56:
1806:) with holes in the ends, through which an iron rod is inserted. The rod mostly has a large knob on one end, and a slot in the other end into which a wedge or a padlock is driven to secure the assembly. Bilboes occur in different sizes, ranging from regular large ones to smaller sizes particularly fitting women's ankles and even sizes to restrain the wrists. The rod can also be fastened to a wall or a rigid trestle as it was mostly used in prisons. This way the person is restrained to stay put, while only allowing movement of the feet sideways inside the limited range the rod allows for.
1908:. Bilboes were used to fasten two slaves together, so that the eighty-plus bilboes found on the Henrietta Marie would have restrained up to 160 slaves. Bilboes were usually not placed on every slave transported, nor were they left on for all of a voyage. Only the slaves that were strongest and presumably most likely to revolt or escape were kept in bilboes for all of a voyage.
20:
1860:
the entire duration of her imprisonment. The charges were eventually dropped, so Louisa
Calderon was released from her incarceration and the bilboes were taken off after months of being incessantly restrained. This excessive form of incarceration along with the preceding torture was later assessed as
1859:
torture, which first led to an extorted confession. Subsequently, she was left restrained in bilboes over the continuous period of eight months while the legal inquest was in progress. The shackles were rigidly fastened to the wall of her confinement cell, so she was forced to remain in one place for
1554:
1549:
1675:
1539:
1070:
1424:
796:
533:
1160:
801:
1830:). They were used in England to "punyssche transgressours ageynste ye Kinges Maiesties lawes". Bilboes appear occasionally in literature, including
493:
848:
1941:
1544:
1394:
875:
1621:
373:
823:
1851:
during the criminal procedure against eighteen-year-old Louisa
Calderon in 1801. The former maid of governor Picton was accused of
1594:
1414:
587:
1752:
858:
276:
1436:
1113:
885:
1628:
1589:
1232:
1670:
1307:
967:
818:
614:
523:
1776:
to restrain prisoners for different purposes until the modern ages. Bilboes were also used on slave ships, such as the
1690:
1384:
1138:
1512:
1389:
813:
582:
449:
1643:
853:
838:
784:
469:
459:
454:
283:
139:
1359:
1638:
1409:
215:
1108:
1096:
676:
488:
134:
1680:
1463:
324:
1685:
1529:
1399:
1060:
828:
808:
368:
336:
55:
2030:
1745:
1695:
1419:
1337:
464:
245:
65:
1604:
1456:
1441:
1332:
528:
198:
1790:
1700:
1599:
1130:
1118:
708:
681:
186:
1897:
1827:
1480:
1349:
902:
691:
176:
77:
356:
1665:
1404:
1354:
1282:
1055:
833:
777:
760:
191:
1960:
1836:(Act V, Scene 2: "Methought I lay worse than the mutinies in the bilboes") and the journals of
1738:
1707:
1212:
953:
865:
713:
437:
403:
398:
1574:
1429:
1342:
1327:
1009:
997:
743:
728:
513:
288:
210:
181:
1772:) are iron restraints normally placed on a person's ankles. They have commonly been used as
1712:
1616:
1579:
1507:
1451:
1320:
1277:
1091:
1021:
696:
476:
378:
262:
169:
8:
1893:
1856:
1200:
1180:
1065:
1050:
919:
890:
880:
770:
718:
686:
483:
341:
309:
304:
257:
114:
1815:
1446:
1292:
1267:
1257:
1222:
1217:
1185:
1150:
1143:
1084:
1077:
934:
753:
748:
738:
508:
361:
319:
314:
267:
235:
225:
162:
383:
329:
1534:
1252:
1247:
1190:
1175:
1155:
977:
972:
907:
870:
703:
669:
498:
351:
240:
119:
1814:
Bilboes used as public punishment in former times combined physical discomfort with
1724:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1262:
1227:
1195:
1165:
1038:
1026:
1004:
982:
929:
765:
733:
35:
1877:
1777:
1633:
1524:
1519:
1272:
1242:
1237:
960:
924:
723:
641:
346:
92:
1901:
1785:
1769:
1717:
1611:
503:
144:
102:
2003:
1900:
from very early in the 16th century, which may have been a slave ship hunting
2024:
1848:
1655:
1584:
1031:
1014:
789:
619:
609:
393:
43:
1826:
and
America in the colonial and early revolutionary periods (such as in the
1885:
1876:. Components forming more than eighty bilboes have been recovered from the
1660:
1497:
1473:
1379:
1372:
1103:
631:
604:
567:
545:
432:
149:
129:
107:
97:
87:
82:
72:
912:
1986:
1905:
1502:
1490:
843:
646:
636:
594:
408:
1873:
1837:
1650:
947:
651:
518:
1953:
The
Navigator: Newsletter of the Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society
1881:
895:
560:
422:
577:
1861:
1855:
from his household and interrogated. She was also subjected to the
1844:
1819:
1773:
1485:
1043:
987:
939:
599:
444:
299:
205:
1889:
1823:
1803:
1468:
550:
230:
47:
1917:
1832:
1781:
1170:
992:
572:
555:
417:
252:
220:
1852:
427:
413:
388:
294:
124:
27:
showed readers what bilboes did to the legs of lawbreakers.
1794:
notes that the term was used in
English well before then.
19:
1822:, which added to the humiliation. They were popular in
1788:
for use on prospective
English prisoners. However, the
1425:
Supplementary
Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1843:A notable case of excessive use is documented from
1996:
1784:and was imported into England by the ships of the
1780:. According to legend, the device was invented in
1802:Bilboes consist of a pair of U-shaped iron bars (
2022:
1540:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
1746:
1545:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
1753:
1739:
1847:under British administration by governor
1935:
1933:
1872:Bilboes were used to restrain slaves on
1550:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1415:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1395:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
18:
2023:
1939:
1984:
1930:
1437:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1114:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
1629:Slave marriages in the United States
1233:Human trafficking in the Middle East
1888:in 1700 after delivering slaves to
968:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
1988:Curious Punishments of Bygone Days
1818:. The person was often restrained
1622:last survivors of American slavery
25:Curious Punishments of Bygone Days
14:
2042:
1892:. Bilboes were also found in the
1880:, an English slave ship that was
1867:
583:Field slaves in the United States
450:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
460:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
455:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
284:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
54:
1410:Committee of Experts on Slavery
961:East, Southeast, and South Asia
1978:
1940:Malcom, Corey (October 1998).
1797:
1109:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
1923:
1400:Temporary Slavery Commission
1061:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
1985:Earle, Alice Morse (1896).
1911:
1420:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
465:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
2047:
1864:in a juridic reappraisal.
1809:
1605:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1442:Anti-Slavery International
1207:North Africa and West Asia
1942:"The Iron Bilboes of the
1896:, a Spanish wreck in the
1791:Oxford English Dictionary
1701:Emancipation Proclamation
1373:Opposition and resistance
1131:Sex trafficking in Europe
1119:Blackbirding in Polynesia
682:Trans-Saharan slave trade
1898:Turks and Caicos Islands
1828:Massachusetts Bay Colony
1481:Compensated emancipation
692:Indian Ocean slave trade
1405:1926 Slavery Convention
1161:Germany in World War II
778:North and South America
300:Contract of manumission
2006:. The Newgate Calendar
886:British Virgin Islands
438:Circassian slave trade
404:Safavid imperial harem
399:Ottoman Imperial Harem
28:
1125:Europe and North Asia
1085:Australia and Oceania
785:Pre-Columbian America
357:Slave raid of Suðuroy
289:Slavery in al-Andalus
211:Black Sea slave trade
140:21st-century jihadism
22:
16:Form of leg restraint
2004:"THOMAS PICTON, ESQ"
1993:at Project Gutenberg
1959:(10). Archived from
1580:Indentured servitude
1508:Underground Railroad
1308:United Arab Emirates
697:Zanzibar slave trade
664:By country or region
477:Atlantic slave trade
379:Ma malakat aymanukum
263:Venetian slave trade
1966:on 18 December 2015
1894:Molasses Reef Wreck
1666:Slave Route Project
797:Americas indigenous
687:Red Sea slave trade
677:Contemporary Africa
540:Topics and practice
310:Crimean slave trade
305:Bukhara slave trade
258:Genoese slave trade
135:Contemporary Africa
115:Forced prostitution
23:Alice Earle's 1896
2031:Physical restraint
1816:public humiliation
1447:Blockade of Africa
754:Somali slave trade
670:Sub-Saharan Africa
362:Turkish Abductions
320:Khivan slave trade
315:Khazar slave trade
268:Balkan slave trade
226:Prague slave trade
29:
1763:
1762:
1713:Freedmen's Bureau
1535:Third Servile War
1530:International law
1097:Human trafficking
859:Human trafficking
534:Thirteen colonies
352:Sack of Baltimore
120:Human trafficking
2038:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1950:
1937:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1725:Emancipation Day
1558:
1525:Slave Trade Acts
216:Byzantine Empire
58:
31:
30:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1948:
1944:Henrietta Marie
1938:
1931:
1926:
1914:
1878:Henrietta Marie
1870:
1812:
1800:
1778:Henrietta Marie
1759:
1730:
1729:
1634:Slave narrative
1590:Fugitive slaves
1570:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1520:Slave rebellion
1375:
1365:
1364:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1135:United Kingdom
1071:Yankee princess
665:
657:
656:
384:Avret Pazarları
330:Avret Pazarları
199:Medieval Europe
165:
155:
154:
93:Forced marriage
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2017:
2016:
1995:
1977:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1869:
1868:Use in slavery
1866:
1811:
1808:
1799:
1796:
1786:Spanish Armada
1770:plurale tantum
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1612:List of slaves
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:Dutch Republic
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
980:
975:
970:
964:
963:
957:
956:
951:
944:
943:
942:
937:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
905:
900:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
873:
868:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
806:
805:
804:
794:
793:
792:
781:
780:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
757:
756:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
700:
699:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
627:
623:
622:
617:
615:Child soldiers
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
591:
590:
580:
575:
570:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
542:
541:
537:
536:
531:
526:
524:Spanish Empire
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Middle Passage
501:
496:
491:
486:
480:
479:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
334:
333:
332:
325:Ottoman Empire
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
280:
279:
273:
272:
271:
270:
260:
255:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
201:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
172:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
145:Sexual slavery
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
111:
110:
105:
103:Child marriage
100:
90:
85:
80:
78:Child soldiers
75:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2043:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:Thomas Picton
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Slave catcher
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Forced labour
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:Abolitionists
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:comfort women
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:Chukri System
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
904:
903:Latin America
901:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
860:
857:
855:
854:interregional
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:prison labour
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
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2008:. Retrieved
1998:
1987:
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1968:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1956:
1952:
1943:
1886:Florida Keys
1871:
1842:
1838:Captain Cook
1831:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1774:leg shackles
1765:
1764:
1661:Slave patrol
1498:Freedom suit
1474:Sierra Leone
1464:Colonization
1380:Abolitionism
1360:Baháʼí Faith
1333:Christianity
1283:Saudi Arabia
1139:Penal Labour
1104:Blackbirding
1010:Debt bondage
998:penal system
824:Contemporary
814:Field slaves
802:U.S. Natives
761:South Africa
632:Galley slave
605:Slave market
595:House slaves
568:Blackbirding
546:Conscription
470:21st century
433:Umm al-walad
277:Muslim world
246:Emancipation
150:Wage slavery
130:Penal labour
108:Wife selling
98:Bride buying
83:Conscription
73:Child Labour
66:Contemporary
24:
1906:the Bahamas
1874:slave ships
1798:Description
1676:court cases
1553: [
1503:Slave Power
1491:Manumission
1338:Catholicism
1213:Afghanistan
954:Puerto Rico
866:The Bahamas
844:Slave codes
647:Shanghaiing
637:Impressment
529:Slave Coast
409:Qajar harem
369:Concubinage
342:slave trade
2010:2014-02-22
1924:References
1691:J.Q. Adams
1681:Washington
1651:Slave name
1600:convention
1575:Common law
948:Encomienda
744:Seychelles
729:Mauritania
652:Slave ship
519:Panyarring
514:New France
163:Historical
1686:Jefferson
1343:Mormonism
1278:Palestine
1092:Australia
1022:Indonesia
913:Lei Áurea
896:Code Noir
876:Caribbean
849:Treatment
588:Treatment
561:Devshirme
423:Odalisque
241:In Russia
182:Babylonia
170:Antiquity
2025:Category
1912:See also
1902:Lucayans
1862:inhumane
1845:Trinidad
1820:barefoot
1804:shackles
1718:Iron bit
1708:40 acres
1671:breeding
1486:Freedman
1321:Religion
1181:Portugal
1066:Thailand
1056:Maldives
1051:Malaysia
1044:Kwalliso
988:Booi Aha
940:Restavek
920:Colombia
891:Trinidad
881:Barbados
771:Zanzibar
719:Ethiopia
600:Saqaliba
494:Database
445:Saqaliba
206:Ancillae
36:a series
34:Part of
1890:Jamaica
1884:in the
1882:wrecked
1824:England
1810:History
1766:Bilboes
1696:Lincoln
1569:Related
1469:Liberia
1355:Judaism
1293:Tunisia
1268:Morocco
1258:Lebanon
1223:Bahrain
1218:Algeria
1186:Romania
1151:Denmark
1144:Slavery
1078:Vietnam
749:Somalia
739:Nigeria
714:Comoros
642:Pirates
551:Ghilman
484:Bristol
374:history
347:pirates
236:History
125:Peonage
48:slavery
1970:28 May
1918:Stocks
1857:picket
1833:Hamlet
1782:Bilbao
1617:owners
1253:Kuwait
1248:Jordan
1201:Sweden
1191:Russia
1176:Poland
1171:Norway
993:Laogai
978:Brunei
973:Bhutan
935:revolt
908:Brazil
871:Canada
834:partus
819:female
704:Angola
573:Coolie
556:Mamluk
509:Nantes
489:Brazil
418:Cariye
253:Thrall
221:Kholop
187:Greece
1964:(PDF)
1949:(PDF)
1853:theft
1644:songs
1639:films
1557:]
1513:songs
1350:Islam
1328:Bible
1303:Yemen
1298:Qatar
1288:Syria
1263:Libya
1228:Egypt
1196:Spain
1166:Malta
1039:Korea
1027:Japan
1005:India
983:China
930:Haiti
790:Aztec
766:Sudan
734:Niger
626:Naval
499:Dutch
428:Qiyan
414:Jarya
389:Harem
231:Serfs
177:Egypt
1972:2012
1595:laws
1457:U.S.
1452:U.K.
1390:U.S.
1385:U.K.
1273:Oman
1243:Iraq
1238:Iran
925:Cuba
829:maps
724:Mali
709:Chad
295:Baqt
192:Rome
88:Debt
46:and
1904:in
2027::
1957:13
1955:.
1951:.
1932:^
1840:.
1555:fa
38:on
2013:.
1991:.
1974:.
1946:"
1768:(
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
950:)
946:(
416:/
291:
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