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Bioterrorism

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responsibilities among various federal agencies. He also stated that the blatant mishandling of the Ebola virus outbreak in 2014 attested to the government's lack of preparation. This past May, legislation that would create a national defense strategy was introduced in the Senate, coinciding with the timing of ISIS-affiliated terrorist groups get closer to weaponizing biological agents. In May 2016, Kenyan officials apprehended two members of an Islamic extremist group in motion to set off a biological bomb containing anthrax. Mohammed Abdi Ali, the believed leader of the group, who was a medical intern, was arrested along with his wife, a medical student. The two were caught just before carrying out their plan. The Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, which comprises a group of experts on national security and government officials, in which Gerstein had previously testified to, submitted its National Blueprint for Biodefense to Congress in October 2015 listing their recommendations for devising an effective plan.
8887: 2045:(NYC DOHMH) in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. The system works by tracking the symptoms of those taken into the emergency department—based on the location of the hospital to which they are taken and their home address—and assessing any patterns in symptoms. These established trends can then be observed by medical epidemiologists to determine if there are any disease outbreaks in any particular locales; maps of disease prevalence can then be created rather easily. This is an obviously beneficial tool in fighting bioterrorism as it provides a means through which such attacks could be discovered in their nascence; assuming bioterrorist attacks result in similar symptoms across the board, this strategy allows New York City to respond immediately to any bioterrorist threats that they may face with some level of alacrity. 1817:. The significance of this program should not be overlooked as “there is currently enough smallpox vaccine to inoculate every United States citizen… and a variety of therapeutic drugs to treat the infected.” The Department of Defense also has a variety of laboratories currently working to increase the quantity and efficacy of countermeasures that comprise the national stockpile. Efforts have also been taken to ensure that these medical countermeasures can be disseminated effectively in the event of a bioterrorist attack. The National Association of Chain Drug Stores championed this cause by encouraging the participation of the private sector in improving the distribution of such countermeasures if required. 1298:
pre-1970 will have been vaccinated for smallpox under the WHO program, the effectiveness of vaccination is limited since the vaccine provides high level of immunity for only 3 to 5 years. Revaccination's protection lasts longer. As a biological weapon smallpox is dangerous because of the highly contagious nature of both the infected and their pox. Also, the infrequency with which vaccines are administered among the general population since the eradication of the disease would leave most people unprotected in the event of an outbreak. Smallpox occurs only in humans, and has no external hosts or vectors.
892:, cannot. Bioterrorism may be favored because biological agents are relatively easy and inexpensive to obtain, can be easily disseminated, and can cause widespread fear and panic beyond the actual physical damage. Military leaders, however, have learned that, as a military asset, bioterrorism has some important limitations; it is difficult to use a bioweapon in a way that only affects the enemy and not friendly forces. A biological weapon is useful to terrorists mainly as a method of creating mass panic and disruption to a state or a country. However, technologists such as 727: 1804:, Bob Stallman, assistant director at the New York State Preparedness Training Center, said, "We're constantly seeing what’s happening around the world and we tailor our training courses and events for those types of real-world events." For the first time, the 2016 training program implemented New York's new electronic system. The system, called NY Responds, electronically connects every county in New York to aid in disaster response and recovery. As a result, "counties have access to a new technology known as Mutualink, which improves 8755: 1776:
Resilience is a multifaceted issue as well, as addressed by OHA. One way in which this is ensured is through exercises that establish preparedness; programs like the Anthrax Response Exercise Series exist to ensure that, regardless of the incident, all emergency personnel will be aware of the role they must fill. Moreover, by providing information and education to public leaders, emergency medical services and all employees of the DHS, OHS suggests it can significantly decrease the impact of bioterrorism.
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commissioner, Howard Safir, to explain how the government would fare in combating such an attack. He said how "biological and chemical weapons are probable and relatively easy to disperse." Furthermore, Safir thought that efficiency in bioterrorism preparedness is not necessarily a question of money, but is instead dependent on putting resources in the right places. The broadcast suggested that the nation was not ready for something more serious.
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been recently made more robust against bioterrorism agents. All of these technologies combine to form what seems like a relatively strong deterrent to bioterrorism. However, New York City as an entity has numerous organizations and strategies that effectively serve to deter and respond to bioterrorism as it comes. From here the logical progression is into the realm of New York City's specific strategies to prevent bioterrorism.
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to implement a strategic plan of action to save as many lives as possible and to safeguard against potential chaos and confusion. He believes that because there have been no significant instances of bioterrorism since the anthrax attacks in 2001, the government has allowed itself to become complacent making the country that much more vulnerable to unsuspecting attacks, thereby further endangering the lives of U.S. citizens.
2302: 1242:. The ability of Anthrax to produce within small spores, or bacilli bacterium, makes it readily permeable to porous skin and can cause abrupt symptoms within 24 hours of exposure. The dispersal of this pathogen among densely populated areas is said to carry less than one percent mortality rate, for cutaneous exposure, to a ninety percent or higher mortality for untreated inhalational infections. An 1822:
the amount of money available to fight bioterrorism over the last three years has begun to decrease. Looking at a detailed report that examined the funding decrease for bioterrorism in fifty-one American cities, Dr. Gupta stated that the cities "wouldn’t be able to distribute vaccines as well" and "wouldn't be able to track viruses." He also said that film portrayals of global pandemics, such as
1940:. RODS is designed to collect data from many data sources and use them to perform signal detection, that is, to detect a possible bioterrorism event at the earliest possible moment. RODS, and other systems like it, collect data from sources including clinic data, laboratory data, and data from over-the-counter drug sales. In 2000, Michael Wagner, the codirector of the RODS laboratory, and 740: 1914:
by The Washington Post as "the most important innovation in the synthetic biology space in nearly 30 years." While other methods take months or years to edit gene sequences, CRISPR speeds that time up to weeks. However, due to its ease of use and accessibility, it has raised a number of ethical concerns, especially surrounding its use in the biohacking space.
1346:. The disease has a history of use in biological warfare dating back many centuries, and is considered a threat due to its ease of culture and ability to remain in circulation among local rodents for a long period of time. The weaponized threat comes mainly in the form of pneumonic plague (infection by inhalation) It was the disease that caused the 1809:
Services (DHSES) in 2006. It cost $ 42 million to construct on over 1100 acres and is available for training 360 days a year. Students from SUNY Albany's College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity, were able to participate in this year's exercise and learn how "DHSES supports law enforcement specialty teams."
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United States. Cong. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Taking Measure of Countermeasures. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response and Communications of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, April 13,
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United States. Cong. House. Committee on Homeland Security. First Responder Technologies: Ensuring a Prioritized Approach for Homeland Security Research and Development: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response and Communications and the Subcommittee on Cybersecurity,
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and an internationally recognized expert on public health preparedness, pandemic and emerging infectious disease said in 2017 that the lack of an internationally standardized approval process that could be used to guide countries in conducting public health experiments for resurrecting a disease that
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reported that the U.S. military in November was trying to develop a vaccine for troops from the bacteria that cause the disease Q fever, an agent the military once used as a biological weapon. In February 2014, the former special assistant and senior director for biodefense policy to President George
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On a CNN news broadcast in 2011, the CNN chief medical correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, weighed in on the American government's recent approach to bioterrorist threats. He explains how, even though the United States would be better fending off bioterrorist attacks now than they would be a decade ago,
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by a microbiologist at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infection Disease on the offices of several United States senators in late 2001. The anthrax was in a powder form and it was delivered by the mail. This bioterrorist attack inevitably prompted seven cases of cutaneous anthrax and eleven
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There are multiple considerable scenarios, how terrorists might employ biological agents. In 2000, tests conducted by various US agencies showed that indoor attacks in densely populated spaces are much more serious than outdoor attacks. Such enclosed spaces are large buildings, trains, indoor arenas,
1944:, a subcontractor, conceived the idea of obtaining live data feeds from "non-traditional" (non-health-care) data sources. The RODS laboratory's first efforts eventually led to the establishment of the National Retail Data Monitor, a system which collects data from 20,000 retail locations nationwide. 1839:
In a September 2016 interview conducted by Homeland Preparedness News, Daniel Gerstein, a senior policy researcher for the RAND Corporation, stresses the importance in preparing for potential bioterrorist attacks on the nation. He implored the U.S. government to take the proper and necessary actions
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Enhanced equipment for first responders. One recent advancement is the commercialization of a new form of Tyvex™ armor which protects first responders and patients from chemical and biological contaminants. There has also been a new generation of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatuses (SCBA) which has
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Planning may involve the development of biological identification systems. Until recently in the United States, most biological defense strategies have been geared to protecting soldiers on the battlefield rather than ordinary people in cities. Financial cutbacks have limited the tracking of disease
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cases of inhalation anthrax, with five leading to deaths. Additionally, an estimated 10 to 26 cases had prevented fatality through treatment supplied to over 30,000 individuals. Anthrax is one of the few biological agents that federal employees have been vaccinated for. In the US an anthrax vaccine,
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Bioterrorism agents are typically found in nature, but could be mutated or altered to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or in food.
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Most of the biosecurity concerns in synthetic biology, however, are focused on the role of DNA synthesis and the risk of producing genetic material of lethal viruses (e.g. 1918 Spanish flu, polio) in the lab. The CRISPR/Cas system has emerged as a promising technique for gene editing. It was hailed
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published an article with the title "Bioterrorism: A Dirty Little Threat With Huge Potential Consequences." In November 2013, Fox News reported on a new strain of botulism, saying that the Centers for Disease and Control lists botulism as one of two agents that have "the highest risks of mortality
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were used as a weapon, the bacteria would likely be made airborne for exposure by inhalation. People who inhale an infectious aerosol would generally experience severe respiratory illness, including life-threatening pneumonia and systemic infection, if they are not treated. The bacteria that cause
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released anthrax in Tokyo. Eyewitnesses reported a foul odor. The attack was a failure, because it did not infect a single person. The reason for this is due to the fact that the group used the vaccine strain of the bacterium. The spores which were recovered from the site of the attack showed that
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by integrating telephone, radio, video, and file-sharing into one application to allow local emergency staff to share real-time information with the state and other counties." The State Preparedness Training Center in Oriskany was designed by the State Division of Homeland Security, and Emergency
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Implementation of the Generation-3 automated detection system. This advancement is significant simply because it enables action to be taken in four to six hours due to its automatic response system, whereas the previous system required aerosol detectors to be manually transported to laboratories.
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program in which collection devices are disseminated to thirty high risk areas throughout the country to detect the presence of aerosolized biological agents before symptoms present in patients. This is significant primarily because it allows a more proactive response to a disease outbreak rather
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in the world in the 1970s, thanks to a worldwide vaccination program. However, some virus samples are still available in Russian and American laboratories. Some believe that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, cultures of smallpox have become available in other countries. Although people born
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offer the high gain, reliability and robustness needed to detect anthrax and other bioterrorism agents in the air. The fabrication methods and device characteristics were described at the 50th Electronic Materials Conference in Santa Barbara on June 25, 2008. Details of the photodiodes were also
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Enhancing the technological capabilities of first responders is accomplished through numerous strategies. The first of these strategies was developed by the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) of DHS to ensure that the danger of suspicious powders could be effectively assessed, (as many
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victims of a simulated bioterrorism attack at the Armed Forces Reserve Center during the Portland Area Capabilities Exercise (PACE) Setter at Camp Withycombe in Clackamas, Oregon, May 22, 2013. The purpose of the PACE Setter exercise is to test regional and interagency response to public health
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Resolution 1540 "affirms that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery constitutes a threat to international peace and security. The resolution obliges States, inter alia, to refrain from supporting by any means non-State actors from developing,
1879:, said a worldwide pandemic could end the lives of more people than a nuclear war. Lieberman also expressed worry that a terrorist group like ISIS could develop a synthetic influenza strain and introduce it to the world to kill civilians. In July 2017, Robert C. Hutchinson, former agent at the 1087:
Anti-agriculture attacks are considered to require relatively little expertise and technology. Biological agents that attack livestock, fish, vegetation, and crops are mostly not contagious to humans and are therefore easier for attackers to handle. Even a few cases of infection can disrupt a
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in 2010 also stressed the low levels of bioterrorism preparedness in the United States. The broadcast stated that a bipartisan report gave the Obama administration a failing grade for its efforts to respond to a bioterrorist attack. The news broadcast invited the former New York City police
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United States. Cong. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Ensuring Effective Preparedness Responses and Recovery for Events Impacting Health Security Hearing before the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response and Communications of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of
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Gerstein formerly served in the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security from 2011 to 2014. He claims there has not been a serious plan of action since 2004 during George W. Bush's presidency, in which he issued a Homeland Security directive delegating
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Project BioShield. The accrual of vaccines and treatments for potential biological threats, also known as medical countermeasures has been an important aspect in preparing for a potential bioterrorist attack; this took the form of a program beginning in 2004, referred to as
960:. In 1916, the Russians arrested a German agent with similar intentions. Germany and its allies infected French cavalry horses and many of Russia's mules and horses on the Eastern Front. These actions hindered artillery and troop movements, as well as supply convoys. 1739:
and populations at risk, and to facilitate prompt treatment. Methods for predicting the use of biological agents in urban areas as well as assessing the area for the hazards associated with a biological attack are being established in major cities. In addition,
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These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.
3328:"Biological Attack on Agriculture: Low-Tech, High-Impact BioterrorismBecause bioterrorist attack requires relatively little specialized expertise and technology, it is a serious threat to US agriculture and can have very large economic repercussions" 1780:
dangerous biological agents such as anthrax exist as a white powder). By testing the accuracy and specificity of commercially available systems used by first responders, the hope is that all biologically harmful powders can be rendered ineffective.
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theaters, malls, tunnels and similar. Contra-measures against such scenarios are building architecture and ventilation systems engineering. In 1993, sewage was spilled out into a river, subsequently drawn into the water system and affected
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Dissemination: Sponge cake, other food sources Official investigation started after anonymous tip to Ministry of Health and Welfare. He was charged, but was not convicted of any deaths; later implicated in 200 – 400 illnesses and 4 deaths
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Tumpey, T. M.; Basler, CF; Aguilar, PV; Zeng, H; SolĂłrzano, A; Swayne, DE; Cox, NJ; Katz, JM; Taubenberger, JK; Palese, P; GarcĂ­a-Sastre, A (October 7, 2005). "Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus".
1071:. Release of biological agents is more likely for a single building or a neighborhood. Counter-measures against this scenario include the further limitation of access to the water supply systems, tunnels, and infrastructure. Agricultural 6956: 6571: 6316: 1744:
technologies are working on identifying biological agents, their geographical origins and/or their initial source. Efforts include decontamination technologies to restore facilities without causing additional environmental concerns.
5641:"Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002: An Act to improve the ability of the United States to prevent, prepare for, and respond to bioterrorism and other public health emergencies (H.R. 3448)" 1254:). Its first modern incidence in biological warfare were when Scandinavian "freedom fighters" supplied by the German General Staff used anthrax with unknown results against the Imperial Russian Army in Finland in 1916. In 1993, the 4278:
Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, May 9, 2012. 112th Cong., 2nd sess. HR 397. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
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The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases would be cut by $ 65 million, or 11 percent. The center is a branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that fights threats like anthrax and the
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Past U.S. Incidents of Food Bioterrorism. In Bioterrorism: A Threat to National Security or Public Health Defining Issue, University of Wisconsin–Madison and the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, MM&I 554, September 30,
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Vietri, Nicholas J.; Purcell, Bret K.; Tobery, Steven A.; Rasmussen, Suzanne L.; Leffel, Elizabeth K.; Twenhafel, Nancy A.; Ivins, Bruce E.; Kellogg, Mark D.; Webster, Wendy M.; Wright, Mary E.; Friedlander, Arthur M. (2009).
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Excelsior Challenge. In the second week of September 2016, the state of New York held a large emergency response training exercise called the Excelsior Challenge, with over 100 emergency responders participating. According to
6372: 1408:, Germany. No treatments currently exist aside from supportive care. The arenaviruses have a somewhat reduced case-fatality rate compared to disease caused by filoviruses, but are more widely distributed, chiefly in central 6306: 4597:
M.Buller, The potential use of genetic engineering to enhance orthopox viruses as bioweapons. Presentation at the International Conference ‘Smallpox Biosecurity. Preventing the Unthinkable’ (October 21–22, 2003) Geneva,
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Also, novel approaches in biotechnology, such as synthetic biology, could be used in the future to design new types of biological warfare agents. Special attention has to be laid on future experiments (of concern) that:
1997:, disease surveillance is beginning to be organized on the continent-wide scale needed to track a biological emergency. The system not only monitors infected persons, but attempts to discern the origin of the outbreak. 2201:
President Donald Trump promoted his first budget around keeping America safe. However, one aspect of defense would receive less money: "protecting the nation from deadly pathogens, man-made or natural," according to
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Advantages of Biologics as Weapons Bioterrorism: A Threat to National Security or Public Health Defining Issue? MM&I 554 University of Wisconsin–Madison and Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, September 30,
1203:, though not as lethal as other diseases, was concerning to scientists and policymakers for its social and economic disruption potential. After the global containment of the pandemic, the United States President 6613: 6780: 1883:, called for a "whole-of-government" response to the next global health threat, which he described as including strict security procedures at our borders and proper execution of government preparedness plans. 6618: 4171: 1973:
Data which potentially could assist in early detection of a bioterrorism event include many categories of information. Health-related data such as that from hospital computer systems, clinical laboratories,
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In the most common hoax scenario, no biological agents are employed. For instance, an envelope with powder in it that says, “You've just been exposed to anthrax.” Such hoaxes have been shown to have a large
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flights might be misused as delivery devices for biological agents as well. Counter-measures against this scenario are background checks of employees of crop-dusting companies and surveillance procedures.
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Government agencies which would be called on to respond to a bioterrorism incident would include law enforcement, hazardous materials and decontamination units, and emergency medical units, if available.
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Export controls on biological agents are not applied uniformly, providing terrorists a route for acquisition. Laboratories are working on advanced detection systems to provide early warning, identify
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systems, medical examiner record-keeping systems, 911 call center computers, and veterinary medical record systems could be of help; researchers are also considering the utility of data generated by
1067:. This man-made disaster can be a template for a terrorist scenario. Nevertheless, terrorist scenarios are considered more likely near the points of delivery than at the water sources before the 6633: 5148: 1752:
authorities and law enforcement; however, such cooperation is lacking. National detection assets and vaccine stockpiles are not useful if local and state officials do not have access to them.
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ranging from 25 to 90% with a 50% average. No cure currently exists, although vaccines are in development. The Soviet Union investigated the use of filoviruses for biological warfare, and the
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while they were waiting to be shipped to Britain. Dilger was under suspicion as being a German agent, but was never arrested. Dilger eventually fled to Madrid, Spain, where he died during the
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op-ed (published near the time of his Munich Security Conference speech) that it is possible for an airborne pathogen to kill at least 30 million people over the course of a year. In a
1027:. There were no fatalities. This incident was the first known bioterrorist attack in the United States in the 20th century. It was also the single largest bioterrorism attack on U.S. soil. 5068: 6784: 6450: 5840: 1232:
tularemia occur widely in nature and could be isolated and grown in quantity in a laboratory, although manufacturing an effective aerosol weapon would require considerable sophistication.
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wrote a story saying the United States would spend $ 40 million to help certain low and middle-income countries deal with the threats of bioterrorism and infectious diseases.
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in the United States, apparently deliberately caused. Letters laced with infectious anthrax were concurrently delivered to news media offices and the U.S. Congress, alongside an
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751 illnesses, Early investigation by CDC suggested the event was a naturally occurring outbreak. Cult member arrested on unrelated charge confessed involvement with the event
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The United States Department of Defense conducts global biosurveillance through several programs, including the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System.
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they were identical to an anthrax vaccine strain that was given to animals at the time. These vaccine strains are missing the genes that cause a symptomatic response.
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and other bacteria. Schwander had founded a terrorist group, "R.I.S.E.", while Pera collected and grew cultures from the hospital where he worked. The two men fled to
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Hummel, Stephen; Burpo, F. John; Hershfield, Jeremy; Kick, Andrew; O'Donovan, Kevin J.; Barnhill, Jason (April 27, 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.).
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from Africa. Several attempts were made between 1990 and 1995, but they failed to cause any casualties due to non-virulent strains and issues with deliver systems.
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Chen, H, D Zeng, and Y Pan. "Infectious Disease Informatics: Syndromic Surveillance for Public Health and Bio-Defense." 20120, XXII, 209p. 68 illus.., Hardcover.
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for mass dissemination because of their availability, ease of production and dissemination, high mortality rate, or ability to cause a major health impact.
855:"A biological attack, or bioterrorism, is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops." 7472: 2031:
published in the February 14, 2008, issue of the journal Electronics Letters and the November 2007 issue of the journal IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.
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may not be a bomb," Lawrence O. Gostin, the director of the World Health Organization's Collaborating Center on Public Health Law and Human Rights, told
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Shortly after the start of World War I, Germany launched a biological sabotage campaign in the United States, Russia, Romania, and France. At that time,
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Bisher, Jamie, "During World War I, Terrorists Schemed to Use Anthrax in the Cause of Finnish Independence," Military History, August 2003, pp. 17–22.
6170: 5780: 5156: 4341: 843:"Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, toxins or other harmful agents to cause illness or death in people, animals or plants." 8600: 4490: 4098: 4265:
Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, March 17, 2011. 112th Cong., 1st sess. HR 397. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012. Print.
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acquiring, manufacturing, possessing, transporting, transferring or using nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and their means of delivery".
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because they are extremely difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to several days. Some bioterrorism agents, like the
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has already been eradicated increases the risk that the disease could be used in bioterrorism. This was in reference to the lab synthesis of
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Office of the President. White House. (November 1, 2005). "Press release: President outlines pandemic influenza preparations and response."
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Removed Shigella dysenteriae Type 2 from hospital's collection and infected co-workers with contaminated pastries in the office breakroom
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after being released on bail. Schwander died of natural causes in 1974, while Pera returned to the U.S. in 1975 and was put on probation.
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The Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response would be cut by $ 136 million, or 9.7 percent. The office tracks outbreaks of
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Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight (P3CO)
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Convicted of attempted second degree murder for infecting nurse Janice Allen with HIV by injecting her with blood from an AIDS patient
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Sentenced to life in prison for deliberately infecting his 11-month-old baby with HIV-infected blood to avoid child support payments
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Historically, governments and authorities have relied on quarantines to protect their populations. International bodies such as the
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Wagner, Michael M.; Espino, Jeremy; et al. (2004), "The role of clinical information systems in public health surveillance",
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or "rabbit fever": Tularemia has a very low fatality rate if treated, but can severely incapacitate. The disease is caused by the
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Another powerful tool developed within New York City for use in countering bioterrorism is the development of the New York City
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The use of agents that do not cause harm to humans, but disrupt the economy, have also been discussed. One such pathogen is the
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Contaminated restaurant salad bars, hoping to incapacitate the population so their candidates would win the county elections
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already devote some of their resources to monitoring epidemics and have served clearing-house roles in historical epidemics.
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Kelle, Alexander (2009). "Security Issues Related to Synthetic Biology: Between Threat Perceptions and Governance Options".
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System. This system is essentially a way of tracking disease progression throughout New York City, and was developed by the
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arrested two college students, Allen Schwander and Stephen Pera, who had planned to poison the city's water supply with
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300 million spending proposal to equip all 50 states with biosurveillance systems. In a speech delivered at the nearby
1856: 592: 9272: 9148: 7649: 7119: 6763: 6628: 6460: 6246: 5908: 5901: 5805: 5614: 2991: 2967: 2252:. "It may be a tiny pathogen that you can't see, smell or taste, and by the time we discover it, it'll be too late." 2099: 1701: 1594: 1590: 1246:
does exist but requires many injections for stable use. When discovered early, anthrax can be cured by administering
1196: 1146: 806: 567: 485: 5280: 4466:"BILL GATES: A new kind of terrorism could wipe out 30 million people in less than a year — and we are not prepared" 3023: 1966:
The principles and practices of biosurveillance, a new interdisciplinary science, were defined and described in the
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group unsuccessfully attempted to obtain cultures of Ebola virus. Death from Ebola virus disease is commonly due to
8214: 7910: 7249: 7155: 6985: 6877: 6768: 6156: 5717: 4607:
Kelle A. 2007. Synthetic Biology & Biosecurity Awareness In Europe. Bradford Science and Technology Report No.9
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stated "...A global influenza pandemic that infects millions and lasts from one to three years could be far worse."
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incidents affecting multiple agencies. (Photo by Staff Sgt. April Davis, Oregon Military Department Public Affairs)
5035: 632: 8261: 7758: 7731: 7362: 7304: 7199: 6725: 6311: 5795: 5551: 5487: 5370: 1764: 572: 5381: 3922:"CDC - 01 This Page Has Moved - CDC Plague Home Page - CDC Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID)" 3344: 3327: 1759:
Detection and resilience strategies in combating bioterrorism. This occurs primarily through the efforts of the
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have warned of the potential power which genetic engineering might place in the hands of future bio-terrorists.
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employee discovered on an airplane a "sensitive, top-secret document in the seatback pouch explaining how the
9267: 8009: 7915: 7367: 7160: 7024: 6907: 6822: 6555: 6420: 6132: 6109: 5722: 5582:"1540 Committee (Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)): 1540 Fact Sheet" 4292: 2677: 2229: 2022:
coupled to light-emitting molecules (identification of specific pathogens, such as anthrax, botulinum, ricin)
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began, attempts to use anthrax were directed at animal populations. This generally proved to be ineffective.
920: 6137: 903:(FMD) virus, which is capable of causing widespread economic damage and public concern (as witnessed in the 9315: 9081: 8662: 8059: 7959: 6883: 6216: 4915:
Availability and Comparative Value of Data Elements Required for an Effective Bioterrorism Detection System
4368:"How Ready Are We for Bioterrorism?" The New York Times. The New York Times Company, October 26, 2011. Web. 4173:
A Biological Threat Prevention Strategy: Complicating Adversary Acquisition and Misuse of Biological Agents
3681:
Clarke, S. C. (2005). "Bacteria as potential tools in bioterrorism, with an emphasis on bacterial toxins".
2993:
Why the Future Doesn't Need Us: How 21st Century Technologies Threaten to Make Humans an Endangered Species
2580: 2129: 1760: 255: 4671:"Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template" 9143: 9032: 8793: 8542: 7741: 7691: 6859: 6673: 5815: 4102: 2206:. Agencies tasked with biosecurity get a decrease in funding under the Administration's budget proposal. 2137: 366: 335: 264: 53: 5570: 8962: 8931: 8866: 8202: 8054: 8029: 7439: 7214: 5770: 5678: 4801: 4076: 2908: 2745: 2245: 2117: 1960: 1322:. Furthermore, the toxin is readily available worldwide due to its cosmetic applications in injections. 1175:
to have the "potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety" are officially defined as "
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Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
2150:
Media attention toward the seriousness of biological attacks increased in 2013 to 2014. In July 2013,
562: 9055: 8814: 8672: 8605: 8448: 8180: 8175: 8049: 7879: 7721: 7508: 5878: 4576: 3052:, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Library of Congress 97-22242, archived from 2522:
Harris, a white supremacist, ordered 3 vials of Yersinia pestis from the ATCC using a false identity
2489: 2144: 2116:
The US military has specialized units, which can respond to a bioterrorism event; among them are the
1496: 979: 582: 360: 351: 4922: 4050: 867:"Violent action using living matter, such as bacteria, to harm or kill people for political reasons" 8778: 8667: 8562: 8488: 8315: 7944: 7644: 7346: 7181: 6514: 6498: 6298: 5947: 5742: 2586: 1975: 1929: 1458: 1264: 9091: 9071: 9002: 8851: 8773: 8342: 8197: 7493: 7294: 6871: 6652: 6637: 6608: 6007: 4198: 2549:
Infected 12 of her coworkers, she was arrested, convicted, & sentenced to 20 years in prison
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Objective: Revenge due to deep antagonism to what he perceived as a prevailing seniority system
9017: 8788: 8622: 8569: 8463: 8286: 8131: 7489: 6915: 6663: 5883: 5216: 2492: 2038: 1871:
as increased reasons for concern. In a March 9, 2017, interview with CNBC, former U.S. Senator
1800:, canine handlers, tactical team officers and emergency medical services. In an interview with 1608: 1397: 1215: 1089: 1064: 1011: 900: 492: 448: 183: 132: 78: 3794: 3213: 1828:, were actually quite possible and may occur in the United States under the right conditions. 1334:
bacterium. Rodents are the normal host of plague, and the disease is transmitted to humans by
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used anthrax in an unsuccessful attempt in Tokyo with zero fatalities. Anthrax was used in a
1081: 945: 285: 123: 98: 5192: 4234: 4233:, Monterey, California, United States: Naval Postgraduate School, p. 21, archived from 2166:
called for increasing federal measures against bioterrorism as a "matter of life or death."
1009:
bars in 11 restaurants, produce in grocery stores, doorknobs, and other public domains with
9169: 8974: 8916: 8856: 8557: 8354: 8256: 8121: 8083: 7833: 7637: 7531: 7165: 6833: 6816: 6740: 6148: 5727: 5421: 5294: 4839: 4682: 4627: 2741: 1923: 1272: 1180: 1039: 871: 797:, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form, in much the same way as in 309: 193: 103: 48: 6127: 5607:
Working Paper: Bioterrorism and Biocrimes. The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900
5601:
Working Paper: Bioterrorism and Biocrimes. The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900
4381:
2011, and May 12, 2011. 112 Cong., 1st sess. HR 397. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012. Print.
8: 9255: 9076: 8952: 8948: 8911: 8901: 8698: 8478: 8349: 8271: 7869: 7815: 7763: 7726: 7716: 7422: 5972: 5270:
https://blogs.gwu.edu/himmelfarb/2022/10/07/disorder-in-the-court-6-salmonella-infection/
3885: 3191: 2777: 2310: 2236:(NIAID) would lose 18 percent of its budget. NIAID oversees responses to Zika, Ebola and 1626: 1484: 1385: 1315: 1259: 810: 685: 622: 398: 250: 226: 128: 113: 88: 83: 5425: 5117:"Bioterrorism could kill more people than nuclear war, Bill Gates to warn world leaders" 4986: 4843: 4686: 4631: 4010: 3083: 9117: 8987: 8401: 8396: 8374: 8359: 8251: 8039: 8019: 7969: 7932: 7922: 7773: 7610: 7264: 7176: 5737: 5694: 5392: 5359: 4865: 4755: 4730: 4708: 4651: 3997: 3858: 3831: 3706: 3617: 3483: 3458: 3434: 3409: 3385: 3360: 3300: 3275: 3256: 2865: 2558: 2392: 2168: 2125: 2005: 1793: 1748:
Early detection and rapid response to bioterrorism depend on close cooperation between
1508: 798: 755: 699: 341: 331: 295: 25: 5712: 5663: 5581: 3659: 3376: 3244: 2883: 2077: 1679: 1124: 9086: 9007: 8957: 8871: 8634: 8535: 8330: 8138: 8103: 8064: 8014: 7905: 7889: 7632: 7595: 7573: 7558: 7541: 7459: 7259: 6980: 6851: 6745: 6678: 6048: 5922: 5888: 5620: 5610: 5515: 5308: 4953: 4857: 4760: 4700: 4643: 4548: 4484: 4204: 4177: 4002: 3863: 3698: 3625: 3573: 3488: 3474: 3439: 3425: 3390: 3305: 3248: 2997: 2963: 2869: 2855: 2822: 2320: 2081: 1860: 1683: 1548: 1520: 1401: 1160: 1128: 957: 670: 433: 413: 211: 143: 5471: 4729:; Mueller, Steffen; Tumpey, Terrence M; Taubenberger, Jeffery K (December 1, 2009). 4655: 4569:"JCVI: Research / Projects / Synthetic Genomics | Options for Governance / Overview" 3925: 3710: 3260: 1227:
is very infectious. A small number of organisms (10–50 or so) can cause disease. If
944:, a virulent disease of horses and mules. Dilger set up a laboratory in his home in 940:
lived in Germany, but in 1915 he was sent to the United States carrying cultures of
8783: 8718: 8547: 8525: 8369: 8337: 8325: 8301: 7927: 7874: 7864: 7823: 7753: 7748: 7477: 7385: 7254: 7209: 6622: 6058: 5850: 5565: 5429: 5300: 5246:"Bioterrorism threats require common global experimentation oversight, expert says" 4869: 4847: 4750: 4742: 4712: 4690: 4635: 4540: 4414:"RAND's Gerstein: U.S. needs biodefense strategy to protect against terror threats" 4152: 3992: 3984: 3853: 3843: 3694: 3690: 3607: 3563: 3533: 3478: 3470: 3429: 3421: 3380: 3372: 3339: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3240: 3156:"The Largest Bioterrorism Attack In US History Was An Attempt To Swing An Election" 2937: 2847: 2637: 1805: 1717: 1532: 1425:
Category B agents are moderately easy to disseminate and have low mortality rates.
1343: 1268: 1243: 774: 759: 428: 290: 7125:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
3459:"Pandemic Disease: A Past and Future Challenge to Governance in the United States" 3410:"Pandemic Disease: A Past and Future Challenge to Governance in the United States" 2012:
to warn of the presence of bacterial toxins (identification of broad range toxins)
1894:
Would confer resistance to therapeutically useful antibiotics or antiviral agents;
726: 9164: 9112: 9050: 8921: 8612: 8453: 8024: 7884: 7800: 7788: 7768: 7664: 7454: 7434: 7357: 7269: 7012: 6975: 6755: 6735: 6104: 5868: 5863: 5760: 5281:
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/weekinreview/aids-and-a-dentist-s-secrets.html
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Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen
2692: 2516: 2507: 2469: 2133: 1602: 1330: 1301: 1235: 1068: 751: 547: 458: 438: 216: 138: 8754: 4544: 2000:
Researchers have experimented with devices to detect the existence of a threat:
1308:
Botulinum is the deadliest toxin known to man, and is produced by the bacterium
809:
attacks by terrorists, and such attacks can seriously damage economy as well as
9027: 8982: 8938: 8590: 8530: 8515: 8468: 8364: 8310: 8170: 7828: 7805: 7778: 7696: 7686: 7588: 7583: 7449: 7400: 7239: 6967: 6043: 6028: 6023: 5992: 5962: 4907: 4905: 4032: 2936:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 12, 2008. Archived from 2643: 2255: 1987: 1956: 1948: 1936:
Informatics deployed the first automated bioterrorism detection system, called
1559: 1325: 1294: 1290: 1204: 1024: 885: 818: 475: 393: 326: 260: 158: 93: 5456:
Eitzen, E.; Takafuji, E. (1997), "Historical Overview of Biological Warfare",
5371:
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/04/us/man-accused-of-injecting-hiv-in-son.html
4731:"Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease" 4342:"Watch NY police train for terrorist attacks, bombs, active shooters (videos)" 3943: 3725: 3359:
Weber, Stephen G; Bottei, Ed; Cook, Richard; O'Connor, Michael (August 2004).
1990:
systems, school attendance recording, and physiologic monitors, among others.
9304: 8906: 8876: 8733: 8617: 8574: 8520: 8508: 8493: 8483: 8406: 8320: 8296: 8291: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8071: 7659: 7600: 7563: 7515: 5982: 5977: 5957: 5952: 5382:
https://www.justice.gov/archive/amerithrax/docs/amx-investigative-summary.pdf
4726: 4365: 3515: 2613: 2463: 2435: 2416: 2266: 2163: 1872: 1864: 1797: 1749: 1736: 1413: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1363: 1255: 1251: 1176: 1031: 453: 188: 7315: 5624: 4973: 4902: 4695: 4670: 4639: 3848: 3816: 3750: 2623:
Letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to media offices and senators
2196: 2162:
W. Bush called the bioterrorism risk imminent and uncertain and Congressman
1238:: Anthrax is a non-contagious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium 911:
FMD outbreaks in the UK), while having almost no capacity to infect humans.
8759: 8693: 8425: 8411: 8266: 8076: 8044: 8034: 7783: 7681: 7627: 7536: 7395: 7299: 7279: 6366: 5594: 4861: 4764: 4704: 4647: 4006: 3988: 3867: 3702: 3629: 3577: 3547: 3492: 3443: 3394: 3309: 2728: 2721:"A New Age of Bioterror: Anticipating Exploitation of Tunable Viral Agents" 2697: 2441: 2260:
Tom Inglesy, the CEO and director of the Center for Health Security at the
1963:" line (referring to the Cold War ballistic missile early warning system). 1897:
Would enhance the virulence of a pathogen or render a nonpathogen virulent;
1868: 1578: 1372: 937: 802: 748: 463: 6604:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
5304: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4124: 3907: 3568: 3551: 3252: 3016: 1088:
country's agricultural production and exports for months, as evidenced by
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Aspects of protection against bioterrorism in the United States include:
1633: 1537: 1503: 1491: 1429: 1377: 1367: 1358: 1347: 1072: 930: 376: 371: 275: 8420: 4921:, Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance Laboratory, archived from 4440:"Foiled Kenya Anthrax Plot Hints At Islamic State's Scramble For Africa" 3621: 3105:
Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons
9107: 9022: 8688: 8503: 8473: 8458: 8246: 8234: 7994: 7856: 7482: 7244: 5937: 4885:"Everything you need to know about why CRISPR is such a hot technology" 4771: 4197:
Nikolelis, Dimitrios P.; Nikoleli, Georgia-Paraskevi (March 12, 2016).
3957: 2672: 2607: 2190: 2175: 1933: 1723: 1650: 1638: 1582: 1553: 1452: 1339: 1305: 1247: 1164: 1016: 423: 418: 381: 5433: 5019:"Bioterrorism: A Dirty Little Threat With Huge Potential Consequences" 3958:"CDC Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers - Emergency Preparedness & Response" 3765:"CDC Smallpox - What CDC Is Doing to Protect the Public From Smallpox" 3326:
Wheelis, Mark; Casagrande, Rocco; Madden, Laurence V. (July 1, 2002).
2178:
has warned that bioterrorism could kill more people than nuclear war.
8837: 8430: 8219: 8148: 8093: 8088: 7954: 7795: 7701: 7444: 6088: 6073: 5997: 5493: 5458:
Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
4746: 4227:
US Biodefense and Homeland Security: Toward Detection and Attribution
3231:
Petersen, Carolyn (May 1995). "Cryptosporidium and the food supply".
2564: 2157: 1319: 1210: 949: 881: 770: 33: 5841:
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
5149:"Jay's Jokes: Did you forget your bioterrorism report on the plane?" 4852: 4827: 2660:
missing from lab (never recovered); Butler served 19 months in jail
1179:." The CDC categorizes these agents (A, B or C) and administers the 8997: 8723: 8708: 8239: 8224: 8126: 7964: 7412: 6920: 6774: 6220: 6038: 5987: 5932: 5293:
Loeb Cheryl (2009). "6". In Ackerman, Gary; Tamset, Jeremy (eds.).
4399:
MSNBC News Live. MSNBC. New York City. January 26, 2010. Television
4390:
John King, USA. CNNW. San Francisco. December 20, 2011. Television.
3612: 3593: 2590: 2274: 2237: 2136:
victims exposed to bioterror agents. US response would include the
2019: 1979: 1768: 1741: 1622: 1479: 1466: 1433: 1356:: This includes hemorrhagic fevers caused by members of the family 1282: 1276: 1200: 998: 994: 983: 953: 941: 893: 847: 778: 356: 66: 7019:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
3552:"Clinical Management of Potential Bioterrorism-Related Conditions" 8703: 8552: 8389: 8379: 8187: 7999: 7711: 7706: 7098:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
7064:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
6322:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
5858: 5088:. Bio Prep Watch. February 12, 2014 (Retrieved February 17, 2014) 5075:. Bio Prep Watch. February 17, 2014 (Retrieved February 17, 2014) 4912:
Wagner, Michael M.; Aryel, Ron; et al. (November 28, 2001),
2682: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2214: 1983: 1515: 1405: 1289:. It is transmitted easily through the atmosphere and has a high 968: 964: 889: 786: 408: 346: 7081:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
6373:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
3908:"CDC Plague Information - Emergency Preparedness & Response" 3082:, Public Broadcasting Service, December 15, 2006, archived from 3038: 3036: 1267:(AVA) exists and requires five injections for stable use. Other 739: 9012: 8713: 8639: 6274:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
6002: 5927: 5470:, Iraq's Biological Weapon Program, August 2006, archived from 4725: 3214:"U.S. officials declare researcher is anthrax killer - CNN.com" 2533: 2395: 2273:. The researchers recreated horsepox, an extinct cousin of the 2155:
and morbidity", noting that there is no antidote for botulism.
2009: 1994: 1565: 1409: 1223:, inhalation, ingestion of contaminated water or insect bites. 1020: 990: 744: 731: 443: 6536:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
5099:"U.S. Backs New Global Initiative Against Infectious Diseases" 5066:"Kadlec says biological attack is uncertain, imminent reality" 2048: 8384: 8143: 6394: 6083: 6078: 5967: 5893: 5790: 5492:, Science and Technology Review, pp. 4–9, archived from 5336:"United States v. Harris, 961 F. Supp. 1127 (S.D. Ohio 1997)" 4170:
Kuntz, Carol; Salerno, Reynolds; Jacobs, Eli (May 15, 2013).
3033: 2811:
Croddy, Eric; Perez-Armendariz, Clarissa; Hart, John (2002).
2646: 2537: 2485: 2361: 2068:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1909:
Would enable the weaponization of a biological agent or toxin
1832: 1670:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1543: 1527: 1286: 1115:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1047: 1006: 794: 790: 782: 8806: 6178: 3940:"CDC Plague - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Plague" 3791:"IHB - The DoD Immunization Information and Training Portal" 3590: 2256:
Lack of international standards on public health experiments
8728: 6957:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
6572:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
6549: 6539: 6535: 6390:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
6317:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
5786:
Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism
5185:"Trump's Proposed Budget Cuts Trouble Bioterrorism Experts" 3358: 3345:
10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0569:BAOALT]2.0.CO;2
2510: 1789: 1335: 972: 6359:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
5038:. Fox News. November 2, 2013 (Retrieved February 17, 2014) 3361:"SARS, emerging infections, and bioterrorism preparedness" 2810: 2132:, which can detect, identify, and neutralize threats, and 5449:
Adapted from Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective
4789:(3 ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 513–539 4511:"Homeland Security Today: EXCLUSIVE: Pandemic Crossroads" 4289:"WKTV.com | A new Challenge for police and EMS personnel" 4033:"CDC Brucellosis - Emergency Preparedness & Response" 2718: 2225:, and additionally towards research on HIV/AIDS vaccines. 2197:
2017 U.S. budget proposal affecting bioterrorism programs
2182: 1952: 1951:
visited the RODS laboratory and used it as a model for a
1715:
outbreaks. Some outbreaks, such as food poisoning due to
1220: 6842:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
5534: 3046:
Military Medicine: Medical aspects of biological warfare
6644:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
6227:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
5826:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
5693: 5460:, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army 5451:, Fort Detrick, Maryland: Operational Medicine Division 5049:"Pentagon seeking vaccine for bioterror disease threat" 4616: 3516:"CDC Tularemia - Emergency Preparedness & Response" 3325: 1906:
Would enable the evasion of diagnostic/detection tools;
6649:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
6445:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
5539:, San Diego, California, United States: Academic Press 3817:"CDC Botulism - Emergency Preparedness & Response" 2926: 1891:
Would demonstrate how to render a vaccine ineffective;
1219:
bacterium, and can be contracted through contact with
773:
involving the intentional release or dissemination of
7547:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
5511:
Bioterrorism in Medical and Healthcare Administration
4200:
Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism Applications
3017:"Bioterrorism - the high economic costs of an attack" 2234:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
2043:
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
952:
working the docks in Baltimore to infect horses with
888:, can be spread from person to person and some, like 7473:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
5393:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC381253/
5360:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137877/
4987:"Global Nature of Terrorism Drives Biosurveillance." 4784: 4176:. Center for Strategic & International Studies. 3550:; Toner, Eric; Inglesby, Thomas V. (March 5, 2015). 3457:
Cook, Alethia H.; Cohen, David B. (September 2008).
3408:
Cook, Alethia H.; Cohen, David B. (September 2008).
2427:
Infected 6 patients after he was diagnosed with HIV
5646:. Public Law 107–188107th Congress. June 12, 2002. 5086:"Pascrell: Bioterror threat a life or death matter" 4139:"CDC Ricin - Emergency Preparedness & Response" 4125:"CDC Q Fever - Emergency Preparedness and Response" 3546: 2714: 2712: 1727:, could be of either natural or deliberate origin. 5801:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5219:. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 5115: 4464:Foundation, Bill Gates, Bill & Melinda Gates. 4169: 2495:with sarin would end up killing around 20 people. 5781:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 5105:. February 13, 2014 (Retrieved February 17, 2014) 5055:. November 18, 2013 (Retrieved February 17, 2014) 4196: 4099:"CDC Why has melioidosis become a current issue?" 2842:Roberge, Lawrence F. (2019). "Agrobioterrorism". 2277:, in order to research new ways to treat cancer. 9302: 8601:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 7070:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 4974:Avalanche Photodiodes Target Bioterrorism Agents 4911: 2709: 1859:predicted that a modern outbreak similar to the 1038:In September and October 2001, several cases of 7130:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 7086:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act 6722:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program 6289:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity 6115:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 5831:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity 5603:, Feb 2001 revision. (Final published version: 4668: 3726:"Anthrax attack bug 'identical' to army strain" 3280:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 3042: 2530:Diane Thompson, clinical laboratory technician 2262:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 8499:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 6614:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment 6219:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, 5455: 2189:would respond to a bioterrorism attack at the 1938:RODS (Real-Time Outbreak Disease Surveillance) 1900:Would increase transmissibility of a pathogen; 1063:, Wisconsin. The disease-causing organism was 8822: 7504:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 7345: 7331: 7042:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 6781:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative 6164: 5836:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5821:India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 5679: 5025:. July 21, 2013 (Retrieved February 17, 2014) 2625:Suspected perpetrator was a US DOD scientist 2066:The examples and perspective in this section 1959:, Bush compared the RODS system to a modern " 1668:The examples and perspective in this section 1113:The examples and perspective in this section 1023:. The attack infected 751 people with severe 707: 6619:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens 6212:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division 5182: 4489:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3723: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2358:Dr. Mitsuru Suzuki, physician with training 1772:than the more passive treatment of the past. 1169:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 813:. The latter destructive activity is called 7552:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 7047:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 6546:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force 5446: 5292: 4669:Cello, J.; Paul, A. V.; Wimmer, E. (2002). 3530:"CDC Tularemia - Key Facts About Tularemia" 3273: 2309:It has been suggested that this section be 2122:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force 2049:Response to bioterrorism incident or threat 8829: 8815: 7655:Climate change and civilizational collapse 7338: 7324: 6471:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit 6171: 6157: 5776:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5686: 5672: 5604: 5485: 5410:"The growing threat of biological weapons" 4952:, University of Pittsburgh, archived from 4508: 4376: 4374: 3829: 3321: 3319: 3178: 3176: 2772: 2770: 2084:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1686:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1644: 1131:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 714: 700: 7092:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act 6566:Aeromedical Biological Containment System 6520:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit 6395:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 6307:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs 5791:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 5535:Wagner, M.; Moore, A.; Aryel, R. (2006), 5489:Reducing the threat of biological weapons 5296:Jihadists and Weapons of Mass Destruction 4851: 4787:Healthcare Information Management Systems 4754: 4694: 4437: 4361: 4359: 3996: 3857: 3847: 3717: 3611: 3567: 3482: 3456: 3433: 3407: 3384: 3343: 3299: 2795: 2100:Learn how and when to remove this message 1903:Would alter the host range of a pathogen; 1702:Learn how and when to remove this message 1147:Learn how and when to remove this message 8658:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 8596:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 7205:United States biological weapons program 6328:National Center for Medical Intelligence 6180:United States biological defense program 5660:. Obama Administration. January 9, 2017. 5507: 5447:Christopher, G. W.; et al. (1998), 5036:"Deadly bioterror threats: 6 real risks" 4273: 4271: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 3973:"Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?" 3230: 1404:. Marburg virus was first discovered in 1275:was identical to the strain used by the 738: 725: 169:Special-interest / Single-issue 6864:National Strategy for Homeland Security 5146: 4882: 4825: 4371: 4223: 3316: 3274:Lathrop, Peggy; Mann, Linda M. (2001). 3173: 2841: 2767: 2484:. An attempt was also made at sourcing 1847:Bill Gates said in a February 18, 2017 9303: 9134:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 6363:National Interagency Biodefense Campus 6232:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility 4945: 4509:Hutchinson, Robert C. (July 9, 2017). 4463: 4411: 4356: 3680: 3656:"Emerging Infectious Diseases journal" 1867:, rapid international air travel, and 1082:psychological impact on the population 517:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 8810: 7319: 6634:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling 6152: 6054:Biological warfare in popular culture 5667: 5653:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5407: 5243: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5128:from the original on January 12, 2022 4976:Newswise, Retrieved on June 25, 2008. 4883:Basulto, Dominic (November 4, 2015). 4534: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4407: 4405: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4268: 4251: 3970: 3683:British Journal of Biomedical Science 3153: 3029:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2313:out into another article titled 2287:Biological warfare in popular culture 2280: 2026:Some research shows that ultraviolet 1877:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense 1875:, who was co-chair of the bipartisan 16:Terrorism involving biological agents 7675:Tipping points in the climate system 6952:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System 6279:Division of Select Agents and Toxins 6257:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism) 6255:National Counterproliferation Center 6237:National Bioforensic Analysis Center 5183:Baumgaertner, Emily (May 28, 2017). 4799: 4291:. September 15, 2016. Archived from 2295: 2052: 1654: 1328:: Plague is a disease caused by the 1099: 1003:incapacitating the local population. 880:Biological agents are attractive to 7670:Extinction risk from climate change 7569:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 6400:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 5609:(8th ed.). The Minerva Group. 5299:. CRC Press. p. (pp.153–172). 4800:Kahn, Jennifer (November 9, 2015). 4412:Rozens, Tracy (September 2, 2016). 4224:Bernett, Brian C. (December 2006), 2989: 2466:was convicted of criminal activity 1600:Water supply threats (for example, 1271:also exist. The strain used in the 982:(WHO) announced the eradication of 13: 9175:Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial 9139:Designated terrorist organizations 8630:List of fictional doomsday devices 6785:Bio-Surveillance Management Office 6451:Homeland Security Research Program 5545: 5171: 5147:Evensen, Jay (February 12, 2018). 4497: 4402: 4307: 3599:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2876: 2844:Defense Against Biological Attacks 1917: 1796:, New York. Participants included 1450:Food safety threats (for example, 1285:: Smallpox is a highly contagious 1095: 1050:. The letters killed five people. 1030:In June 1993, the religious group 14: 9327: 7650:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 7120:Global Health Security Initiative 6764:National Biosurveillance Strategy 6461:Plum Island Animal Disease Center 5806:Global Health Security Initiative 5508:Paquette, Laure (June 29, 2006), 3971:Olson, Kyle B. (August 4, 1999). 2755:from the original on May 12, 2022 2388:Rajneeshee religious cult attacks 1388:, in particular, has caused high 8885: 8766: 8765: 8753: 7911:Decline in amphibian populations 7250:Biosecurity in the United States 7156:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 6986:Positive pressure personnel suit 6878:National Disaster Medical System 5718:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 5633: 5467:Iraq's Biological Weapon Program 5386: 5375: 5364: 5353: 5328: 3475:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00346.x 3426:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00346.x 3154:Novak, Matt (November 3, 2016). 2738:The Biological Threat – Part One 2468:Aum Shinrikyo experimented with 2300: 2057: 1659: 1167:which have been declared by the 1104: 8262:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7759:Land surface effects on climate 7732:Human impact on the environment 7363:Future of an expanding universe 7305:Smallpox virus retention debate 7200:United States Army Medical Unit 6726:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 6312:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 5796:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 5400: 5285: 5274: 5263: 5237: 5223: 5209: 5140: 5108: 5091: 5078: 5058: 5041: 5028: 5011: 5002: 4979: 4967: 4949:Pitt Magazine: Airborne Defense 4939: 4876: 4826:Ledford, Heidi (June 1, 2015). 4819: 4793: 4719: 4662: 4610: 4601: 4591: 4561: 4528: 4457: 4431: 4393: 4384: 4334: 4281: 4217: 4190: 4163: 4145: 4131: 4117: 4091: 4065: 4039: 4025: 3964: 3950: 3932: 3914: 3900: 3874: 3823: 3809: 3783: 3757: 3743: 3674: 3648: 3636: 3584: 3556:New England Journal of Medicine 3540: 3522: 3508: 3499: 3450: 3401: 3365:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 3352: 3267: 3224: 3206: 3188:Incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993" 3147: 3135: 3110: 3097: 3070: 3009: 2983: 2187:Department of Homeland Security 1881:Department of Homeland Security 1765:Department of Homeland Security 1730: 1621:Category C agents are emerging 5766:Caribbean Public Health Agency 5244:Riley, Kim (August 10, 2017). 3695:10.1080/09674845.2005.11732685 3292:10.1080/08998280.2001.11927766 3103:W. Seth Carus, "R.I.S.E.", in 2973: 2962:, Ballantine Books, New York. 2952: 2901: 2884:"Bioterrorism | Anthrax | CDC" 2835: 2316:List of bioterrorist incidents 2269:in 2017 by researchers at the 1587:Venezuelan equine encephalitis 1173:U.S. Department of Agriculture 925:List of bioterrorist incidents 1: 8836: 8208:Interpretations of Revelation 8010:Cosmological phase transition 7916:Decline in insect populations 7368:Ultimate fate of the universe 7161:1989 California medfly attack 7025:Biological Weapons Convention 6823:Personnel Reliability Program 6556:Epidemic Intelligence Service 6421:Galveston National Laboratory 6110:Biological Weapons Convention 5723:1989 California medfly attack 4997:American Forces Press Service 4438:McCormick, Ty (May 4, 2016). 3836:Indian Journal of Dermatology 3463:The Review of Policy Research 3377:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01098-9 3245:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90972-9 3107:(MIT Press, 2000), p.55, p.69 3043:Gregory, B; Waag, D. (1997), 2817:. Copernicus Books. pp.  2703: 2678:Biological Weapons Convention 2230:National Institutes of Health 1986:operations, food processors, 1616: 1420: 1186: 997:attempted to control a local 921:History of biological warfare 824: 8663:Future of Humanity Institute 8060:Potentially hazardous object 7960:Interplanetary contamination 6884:Strategic National Stockpile 6435:Integrated Research Facility 6217:DHS Office of Health Affairs 5571:Resources in other libraries 5486:Milanovich, F. (June 1998), 3977:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3882:"CDC - Facts About Botulism" 3830:Nigam, PK; Nigam, A (2010). 3276:"Preparing for bioterrorism" 2990:Joy, Bill (March 31, 2007), 2852:10.1007/978-3-030-03071-1_16 2291: 2130:20th Support Command (CBRNE) 1053: 7: 8543:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 7692:Global terrestrial stilling 6947:Biological Materials MASINT 6860:National Response Framework 6769:Laboratory Response Network 6730:Biological Threat Reduction 6674:Battelle Memorial Institute 5816:Laboratory Response Network 5537:Handbook of Biosurveillance 4946:Togyer, Jason (June 2002), 4545:10.1007/978-90-481-2678-1_7 3644:Anthrax Sabotage in Finland 2666: 2543:Shigella dysenteriae Type 2 2138:Centers for Disease Control 2080:, discuss the issue on the 1968:Handbook of Biosurveillance 1682:, discuss the issue on the 1595:western equine encephalitis 1591:eastern equine encephalitis 1314:. Botulism causes death by 1127:, discuss the issue on the 1061:400,000 people in Milwaukee 512:Designated terrorist groups 10: 9332: 8867:Anti-terrorism legislation 8055:Asteroid impact prediction 8030:Heat death of the universe 7440:Mutual assured destruction 7215:Aeromedical Isolation Team 5771:Center for Health Security 5250:Homeland Preparedness News 4418:Homeland Preparedness News 2746:Combating Terrorism Center 2640:, United States professor 2284: 2246:weapon of mass destruction 2118:United States Marine Corps 2008:that would contain living 1921: 1861:Spanish Influenza pandemic 1802:Homeland Preparedness News 1648: 1338:bites and occasionally by 993:in 1984, followers of the 958:Influenza Pandemic of 1918 918: 914: 681:Anti-terrorism legislation 9183: 9157: 9149:Islamic terrorist attacks 9126: 9100: 9064: 9056:State-sponsored terrorism 9043: 9003:Environmental destruction 8972: 8894: 8883: 8862:International conventions 8844: 8747: 8681: 8673:Nuclear Threat Initiative 8650: 8606:List of apocalyptic films 8583: 8449:2011 end times prediction 8441: 8181:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 8176:Abomination of desolation 8112: 8050:Asteroid impact avoidance 7987: 7898: 7880:List of extinction events 7855: 7848: 7814: 7722:Environmental degradation 7618: 7609: 7524: 7509:Technological singularity 7378: 7353: 7347:Global catastrophic risks 7232: 7190: 7146: 7139: 7110: 7034: 7005: 6998: 6966: 6934: 6906: 6897: 6850: 6832: 6806: 6754: 6714: 6705: 6662: 6594: 6585: 6528: 6507: 6491: 6484: 6413: 6382: 6349: 6340: 6297: 6264: 6245: 6202: 6193: 6186: 6123: 6097: 6016: 5879:Burkholderia pseudomallei 5849: 5751: 5705: 5566:Resources in your library 5408:Block, Steven M. (2001), 5071:February 9, 2015, at the 4992:January 12, 2013, at the 3414:Review of Policy Research 2958:Preston, Richard (2002). 2145:World Health Organization 1497:Burkholderia pseudomallei 980:World Health Organization 676:International conventions 583:State-sponsored terrorism 8668:Future of Life Institute 8570:Resurrection of the dead 8563:Post-tribulation rapture 7945:Colony collapse disorder 6787:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD) 6515:State Health Departments 6499:Local Health Departments 2960:The Demon in the Freezer 1976:electronic health record 1930:University of Pittsburgh 1761:Office of Health Affairs 1354:Viral hemorrhagic fevers 1265:Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed 1044:ambiguously related case 1015:bacteria in the city of 539:Violent non-state actors 9072:Clandestine cell system 7494:Artificial intelligence 7295:Isolation (health care) 7265:Biological warfare (BW) 6638:University of Rochester 6609:Henry L. Stimson Center 6008:Viral hemorrhagic fever 5605:Seth Carus, W. (2002). 4828:"CRISPR, the disruptor" 4696:10.1126/science.1072266 4640:10.1126/science.1119392 3849:10.4103/0019-5154.60343 2934:"Bioterrorism Overview" 2561:, a gastroenterologist 1645:Planning and monitoring 1445:Clostridium perfringens 1293:(20–40%). Smallpox was 777:. These agents include 281:Clandestine cell system 9018:Propaganda of the deed 8623:List of disaster films 8464:Apocalyptic literature 7564:Malthusian catastrophe 7490:Synthetic intelligence 6034:Psychochemical weapons 5884:Chlamydophila psittaci 3989:10.3201/eid0504.990409 2628:22 infected, 5 deaths 2401:Salmonella typhimurium 2039:Syndromic Surveillance 1609:Cryptosporidium parvum 1398:multiple organ failure 1225:Francisella tularensis 1216:Francisella tularensis 1065:cryptosporidium parvum 1012:Salmonella typhimurium 995:Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh 901:foot-and-mouth disease 763: 736: 449:Propaganda of the deed 9158:Memorials and museums 8005:Coronal mass ejection 7467:Electromagnetic pulse 7428:Kinetic energy weapon 7290:Entomological warfare 7191:Defunct organizations 7171:Wood Green ricin plot 7075:Project Bioshield Act 7052:Executive Order 13139 6405:Dugway Proving Ground 6128:Wiktionary definition 6069:Entomological warfare 5948:Legionnaires' disease 5733:Wood Green ricin plot 5305:10.1201/9781420069679 5124:. February 18, 2017. 4802:"The Crispr Quandary" 3569:10.1056/NEJMra1409755 2451:Clostridium botulinum 2271:University of Alberta 2028:avalanche photodiodes 1947:On February 5, 2002, 1763:(OHA), a part of the 1571:Rickettsia prowazekii 1473:Staphylococcus aureus 1370:), and by the family 1311:Clostridium botulinum 742: 729: 665:Response to terrorism 286:Leaderless resistance 9170:Topography of Terror 8857:History of terrorism 8407:War of Gog and Magog 8084:Near-Earth supernova 7834:Human overpopulation 7638:Mass mortality event 7532:Anthropogenic hazard 7166:2001 anthrax attacks 6834:Medical intelligence 6817:Select Agent Program 6741:Project Clear Vision 5898:Equine encephalitis 5728:2001 anthrax attacks 5496:on November 23, 2008 5159:on February 17, 2018 5097:Tavernise, Sabrina. 4735:Nature Biotechnology 4539:. pp. 101–119. 4344:. September 15, 2016 4322:. September 19, 2016 4240:on February 29, 2008 4105:on February 11, 2010 4079:on February 11, 2010 3910:. February 21, 2019. 3753:. February 19, 2019. 3518:. February 21, 2019. 2913:Cambridge dictionary 2846:. pp. 359–383. 2742:West Point, New York 2367:Shigella dysenteriae 2181:In February 2018, a 2078:improve this section 1924:Disease surveillance 1831:A news broadcast by 1680:improve this section 1273:2001 anthrax attacks 1181:Select Agent Program 1125:improve this section 948:, Maryland. He used 872:Cambridge Dictionary 817:and is a subtype of 104:Right-wing/Far-right 9316:Terrorism by method 8479:Blood moon prophecy 8272:Number of the Beast 7870:Holocene extinction 7816:Earth Overshoot Day 7764:Ocean acidification 7727:Habitat destruction 7717:Ecological collapse 7423:Kinetic bombardment 7358:Future of the Earth 5973:Salmonella enterica 5514:(1 ed.), CRC, 5426:2001AmSci..89.....B 4999:, October 27, 2011. 4889:The Washington Post 4844:2015Natur.522...20L 4687:2002Sci...297.1016C 4681:(5583): 1016–1018. 4632:2005Sci...310...77T 4579:on January 30, 2016 4127:. January 15, 2019. 4053:on February 9, 2010 3751:"CDC Smallpox Home" 3662:on October 15, 2010 3239:(8958): 1128–1129. 3194:on February 2, 2020 2736:(4, Special Issue: 2504:Larry Wayne Harris 1485:Burkholderia mallei 1386:Ebola virus disease 1350:in Medieval Europe. 1316:respiratory failure 963:In 1972, police in 830: 811:consumer confidence 686:Terrorism insurance 487:Rockets and mortars 227:Resistance movement 8988:Aircraft hijacking 8794:Doomsday scenarios 8360:Beast of the Earth 8252:Book of Revelation 8040:Virtual black hole 8020:False vacuum decay 7970:Pollinator decline 7933:Biological warfare 7923:Biotechnology risk 7774:Resource depletion 7182:2013 ricin letters 7177:2003 ricin letters 6724:, implemented the 6653:George Mason Univ. 6074:Infectious disease 5811:Health Threat Unit 5743:2013 ricin letters 5738:2003 ricin letters 5695:Biological warfare 5414:American Scientist 5217:"Tom Inglesby, MD" 5197:on January 1, 2022 5189:The New York Times 4985:Pellerin, Cheryl. 4806:The New York Times 4295:on October 5, 2016 3819:. August 19, 2019. 3797:on August 14, 2009 3724:Debora MacKenzie. 3186:Bacillus anthracis 2619:Bacillus anthracis 2559:Richard J. Schmidt 2447:Bacillus anthracis 2281:In popular culture 2250:The New York Times 2204:The New York Times 2169:The New York Times 1737:contaminated areas 1509:Chlamydia psittaci 1240:Bacillus anthracis 829: 801:. Further, modern 799:biological warfare 764: 737: 332:Aircraft hijacking 89:Left-wing/Far-left 9298: 9297: 9044:State involvement 8872:Counter-terrorism 8804: 8803: 8635:Zombie apocalypse 8536:Postmillennialism 8331:Great Tribulation 8104:Stellar collision 8065:Near-Earth object 8015:Geomagnetic storm 7983: 7982: 7906:Biodiversity loss 7890:Genetic pollution 7844: 7843: 7633:Biodiversity loss 7596:Societal collapse 7574:Nuclear holocaust 7559:Economic collapse 7542:Doomsday argument 7460:Antimatter weapon 7313: 7312: 7260:Biological hazard 7228: 7227: 7106: 7105: 6994: 6993: 6981:Biosafety cabinet 6893: 6892: 6852:Disaster response 6746:Project Jefferson 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6679:SRI International 6581: 6580: 6480: 6479: 6336: 6335: 6146: 6145: 6133:Wikimedia Commons 6098:International law 6049:Biological hazard 5923:Foodborne illness 5919: 5911: 5904: 5889:Coxiella burnetii 5851:Biological agents 5588:. April 28, 2004. 5552:Library resources 5521:978-0-8247-5651-2 5474:on April 11, 2009 5434:10.1511/2001.1.28 5314:978-0-429-24947-1 4554:978-90-481-2677-4 4537:Synthetic Biology 4210:978-3-319-28926-7 4183:978-1-4422-2474-2 4073:"CDC Melioidosis" 4013:on March 20, 2020 3832:"BOTULINUM TOXIN" 3536:on June 19, 2010. 3079:Experts Q & A 3003:978-0-553-52835-0 2861:978-3-030-03070-4 2664: 2663: 2583:, a phlebotomist 2455:Coxiella burnetii 2333: 2332: 2328: 2240:vaccine research. 2110: 2109: 2102: 2018:tubes lined with 1815:Project BioShield 1712: 1711: 1704: 1549:Abrus precatorius 1521:Coxiella burnetii 1442:Epsilon toxin of 1402:hypovolemic shock 1260:series of attacks 1161:United States law 1157: 1156: 1149: 1040:anthrax broke out 877: 876: 807:anti-agricultural 805:is vulnerable to 775:biological agents 724: 723: 671:Counter-terrorism 656: 655: 414:Individual terror 235: 234: 212:Violent extremism 9323: 8889: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8808: 8807: 8769: 8768: 8760:World portal 8758: 8757: 8719:Financial crisis 8548:Nibiru cataclysm 8526:Premillennialism 8370:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 8338:Son of perdition 8326:Olivet Discourse 8302:Whore of Babylon 7928:Biological agent 7875:Human extinction 7865:Extinction event 7853: 7852: 7824:Overexploitation 7754:Land consumption 7749:Land degradation 7616: 7615: 7478:Micro black hole 7386:Chemical warfare 7340: 7333: 7326: 7317: 7316: 7255:Biological agent 7210:Sunshine Project 7144: 7143: 7003: 7002: 6904: 6903: 6866:(DHS; including 6715:Threat reduction 6712: 6711: 6684:Idaho Technology 6623:Brown University 6595:Academic centers 6592: 6591: 6489: 6488: 6347: 6346: 6200: 6199: 6191: 6190: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6059:Ethnic bioweapon 6017:Related concepts 5983:Salmonella typhi 5914: 5907: 5899: 5706:Modern incidents 5688: 5681: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5645: 5628: 5589: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5289: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5196: 5191:. Archived from 5180: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5155:. Archived from 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5095: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5062: 5056: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4956:on June 16, 2010 4943: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4928:on March 3, 2011 4927: 4920: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4855: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4769: 4768: 4758: 4747:10.1038/nbt.1593 4723: 4717: 4716: 4698: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4575:. Archived from 4565: 4559: 4558: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4506: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4470:Business Insider 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4409: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4316: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101:. Archived from 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4075:. Archived from 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4049:. Archived from 4043: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4009:. Archived from 4000: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3946:on May 28, 2009. 3942:. Archived from 3936: 3930: 3929: 3928:on May 19, 2009. 3924:. Archived from 3918: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3884:. Archived from 3878: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3851: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3793:. Archived from 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3767:. Archived from 3761: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3658:. Archived from 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3615: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3548:Adalja, Amesh A. 3544: 3538: 3537: 3532:. Archived from 3526: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3190:. Archived from 3180: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3114: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3059:on June 12, 2009 3058: 3051: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3022:. October 2002. 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2996:, Random House, 2987: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2940:on March 3, 2016 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2808: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2782:www.interpol.int 2774: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2725: 2716: 2638:Thomas C. Butler 2581:Brian T. Stewart 2421:Acer's Practice 2371:Salmonella typhi 2335: 2334: 2324: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2006:electronic chips 1857:Gates Foundation 1849:Business Insider 1806:interoperability 1707: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1585:, for example,: 1533:Ricinus communis 1344:pneumonic plague 1269:anthrax vaccines 1152: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1108: 1107: 1100: 831: 828: 815:agrobioterrorism 760:chemical warfare 716: 709: 702: 533: 532: 506:Terrorist groups 488: 222:Militia movement 189:Green/Ecological 94:Narcotics-driven 72: 71: 21: 20: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9179: 9165:House of Terror 9153: 9122: 9113:Reign of Terror 9096: 9060: 9051:State terrorism 9039: 8968: 8922:Ethnic violence 8890: 8881: 8840: 8835: 8805: 8800: 8779:Future problems 8752: 8743: 8677: 8646: 8613:Climate fiction 8579: 8454:2012 phenomenon 8437: 8343:Sheep and Goats 8230:2 Thessalonians 8108: 8025:Gamma-ray burst 7979: 7894: 7885:Genetic erosion 7840: 7810: 7801:Water pollution 7769:Ozone depletion 7665:Desertification 7605: 7520: 7455:Doomsday device 7435:Nuclear warfare 7374: 7349: 7344: 7314: 7309: 7285:Decontamination 7270:Biosurveillance 7224: 7192: 7186: 7148: 7147:Past biological 7135: 7112: 7102: 7030: 7013:Geneva Protocol 6990: 6976:Biosafety level 6962: 6930: 6899: 6889: 6846: 6828: 6802: 6756:Biosurveillance 6750: 6736:Project Bacchus 6707: 6693: 6665: 6658: 6597:and think tanks 6596: 6587: 6577: 6524: 6503: 6476: 6409: 6378: 6351: 6342: 6332: 6293: 6260: 6241: 6195: 6182: 6177: 6147: 6142: 6119: 6105:Geneva Protocol 6093: 6064:Decontamination 6012: 5869:Botulinum toxin 5864:Avian influenza 5845: 5761:Australia Group 5753: 5747: 5701: 5692: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5617: 5599:Carus, W. Seth 5595:NOVA: Bioterror 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5546:Further reading 5543: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5499: 5497: 5477: 5475: 5464: 5438: 5436: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5181: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5153:DeseretNews.com 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5096: 5092: 5083: 5079: 5073:Wayback Machine 5063: 5059: 5046: 5042: 5033: 5029: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4994:Wayback Machine 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4957: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4881: 4877: 4853:10.1038/522020a 4838:(7554): 20–24. 4824: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4798: 4794: 4783: 4772: 4741:(12): 1163–72. 4724: 4720: 4667: 4663: 4626:(5745): 77–80. 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4507: 4498: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4141:. May 16, 2019. 4137: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4035:. May 16, 2019. 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 3969: 3965: 3960:. May 16, 2019. 3956: 3955: 3951: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3888:on July 3, 2017 3880: 3879: 3875: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3722: 3718: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3589: 3585: 3562:(10): 954–962. 3545: 3541: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3455: 3451: 3406: 3402: 3357: 3353: 3324: 3317: 3272: 3268: 3229: 3225: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3086:on May 20, 2009 3076: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2862: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2809: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2723: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2693:Project Bacchus 2669: 2652:Yersinia pestis 2517:Yersinia pestis 2470:Botulinum toxin 2459:Vibrio cholerae 2329: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2283: 2258: 2199: 2106: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2075: 2062: 2058: 2051: 1926: 1920: 1918:Biosurveillance 1733: 1708: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1677: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1647: 1619: 1603:Vibrio cholerae 1423: 1342:in the form of 1331:Yersinia pestis 1302:Botulinum toxin 1244:anthrax vaccine 1189: 1153: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1122: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1096:Types of agents 1069:water treatment 1056: 927: 917: 827: 793:, and/or their 720: 691: 690: 666: 658: 657: 652: 577: 548:State terrorism 530: 522: 521: 507: 499: 498: 497: 493:Vehicle-ramming 486: 321: 319: 302: 301: 300: 245: 237: 236: 231: 217:Ethnic violence 198: 163: 108: 69: 58: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9329: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9243: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9028:Suicide attack 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8983:Agro-terrorism 8979: 8977: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8960: 8955: 8946: 8941: 8939:Narcoterrorism 8936: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8834: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8811: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8774:Apocalypticism 8763: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8618:Disaster films 8615: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8593: 8591:Alien invasion 8587: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8531:Amillennialism 8528: 8518: 8516:Millenarianism 8513: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8469:Apocalypticism 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8365:Dhu al-Qarnayn 8362: 8357: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8311:Great Apostasy 8308: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8200: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8168: 8158: 8156:Last Judgement 8153: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8118: 8116: 8114:Eschatological 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8057: 8052: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7829:Overpopulation 7826: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7806:Water scarcity 7803: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7781: 7779:Sea level rise 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7742:on marine life 7739: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7697:Global warming 7694: 7689: 7687:Global dimming 7684: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7645:Cascade effect 7642: 7641: 7640: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7620:Climate change 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7450:Doomsday Clock 7447: 7442: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7401:Cyberterrorism 7398: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7240:Agro-terrorism 7236: 7234: 7233:Related topics 7230: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7113:representation 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7009: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6968:Biocontainment 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6718: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6641: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6553: 6543: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6458: 6448: 6442: 6432: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196:administrative 6188: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Biocontainment 6041: 6036: 6031: 6029:Anthrax hoaxes 6026: 6024:Agro-terrorism 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:Staphylococcus 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5912: 5905: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5655: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5615: 5597: 5592: 5586:United Nations 5574: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5532: 5520: 5505: 5483: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5385: 5374: 5363: 5352: 5327: 5313: 5284: 5273: 5262: 5236: 5222: 5208: 5170: 5139: 5107: 5103:New York Times 5090: 5084:Cohen, Bryan. 5077: 5064:Cohen, Bryan. 5057: 5040: 5034:Heitz, David. 5027: 5010: 5001: 4978: 4966: 4938: 4901: 4875: 4818: 4792: 4770: 4727:Wimmer, Eckard 4718: 4661: 4609: 4600: 4590: 4560: 4553: 4527: 4515:www.hstoday.us 4496: 4456: 4444:Foreign Policy 4430: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4370: 4366:Hylton, Wil S. 4355: 4333: 4306: 4280: 4267: 4250: 4216: 4209: 4189: 4182: 4162: 4144: 4130: 4116: 4090: 4064: 4047:"CDC Glanders" 4038: 4024: 3983:(4): 413–416. 3963: 3949: 3931: 3913: 3899: 3873: 3822: 3808: 3782: 3771:on May 4, 2018 3756: 3742: 3716: 3673: 3647: 3635: 3613:10.1086/596063 3583: 3539: 3521: 3507: 3498: 3469:(5): 449–471. 3449: 3420:(5): 449–471. 3400: 3371:(8): 483–484. 3351: 3338:(7): 569–576. 3315: 3286:(3): 219–223. 3266: 3223: 3205: 3172: 3146: 3134: 3109: 3096: 3069: 3032: 3008: 3002: 2982: 2972: 2951: 2925: 2909:"Bioterrorism" 2900: 2875: 2860: 2834: 2827: 2794: 2778:"Bioterrorism" 2766: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2587:Lake St. Louis 2584: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2540: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2461: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2308: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2285:Main article: 2282: 2279: 2275:smallpox virus 2257: 2254: 2242: 2241: 2226: 2218: 2198: 2195: 2108: 2107: 2072:of the subject 2070:worldwide view 2065: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2024: 2023: 2013: 1988:drinking water 1957:Masonic temple 1949:George W. Bush 1932:'s Center for 1919: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1853:New York Times 1819: 1818: 1810: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1732: 1729: 1710: 1709: 1674:of the subject 1672:worldwide view 1667: 1665: 1658: 1649:Main article: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1625:that might be 1618: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1598: 1575: 1563: 1560:Staphylococcal 1557: 1541: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1448: 1440: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1390:fatality rates 1351: 1326:Bubonic plague 1323: 1299: 1291:mortality rate 1280: 1233: 1208: 1205:George W. Bush 1188: 1185: 1159:Under current 1155: 1154: 1119:of the subject 1117:worldwide view 1112: 1110: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1055: 1052: 1025:food poisoning 1005:They infected 916: 913: 886:smallpox virus 875: 874: 869: 863: 862: 857: 851: 850: 845: 839: 838: 835: 826: 823: 819:agro-terrorism 743:United States 722: 721: 719: 718: 711: 704: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 683: 678: 673: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 654: 653: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 589: 586: 585: 579: 578: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 551: 550: 544: 543: 542: 541: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 496: 495: 490: 483: 476:Suicide attack 473: 468: 467: 466: 461: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 409:Hostage-taking 406: 401: 396: 394:Cyberterrorism 391: 386: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 354: 344: 339: 329: 327:Agro-terrorism 323: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 308: 307: 304: 303: 299: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 261:Radicalization 258: 253: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 233: 232: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 208: 205: 204: 203:Related topics 200: 199: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 175: 172: 171: 165: 164: 162: 161: 156: 151: 148:Salafi-Wahhabi 141: 136: 126: 120: 117: 116: 110: 109: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 70: 64: 63: 60: 59: 57: 56: 51: 46: 40: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9328: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9273:United States 9271: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9092:Training camp 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8877:War on Terror 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845:Main articles 8843: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8820: 8818: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8789:Risk analysis 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8746: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8734:Social crisis 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651:Organizations 8649: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8575:World to come 8573: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8521:Millennialism 8519: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8509:Messianic Age 8507: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8494:Gog and Magog 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484:Earth Changes 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321:New Jerusalem 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8297:War in Heaven 8295: 8293: 8292:Two witnesses 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8161:Second Coming 8159: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7660:Deforestation 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7601:World War III 7599: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7516:Transhumanism 7514: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379:Technological 7377: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7334: 7329: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111:International 7109: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6900:and equipment 6896: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6704: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6584: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6339: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6189: 6187:Organizations 6185: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5978:Salmonellosis 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:Marburg virus 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5659: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5634:United States 5626: 5622: 5618: 5616:9781410100238 5612: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5538: 5533: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5356: 5345:September 11, 5341: 5337: 5331: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5288: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5266: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5127: 5123: 5122:The Telegraph 5118: 5111: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5047:Locker, Ray. 5044: 5037: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5017:Bell, Larry. 5014: 5005: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4924: 4917: 4916: 4908: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4604: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4520:September 12, 4516: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4423:September 19, 4419: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4343: 4337: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4236: 4229: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3731: 3730:New Scientist 3727: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3606:(3): 336–41. 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3177: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3055: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3037: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2976: 2969: 2968:9780345466631 2965: 2961: 2955: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2614:United States 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2464:Shoko Asahara 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436:Aum Shinrikyo 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2417:David J. Acer 2415: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2209:For example: 2207: 2205: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2164:Bill Pascrell 2160: 2159: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2134:decontaminate 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2104: 2101: 2093: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928:In 1999, the 1925: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:Joe Lieberman 1870: 1866: 1865:globalization 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1750:public health 1746: 1743: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1706: 1703: 1695: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1562:enterotoxin B 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1415: 1414:South America 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:Aum Shinrikyo 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:Machupo virus 1379: 1376:(for example 1375: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1364:Marburg virus 1361: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1256:Aum Shinrikyo 1253: 1252:ciprofloxacin 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229:F. tularensis 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1177:select agents 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1151: 1148: 1140: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1111: 1102: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1032:Aum Shinrikyo 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 978:In 1980, the 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 926: 922: 912: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 861: 858: 856: 853: 852: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 836: 833: 832: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 762:mask and hood 761: 757: 753: 750: 746: 741: 733: 730:Firefighters 728: 717: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698: 697: 695: 694: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 662: 661: 649: 646: 644: 643:United States 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 628: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 588: 587: 584: 581: 580: 574: 571: 569: 568:United States 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 553: 552: 549: 546: 545: 540: 537: 536: 535: 534: 526: 525: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 503: 502: 494: 491: 489: 484: 481: 477: 474: 472: 469: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 404:Environmental 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 362: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 343: 340: 337: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 320: 315: 312: 311: 306: 305: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 271:Training camp 269: 266: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 241: 240: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 207: 206: 202: 201: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 184:Anti-abortion 182: 180: 177: 176: 174: 173: 170: 167: 166: 160: 157: 155: 152: 149: 145: 142: 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 119: 118: 115: 112: 111: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 55: 52: 50: 47: 45: 42: 41: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 9311:Bioterrorism 9261:Soviet Union 9118:White Terror 9065:Organisation 8993:Bioterrorism 8992: 8751: 8694:Cyberwarfare 8412:Third Temple 8267:Lake of fire 8077:Rogue planet 8045:Impact event 8035:Proton decay 7988:Astronomical 7938:Bioterrorism 7937: 7784:Supervolcano 7682:Flood basalt 7628:Anoxic event 7537:Collapsology 7525:Sociological 7396:Cyberwarfare 7300:Select agent 7280:CBRN defense 7275:Bioterrorism 7274: 7193:and programs 7015:(1925, 1975) 6708:and projects 6588:governmental 6367:Fort Detrick 6352:departmental 5754:and response 5699:bioterrorism 5698: 5606: 5585: 5557:Bioterrorism 5556: 5536: 5525:, retrieved 5510: 5498:, retrieved 5494:the original 5488: 5476:, retrieved 5472:the original 5466: 5457: 5448: 5437:, retrieved 5417: 5413: 5401:Bibliography 5388: 5377: 5366: 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5339: 5330: 5318:. Retrieved 5295: 5287: 5276: 5265: 5253:. Retrieved 5249: 5239: 5225: 5211: 5199:. Retrieved 5194:the original 5188: 5163:February 16, 5161:. Retrieved 5157:the original 5152: 5142: 5132:February 19, 5130:. Retrieved 5121: 5110: 5102: 5093: 5080: 5060: 5052: 5043: 5030: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4996: 4981: 4969: 4958:, retrieved 4954:the original 4948: 4941: 4930:, retrieved 4923:the original 4914: 4892:. Retrieved 4888: 4878: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4809:. Retrieved 4805: 4795: 4786: 4738: 4734: 4721: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4603: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4577:the original 4573:www.jcvi.org 4572: 4563: 4536: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4514: 4473:. Retrieved 4469: 4459: 4447:. Retrieved 4443: 4433: 4421:. Retrieved 4417: 4395: 4386: 4346:. Retrieved 4336: 4324:. Retrieved 4297:. Retrieved 4293:the original 4283: 4242:, retrieved 4235:the original 4226: 4219: 4203:. Springer. 4199: 4192: 4172: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4133: 4119: 4109:September 8, 4107:. 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Retrieved 2737: 2733: 2729:CTC Sentinel 2727: 2698:Select agent 2657: 2656:30 vials of 2651: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2548: 2542: 2515: 2467: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442:Tokyo, Japan 2406: 2400: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2326:(March 2024) 2325: 2314: 2259: 2249: 2243: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2180: 2174: 2167: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2142: 2115: 2111: 2096: 2087: 2067: 2036: 2033: 2025: 1999: 1992: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1946: 1927: 1912: 1885: 1869:urbanization 1855:report, the 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1801: 1754: 1747: 1734: 1731:Preparedness 1722: 1716: 1713: 1698: 1689: 1669: 1620: 1607: 1601: 1583:alphaviruses 1579:encephalitis 1569: 1547: 1538:castor beans 1531: 1519: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1443: 1434: 1424: 1373:Arenaviridae 1371: 1357: 1329: 1309: 1239: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1190: 1158: 1143: 1134: 1114: 1086: 1078: 1057: 1037: 1029: 1010: 988: 977: 962: 938:Anton Dilger 935: 929:By the time 928: 898: 878: 866: 854: 842: 814: 803:agribusiness 767:Bioterrorism 766: 765: 633:Saudi Arabia 627:Soviet Union 563:Soviet Union 389:Bioterrorism 388: 352:Animal-borne 18: 9033:Palestinian 8998:Car bombing 8944:Nationalist 8927:Palestinian 8895:By ideology 8770:Categories 8739:Survivalism 8426:Zoroastrian 8282:Seven seals 8277:Seven bowls 8203:Historicism 8099:Solar flare 7975:Overfishing 7950:Defaunation 7737:coral reefs 7499:AI takeover 7418:Nanoweapons 7406:Cybergeddon 7391:Cyberattack 7058:Patriot Act 7035:Legislation 6942:Cell CANARY 6926:Respirators 6808:Biosecurity 6689:Phoenix Air 6666:contractors 5943:Henipavirus 5874:Brucellosis 5255:January 15, 4894:January 24, 4811:January 24, 4598:Switzerland 4583:January 24, 4475:October 19, 4449:October 19, 4017:February 8, 3842:(1): 8–14. 3218:www.cnn.com 3165:December 2, 3122:www.who.int 2893:October 25, 2888:www.cdc.gov 2688:Biosecurity 2393:The Dalles, 2228:Within the 2223:Ebola virus 2016:Fiber-optic 2010:nerve cells 1798:bomb squads 1634:Nipah virus 1554:Rosary peas 1546:toxin from 1530:toxin from 1504:Psittacosis 1492:Melioidosis 1430:Brucellosis 1378:Lassa virus 1368:Ebola virus 1359:Filoviridae 1348:Black Death 1248:antibiotics 1092:outbreaks. 1073:crop-duster 946:Chevy Chase 931:World War I 747:wearing an 276:Death squad 179:Suffragette 99:Nationalist 44:Definitions 9305:Categories 9284:Venezuela 9184:By country 9108:Red Terror 9101:Historical 9023:Proxy bomb 8973:Types and 8917:Right-wing 8852:Definition 8699:Depression 8689:Ransomware 8504:Messianism 8474:Armageddon 8459:Apocalypse 8247:Antichrist 8235:Man of sin 8132:Three Ages 7995:Big Crunch 7857:Extinction 7849:Biological 7611:Ecological 7483:Strangelet 7245:Biodefense 6908:Protection 6898:Technology 6886:(CDC, DHS) 6810:/Biosurety 6799:(Civilian) 6777:(EPA, CDC) 6732:(DoD) plus 6664:Government 6375:(DHHS/DoD) 6324:(JPEO-CBD) 6138:Wikisource 5938:Hantavirus 5916:Venezuelan 5752:Prevention 5340:Justia Law 4348:October 3, 4326:October 3, 4299:October 3, 3332:BioScience 3233:The Lancet 3198:October 6, 3118:"Smallpox" 2828:0387950761 2704:References 2673:Biodefence 2608:Amerithrax 2508:Lancaster, 2413:1987–1990 2355:1964–1966 2244:"The next 2191:Super Bowl 2176:Bill Gates 2020:antibodies 1934:Biomedical 1922:See also: 1724:Salmonella 1651:Biodefense 1639:Hantavirus 1627:engineered 1617:Category C 1453:Salmonella 1421:Category B 1306:neurotoxin 1295:eradicated 1187:Category A 1165:bio-agents 1017:The Dalles 950:stevedores 919:See also: 882:terrorists 834:Definition 825:Definition 756:biological 573:Uzbekistan 558:Kazakhstan 424:Kidnapping 419:Insurgency 367:Improvised 194:Misogynist 9288:Sponsored 9278:Sponsored 9268:Sri Lanka 9249:Sponsored 9241:Palestine 9234:Sponsored 9230:Pakistan 9224:Sponsored 9214:Sponsored 9204:Sponsored 9194:Sponsored 9144:Incidents 9087:Lone wolf 9077:Financing 8953:Christian 8949:Religious 8912:Left-wing 8902:Communist 8838:Terrorism 8584:Fictional 8431:Saoshyant 8316:New Earth 8287:The Beast 8220:Preterism 8193:Christian 8149:Kali Yuga 8094:Micronova 8089:Hypernova 7955:Dysgenics 7796:Verneshot 7702:Hypercane 7445:Dead Hand 7149:incidents 6935:Detection 6089:Terrorism 5998:Tularemia 5420:(1): 28, 5231:"science" 5053:USA Today 4153:"Cholera" 2918:March 12, 2870:239249186 2787:March 12, 2658:Y. pestis 2565:Louisiana 2438:attempts 2341:Incident 2292:Incidents 2158:USA Today 2126:U.S. Army 2090:June 2012 2082:talk page 1942:Ron Aryel 1825:Contagion 1692:June 2012 1684:talk page 1623:pathogens 1320:paralysis 1250:(such as 1211:Tularemia 1137:June 2012 1129:talk page 1054:Scenarios 771:terrorism 648:Venezuela 529:Adherents 429:Lone wolf 342:Beheading 291:Lone wolf 251:Financing 244:Structure 129:Christian 114:Religious 84:Communist 79:Anarchist 54:Incidents 34:Terrorism 8724:Pandemic 8709:Epidemic 8704:Droughts 8558:Prewrath 8489:End time 8355:Al-Qa'im 8240:Katechon 8225:2 Esdras 8215:Idealism 8198:Futurism 8127:Maitreya 8122:Buddhist 7965:Pandemic 7413:Gray goo 7006:Treaties 6959:(JBAIDS) 6921:NBC suit 6783:(GBTI), 6775:BioWatch 6706:Programs 6651:(NCBID; 6485:Response 6414:Civilian 6383:Military 6343:research 6221:BioWatch 6039:Bacteria 5988:Smallpox 5933:Glanders 5713:Unit 731 5648:Archived 5625:51843844 5126:Archived 5069:Archived 4990:Archived 4862:26040877 4765:20010599 4705:12114528 4656:14773861 4648:16210530 4485:cite web 4007:10458955 3868:20418969 3711:19601885 3703:15816214 3630:19099484 3622:40254424 3578:25738671 3493:32327945 3444:32327945 3395:15288816 3310:16369620 3261:26919903 3127:June 18, 3024:Archived 2750:Archived 2667:See also 2644:Lubbock, 2591:Missouri 2490:Chemical 2350:Details 2347:Organism 2344:Location 2267:horsepox 2238:HIV/AIDS 2124:and the 2076:You may 1980:ranching 1794:Oriskany 1769:BioWatch 1742:forensic 1678:You may 1480:Glanders 1467:Shigella 1435:Brucella 1283:Smallpox 1277:USAMRIID 1201:COVID-19 1123:You may 999:election 984:smallpox 954:glanders 942:glanders 894:Bill Joy 848:Interpol 779:bacteria 613:Pakistan 471:Stabbing 454:Shooting 296:Domestic 256:Fronting 124:Buddhist 67:ideology 26:a series 24:Part of 9210:Kuwait 9200:Israel 9008:Nuclear 8975:tactics 8958:Islamic 8951: ( 8932:Zionist 8784:Hazards 8682:General 8553:Rapture 8402:Messiah 8390:Sufyani 8380:Israfil 8350:Islamic 8188:Messiah 8166:1 Enoch 8000:Big Rip 7712:Ecocide 7707:Ice age 7140:History 6862:of the 6791:ESSENCE 6529:Federal 6341:Federal 6194:Federal 5909:Western 5902:Eastern 5859:Anthrax 5527:May 22, 5500:May 22, 5478:May 22, 5439:May 22, 5422:Bibcode 5320:May 25, 5201:May 30, 4960:May 22, 4932:May 22, 4870:4456595 4840:Bibcode 4756:2819212 4713:5810309 4683:Bibcode 4675:Science 4628:Bibcode 4620:Science 4244:May 24, 3998:2627754 3859:2856357 3801:May 26, 3484:7169208 3435:7169208 3386:7128359 3301:1305820 3253:7723540 3160:Gizmodo 3090:May 22, 3063:May 22, 2944:May 22, 2759:May 12, 2748:: 1–6. 2683:Biorisk 2493:attacks 2482:Anthrax 2478:Cholera 2474:Q fever 2321:Discuss 2215:disease 1984:feedlot 1718:E. coli 1516:Q fever 1462:O157:H7 1455:species 1437:species 1406:Marburg 1340:aerosol 1236:Anthrax 1171:or the 969:typhoid 965:Chicago 915:History 890:anthrax 837:Source 787:insects 783:viruses 752:nuclear 478: ( 434:Nuclear 399:Dry run 359: ( 347:Bombing 334: ( 316:Tactics 313:Methods 144:Islamic 49:History 9256:Russia 9245:Qatar 9220:Libya 9013:Piracy 8963:Jewish 8714:Famine 8640:Zombie 8442:Others 8397:Jewish 8375:Dajjal 8257:Events 8171:Daniel 8072:winter 7899:Others 7789:winter 7589:winter 7584:famine 7579:cobalt 7173:(2002) 7132:(2004) 7094:(2006) 7088:(2005) 7077:(2004) 7066:(2002) 7060:(2001) 7054:(1999) 7027:(1972) 7021:(1969) 6880:(DHHS) 6542:, HHS) 6473:(USDA) 6350:Trans- 6003:Typhus 5963:Plague 5623:  5613:  5554:about 5518:  5311:  5023:Forbes 4868:  4860:  4832:Nature 4763:  4753:  4711:  4703:  4654:  4646:  4551:  4207:  4180:  4005:  3995:  3866:  3856:  3709:  3701:  3628:  3620:  3576:  3491:  3481:  3442:  3432:  3393:  3383:  3308:  3298:  3259:  3251:  3000:  2966:  2868:  2858:  2825:  2534:Dallas 2432:1990s 2396:Oregon 2232:, the 2152:Forbes 1995:Europe 1577:Viral 1566:Typhus 1460:E coli 1410:Africa 1304:: The 1021:Oregon 991:Oregon 795:toxins 758:, and 745:airman 732:triage 623:Russia 603:Kuwait 598:Israel 459:School 444:Piracy 377:Threat 372:Letter 265:online 154:Jewish 133:Mormon 9190:Iran 9127:Lists 9082:Front 8907:Green 8729:Riots 8421:Norse 8385:Mahdi 8144:Kalki 8139:Hindu 7469:(EMP) 6825:(DoD) 6819:(CDC) 6793:(DoD) 6771:(CDC) 6574:(CDC) 6568:(CDC) 6508:State 6492:Local 6457:/DHS) 6447:(HHS) 6439:NIAID 6437:(HHS/ 6429:NIAID 6084:Toxin 6079:Virus 5968:Ricin 5928:Fungi 5894:Ebola 5651:(PDF) 5644:(PDF) 4926:(PDF) 4919:(PDF) 4866:S2CID 4709:S2CID 4652:S2CID 4238:(PDF) 4231:(PDF) 4157:WebMD 3707:S2CID 3618:JSTOR 3257:S2CID 3184:"CDC- 3057:(PDF) 3050:(PDF) 3027:(PDF) 3020:(PDF) 2980:2008. 2866:S2CID 2819:78-84 2753:(PDF) 2724:(PDF) 2647:Texas 2634:2003 2603:2001 2577:1999 2555:1998 2538:Texas 2527:1996 2501:1995 2486:Ebola 2384:1984 2362:Japan 2311:split 2004:Tiny 1833:MSNBC 1544:Abrin 1528:Ricin 1287:virus 1048:Chile 1007:salad 791:fungi 638:Syria 618:Qatar 608:Libya 464:Spree 439:Paper 382:Proxy 139:Hindu 6916:MOPP 6870:and 6868:NIMS 6797:RODS 6728:and 6586:Non- 6550:USMC 6540:NDMS 6465:USDA 6425:UTMB 6266:DHHS 5958:Mold 5697:and 5621:OCLC 5611:ISBN 5529:2009 5516:ISBN 5502:2009 5480:2009 5441:2009 5347:2024 5322:2023 5309:ISBN 5257:2018 5203:2017 5165:2018 5134:2017 4962:2009 4934:2009 4896:2016 4858:PMID 4813:2016 4761:PMID 4701:PMID 4644:PMID 4585:2016 4549:ISBN 4522:2017 4491:link 4477:2020 4451:2020 4425:2016 4350:2016 4328:2016 4301:2016 4246:2009 4205:ISBN 4178:ISBN 4111:2017 4085:2017 4059:2017 4019:2020 4003:PMID 3894:2018 3864:PMID 3803:2009 3777:2018 3737:2013 3699:PMID 3668:2017 3626:PMID 3574:PMID 3489:PMID 3440:PMID 3391:PMID 3306:PMID 3249:PMID 3200:2016 3167:2016 3143:2008 3129:2022 3092:2009 3065:2009 2998:ISBN 2964:ISBN 2946:2009 2920:2024 2895:2017 2856:ISBN 2823:ISBN 2789:2024 2761:2022 2595:HIV 2569:HIV 2511:Ohio 2480:and 2424:HIV 2369:and 2338:Date 1982:and 1790:WKTV 1412:and 1400:and 1380:and 1366:and 1336:flea 1318:and 1199:and 1197:SARS 973:Cuba 923:and 909:2007 907:and 905:2001 593:Iran 480:list 361:list 336:list 159:Sikh 7219:DoD 6999:Law 6872:ICS 6560:CDC 6455:EPA 6299:DoD 6283:CDC 6247:DNI 6204:DHS 5430:doi 5301:doi 4848:doi 4836:522 4751:PMC 4743:doi 4691:doi 4679:297 4636:doi 4624:310 4541:doi 3993:PMC 3985:doi 3854:PMC 3844:doi 3691:doi 3608:doi 3604:199 3564:doi 3560:372 3479:PMC 3471:doi 3430:PMC 3422:doi 3381:PMC 3373:doi 3340:doi 3296:PMC 3288:doi 3241:doi 3237:345 2848:doi 2740:). 2453:, 2319:. 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Index

a series
Terrorism
Definitions
History
Incidents
ideology
Anarchist
Communist
Left-wing/Far-left
Narcotics-driven
Nationalist
Right-wing/Far-right
Religious
Buddhist
Christian
Mormon
Hindu
Islamic
Salafi-Wahhabi
Jewish
Sikh
Special-interest / Single-issue
Suffragette
Anti-abortion
Green/Ecological
Misogynist
Violent extremism
Ethnic violence
Militia movement
Resistance movement

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