
1902:pearling industry in Western Australia
1798:. They were taken from places such as
10454:
10213:Te Uru Waitakere Contemporary Gallery
10074:from the original on 24 December 2020
10043:from the original on 24 December 2020
10011:from the original on 24 December 2020
9979:from the original on 24 December 2020
9947:from the original on 24 December 2020
9915:from the original on 24 December 2020
9798:from the original on 24 December 2020
9766:from the original on 24 December 2020
9598:from the original on 24 December 2020
9558:"Alleged kidnapping by the Stormbird"
9538:from the original on 24 December 2020
9409:from the original on 24 December 2020
9264:from the original on 24 December 2020
9232:from the original on 24 December 2020
9200:from the original on 24 December 2020
9168:from the original on 24 December 2020
9136:from the original on 24 December 2020
9104:from the original on 24 December 2020
9092:"Death of fifty Polynesian labourers"
9072:from the original on 24 December 2020
9012:from the original on 24 December 2020
8909:from the original on 24 December 2020
8877:from the original on 24 December 2020
8845:from the original on 24 December 2020
8813:from the original on 24 December 2020
8736:from the original on 24 December 2020
8674:from the original on 24 December 2020
8214:from the original on 16 November 2019
8178:from the original on 24 December 2020
8165:
8121:from the original on 24 December 2020
8089:from the original on 24 December 2020
8054:from the original on 24 December 2020
7938:from the original on 24 December 2020
7906:from the original on 24 December 2020
7874:from the original on 24 December 2020
7810:'Melvin, Joseph Dalgarno (1852–1909)'
7708:from the original on 24 December 2020
7508:from the original on 24 December 2020
7476:from the original on 24 December 2020
7276:from the original on 24 December 2020
7217:from the original on 24 December 2020
7065:from the original on 24 December 2020
6866:from the original on 24 December 2020
6822:"Punishment of the Sandfly murderers"
6802:from the original on 24 December 2020
6748:from the original on 24 December 2020
6541:from the original on 24 December 2020
6509:from the original on 24 December 2020
6477:from the original on 24 December 2020
6445:from the original on 24 December 2020
6391:from the original on 24 December 2020
6273:from the original on 24 December 2020
6209:from the original on 24 December 2020
6177:from the original on 24 December 2020
6081:from the original on 24 December 2020
6049:from the original on 24 December 2020
6017:from the original on 24 December 2020
5985:from the original on 24 December 2020
5899:from the original on 24 December 2020
5867:from the original on 24 December 2020
5835:from the original on 24 December 2020
5803:from the original on 24 December 2020
5785:
5783:
5768:from the original on 24 December 2020
5736:from the original on 24 December 2020
5594:from the original on 24 December 2020
5508:from the original on 24 December 2020
5476:from the original on 24 December 2020
5412:from the original on 24 December 2020
5380:from the original on 24 December 2020
5320:from the original on 22 December 2020
5289:from the original on 24 December 2020
5260:from the original on 22 December 2020
5228:from the original on 24 December 2020
5186:"Life Expectancy and Mortality rates"
5120:from the original on 24 December 2020
5097:, Australian Human Rights Commission.
5028:from the original on 24 December 2020
4996:from the original on 24 December 2020
4964:from the original on 24 December 2020
4932:from the original on 24 December 2020
4900:from the original on 24 December 2020
4801:from the original on 15 February 2020
4702:
4376:
4341:. A month later the Peruvian warship
4297:Captain T.J. McGrath, master of
4054:as labourers to the French colony of
2548:1872 & 1875 of the United Kingdom
1446:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1123:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
10354:(Pacific Islands Monographs Series)
10340:Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies.
10249:from the original on 9 February 2022
10219:from the original on 9 February 2022
10189:from the original on 9 February 2022
8202:Hermant, Norman (26 February 2016).
7668:"Hurricane in the South Sea Islands"
7551:"Young Dick Massacre, Malaita, 1886"
7531:. Burton upon Stather Heritage Group
6578:
6553:
5705:
5694:
5663:
5654:, London: Secker & Warburg 1957.
5077:
4846:O'Connell, Ronan (16 January 2021).
4782:
3314:
3278:Seasonal workers in the 21st century
2871:The usual recruiting grounds of the
2247:Adolescent South Sea Islanders on a
2050:Robert Towns and the first shipments
1638:Slave marriages in the United States
1242:Human trafficking in the Middle East
9586:"Japanese on the Sugar Plantations"
8662:"Deputation of South Sea Islanders"
8614:from the original on 7 January 2020
8336:from the original on 9 January 2020
8305:from the original on 6 January 2022
8275:from the original on 18 August 2019
8244:from the original on 18 August 2019
7543:
6950:"Outrages in the South Sea Islands"
6790:"Punishing the South Sea Islanders"
6229:"The last days of Polynesian labor"
5690:. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas.
5100:
5040:
4608:, sometimes known as "blackbirding"
4407:In the late 1850s, German merchant
4166:Despite this tragedy another ship,
3878:
3778:
3045:The Colonial Sugar Refining Company
977:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
10419:Pepper, Fiona (21 February 2020).
10386:
10142:from the original on 6 August 2019
8473:from the original on 2 August 2021
7821:Australian Dictionary of Biography
7784:"Shot and Shell in the South Seas"
7593:
7520:
7129:from the original on 17 April 2022
7097:from the original on 17 April 2022
7033:from the original on 17 April 2022
6981:Kroeger, Brooke (31 August 2012).
6962:from the original on 17 April 2022
6930:from the original on 17 April 2022
6898:from the original on 17 April 2022
6834:from the original on 17 April 2022
6760:
6716:from the original on 17 April 2022
6684:from the original on 17 April 2022
6652:from the original on 17 April 2022
6305:from the original on 17 April 2022
6241:from the original on 17 April 2022
6145:from the original on 17 April 2022
6113:from the original on 17 April 2022
5946:Rossow, Linda (24 December 2012).
5780:
5444:from the original on 17 April 2022
5340:"A fair thing for the Polynesians"
5139:Corris, Peter (13 December 2013),
4734:"Our Federation Journey 1901–2001"
4562:Jean M'Baraï the Trepang Fisherman
4450:. The German blackbirding vessel,
4325:met with a Peruvian slave vessel,
1949:
1631:last survivors of American slavery
14:
11631:
11396:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
10492:List of sugars and sugar products
10440:"The Kanakas and the Cane Fields"
10393:Buchanan, Kallee (12 June 2020).
10305:. London: Angus & Robertson.
9889:, (1987) 10(2) Pacific Studies 73
9734:from the original on 27 July 2020
9343:Journal of the Polynesian Society
8584:from the original on 7 March 2014
8558:from the original on 27 July 2020
8323:
8147:from the original on 20 July 2019
7986:"Murdered by South Sea Islanders"
7001:from the original on 27 July 2020
6795:The Goulburn Herald and Chronicle
6736:"Murder in the South Sea Islands"
6359:from the original on 27 July 2020
6301:. 11 December 1875. p. 799.
5952:lionelfrederickpaul.wordpress.com
5756:"The Polynesian boys per Lyttona"
5670:. London: Henry S. King & Co.
5627:from the original on 18 July 2021
5149:from the original on 27 July 2020
4789:Collins, Ben (9 September 2018).
4739:. Museum Victoria. Archived from
4515:Representation in popular culture
4244:returned to the Peruvian port of
3815:. Hayes offered them for sale as
3711:to Fiji commenced. However, this
3231:Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901
2953:, while Captain Joseph Davies of
2336:. They were taken as far west as
2169:, and later on his farm near the
592:Field slaves in the United States
459:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
32:seized the blackbirding schooner
11590:European colonisation in Oceania
11580:History of Australia (1851–1900)
11544:
11543:
11534:
11533:
10231:
10201:
10154:
10107:
10086:
10061:
10055:
10023:
9991:
9959:
9927:
9866:
9849:
9836:
9823:
9810:
9778:
9746:
9707:
9610:
9578:
9550:
9518:
9438:XVIII(6) Pacific Islands Monthly
9389:
9361:
9330:
9304:
9276:
9244:
9212:
9180:
9148:
9116:
9084:
9052:
9024:
8992:
8964:
8949:
8921:
8889:
8857:
8841:. 24 September 1870. p. 6.
8825:
8793:
8773:"Traffic in South Sea Islanders"
8765:
8748:
8716:
8704:
8654:
8626:
8596:
8569:
8541:
8513:
8498:The Inquirer and Commercial News
8485:
8421:
8348:
8317:
8287:
8256:
8226:
8195:
8166:Field, Emma (13 December 2017).
8159:
8133:
8101:
8034:
8006:
7978:
7950:
7918:
7886:
7854:
7826:
7802:
7776:
7748:
7720:
7688:
7660:
7632:
7504:. 9 February 1889. p. 278.
6109:. 29 September 1873. p. 2.
5582:"The South Sea Islander traffic"
5196:from the original on 5 July 2019
4713:from the original on 4 July 2019
4640:Other acts on the same subject:
4481:
4264:conducted an armed operation at
4050:Blackbirding and recruitment of
4030:
3413:Before annexation (1865 to 1874)
3086:(New Hebrides). Then in 1888 at
3074:were killed in November 1878 at
2949:were charged with the murder of
2558:Pacific Islanders Protection Act
2554:Pacific Islanders Protection Act
2546:Pacific Islanders Protection Act
2469:, while the captain and crew of
2411:epidemic of 1875, ships such as
2084:. He bought a property he named
1995:when he fitted out the schooner
469:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
464:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
293:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
63:
10366:E. V. Stevens (23 March 1950).
10265:
9975:. 1 September 1914. p. 5.
9618:"Kidnapped South Sea Islanders"
9068:. 30 November 1878. p. 2.
8958:Fiji's Times, A History of Fiji
8905:. 14 November 1872. p. 2.
8873:. 8 September 1871. p. 4.
8809:. 20 February 1871. p. 3.
8369:"Australia's pearling industry"
8299:Federal Register of Legislation
7934:. 27 November 1890. p. 2.
7870:. 8 December 1893. p. 10.
7736:. 18 September 1886. p. 32
7600:Gilding, Michael (April 1982).
7565:
7488:
7456:
7428:
7400:
7372:
7344:
7316:
7288:
7256:
7213:. 29 November 1884. p. 3.
7197:
7169:
7141:
7125:. 13 December 1884. p. 2.
7109:
7077:
7045:
7029:. 23 December 1882. p. 5.
7013:
6974:
6958:. 26 November 1884. p. 3.
6942:
6910:
6894:. 4 September 1882. p. 3.
6878:
6862:. 8 September 1881. p. 3.
6846:
6814:
6782:
6728:
6696:
6680:. 13 December 1881. p. 3.
6664:
6632:
6612:
6521:
6505:. 29 November 1878. p. 2.
6489:
6473:. 1 December 1877. p. 23.
6457:
6425:
6403:
6371:
6285:
6253:
6221:
6189:
6173:. 30 November 1875. p. 3.
6157:
6125:
6093:
6077:. 20 February 1873. p. 4.
6061:
6029:
5997:
5965:
5939:
5911:
5895:. 24 November 1876. p. 2.
5879:
5847:
5831:. 21 December 1871. p. 2.
5815:
5748:
5716:
5657:
5606:
5590:. 5 September 1868. p. 9.
5574:
5504:. 15 February 1868. p. 4.
5488:
5472:. 18 November 1867. p. 4.
5456:
5440:. 31 December 1867. p. 8.
5424:
5392:
5360:
5332:
5300:
5272:
5248:"The slave trade in Queensland"
5240:
5208:
5183:
5177:
5160:
5132:
5116:. 9 November 1907. p. 32.
5058:E. V. Stevens (23 March 1950).
5016:"The alleged murder at Rotumah"
5008:
4992:. 11 December 1847. p. 2.
4976:
4944:
4912:
4779:, 13:1, accessed 7 October 2010
4650:Native Labourers Protection Act
4634:
3729:Colonial Sugar Refining Company
3661:Western Pacific High Commission
3635:After annexation (1875 to 1911)
3470:, recruiting men and boys from
3223:
2018:The Queensland labour trade in
1419:Committee of Experts on Slavery
970:East, Southeast, and South Asia
10406:McKinnon, Alex (2 July 2019).
10373:. The University of Queensland
10007:. 2 February 1880. p. 2.
9846:, Ch. 15, U.S.P./Tuvalu (1983)
9794:. 20 January 1893. p. 6.
9594:. 12 January 1895. p. 3.
9591:Clarence and Richmond Examiner
9468:XIX(2) Pacific Islands Monthly
9100:. 27 January 1880. p. 3.
9008:. 7 February 1878. p. 7.
8713:, 20–23 Nov 1872, 1 March 1873
8263:Doherty, Ben (3 August 2017).
7704:. 13 January 1886. p. 7.
7606:The Journal of Pacific History
7061:. 11 August 1883. p. 34.
6798:. 2 February 1881. p. 4.
6712:. 2 December 1880. p. 7.
6594:The Journal of Pacific History
6333:The Journal of Pacific History
6269:. 4 December 1875. p. 3.
5732:. 18 August 1877. p. 10.
5614:"Polynesian Laborers Act 1868"
5408:. 9 November 1867. p. 5.
5376:. 13 October 1866. p. 6.
5065:. The University of Queensland
4960:. 22 October 1847. p. 2.
4880:
4865:
4839:
4758:
4666:
4369:and about 200 were taken from
4316:, having decided that the new
4074:for the cotton plantations of
3417:The blackbirding era began in
3078:, a district on the island of
2509:under Captain de Houghton and
1781:and/or deception of people or
1118:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
10243:Otago Daily Times Online News
9943:. 28 August 1890. p. 3.
9935:"Affairs in the New Hebrides"
9762:. 7 January 1892. p. 4.
8022:. 13 December 1906. p. 7
7994:. 24 November 1893. p. 5
7958:"The Polynesian labour trade"
7790:. 16 February 1889. p. 6
7764:. 26 December 1888. p. 3
7756:"Reprisals in the South Seas"
7648:. 30 November 1888. p. 3
6926:. 22 August 1883. p. 8.
6101:"In the Vice-Admiralty Court"
5618:Queensland Government Gazette
5256:. 22 August 1863. p. 4.
5224:. 22 August 1863. p. 6.
4928:. 1 October 1847. p. 2.
4659:
4256:Easter Island mass-kidnapping
3807:in December 1868 on his ship
3052:The later years of recruiting
2623:New South Wales Supreme Court
2251:plantation in the early 1870s
2239:The Kanaka trade in the 1870s
2002:
9626:. 26 January 1904. p. 6
9405:. 18 April 1873. p. 3.
9377:. 8 February 1870. p. 3
9164:. 24 April 1882. p. 2.
9132:. 17 April 1880. p. 4.
8529:. 15 January 1876. p. 3
8085:. 27 March 1908. p. 4.
8050:. 20 June 1908. p. 13.
7902:. 29 March 1895. p. 7.
7834:"Excessive Kanaka mortality"
7272:. 16 April 1885. p. 4.
7185:. 23 October 1884. p. 5
6744:. 31 March 1882. p. 3.
6672:"Another South Sea massacre"
6345:10.1080/00223344.2010.530813
6237:. 3 August 1872. p. 3.
5981:. 6 August 1868. p. 3.
5799:. 20 March 1871. p. 7.
5712:. London: Swan Sonnenschein.
5687:Kidnapping in the South Seas
5635:– via Text Queensland.
4896:. 21 April 1847. p. 2.
4777:Journal of South Pacific Law
4642:Pacific Island Labourers Act
4606:Reverse Underground Railroad
4493:Reverse Underground Railroad
4349:, where they probably died.
3970:as they were transported to
3773:Seventh-day Adventist Church
3575:, while other ships such as
3237:, made it illegal to import
2714:and Lieutenant Luckcraft of
2699:amongst others. Officers of
1991:recommenced the practice in
1938:
1869:, as well as plantations in
1409:Temporary Slavery Commission
1070:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
11575:Labour history of Australia
10350:Shineberg, Dorothy (1999)
10319:. Suva: Fiji Times Limited.
10271:Affeldt, Stefanie. (2014).
9534:. 17 July 1878. p. 7.
9369:"Tragedy in the South Seas"
8980:. 26 August 1876. p. 7
8732:. 5 March 1868. p. 5.
8724:"Notes from Fiji — slavery"
8642:. 31 August 1867. p. 8
8437:. 29 August 1879. p. 3
7472:. 1 March 1886. p. 4.
7444:. 28 March 1885. p. 10
7093:. 30 June 1883. p. 4.
6648:. 4 March 1881. p. 3.
6465:"South Sea Island outrages"
6205:. 26 July 1880. p. 3.
6013:. 22 July 1871. p. 5.
5764:. 14 June 1873. p. 6.
5316:. 28 July 1866. p. 7.
4984:"The "Phantom" from Sydney"
4594:
3709:Indian indentured labourers
3486:for £1,200. Hovell and his
2621:, the Chief Justice of the
2376:owned by Hugh Monckton and
2132:(Captain Archer Smith) and
1429:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
474:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
11636:
11282:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
11262:Demerara rebellion of 1823
11242:1811 German Coast uprising
10848:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
9500:Journal of Pacific History
9260:. 27 May 1901. p. 9.
9228:. 5 July 1884. p. 5.
9196:. 10 May 1883. p. 6.
8937:. 16 April 1873. p. 3
8493:"Our nor-west settlements"
8117:. 24 May 1907. p. 8.
7696:"Cruise of H.M.S. Diamond"
7332:. 20 March 1888. p. 4
7304:. 13 June 1885. p. 29
7205:"Rockhampton Police Court"
6891:The Sydney Daily Telegraph
6886:"Cruise of H.M.S. Diamond"
6645:The Sydney Daily Telegraph
6537:. 24 May 1877. p. 3.
6441:. 4 July 1879. p. 2.
6387:. 29 May 1879. p. 5.
6141:. 22 May 1875. p. 3.
6045:. 27 May 1879. p. 3.
5552:Docker, Edward W. (1970).
5348:. 20 March 1871. p. 7
5024:. 1 July 1848. p. 2.
4409:Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy
3883:The sugar industry in the
3005:vessel which was owned by
1970:on 16 April 1847 on board
1942:
1920:men were blackbirded from
1614:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1451:Anti-Slavery International
1216:North Africa and West Asia
11529:
11498:
11388:
11320:
11232:
11202:
11070:
11007:
10998:
10938:
10776:
10641:
10634:
10573:
10498:
10489:
10126:10.5130/978-0-9945039-1-6
10039:. 1 May 1894. p. 3.
10036:The Sydney Morning Herald
9972:The Sydney Morning Herald
9911:. 8 May 1885. p. 5.
9818:Forty Years' Mission Work
9566:. 15 June 1878. p. 4
9531:The Sydney Morning Herald
9526:"Cruise of the Stormbird"
9512:10.1080/00223347608572288
9289:The Sydney Morning Herald
9129:The Sydney Morning Herald
9040:. 1 March 1879. p. 7
8870:The Sydney Morning Herald
8778:The Sydney Morning Herald
8729:The Sydney Morning Herald
8670:. 8 May 1869. p. 4.
8667:The Sydney Morning Herald
8554:, Angus & Robertson,
8551:Slavers of the South Seas
8548:Dunbabin, Thomas (1935),
8501:. 1 March 1876. p. 4
8466:. pp. 19–20, 63–64.
8295:"Modern Slavery Act 2018"
8077:"Repatriation of Kanakas"
8047:The Sydney Morning Herald
7991:South Australian Register
7966:. 18 July 1892. p. 6
7842:. 29 July 1893. p. 3
7701:The Sydney Morning Herald
7676:. 5 April 1890. p. 2
7640:"The schooner Eliza Mary"
7618:10.1080/00223348208572437
7264:"South Sea Labor Traffic"
7157:. 8 April 1884. p. 3
6709:The Sydney Morning Herald
6497:"Cruise of the May Queen"
6384:The Sydney Morning Herald
6106:The Sydney Morning Herald
5724:"Trip of the Bobtail Nag"
5706:Wawn, William T. (1893).
5664:Hope, James L.A. (1872).
5469:The Sydney Morning Herald
5221:The Sydney Morning Herald
4989:South Australian Register
4825:The Sydney Morning Herald
4523:recounted in his memoir,
3920:recruited 85 people from
3380:, employed by Cadell and
2965:as well as the owners of
2571:In 1869, a vessel of the
2396:who held the position of
1710:Emancipation Proclamation
1382:Opposition and resistance
1140:Sex trafficking in Europe
1128:Blackbirding in Polynesia
691:Trans-Saharan slave trade
10708:High-fructose corn syrup
9754:"The loss of the Tahiti"
9714:Kroeger, Brooke (2012).
9292:. 22 May 1902. p. 3
8781:. 9 June 1870. p. 5
7862:"Phthisis in Queensland"
7581:. 3 June 1886. p. 3
7527:S. Ablott (1 May 2014).
7496:"Classified Advertising"
6588:Hunt, Doug (June 2007).
4764:Reid Mortensen, (2009),
4627:
4495:existed to capture free
4402:
3338:During the early 1870s,
3302:The introduction of the
3040:Government of Queensland
3038:was commissioned by the
2828:published an eight-part
2441:(after whom the city of
2378:Colonel William Feilding
2313:that one crew member of
1490:Compensated emancipation
701:Indian Ocean slave trade
11257:Colonial molasses trade
10713:High-maltose corn syrup
10322:Horne, Gerald. (2007).
10315:Gravelle, Kim. (1979).
10286:Corris, Peter. (1973).
9060:"Shipping Intelligence"
8354:Connell, John. (2010).
8234:"Harvest Trail Inquiry"
7529:"Schooner 'Young Dick'"
7239:Finger, Jarvis (2012),
6918:"The Outrage at Ambrym"
6854:"The May Queen outrage"
5684:Palmer, George (1871).
5560:. Angus and Robertson.
5496:"Slavery in Queensland"
4952:"Shipping intelligence"
4529:(1907), an incident at
4526:The Cruise of the Snark
4228:workers. Byrne's ship,
4195:
3936:. Jackson called in at
3859:. He was master of the
3533:was spotted by Captain
3396:
3304:Modern Slavery Act 2018
2848:, as it made cargo of
2814:1882 slave trade exposé
2566:British Slave Trade Act
2479:John Coleridge Patteson
2042:and the islands around
1826:and the islands of the
1414:1926 Slavery Convention
1170:Germany in World War II
787:North and South America
309:Contract of manumission
11570:History of colonialism
11517:Pure, White and Deadly
11297:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
11203:By region (historical)
10301:Docker, E. W. (1981).
10161:Speedy, Karin (2015).
10114:Speedy, Karin (2015).
10094:"The Log of the Stark"
9903:"The Germans in Samoa"
9337:Ramsden, Eric (1946).
9124:"Clearances.—April 16"
8956:Gravelle, Kim (1979).
8755:Moresby, John (1876).
7926:"Roderick Dhu enquiry"
7894:"Charge of Kidnapping"
7815:9 January 2015 at the
7177:"Vice-Admiralty Court"
7021:"New Guinea labourers"
6037:"Transferring Kanakas"
5887:"The Brisbane Courier"
5279:Towns, Robert (1863),
4556:
4548:
4301:
4205:
4047:
3459:
3409:
3333:Aboriginal Australians
3319:The early days of the
3263:
3235:White Australia policy
3164:
2445:is named), arrived at
2429:, the labour schooner
2252:
2061:
2015:
1914:Aboriginal Australians
895:British Virgin Islands
447:Circassian slave trade
413:Safavid imperial harem
408:Ottoman Imperial Harem
37:
11307:Taiwan Sugar Railways
11247:Amelioration Act 1798
10336:Maude, H. E. (1981).
9252:"A visitor from Fiji"
9156:"Local & general"
8711:Sydney Morning Herald
8701:, (1979) 49(1):154-62
8014:"The Solomon Islands"
7149:"Our Brisbane letter"
6625:17 April 2022 at the
6418:17 April 2022 at the
6293:"Cruise of the Flora"
6197:"Parliamentary paper"
6133:"Latest intelligence"
5093:14 March 2011 at the
4589:Dunedin School of Art
4552:
4539:
4296:
4238:Northern Cook Islands
4203:
4038:
3962:. Captain Cadigan of
3464:William Hilton Hovell
3453:
3404:
3261:
3158:
3032:Premier of Queensland
2957:, Captain Millman of
2921:Premier of Queensland
2893:Burns Philp & Co.
2740:went on an extensive
2246:
2076:merchant residing in
2057:
2010:
1966:labourers arrived in
1134:Europe and North Asia
1094:Australia and Oceania
794:Pre-Columbian America
366:Slave raid of Suðuroy
298:Slavery in al-Andalus
220:Black Sea slave trade
149:21st-century jihadism
24:
11610:Slavery in Australia
10986:Unrefined sweeteners
10808:Crystalline fructose
10723:Inverted sugar syrup
9999:"A murderous madman"
9717:Undercover Reporting
9470:. 1 September 1948.
9397:"Polynesian slavery"
9257:The Brisbane Courier
9193:The Brisbane Courier
8838:The Brisbane Courier
8806:The Brisbane Courier
8604:"Albert Ross Hovell"
8580:. Janesoceania.com.
8019:The Brisbane Courier
7963:The Brisbane Courier
7413:The Brisbane Courier
7026:The Brisbane Courier
6955:The Brisbane Courier
6563:(Imperial). (1875).
6502:The Brisbane Courier
6266:Rockhampton Bulletin
6042:The Brisbane Courier
6010:The Brisbane Courier
5892:The Brisbane Courier
5828:The Brisbane Courier
5796:The Brisbane Courier
5761:The Brisbane Courier
5373:The Brisbane Courier
5345:The Brisbane Courier
5313:The Brisbane Courier
4703:Maude, H.E. (1981).
4501:Atlantic slave trade
4289:'Ata mass-kidnapping
4145:In 1891, the barque
4126:and in neighbouring
4118:Mexico and Guatemala
3817:indentured labourers
3567:. Captain Martin of
3421:on 5 July 1865 when
3356:North-West Australia
3354:and blackbirding in
3100:punitive expeditions
3015:Bismarck Archipelago
2961:, Captain Loutit of
2906:Far North Queensland
2900:company on the ship
2710:being killed in the
2518:John Crawford Wilson
2167:Ormiston, Queensland
2138:Far North Queensland
1945:Slavery in Australia
1828:Bismarck Archipelago
1589:Indentured servitude
1517:Underground Railroad
1317:United Arab Emirates
706:Zanzibar slave trade
673:By country or region
486:Atlantic slave trade
388:Ma malakat aymanukum
272:Venetian slave trade
11071:By region (current)
10971:Sugar confectionery
9967:"Products of Samoa"
9908:The Daily Telegraph
9816:Murray A.W., 1876.
9791:The West Australian
9759:The Daily Telegraph
9623:The Daily Telegraph
9440:. 19 January 1948.
9318:on 13 February 2012
8960:. Suva: Fiji Times.
8897:"Colonial extracts"
8761:. London: J.Murray.
8238:Fair Work Ombudsman
8114:The Daily Telegraph
8082:The Daily Telegraph
7867:The Week (Brisbane)
7243:, Boolarong Press,
5667:In Quest of Coolies
5652:Rascals in Paradise
5432:"South Sea Islands"
4771:18 May 2011 at the
4706:Slavers in Paradise
4569:Jasmine Togo-Brisby
4396:contagious diseases
4353:Deception at Tuvalu
4222:South Sea Islanders
4052:South Sea Islanders
3707:, the transport of
3670:shooting people at
3546:Hinchinbrook Island
3495:John Bates Thurston
3342:became involved in
3268:South Sea Islanders
3239:South Sea Islanders
3102:carried out by the
2983:South Sea Islanders
2951:South Sea Islanders
2927:attempted to annex
2919:In April 1883, the
2910:Victoria Plantation
2742:punitive expedition
2721:being shot dead at
2534:South Sea Islanders
2473:were killed at the
2358:Bowen Downs Station
2306:Queensland Governor
2257:South Sea Islanders
2118:South Sea Islanders
2020:South Sea Islanders
1962:. A shipload of 65
1796:South Sea Islanders
1675:Slave Route Project
806:Americas indigenous
696:Red Sea slave trade
686:Contemporary Africa
549:Topics and practice
319:Crimean slave trade
314:Bukhara slave trade
267:Genoese slave trade
144:Contemporary Africa
124:Forced prostitution
11605:Slavery in Oceania
11585:History of Oceania
11475:Sweetened beverage
11302:Sugar Intervention
11210:Danish West Indies
11192:U.S. Sugar Program
10951:Cotton candy floss
10858:Plantation Reserve
10753:Steen's cane syrup
10446:. 22 October 1908.
10173:20.500.12657/39698
10051:– via Trove.
10031:"Affairs in Samoa"
10019:– via Trove.
9987:– via Trove.
9955:– via Trove.
9923:– via Trove.
9806:– via Trove.
9774:– via Trove.
9649:Shineberg, Dorothy
9634:– via Trove.
9606:– via Trove.
9574:– via Trove.
9546:– via Trove.
9417:– via Trove.
9385:– via Trove.
9300:– via Trove.
9272:– via Trove.
9240:– via Trove.
9208:– via Trove.
9176:– via Trove.
9144:– via Trove.
9112:– via Trove.
9080:– via Trove.
9048:– via Trove.
9020:– via Trove.
8988:– via Trove.
8945:– via Trove.
8917:– via Trove.
8885:– via Trove.
8853:– via Trove.
8821:– via Trove.
8789:– via Trove.
8744:– via Trove.
8682:– via Trove.
8650:– via Trove.
8608:Australian Royalty
8537:– via Trove.
8509:– via Trove.
8445:– via Trove.
8129:– via Trove.
8097:– via Trove.
8062:– via Trove.
8030:– via Trove.
8002:– via Trove.
7974:– via Trove.
7946:– via Trove.
7914:– via Trove.
7882:– via Trove.
7850:– via Trove.
7798:– via Trove.
7772:– via Trove.
7744:– via Trove.
7716:– via Trove.
7684:– via Trove.
7656:– via Trove.
7589:– via Trove.
7516:– via Trove.
7484:– via Trove.
7452:– via Trove.
7340:– via Trove.
7324:"The Kanaka trade"
7312:– via Trove.
7284:– via Trove.
7225:– via Trove.
7193:– via Trove.
7165:– via Trove.
7137:– via Trove.
7105:– via Trove.
7073:– via Trove.
7041:– via Trove.
6970:– via Trove.
6938:– via Trove.
6906:– via Trove.
6874:– via Trove.
6842:– via Trove.
6810:– via Trove.
6756:– via Trove.
6724:– via Trove.
6692:– via Trove.
6660:– via Trove.
6549:– via Trove.
6517:– via Trove.
6485:– via Trove.
6453:– via Trove.
6399:– via Trove.
6313:– via Trove.
6281:– via Trove.
6249:– via Trove.
6217:– via Trove.
6185:– via Trove.
6153:– via Trove.
6121:– via Trove.
6089:– via Trove.
6057:– via Trove.
6025:– via Trove.
5993:– via Trove.
5907:– via Trove.
5875:– via Trove.
5843:– via Trove.
5811:– via Trove.
5776:– via Trove.
5744:– via Trove.
5602:– via Trove.
5516:– via Trove.
5484:– via Trove.
5452:– via Trove.
5420:– via Trove.
5388:– via Trove.
5356:– via Trove.
5328:– via Trove.
5268:– via Trove.
5236:– via Trove.
5128:– via Trove.
5036:– via Trove.
5004:– via Trove.
4972:– via Trove.
4940:– via Trove.
4908:– via Trove.
4732:Willoughby, Emma.
4531:Langa Langa Lagoon
4377:Extreme death rate
4302:
4206:
4048:
3811:with 150 men from
3571:stole people from
3460:
3435:American Civil War
3410:
3382:Charles Broadhurst
3272:South Sea Islander
3264:
3165:
2933:Colonial Secretary
2834:George E. Morrison
2253:
2163:Captain Louis Hope
2082:American Civil War
2062:
2016:
1456:Blockade of Africa
763:Somali slave trade
679:Sub-Saharan Africa
371:Turkish Abductions
329:Khivan slave trade
324:Khazar slave trade
277:Balkan slave trade
235:Prague slave trade
38:
11620:Asian slave trade
11557:
11556:
11406:Blood sugar level
11272:Leith Sugar House
11228:
11227:
11187:Sugar Association
10994:
10993:
10956:Maple sugar foods
10661:Barley malt syrup
10484:as food commodity
10444:Our Pacific Ocean
10332:978-0-8248-3147-9
10317:A History of Fiji
10296:978-0-522-84050-6
10281:978-3-643-90569-7
10182:978-0-9945039-1-6
9844:Tuvalu: A History
9831:Tuvalu: A History
9188:"Coloured labour"
8634:"Notes from Fiji"
8379:on 7 October 2006
7250:978-1-922109-05-7
7117:"Queensland news"
7090:Queensland Figaro
4612:Roundup (history)
4591:gallery in 2019.
4559:Georges Baudoux's
4497:African-Americans
4415:on the island of
4250:domestic servants
3830:Gilbert Islanders
3653:Sir Arthur Gordon
3645:William MacGregor
3548:off the coast of
3360:Aboriginal people
3315:Western Australia
2938:white supremacist
2925:Thomas McIlwraith
2785:, the marines of
2766:led a mission to
2727:Australia Station
2577:Australia Station
2522:naval bombardment
1772:
1771:
1722:Freedmen's Bureau
1544:Third Servile War
1539:International law
1106:Human trafficking
868:Human trafficking
543:Thirteen colonies
361:Sack of Baltimore
129:Human trafficking
11627:
11595:History of sugar
11547:
11546:
11537:
11536:
11470:Sugar substitute
11312:Triangular trade
11005:
11004:
10666:Brown rice syrup
10639:
10638:
10475:
10468:
10461:
10452:
10451:
10447:
10428:
10415:
10402:
10382:
10380:
10378:
10372:
10275:. Berlin : Lit.
10259:
10258:
10256:
10254:
10245:. 13 June 2019.
10235:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10205:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10158:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10147:
10111:
10105:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10059:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10027:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10016:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9899:
9890:
9883:
9877:
9870:
9864:
9853:
9847:
9840:
9834:
9827:
9821:
9820:. London: Nisbet
9814:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9711:
9705:
9704:
9668:
9657:
9656:
9653:The People Trade
9645:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9582:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9563:The Australasian
9554:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9522:
9516:
9515:
9495:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9479:
9460:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9430:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9393:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9284:"News from Fiji"
9280:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9237:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9184:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9088:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9077:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9037:The Capricornian
9032:"Correspondence"
9028:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9017:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8925:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8797:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8720:
8714:
8708:
8702:
8695:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8545:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8472:
8465:
8456:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8429:"Captain Cadell"
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8405:. Archived from
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8375:. Archived from
8365:
8359:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8199:
8193:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8172:The Weekly Times
8163:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8073:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8042:"Island murders"
8038:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8010:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7830:
7824:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7501:The Queenslander
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7469:Morning Bulletin
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7385:The Queenslander
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7357:The Queenslander
7348:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7329:Morning Bulletin
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7301:The Australasian
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7236:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7210:The Capricornian
7201:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7154:Morning Bulletin
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7058:The Queenslander
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6636:
6630:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6585:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6470:The Australasian
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6429:
6423:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6324:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6298:The Capricornian
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6261:"Correspondence"
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6234:The Queenslander
6225:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5860:The Queenslander
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5729:The Capricornian
5720:
5714:
5713:
5703:
5692:
5691:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5655:
5648:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5587:The Queenslander
5578:
5572:
5571:
5559:
5556:The Blackbirders
5549:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5405:The Queenslander
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5190:Encyclopedia.com
5181:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5113:The Queenslander
5104:
5098:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5055:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4893:Sydney Chronicle
4884:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4821:"ASIATIC LABOUR"
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4786:
4780:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4700:
4685:
4670:
4653:
4638:
4585:Birds of Passage
4519:American author
3897:Caroline Islands
3889:Native Hawaiians
3885:Hawaiian Islands
3879:Hawaiian Islands
3779:French Polynesia
3649:Governor of Fiji
3609:Margaret Chessel
3585:Harriet Armytage
3480:Young Australian
3028:
3013:people from the
2858:
2606:Henry Ross Lewin
2516:under Commodore
2487:Margaret Chessel
2467:Pentecost Island
2437:, while Captain
2110:Henry Ross Lewin
1893:deposits on the
1889:and to mine the
1830:amongst others.
1800:Papua New Guinea
1764:
1757:
1750:
1734:Emancipation Day
1567:
1534:Slave Trade Acts
225:Byzantine Empire
67:
40:
39:
11635:
11634:
11630:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11560:
11559:
11558:
11553:
11525:
11494:
11453:Sugar addiction
11384:
11375:Sugar sculpture
11316:
11224:
11198:
11175:Tate & Lyle
11166:United Kingdom
11083:Bundaberg Sugar
11066:
11062:Sugar marketing
10990:
10976:Sugarcane juice
10934:
10772:
10630:
10569:
10494:
10485:
10479:
10438:
10389:
10387:Further reading
10376:
10374:
10370:
10268:
10263:
10262:
10252:
10250:
10237:
10236:
10232:
10222:
10220:
10207:
10206:
10202:
10192:
10190:
10183:
10159:
10155:
10145:
10143:
10136:
10112:
10108:
10098:
10096:
10092:
10091:
10087:
10077:
10075:
10062:Bell, Richard.
10060:
10056:
10046:
10044:
10029:
10028:
10024:
10014:
10012:
9997:
9996:
9992:
9982:
9980:
9965:
9964:
9960:
9950:
9948:
9933:
9932:
9928:
9918:
9916:
9901:
9900:
9893:
9884:
9880:
9871:
9867:
9859:, 76(2) (1967)
9854:
9850:
9841:
9837:
9828:
9824:
9815:
9811:
9801:
9799:
9784:
9783:
9779:
9769:
9767:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9737:
9735:
9728:
9712:
9708:
9685:10.2307/1007028
9669:
9660:
9646:
9639:
9629:
9627:
9616:
9615:
9611:
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9030:
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8895:
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8831:
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8782:
8771:
8770:
8766:
8753:
8749:
8739:
8737:
8722:
8721:
8717:
8709:
8705:
8696:
8687:
8677:
8675:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8645:
8643:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8587:
8585:
8574:
8570:
8561:
8559:
8546:
8542:
8532:
8530:
8519:
8518:
8514:
8504:
8502:
8491:
8490:
8486:
8476:
8474:
8470:
8463:
8457:
8450:
8440:
8438:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8412:
8410:
8409:on 17 July 2006
8397:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8353:
8349:
8339:
8337:
8324:Locke, Sarina.
8322:
8318:
8308:
8306:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8278:
8276:
8261:
8257:
8247:
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7984:
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7924:
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7909:
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7892:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7859:
7855:
7845:
7843:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7817:Wayback Machine
7807:
7803:
7793:
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7554:
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7317:
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7289:
7279:
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7262:
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7230:
7220:
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7203:
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7198:
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7175:
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7160:
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7132:
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7115:
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7110:
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7078:
7068:
7066:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7036:
7034:
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6995:
6979:
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6911:
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6884:
6883:
6879:
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6852:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6805:
6803:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6773:
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6765:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6734:
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6729:
6719:
6717:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6687:
6685:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6627:Wayback Machine
6617:
6613:
6586:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6527:
6526:
6522:
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6510:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6420:Wayback Machine
6408:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6325:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6291:
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6276:
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6212:
6210:
6195:
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6180:
6178:
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6146:
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6130:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5948:"The Sugar Men"
5944:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5789:
5788:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5737:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5704:
5695:
5682:
5675:
5662:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5550:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5308:"Cleveland bay"
5306:
5305:
5301:
5292:
5290:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5182:
5178:
5165:
5161:
5152:
5150:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5095:Wayback Machine
5085:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4903:
4901:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4787:
4783:
4773:Wayback Machine
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4746:on 25 June 2006
4743:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4701:
4688:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4597:
4535:Solomon Islands
4517:
4489:
4484:
4448:Solomon Islands
4429:Gilbert Islands
4405:
4379:
4363:Chincha Islands
4355:
4291:
4258:
4198:
4132:Gilbert Islands
4120:
4033:
4025:Gilbert Islands
3952:Gilbert Islands
3881:
3781:
3637:
3415:
3399:
3317:
3280:
3248:Solomon Islands
3226:
3054:
3026:
2999:
2942:Samuel Griffith
2877:Solomon Islands
2869:
2856:
2816:
2779:Solomon Islands
2738:William Maxwell
2648:Solomon Islands
2640:
2550:
2536:were hanged in
2465:were killed at
2398:Mayor of Sydney
2241:
2195:Fanny Nicholson
2179:
2120:to the port of
2102:Loyalty Islands
2052:
2040:Solomon Islands
2005:
1980:New South Wales
1960:New South Wales
1952:
1950:New South Wales
1947:
1941:
1929:Central America
1895:Chincha Islands
1881:. Labouring on
1839:New South Wales
1820:Gilbert Islands
1804:Solomon Islands
1768:
1739:
1738:
1643:Slave narrative
1599:Fugitive slaves
1579:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1529:Slave rebellion
1384:
1374:
1373:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1144:United Kingdom
1080:Yankee princess
674:
666:
665:
393:Avret Pazarları
339:Avret Pazarları
208:Medieval Europe
174:
164:
163:
102:Forced marriage
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11633:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11555:
11554:
11552:
11551:
11541:
11530:
11527:
11526:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11521:
11508:
11502:
11500:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11466:
11465:
11463:Residual sugar
11458:Sugars in wine
11455:
11450:
11445:
11443:Health effects
11440:
11439:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11418:
11416:Flavored syrup
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11392:
11390:
11386:
11385:
11383:
11382:
11380:Treacle mining
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11361:
11360:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11324:
11322:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11238:
11236:
11230:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11206:
11204:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11194:
11189:
11179:
11178:
11177:
11172:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11153:
11152:
11150:Tongaat Hulett
11147:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11074:
11072:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11042:Sugarcane mill
11039:
11034:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11017:
11011:
11009:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10942:
10940:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10833:Molasses sugar
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10780:
10778:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10689:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10651:List of syrups
10647:
10645:
10636:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10577:
10575:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10567:
10565:Reducing sugar
10562:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10506:Monosaccharide
10502:
10500:
10496:
10495:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10478:
10477:
10470:
10463:
10455:
10449:
10448:
10436:
10430:
10416:
10403:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10383:
10362:
10360:978-0824821777
10348:
10334:
10320:
10313:
10299:
10284:
10267:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10230:
10200:
10181:
10167:. UTS ePRESS.
10153:
10134:
10120:. UTS ePRESS.
10106:
10085:
10054:
10022:
9990:
9958:
9926:
9891:
9878:
9865:
9848:
9835:
9822:
9809:
9777:
9745:
9726:
9706:
9658:
9637:
9609:
9577:
9549:
9517:
9485:
9455:
9420:
9388:
9360:
9329:
9303:
9275:
9243:
9211:
9179:
9147:
9115:
9083:
9051:
9023:
8991:
8963:
8948:
8920:
8902:Queanbeyan Age
8888:
8856:
8824:
8792:
8764:
8747:
8715:
8703:
8685:
8653:
8625:
8595:
8576:Jane Resture.
8568:
8540:
8512:
8484:
8448:
8420:
8390:
8360:
8347:
8316:
8286:
8255:
8225:
8194:
8158:
8132:
8100:
8065:
8033:
8005:
7977:
7949:
7917:
7885:
7853:
7825:
7808:Peter Corris,
7801:
7775:
7747:
7719:
7687:
7659:
7631:
7592:
7564:
7542:
7519:
7487:
7455:
7427:
7399:
7371:
7343:
7315:
7287:
7255:
7249:
7228:
7196:
7168:
7140:
7108:
7076:
7053:"General News"
7044:
7012:
6993:
6973:
6941:
6909:
6877:
6845:
6813:
6781:
6759:
6727:
6695:
6663:
6631:
6611:
6577:
6552:
6520:
6488:
6456:
6424:
6402:
6370:
6339:(3): 331–355.
6316:
6284:
6252:
6220:
6188:
6156:
6124:
6092:
6060:
6028:
5996:
5964:
5938:
5910:
5878:
5846:
5814:
5779:
5747:
5715:
5693:
5673:
5656:
5638:
5605:
5573:
5566:
5519:
5501:Queanbeyan Age
5487:
5455:
5423:
5391:
5359:
5331:
5299:
5271:
5239:
5207:
5176:
5159:
5131:
5108:"General news"
5099:
5076:
5039:
5007:
4975:
4957:The Australian
4943:
4911:
4879:
4864:
4838:
4812:
4781:
4757:
4724:
4686:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4596:
4593:
4516:
4513:
4503:was outlawed.
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4404:
4401:
4378:
4375:
4359:Ellice Islands
4354:
4351:
4308:, an atoll in
4290:
4287:
4257:
4254:
4197:
4194:
4119:
4116:
4032:
4029:
3880:
3877:
3853:New Caledonian
3780:
3777:
3636:
3633:
3629:sexual slavery
3613:Maria Douglass
3573:Espiritu Santo
3414:
3411:
3398:
3395:
3340:Francis Cadell
3316:
3313:
3279:
3276:
3225:
3222:
3214:Espiritu Santo
3193:William Manson
3189:William Manson
3053:
3050:
2998:
2991:
2947:Alfred Vittery
2908:, such as the
2868:
2865:
2815:
2809:
2736:under Captain
2723:Espiritu Santo
2712:Nggela Islands
2697:Espiritu Santo
2665:Rendova Island
2639:
2636:
2619:Alfred Stephen
2549:
2542:
2475:Nggela Islands
2461:, the crew of
2394:James Merriman
2392:were owned by
2382:Conway station
2330:sheep stations
2255:Recruiting of
2240:
2237:
2178:
2175:
2051:
2048:
2030:, such as the
2012:Kanaka workers
2004:
2001:
1951:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1621:List of slaves
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Dutch Republic
1162:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
989:
984:
979:
973:
972:
966:
965:
960:
953:
952:
951:
946:
936:
931:
926:
925:
924:
914:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
882:
877:
872:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
815:
814:
813:
803:
802:
801:
790:
789:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
766:
765:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
682:
681:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
636:
632:
631:
626:
624:Child soldiers
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
600:
599:
589:
584:
579:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
551:
550:
546:
545:
540:
535:
533:Spanish Empire
530:
525:
520:
515:
513:Middle Passage
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
343:
342:
341:
334:Ottoman Empire
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
289:
288:
282:
281:
280:
279:
269:
264:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
210:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
181:
175:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
154:Sexual slavery
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
120:
119:
114:
112:Child marriage
109:
99:
94:
89:
87:Child soldiers
84:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
49:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11632:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11600:Unfree labour
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11550:
11542:
11540:
11532:
11531:
11528:
11519:
11518:
11514:
11513:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11506:Robert Lustig
11504:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11464:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11387:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11359:
11356:
11355:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11319:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11207:
11205:
11201:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11182:United States
11180:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11170:British Sugar
11168:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11079:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11069:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10997:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10966:Sugar alcohol
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10941:
10937:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10792:
10791:
10787:
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10698:Glucose syrup
10696:
10694:
10691:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10676:Maesil-cheong
10674:
10673:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10640:
10637:
10633:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10531:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10476:
10471:
10469:
10464:
10462:
10457:
10456:
10453:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10434:
10431:
10426:
10422:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10391:
10390:
10369:
10363:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10318:
10314:
10312:
10311:0-207-14069-3
10308:
10304:
10300:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10234:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10188:
10184:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10165:
10157:
10141:
10137:
10135:9780994503916
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10110:
10095:
10089:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10058:
10042:
10038:
10037:
10032:
10026:
10010:
10006:
10005:
10000:
9994:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9962:
9946:
9942:
9941:
9936:
9930:
9914:
9910:
9909:
9904:
9898:
9896:
9888:
9882:
9875:
9869:
9862:
9858:
9855:W.F. Newton,
9852:
9845:
9839:
9832:
9826:
9819:
9813:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9781:
9765:
9761:
9760:
9755:
9749:
9733:
9729:
9727:9780810163515
9723:
9719:
9718:
9710:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9654:
9650:
9644:
9642:
9625:
9624:
9619:
9613:
9597:
9593:
9592:
9587:
9581:
9565:
9564:
9559:
9553:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9527:
9521:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9494:
9492:
9490:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9459:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9408:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9392:
9376:
9375:
9370:
9364:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9247:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9215:
9199:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9183:
9167:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9135:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9119:
9103:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9087:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9055:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9027:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8995:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8967:
8959:
8952:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8924:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8860:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8828:
8812:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8796:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8768:
8760:
8759:
8751:
8735:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8719:
8712:
8707:
8700:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8657:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8629:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8583:
8579:
8572:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8544:
8528:
8527:
8522:
8516:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8488:
8469:
8462:
8455:
8453:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8424:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8399:"Early Years"
8394:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8357:
8351:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8290:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8229:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8162:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8104:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8072:
8070:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8037:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8009:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7953:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7921:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7889:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7857:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7829:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7811:
7805:
7789:
7788:The Telegraph
7785:
7779:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7663:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7552:
7546:
7530:
7523:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7491:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7431:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7375:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7347:
7331:
7330:
7325:
7319:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7291:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7252:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7233:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7184:
7183:
7182:The Telegraph
7178:
7172:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7000:
6996:
6994:9780810163515
6990:
6986:
6985:
6977:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6945:
6929:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6913:
6897:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6881:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6849:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6817:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6769:
6763:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6582:
6566:
6559:
6557:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6406:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6321:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6202:The Telegraph
6198:
6192:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6170:The Telegraph
6166:
6165:"Maryborough"
6160:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5823:"The Courier"
5818:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5711:
5710:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5680:
5678:
5669:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5569:
5567:9780207120381
5563:
5558:
5557:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5275:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5173:. p. 44.
5172:
5171:
5163:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5061:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5011:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4920:"Sydney bews"
4915:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4875:
4868:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4712:
4709:. ANU Press.
4708:
4707:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4683:
4682:0-520-25206-3
4679:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4583:in 2016, and
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:New York City
4502:
4498:
4494:
4482:United States
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:Mary Anderson
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4434:
4433:Nomoi Islands
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4271:Rosa y Carmen
4267:
4266:Easter Island
4263:
4262:Rosa y Carmen
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:Easter Island
4211:
4202:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:Helen W. Almy
4133:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:New Caledonia
4053:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4031:New Caledonia
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:New Hebridean
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3749:Meg Merrilies
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:Lord of Isles
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3676:Heather Belle
3673:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3557:Donald McLean
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3408:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3391:Supreme Court
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:Barrow Island
3367:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2818:In 1882, the
2813:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:Borough Belle
2791:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:Janet Stewart
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2575:based at the
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:Native Police
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:Torres Strait
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2249:Herbert River
2245:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:New Caledonia
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2171:Coomera River
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:trade around
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:, brought 67
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:Benjamin Boyd
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:New Caledonia
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:Easter Island
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Slave catcher
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Forced labour
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:Abolitionists
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:comfort women
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:Chukri System
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
912:Latin America
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
866:
864:
863:interregional
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:prison labour
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
818:United States
816:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
676:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
633:
630:
629:White slavery
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:Slave raiding
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
588:
587:Corvée labour
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
403:Abbasid harem
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:Barbary Coast
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
76:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:Forced labour
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
35:
31:
30:
23:
19:
11515:
11365:Sugar people
11353:Sugar packet
11277:Molasses Act
11252:Blackbirding
11251:
11145:Illovo Sugar
11140:South Africa
11093:Wilmar Sugar
10888:Butterscotch
10883:Barley sugar
10788:
10703:Golden syrup
10681:Mogwa-cheong
10533:Disaccharide
10443:
10424:
10411:
10398:
10375:. Retrieved
10351:
10337:
10323:
10316:
10302:
10287:
10272:
10266:Bibliography
10251:. Retrieved
10242:
10233:
10221:. Retrieved
10212:
10203:
10191:. Retrieved
10163:
10156:
10144:. Retrieved
10116:
10109:
10097:. Retrieved
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9906:
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9673:The Americas
9672:
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9374:Evening News
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9316:the original
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8977:Weekly Times
8975:
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8432:
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8413:29 September
8411:. Retrieved
8407:the original
8402:
8393:
8383:29 September
8381:. Retrieved
8377:the original
8372:
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8350:
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8329:
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8298:
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8269:The Guardian
8268:
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6923:Evening News
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6600:(1): 37–53.
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6382:
6379:"Queensland"
6373:
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4794:
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4741:the original
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4705:
4673:
4668:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4584:
4577:Bitter Sweet
4576:
4566:
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4518:
4509:Philadelphia
4490:
4475:
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4459:
4456:
4451:
4437:
4406:
4390:outbreak in
4380:
4356:
4342:
4339:Cocos Island
4327:General Prim
4326:
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4261:
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4121:
4112:Effie Meikle
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:Robert Towns
4060:New Hebrides
4049:
4040:New Hebrides
4013:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3960:New Hebrides
3955:
3947:
3946:
3917:
3909:
3901:Line Islands
3882:
3864:
3860:
3846:
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3837:
3833:
3825:
3820:
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3782:
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3756:
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3748:
3744:
3736:
3719:and then to
3717:Line Islands
3703:
3696:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3668:Marion Renny
3667:
3665:
3638:
3625:
3620:
3617:Marion Renny
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:-registered
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3540:
3535:John Moresby
3530:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3514:missionaries
3509:
3504:
3492:
3479:
3467:
3461:
3427:New Hebrides
3416:
3363:
3337:
3318:
3303:
3301:
3281:
3265:
3227:
3224:Repatriation
3218:Roderick Dhu
3217:
3210:Ambae Island
3206:Roderick Dhu
3205:
3197:phonographic
3195:, would use
3192:
3188:
3185:Roderick Dhu
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3150:tuberculosis
3132:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3091:
3071:
3067:
3055:
3035:
3023:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2966:
2962:
2959:Jessie Kelly
2958:
2954:
2946:
2918:
2901:
2889:Robert Philp
2873:New Hebrides
2870:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2838:New Hebrides
2823:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2796:. Likewise,
2793:
2788:
2773:
2768:Ambae Island
2762:
2755:
2732:
2717:
2706:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2673:Ambae Island
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:New Hebrides
2641:
2626:
2609:
2596:
2586:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2529:
2512:
2505:
2491:
2486:
2471:Dancing Wave
2470:
2462:
2459:Tanna Island
2455:
2450:
2430:
2412:
2402:
2389:
2366:Ravensbourne
2327:
2318:
2314:
2311:New Hebrides
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2269:
2254:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2155:beche-de-mer
2145:
2133:
2129:
2113:
2106:New Hebrides
2068:, a British
2066:Robert Towns
2063:
2059:Robert Towns
2032:New Hebrides
2017:
1996:
1989:Robert Towns
1971:
1953:
1926:
1899:
1835:blackbirders
1834:
1832:
1775:Blackbirding
1774:
1773:
1670:Slave patrol
1507:Freedom suit
1483:Sierra Leone
1473:Colonization
1389:Abolitionism
1369:Baháʼí Faith
1342:Christianity
1292:Saudi Arabia
1148:Penal Labour
1113:Blackbirding
1112:
1019:Debt bondage
1007:penal system
833:Contemporary
823:Field slaves
811:U.S. Natives
770:South Africa
641:Galley slave
614:Slave market
604:House slaves
577:Blackbirding
576:
555:Conscription
479:21st century
442:Umm al-walad
286:Muslim world
255:Emancipation
159:Wage slavery
139:Penal labour
117:Wife selling
107:Bride buying
92:Conscription
82:Child Labour
75:Contemporary
33:
28:
18:
11615:Slave trade
11511:John Yudkin
11421:Fruit syrup
11338:Sugar shack
11328:Added sugar
11267:Holing cane
11125:Philippines
11025:Casa-grande
10939:Other forms
10915:Sugar glass
10878:Sugar candy
10818:Gula melaka
10798:Candi sugar
10777:Solid forms
10768:Yacón syrup
10758:Table syrup
10733:Maple syrup
10686:Yuja-cheong
10656:Agave syrup
10591:Agave syrup
10560:Added sugar
10412:The Monthly
10146:24 February
10078:17 December
9940:The Mercury
9679:: 271–295.
9506:(1): 3–27.
8639:Sydney Mail
8403:ebroome.com
7420:15 December
7392:15 December
7364:15 December
5253:The Courier
5170:The Monthly
4617:Shanghaiing
4521:Jack London
4444:New Ireland
4440:New Britain
4318:slave trade
4042:workers in
3849:Bully Hayes
3793:Bully Hayes
3733:New Britain
3725:New Ireland
3721:New Britain
3593:Bully Hayes
3456:Bully Hayes
3274:labourers.
3244:Burns Philp
3007:Burns Philp
2967:Forest King
2898:Burns Philp
2885:James Burns
2538:Maryborough
2500:HMS Rosario
2481:in 1871 at
2447:Rockhampton
2439:John Mackay
2422:Yarra Yarra
2405:Maryborough
2354:Rockhampton
2298:George Raff
2274:Maryborough
2270:Bobtail Nag
2199:Prima Donna
2126:Melanesians
2090:Logan River
1956:Twofold Bay
1867:New Zealand
1785:to work as
1685:court cases
1562: [
1512:Slave Power
1500:Manumission
1347:Catholicism
1222:Afghanistan
963:Puerto Rico
875:The Bahamas
853:Slave codes
656:Shanghaiing
646:Impressment
538:Slave Coast
418:Qajar harem
378:Concubinage
351:slave trade
11564:Categories
11549:Production
11426:Date honey
11411:Cane knife
11348:Sugar nips
11037:Sugar bush
11020:Plantation
11008:Production
10903:Rock candy
10868:Preserving
10748:Pine honey
10693:Corn syrup
10581:Sugar beet
10346:B01HC0W8FU
10253:9 February
10223:9 February
10193:9 February
9402:The Empire
8934:The Empire
8588:9 December
8526:The Herald
8434:The Herald
7733:The Leader
7464:"Untitled"
6570:20 January
5464:"Brisbane"
5437:The Empire
5184:Ray, K.M.
5145:(Thesis),
4660:References
4371:Nukulaelae
4226:indentured
4185:Montserrat
4181:Montserrat
4176:Montserrat
4168:Montserrat
4156:Drakes Bay
4072:Queensland
4064:sandalwood
4004:Allie Rowe
4000:Allie Rowe
3906:Royal Navy
3899:, and the
3769:High Court
3699:Queensland
3581:Kate Grant
3550:Queensland
3499:Queensland
3488:supercargo
3365:barracoons
3325:Nickol Bay
3297:Queensland
3202:kidnapping
3125:Joe Melvin
3104:Royal Navy
3092:Eliza Mary
3068:Young Dick
3043:including
3011:kidnapping
2981:, several
2929:New Guinea
2881:New Guinea
2842:slave ship
2822:newspaper
2701:Royal Navy
2632:Royal Navy
2602:Queensland
2573:Royal Navy
2496:Royal Navy
2323:Mary River
2302:Caboolture
2261:Queensland
2187:King Oscar
2183:Queensland
2142:Townsville
2070:sandalwood
2044:New Guinea
2003:Queensland
1993:Queensland
1964:Melanesian
1943:See also:
1906:Nickol Bay
1883:sugar cane
1843:Queensland
1783:kidnapping
1700:J.Q. Adams
1690:Washington
1660:Slave name
1609:convention
1584:Common law
957:Encomienda
753:Seychelles
738:Mauritania
661:Slave ship
528:Panyarring
523:New France
172:Historical
11485:Sweetness
11480:Sweetener
11370:Sugar tit
11358:Sucrology
11333:Crop Over
11292:Sugar Act
11135:Sri Lanka
11120:Mauritius
11105:Caribbean
11078:Australia
10920:Sugarloaf
10838:Muscovado
10790:Peen tong
10728:Kuromitsu
10586:Sugarcane
10553:Trehalose
10516:Galactose
10499:Chemistry
10425:ABC Radio
10068:EBSCOHost
9738:9 January
9701:147185814
9296:31 August
9268:31 August
9236:31 August
9225:The Argus
9204:31 August
9172:31 August
9140:31 August
9108:31 August
9076:31 August
9044:31 August
9016:31 August
9005:The Argus
8984:31 August
8941:31 August
8913:31 August
8881:31 August
8849:31 August
8817:31 August
8785:31 August
8740:30 August
8678:24 August
8646:24 August
8618:24 August
8562:23 August
8340:23 August
8309:6 January
8279:18 August
8248:23 August
8218:18 August
8182:18 August
8125:31 August
8093:31 August
8058:31 August
7441:The Argus
7005:9 January
6353:153548723
5631:9 January
4888:"Exports"
4857:16 August
4831:16 August
4543:Malaitans
4533:Malaita,
4388:dysentery
4234:Tongareva
4210:Polynesia
4172:Guatemala
4140:Tapachula
4128:Guatemala
4068:Erromango
3992:Nickolaus
3948:Stormbird
3934:Tabiteuea
3918:Stormbird
3910:Stormbird
3865:Ernestine
3863:and the
3753:Dauntless
3569:Wild Duck
3565:Erromango
3539:HMS
3468:Sea Witch
3439:cash crop
3423:Ben Pease
3407:Melanesia
3374:Shark Bay
3146:influenza
3142:dysentery
3137:Bundaberg
3115:HMS
3108:HMS
3019:boatswain
2979:racetrack
2912:owned by
2820:Melbourne
2798:HMS
2787:HMS
2772:HMS
2761:HMS
2756:Cormorant
2754:HMS
2731:HMS
2718:Cormorant
2716:HMS
2705:HMS
2677:Stormbird
2669:May Queen
2653:Esperanza
2585:HMS
2513:Wolverine
2511:HMS
2504:HMS
2463:May Queen
2435:dysentery
2390:Challenge
2342:Normanton
2338:Hughenden
2146:Blue Bell
2134:Black Dog
2130:Uncle Tom
2092:south of
2086:Townsvale
2064:In 1863,
2028:Melanesia
1968:Boyd Town
1939:Australia
1933:pesticide
1887:haciendas
1879:Guatemala
1695:Jefferson
1352:Mormonism
1287:Palestine
1101:Australia
1031:Indonesia
922:Lei Áurea
905:Code Noir
885:Caribbean
858:Treatment
597:Treatment
570:Devshirme
432:Odalisque
250:In Russia
191:Babylonia
179:Antiquity
27:HMS
25:In 1869,
11539:Category
11499:Research
11343:Sugaring
11157:Tanzania
11032:Refinery
11000:Industry
10925:Wasanbon
10863:Powdered
10803:Chancaca
10743:Molasses
10635:Products
10611:Honeydew
10511:Fructose
10399:ABC News
10377:19 March
10247:Archived
10217:Archived
10187:Archived
10140:Archived
10072:Archived
10041:Archived
10009:Archived
9977:Archived
9945:Archived
9913:Archived
9863:197–204.
9796:Archived
9764:Archived
9732:Archived
9651:(1999).
9630:2 August
9602:2 August
9596:Archived
9570:2 August
9542:2 August
9536:Archived
9472:Archived
9442:Archived
9407:Archived
9347:Archived
9262:Archived
9230:Archived
9198:Archived
9166:Archived
9134:Archived
9102:Archived
9070:Archived
9010:Archived
8907:Archived
8875:Archived
8843:Archived
8811:Archived
8734:Archived
8672:Archived
8612:Archived
8582:Archived
8556:archived
8533:3 August
8505:2 August
8477:3 August
8468:Archived
8441:2 August
8334:Archived
8330:ABC News
8303:Archived
8273:Archived
8242:Archived
8212:Archived
8208:ABC News
8176:Archived
8145:Archived
8119:Archived
8087:Archived
8052:Archived
7936:Archived
7904:Archived
7899:The Week
7872:Archived
7813:Archived
7706:Archived
7626:25168490
7557:24 March
7535:19 March
7506:Archived
7474:Archived
7274:Archived
7215:Archived
7127:Archived
7095:Archived
7063:Archived
7031:Archived
6999:Archived
6960:Archived
6928:Archived
6896:Archived
6864:Archived
6832:Archived
6800:Archived
6774:24 March
6746:Archived
6714:Archived
6682:Archived
6650:Archived
6623:Archived
6606:40346570
6539:Archived
6507:Archived
6475:Archived
6443:Archived
6416:Archived
6389:Archived
6357:Archived
6303:Archived
6271:Archived
6239:Archived
6207:Archived
6175:Archived
6143:Archived
6111:Archived
6079:Archived
6047:Archived
6015:Archived
5983:Archived
5897:Archived
5865:Archived
5833:Archived
5801:Archived
5766:Archived
5734:Archived
5622:Archived
5592:Archived
5506:Archived
5474:Archived
5442:Archived
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5258:Archived
5226:Archived
5194:Archived
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5026:Archived
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7652:17 July
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7280:15 July
7221:15 July
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7161:15 July
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6934:12 July
6902:12 July
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2850:Kanakas
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10526:Xylose
10358:
10344:
10330:
10309:
10294:
10279:
10179:
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10047:5 July
10015:5 July
9983:5 July
9951:5 July
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9802:3 July
9770:3 July
9724:
9699:
9691:
9413:2 July
9381:2 July
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9220:"Fiji"
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8929:"Fiji"
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7624:
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6720:9 July
6688:9 July
6656:9 July
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6021:8 July
5989:7 July
5957:5 June
5931:5 June
5903:7 July
5871:7 July
5839:7 July
5807:7 July
5772:7 July
5740:8 July
5598:5 July
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5480:5 July
5448:5 July
5416:5 July
5384:12 May
5352:1 June
5324:12 May
5293:17 May
5264:12 May
5232:12 May
5200:5 July
5153:5 July
5124:5 July
4717:4 July
4680:
4648:1881;
4644:1880;
4622:Kafala
4601:Coolie
4581:Te Uru
4343:Tumbes
4331:Callao
4246:Callao
4161:Tahiti
4152:Tahiti
4147:Tahiti
4124:Mexico
4096:Aurora
4044:Noumea
3988:Hawaii
3980:Kaluna
3976:Hazard
3972:Hawaii
3968:Pomare
3964:Pomare
3942:Maiana
3930:Maiana
3922:Rotuma
3914:Sydney
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3757:Ovalau
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3688:Levuka
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3484:Levuka
3444:Kanaka
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2304:. The
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11431:Grape
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11052:Batey
10930:White
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10828:Misri
10784:Brown
10718:Honey
10616:Maple
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8471:(PDF)
8464:(PDF)
7622:JSTOR
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5625:(PDF)
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5032:1 May
5000:1 May
4968:1 May
4936:1 May
4904:1 May
4744:(PDF)
4737:(PDF)
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4628:Notes
4468:Maria
4452:Upolu
4421:Samoa
4417:Upolu
4403:Samoa
4347:Paita
4310:Tonga
4279:Samoa
4104:Idaho
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3857:Samoa
3795:, an
3561:Flirt
3476:Lifou
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2805:Ceara
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1014:India
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799:Aztec
775:Sudan
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9110:2019
9078:2019
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8986:2019
8943:2019
8915:2019
8883:2019
8851:2019
8819:2019
8787:2019
8742:2019
8680:2019
8648:2019
8620:2019
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8564:2019
8535:2021
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8250:2019
8220:2019
8184:2019
8153:2019
8127:2019
8095:2019
8060:2019
8028:2019
8000:2019
7972:2019
7944:2019
7912:2019
7880:2019
7848:2019
7796:2019
7770:2019
7742:2019
7714:2019
7682:2019
7654:2019
7587:2019
7559:2014
7537:2024
7514:2019
7482:2019
7450:2019
7422:2021
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7310:2019
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7191:2019
7163:2019
7135:2019
7103:2019
7071:2019
7039:2019
7007:2020
6989:ISBN
6968:2019
6936:2019
6904:2019
6872:2019
6840:2019
6808:2019
6776:2024
6754:2019
6722:2019
6690:2019
6658:2019
6572:2015
6547:2019
6515:2019
6483:2019
6451:2019
6397:2019
6365:2019
6311:2019
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6247:2019
6215:2019
6183:2019
6151:2019
6119:2019
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6023:2019
5991:2019
5959:2023
5933:2023
5905:2019
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5841:2019
5809:2019
5774:2019
5742:2019
5633:2021
5600:2019
5562:ISBN
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5418:2019
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5326:2019
5295:2019
5266:2019
5234:2019
5202:2019
5155:2019
5126:2019
5071:2024
5034:2019
5002:2019
4970:2019
4938:2019
4906:2019
4859:2023
4852:SCMP
4833:2023
4807:2020
4752:2006
4719:2019
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3809:Rona
3765:Suva
3755:and
3723:and
3615:and
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3526:Peri
3518:Carl
3510:Carl
3507:brig
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3253:Fiji
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1461:U.K.
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1282:Oman
1252:Iraq
1247:Iran
934:Cuba
838:maps
733:Mali
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11088:CSR
10961:Rum
10843:Nib
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