Berlin Blockade - Knowledge

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airports can handle in the neighborhood of fifty additional airplanes per day. These would have to be C-47s, C-54s or planes with similar landing characteristics, as our airports cannot take larger planes. LeMay is urging two C-54 groups. With this airlift, we should be able to bring in 600 or 700 tons a day. While 2,000 tons a day is required in normal foods, 600 tons a day (utilizing dried foods to the maximum extent) will substantially increase the morale of the German people and will unquestionably seriously disturb the Soviet blockade. To accomplish this, it is urgent that we be given approximately 50 additional transport planes to arrive in Germany at the earliest practicable date, and each day's delay will of course decrease our ability to sustain our position in Berlin. Crews would be needed to permit maximum operation of these planes.

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European theatre. The entire United States Army had been reduced to 552,000 men by February 1948. Military forces in the western sectors of Berlin numbered only 8,973 Americans, 7,606 British and 6,100 French. Of the 98,000 American troops in West Germany in March 1948, only 31,000 were combat forces, and only one reserve division was immediately available in the United States. Soviet military forces in the Soviet sector that surrounded Berlin totaled 1.5 million. The two United States regiments in Berlin could have provided little resistance against a Soviet attack. Because of the imbalance, US war plans were based on using hundreds of atomic bombs, but only about 50

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highest priority and further maximised utilisation. Tunner also shortened block times to six hours to squeeze in another shift, making 1,440 (the number of minutes in a day) landings in Berlin a daily goal. His purpose, illustrating his basic philosophy of the airlift business, was to create a "conveyor belt" approach to scheduling that could be sped up or slowed down as situations might dictate. The most effective measure taken by Tunner, and the most initially resisted until it demonstrated its efficiency, was creation of a single control point in the CALTF for controlling all air movements into Berlin, rather than each air force doing its own.

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zones. Over the following months, this counter-blockade would have a damaging impact on East Germany, as the drying up of coal and steel shipments seriously hindered industrial development in the Soviet zone. On 25 June, the Soviets stopped supplying food to the civilian population in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin. Motor traffic from Berlin to the western zones was permitted, but this required a 23-kilometre (14 mi) detour to a ferry crossing because of alleged "repairs" to a bridge. They also cut off the electricity relied on by Berlin, using their control over the generating plants in the Soviet zone.

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addressed to "Uncle Wiggly Wings", "The Chocolate Uncle" and "The Chocolate Flier". His commanding officer was upset when the story appeared in the news, but when Tunner heard about it, he approved of the gesture and immediately expanded it into "Operation Little Vittles". Other pilots participated, and when news reached the US, children all over the country sent in their own candy to help out. Soon, major candy manufacturers joined in. In the end, over three tons of candy were dropped on Berlin and the "operation" became a major propaganda success. German children christened the candy-dropping aircraft "

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operation for the Western Allies. One of the longest-lasting fogs ever experienced in Berlin blanketed the entire European continent for weeks. All too often, aircraft would make the entire flight and then be unable to land in Berlin. On 20 November 1948, 42 aircraft departed for Berlin, but only one landed there. At one point, the city had only a week's supply of coal left. However, the weather eventually improved, and more than 171,000 tons were delivered in January 1949, 152,000 tons in February, and 196,223 tons in March.

3399: 238: 2897: 2439: 3205: 272: 156: 816: 327: 59: 3373: 206: 808: 11872: 11836: 2192: 2136: 1145: 2147:, as the provisional task force commander of the airlift. Smith had been chief of staff in LeMay's B-29 command in India during World War II and had no airlift experience. On 25 June 1948, Clay gave the order to launch Operation Vittles. The next day, 32 C-47s lifted off for Berlin hauling 80 tons of cargo, including milk, flour and medicine. The first British aircraft flew on 28 June. At that time, the airlift was expected to last three weeks. 11882: 744: 2453:, one of the many airlift pilots, decided to use his off-time to fly into Berlin and make movies with his hand-held camera. He arrived at Tempelhof on 17 July 1948 on one of the C-54s and walked over to a crowd of children who had gathered at the end of the runway to watch the aircraft. He introduced himself and they started to ask him questions about the aircraft and their flights. As a goodwill gesture, he handed out his only two sticks of 2718: 1916:, Soviet guards halted all passenger trains and traffic on the autobahn to Berlin, delayed Western and German freight shipments and required that all water transport secure special Soviet permission. On 21 June, the day the Deutsche Mark was introduced, the Soviet military halted a United States military supply train to Berlin and sent it back to western Germany. On 22 June, the Soviets announced that they would introduce the 1924:

Soviets launched a massive propaganda campaign condemning Britain, the United States and France by radio, newspaper and loudspeaker. The Soviets conducted well-advertised military maneuvers just outside the city. Rumors of a potential occupation by Soviet troops spread quickly. German communists demonstrated, rioted and attacked pro-West German leaders attending meetings for the municipal government in the Soviet sector.

2052:, which the British called the "Dakota"), nominally 96 aircraft, each of which could carry about 3.5 tons of cargo. LeMay believed that "with an all-out effort" of 100 daily round trips these would be able to haul about 300 tons of supplies a day. The RAF was somewhat better prepared, since it had already moved some aircraft into the German area, and they expected to be able to supply about 400 tons a day. 937:) was established, with representatives of the states, the central offices, political parties, trade unions, and consumer organisations. As indicated by its name, the zonal advisory board had no legislative power, but was merely advisory. The Control Commission for Germany – British Element made all decisions with its legislative power. In reaction to the Soviet and British advances, in October 1945 the 2523:(Soviet fighter aircraft) used to come and buzz you and go over the top of you at about twenty feet which can be off-putting. One day I was buzzed about three times. The following day it started again and he came across twice and I got a bit fed up with it. So when he came for the third time, I turned the aircraft into him and it was a case of chicken, luckily he was the one who chickened out." 665:

would resume the blockade and were only trying to disrupt western supply lines. The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949 after fifteen months. The US Air Force had delivered 1,783,573 tons (76.4% of total) and the RAF 541,937 tons (23.3% of total), totalling 2,334,374 tons, nearly two-thirds of which was coal, on 278,228 flights to Berlin. In addition

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coffee, 19 tons of powdered milk, 5 tons of whole milk for children, 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking, 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables, 38 tons of salt and 10 tons of cheese. In all, 1,534 tons were required each day to feed the over two million people of Berlin. Additionally, for heat and power, 3,475 tons of coal, diesel and petrol were also required daily.

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landed, bringing in 300 tons. Accident rates and delays dropped immediately. Tunner decided, as he had done during the Hump operation, to replace the C-47s in the airlift with C-54s or larger aircraft when it was realised that it took just as long to unload a 3.5-ton C-47 as a 10-ton C-54. One of the reasons for this was the sloping cargo floor of the

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at Tempelhof had lost control of the situation while the commander of the airlift was circling overhead. Tunner radioed for all stacked aircraft except his to be sent home immediately. This became known as "Black Friday", and Tunner personally noted it was from that date onward that the success of the airlift stemmed.

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The Berliners themselves solved the problem of the lack of manpower. Crews unloading and making airfield repairs at the Berlin airports were made up almost entirely of local civilians, who were given additional rations in return. As the crews increased in experience, the times for unloading continued

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To maximise the utilisation of a limited number of aircraft, Tunner altered the "ladder" to three minutes and 500 feet (150 m) of separation, stacked from 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,200 to 1,800 m). Maintenance, particularly adherence to 25-hour, 200-hour, and 1,000-hour inspections, became the

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Look, I am ready to try an airlift. I can't guarantee it will work. I am sure that even at its best, people are going to be cold and people are going to be hungry. And if the people of Berlin won't stand that, it will fail. And I don't want to go into this unless I have your assurance that the people

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With this fleet, the British contribution was expected to rise to 750 tons a day in the short term, albeit at the cost of suspending all air traffic except for the airlift to Berlin. For a longer-term operation, the US would have to add additional aircraft as soon as possible, and those would have to

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That same day, a Soviet representative told the other three occupying powers that "We are warning both you and the population of Berlin that we shall apply economic and administrative sanctions that will lead to the circulation in Berlin exclusively of the currency of the Soviet occupation zone." The

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or for bartering. The Soviets opposed western plans for a reform. They interpreted the new currency as an unjustified, unilateral decision, and responded by cutting all land links between West Berlin and West Germany. The Soviets believed that the only currency that should be allowed to circulate was

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On 9 April, Soviet officials demanded that American military personnel maintaining communication equipment in the Eastern zone must withdraw, thus preventing the use of navigation beacons to mark air routes. On 20 April, the Soviets demanded that all barges obtain clearance before entering the Soviet

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informed German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within their occupation zone, that the United States would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united Germany under communist control within the Soviet orbit. Stalin

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Nevertheless, supply flights to Berlin continued for some time in order to build up a comfortable surplus, though night flying and then weekend flights could be eliminated once the surplus was deemed to be large enough. By 24 July 1949, three months' worth of supplies had been amassed, ensuring that

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The Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted at one minute after midnight on 12 May 1949. A British convoy immediately drove through to Berlin, and the first train from West Germany reached Berlin at 5:32 a.m. Later that day, an enormous crowd celebrated the end of the blockade. General Clay, whose

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Throughout the airlift, Soviet and German communists subjected the hard-pressed West Berliners to sustained psychological warfare. In radio broadcasts, they relentlessly proclaimed that all Berlin came under Soviet authority and predicted the imminent abandonment of the city by the Western occupying

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As the tempo of the airlift grew, it became apparent that the Western powers might be able to pull off the impossible: indefinitely supplying an entire city by air alone. In response, starting on 1 August 1948, the Soviets offered free food to anyone who crossed into East Berlin and registered their

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from 3,000 to 12,000 feet (910 to 3,660 m) in bad weather, creating an extreme risk of mid-air collision. Newly unloaded planes were denied permission to take off to avoid that possibility and created a backup on the ground. While no one was killed, Tunner was embarrassed that the control tower

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Accommodating the large number of flights to Berlin of dissimilar aircraft with widely varying flight characteristics required close co-ordination. Smith and his staff developed a complex timetable for flights called the "block system": three eight-hour shifts of a C-54 section to Berlin followed by

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to China. His endorsement of the airlift option gave it a major boost. The British and Americans agreed to start a joint operation without delay; the US action was dubbed "Operation Vittles", while the British action was called "Operation Plainfare". The Australian contribution to the airlift, begun

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Although the ground routes had never been negotiated, the same was not true of the air. On 30 November 1945, it had been agreed in writing that there would be three twenty-mile-wide air corridors providing free access to Berlin. Additionally, unlike a force of tanks and trucks, the Soviets could not

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could work, the Soviets found its continued success an increasing embarrassment. On 12 May 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade of West Berlin, due to economic issues in East Berlin, although for a time the Americans and British continued to supply the city by air as they were worried that the Soviets

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On 18 August 1949, Flt Lt Roy Mather DFC AFC and his crew of Flt Lt Roy Lewis Stewart Hathaway AFC, Flt Lt Richardson and Royston William Marshall AFM of 206 squadron, flew back to Wunstorf for the 404th time during the blockade, the record number of flights for any pilot of any nationality, either

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From noon on 15 April to noon on 16 April 1949, crews worked around the clock. When it was over, 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered in 1,383 flights, without a single accident. A welcome side effect of the effort was that operations in general were boosted, and tonnage increased from 6,729 tons

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The crowd surged towards the Soviet-occupied sector and someone climbed up and ripped down the Soviet flag flying from atop the Brandenburg Gate. Soviet military police (MPs) quickly responded, resulting in the killing of one in the unruly crowd. The tense situation could have escalated further and

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Gum. The children quickly divided up the pieces as best they could, even passing around the wrapper for others to smell. He was so impressed by their gratitude and that they didn't fight over them, that he promised the next time he returned he would drop off more. Before he left them, a child asked

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By the end of August 1948, after two months, the airlift was succeeding; daily operations flew more than 1,500 flights a day and delivered more than 4,500 tons of cargo, enough to keep West Berlin supplied. From January 1949 onwards, 225 C-54s (40% of USAF and USN Skymasters worldwide) were devoted

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Believing that Britain, France, and the United States had little option other than to acquiesce, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany celebrated the beginning of the blockade. General Clay felt that the Soviets were bluffing about Berlin since they would not want to be viewed as starting a

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Surface traffic from non-Soviet zones to Berlin was blockaded, leaving open only the air corridors. The Soviets rejected arguments that the occupation rights in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin and the use of the supply routes during the previous three years had given Britain, France and the United

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or Soviet orientation. The SED leaders then called for the "establishment of an anti-fascist, democratic regime, a parliamentary democratic republic" while the Soviet Military Administration suppressed all other political activities. Factories, equipment, technicians, managers and skilled personnel

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By April 1949, airlift operations were running smoothly and Tunner wanted to shake up his command to discourage complacency. He believed in the spirit of competition between units and, coupled with the idea of a big event, felt that this would encourage them to greater efforts. He decided that, on

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Another problem was the lack of runways in Berlin to land on: two at Tempelhof and one at Gatow—neither of which was designed to support the loads the C-54s were putting on them. All of the existing runways required hundreds of labourers, who ran onto them between landings and dumped sand into the

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Although the early estimates were that about 4,000 to 5,000 tons per day would be needed to supply the city, this was made in the context of summer weather, when the airlift was only expected to last a few weeks. As the operation dragged on into autumn, the situation changed considerably. The food

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would have only one chance to land in Berlin, returning to its air base if it missed its approach, where it was slotted back into the flow. Stacking was eliminated. With straight-in approaches, the planners found that in the time it had taken to unstack and land nine aircraft, 30 aircraft could be

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Two weeks after his arrival, on 13 August, Tunner decided to fly to Berlin to grant an award to Lt. Paul O. Lykins, an airlift pilot who had made the most flights into Berlin up to that time, a symbol of the entire effort to date. Cloud cover over Berlin dropped to the height of the buildings, and

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I have already arranged for our maximum airlift to start on Monday . For a sustained effort, we can use seventy Dakotas . The number which the British can make available is not yet known, although General Robertson is somewhat doubtful of their ability to make this number available. Our two Berlin

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This was not nearly enough to move the approximately 5,000 total tons a day that would be needed, but these numbers could be increased as new aircraft arrived from the United Kingdom, the United States, and France. The RAF would be relied on to increase its numbers quickly. It could fly additional

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On 25 March 1948, the Soviets issued orders restricting Western military and passenger traffic between the American, British and French occupation zones and Berlin. These new measures began on 1 April along with an announcement that no cargo could leave Berlin by rail without the permission of the

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Altogether, BEA was responsible to the RAF for the direction and operation of 25 British airlines taking part in "Operation Plainfare". The British also used flying boats, particularly for transporting corrosive salt. These included civilian aircraft operated by Aquila Airways. These took off and

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It has been claimed that animosities between Germans and the Western Allies were greatly reduced by the airlift, with the former enemies recognising common interests. The Soviets refused to return to the Allied Control Council in Berlin, rendering the four-power occupation authority set up at the

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operating within the terms of a three-power occupation statute. The Blockade also helped to unify German politicians in these zones in support of the creation of a West German state; some of them had hitherto been fearful of Soviet opposition. The blockade also increased the perception among many

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Despite the excitement engendered by glamorous publicity extolling the work (and over-work) of the crews and the daily increase of tonnage levels, the airlift was not close to being operated to its capability because USAFE was a tactical organisation without any airlift expertise. Maintenance was

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Far from ideal, with the approach being over Berlin's apartment blocks, the runway nevertheless was a major upgrade to the airport's capabilities. With it in place, the auxiliary runway was upgraded from Marston Matting to asphalt between September and October 1948. A similar upgrade program was

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in that snack bar. They knew we couldn't date them, we had no time. So they were very friendly." Operations officers handed pilots their clearance slips and other information while they ate. With unloading beginning as soon as engines were shut down on the ramp, turnaround before takeoff back to

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had an estimated 36 days worth of food, and 45 days worth of coal. Militarily, the Americans and British were greatly outnumbered because of the postwar scaling back of their armies. The United States, like other Western countries, had disbanded most of its troops and was largely inferior in the

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On 24 June, the Soviets severed land and water connections between the non-Soviet zones and Berlin. That same day, they halted all rail and barge traffic in and out of Berlin. The West answered by introducing a counter-blockade, stopping all rail traffic into East Germany from the British and US

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The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on 10 April 1948, but continued periodically to interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days, while the United States continued supplying its military forces by using cargo aircraft. Some 20 flights a day continued through

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Miller acknowledges that most histories credit Smith with coining the term by dramatically stating: "Hell's Fire! We're hauling grub. Call it Operation Vittles!" However, he states that the origin is "probably more prosaic" and due to Col. William O. Large, Jr., a duty officer in the Operations

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specification B-29 aircraft built through the end of 1947—and a few trained flight and assembly crews were available. Three B-29 groups arrived in Europe in July and August 1948. Despite the intention to signal the threat of the West's ability to retaliate with nuclear weapons if necessary, the

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Based on a minimum daily ration of 1,990 kilocalories (July 1948), the American military government set a total of daily supplies needed at 646 tons of flour and wheat, 125 tons of cereal, 64 tons of fat, 109 tons of meat and fish, 180 tons of dehydrated potatoes, 180 tons of sugar, 11 tons of

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A further factor contributing to the blockade was that there had never been a formal agreement guaranteeing rail and road access to Berlin through the Soviet zone. At the end of the war, western leaders had relied on Soviet goodwill to provide them with access. At that time, the western allies

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radar system (GCA) was flown to Europe for installation at Tempelhof, with a second set installed at Fassberg in the British Zone in West Germany. With the installation of GCA, all-weather airlift operations were assured. November and December 1948 proved to be the worst months of the airlift

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The next day on his approach to Berlin, he rocked the aircraft and dropped some chocolate bars attached to a handkerchief parachute to the children waiting below. Every day after that, the number of children increased and he made several more drops. Soon, there was a stack of mail in Base Ops

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The airlift option critically depended on scale and effectiveness. If the supplies could not be flown in fast enough, Soviet help would eventually be needed to prevent starvation. Clay was told to take advice from General LeMay to see if an airlift was possible. "We can haul anything," LeMay

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Anticipating the introduction of a new currency by the other countries in the non-Soviet zones, the Soviet Union in May 1948 directed its military to introduce its own new currency and to permit only the Soviet currency to be used in their sector of Berlin if the other countries brought in a

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States a legal claim to use of the highways, tunnels, railroads, and canals. Relying on Soviet goodwill after the war, Britain, France, and the United States had never negotiated an agreement with the Soviets to guarantee these land-based rights of access to Berlin through the Soviet zone.

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In response to the announcement of the first of these meetings, in late January 1948, the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to Berlin to check passenger identities. As outlined in an announcement on 7 March 1948, all of the governments present approved the extension of the

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The cost of the airlift was shared between the US, UK, and German authorities in the Western sectors of occupation. Estimated costs range from approximately US$ 224 million to over US$ 500 million (equivalent to approximately $ 2.27 billion to $ 5.07 billion in 2023).

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Having noticed on his first inspection trip to Berlin on 31 July that there were long delays as the flight crews returned to their aircraft after getting refreshments from the terminal, Tunner banned aircrew from leaving their aircraft for any reason while in Berlin. Instead, he equipped

799:, Berlin was also divided into four occupation zones, despite the city's location, 100 miles (160 km) inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany. The United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector. 2864:, the airlift would break all records. To do this, maximum efficiency was needed and so, to simplify cargo-handling, only coal would be airlifted. Coal stockpiles were built up for the effort and maintenance schedules were altered so that the maximum number of aircraft were available. 2268:

a C-47 section. Aircraft were scheduled to take off every four minutes, flying 1,000 feet (300 m) higher than the flight in front. This pattern began at 5,000 feet (1,500 m) and was repeated five times. This system of stacked inbound serials was later dubbed "the ladder".

2600:) in the British sector, boycotted by the members of SED, which had gained 19.8% of the electoral votes in 1946. On 30 November 1948 the SED gathered its elected parliament members and 1,100 further activists and held an unconstitutional so-called "extraordinary city assembly" ( 3679:

The figure of 225 Skymasters—201 from the Air Force and 24 from the Navy—represents only those in Germany at any one time. Another 75 were always in the maintenance pipeline (raised in April 1949 to 100), and 19 more were assigned to the airlift replacement training unit at

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on exports from the entire Eastern bloc, severely hampering the East German economy in particular. The embargo had been exacting a higher toll on the Soviets than the airlift was costing the Western bloc, leading Stalin to recognize the futility of continuing the blockade.

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There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must not be evaluated on that basis… We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe. Whether for good or bad, it has become a symbol of the American

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After a 9 March meeting between Stalin and his military advisers, a secret memorandum was sent to Molotov on 12 March 1948, outlining a plan to force the policy of the western allies into line with the wishes of the Soviet government by "regulating" access to Berlin. The

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June, building up stocks of food against future Soviet actions, so that by the time the blockade began at the end of June, at least 18 days' supply per major food type, and in some types, much more, had been stockpiled that provided time to build up the ensuing airlift.

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The Soviets had an advantage in conventional military forces, but were preoccupied with rebuilding their war-torn economy and society. The US had a stronger navy and air force, and had nuclear weapons. Neither side wanted a war; the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift.

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air forces flew over Berlin more than 250,000 times, dropping necessities such as fuel and food, with the original plan being to lift 3,475 tons of supplies daily. By the spring of 1949, that number was often met twofold, with the peak daily delivery totalling 12,941

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For the second runway at Tegel, heavy equipment was needed to level the ground, equipment that was too large and heavy to fly in on any existing cargo aircraft. The solution was to dismantle large machines and then re-assemble them. Using the five largest American

878:, responded by stopping shipments of dismantled industries from western Germany to the Soviet Union. In response, the Soviets started a public relations campaign against American policy and began to obstruct the administrative work of all four zones of occupation. 3009:

Following the end of the blockade, the western allied powers required the senate of Berlin to stockpile six months worth of food and basic necessities as preparation against a potential second Berlin blockade. The reserves were liquidated following reunification.

2080:, 168 in the troop carrier groups, and 80 Navy R5Ds in miscellaneous commands. Planners calculated that including C-54s already ordered to Germany and drawing on those flying with civilian carriers, 447 Skymasters could be available for an "extreme emergency". 2830:. French military engineers, managing German construction crews, were able to complete the construction in under 90 days. Because of a shortage of heavy equipment, the first runway was mostly built by hand, by thousands of labourers who worked day and night. 2280:

barely adequate, crews were not being efficiently used, transports stood idle and disused, necessary record-keeping was scant, and ad hoc flight crews of publicity-seeking desk personnel were disrupting a business-like atmosphere. This was recognised by the

2589:. Never before this incident had so many Berliners gathered in unity. The resonance worldwide was enormous, notably in the United States, where a strong feeling of solidarity with Berliners reinforced a general widespread determination not to abandon them. 2510:

During the early months of the airlift, the Soviets used various methods to harass allied aircraft. These included buzzing by Soviet planes, obstructive parachute jumps within the corridors, and shining searchlights to dazzle pilots at night. Although the

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Internal Soviet reports in April stated that "Our control and restrictive measures have dealt a strong blow to the prestige of the Americans and British in Germany" and that the Americans have "admitted" that the idea of an airlift would be too expensive.

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stated that the "way appears clear" for the blockade to end. Soon afterwards, the four powers began serious negotiations, and a settlement was reached on Western terms. On 4 May 1949, the Allies announced an agreement to end the blockade in eight days.

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transports, it was possible to fly the machinery into West Berlin. This not only helped to build the airfield, but also demonstrated that the Soviet blockade could not keep anything out of Berlin. The Tegel airfield was subsequently developed into

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The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949, after fifteen months. In total, the USAF delivered 1,783,573 tons and the RAF 541,937 tons, totalling 2,326,406 tons, nearly two-thirds of which was coal, on 278,228 flights to Berlin. The

2803:(pierced steel planking) to soften the surface and help the planking survive. Since this system could not endure through the winter, between July and September 1948 a 1,800-metre (5,900 ft)-long asphalt runway was constructed at Tempelhof. 2549:, the provisional city hall (located on Parochialstraße since all other central municipal buildings had been destroyed in the War), interrupted the parliament's sessions, and menaced its non-Communist members. The Kremlin organised an attempted 2202: 1014:

demanded to know the outcome of the London Conference and, on being told by negotiators that they had not yet heard the final results from their governments, he said, "I see no sense in continuing this meeting, and I declare it adjourned."

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Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof, displaying the names of the 39 British and 31 American airmen who lost their lives during the operation. Similar monuments are located at the military airfield of Wietzenbruch near the former

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The Berlin Blockade served to highlight the competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe. It played a major role in aligning West Berlin with the United States and Britain as the major protecting powers, and in drawing

1978:. He believed that Stalin did not want a war and that Soviet actions were aimed at exerting military and political pressure on the West to obtain concessions, relying on the West's prudence and unwillingness to provoke a war. General 2271:

During the first week, the airlift averaged only ninety tons a day, but by the second week it reached 1,000 tons. This likely would have sufficed had the effort lasted only a few weeks, as originally believed. The Communist press in

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would be introduced, but the Soviets refused to permit its use as legal tender in Berlin. The Allies had already transported 250,000,000 Deutsche marks into the city and it quickly became the standard currency in all four sectors.

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for most of Germany, this act merely formalised what had been an obvious fact for some time, namely, that the four-power control machinery had become unworkable. For the city of Berlin, however, this was an indication for a major

990:), was concluded. Under the London Debts Agreement of 1953, the repayable amount was reduced by 50% to about 15 billion marks and stretched out over 30 years, and compared to the fast-growing German economy were of minor impact. 3228: 2576:

took the microphone and pleaded for his city, "You peoples of the world, you people of America, of England, of France, look on this city, and recognise that this city, this people, must not be abandoned—cannot be abandoned!"

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assumed that the Soviets' refusal to grant any cargo access other than one rail line, limited to ten trains per day, was temporary, but the Soviets refused expansion to the various additional routes that were later proposed.

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after mistakenly landing on a runway under construction. In accordance with the standard procedures then in effect, all incoming transports including Tunner's, arriving every three minutes, were stacked above Berlin by

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noted, "What happens to Berlin, happens to Germany; what happens to Germany, happens to Europe." Berlin had suffered enormous damage; its prewar population of 4.3 million people was reduced to 2.8 million.

965:. While the British and Soviet central administrations were allied institutions, these US zone committees were not OMGUS subdivisions, but instead were autonomous bodies of German self-rule under OMGUS supervision. 2619:

and consisting only of Communists. This arbitrary act had no legal effect in West Berlin, but the Soviet occupants prevented the elected city government for all of Berlin from further acting in the eastern sector.

1986:(USAFE), reportedly favored an aggressive response to the blockade, in which his B-29s with fighter escort would approach Soviet air bases while ground troops attempted to reach Berlin; Washington vetoed the plan. 6196: 3437:

The British used a considerable variety of aircraft types. Many aircraft were either former bombers or civil versions of bombers. In the absence of enough transports, the British chartered many civilian aircraft.

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became Soviet leader in the same year. Khrushchev tried to push Eisenhower on Berlin in 1958–59. The Soviets backed down when Eisenhower's resolve seemed to match that of Truman. When Eisenhower was replaced by

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requirements would remain the same (around 1,500 tons), but the need for additional coal to heat the city dramatically increased the total amount of cargo to be transported by an additional 6,000 tons a day.

2519:, air-to-air fire, rocketing, bombing, and explosions, this is now considered to be exaggerated. None of these measures were effective. Former RAF Dakota pilot Dick Arscott described one "buzzing" incident. " 3644:

Division of Headquarters USAF in the Pentagon. At the time a codename was needed to coordinate activities. Large suggested "Vittles" because of its probable unfamiliarity to the Soviets. (Miller 2000, p. 58)

2324:(CALTF) to control both the USAFE and RAF lift operations from a central location, which went into effect in mid-October 1948. MATS immediately deployed eight squadrons of C-54s—72 aircraft—to Wiesbaden and 2328:

to reinforce the 54 already in operation, the first by 30 July and the remainder by mid-August, and two-thirds of all C-54 aircrew worldwide began transferring to Germany to allot three crews per aircraft.

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to fall, with a record set for the unloading of an entire 10-ton shipment of coal from a C-54 in ten minutes, later beaten when a twelve-man crew unloaded the same quantity in five minutes and 45 seconds.

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Potsdam Conference useless. It has been argued that the events of the Berlin Blockade are proof that the Allies conducted their affairs within a rational framework, since they were keen to avoid war.

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Until the blockade began in 1948, the Truman Administration had not decided whether American forces should remain in West Berlin after the establishment of a West German government, planned for 1949.

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landed on water and were designed to be corrosion-resistant. In winter, when ice covered the Berlin rivers and made the use of flying boats difficult, the British used other aircraft in their place.

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heavy rain showers made radar visibility poor. A C-54 crashed and burned at the end of the runway, and a second one landing behind it burst its tires while trying to avoid it. A third transport

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In the autumn of 1948 it became impossible for the non-Communist majority in Greater Berlin's citywide parliament to attend sessions at city hall within the Soviet sector. The parliament (

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At the same time, Soviet military aircraft began to violate West Berlin airspace and would harass, or what the military called "buzz", flights in and out of West Berlin. On 5 April, a

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After harsh treatment, forced emigration, political repression and the particularly harsh winter of 1945–1946, Germans in the Soviet-controlled zone were hostile to Soviet endeavours.

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at a meeting with Clay on 22 July 1948, when it became clear that a long-term airlift was necessary. Wedemeyer immediately recommended that the deputy commander for operations of the

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resulted in a massive anti-communist protest vote, especially in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Berlin's citizens overwhelmingly elected non-Communist members to its city government.

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delivered 7,968 tons of freight and 6,964 passengers during 2,062 sorties. The C-47s and C-54s together flew over 92,000,000 miles (148,000,000 km) in the process, almost the

2826:) to support its own troops, and they were too small and slow to be of much help. However, France agreed to build a complete, new and larger airport in its sector on the shores of 1104:. The Soviets continued the debasing of the Reichsmark, which had undergone severe inflation during the war, by excessive printing, resulting in many Germans using cigarettes as a 2507:

powers. The Soviets also harassed members of the democratically elected citywide administration, which had to conduct its business in the city hall located in the Soviet sector.

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there, and almost 22 thousand Berliners received their cards until 4 August 1948. The great majority of West Berliners, however, rejected Soviet offers of food and supplies.

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Given the feasibility assessment made by the British, an airlift appeared to be the best course of action. One remaining concern was the population of Berlin. Clay called in

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A fleet of 104 varied transports from 25 civilian companies was integrated into Operation Plainfare and brought in 146,980 tons or 27% of the RAF tonnage (Miller 1998 p. 40)

640:"Berlin Air Bridge") from 26 June 1948 to 30 September 1949 to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin, a difficult feat given the size of the city and the population. 12337: 2779:

To maintain the airlift under these conditions, the current system would have to be greatly expanded. Aircraft were available, and the British started adding their larger

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The city parliament, boycotted by its SED members, then voted for its re-election on 5 December 1948, however, inhibited in the eastern sector and defamed by the SED as a

12282: 12232: 3295:, which could carry up to 10 tons and were faster. These made up a total of 330 aircraft, which made them the most used types. Other American aircraft such as the five 12287: 3657:", a noted British hauling (US="moving") firm. A caustic Soviet jest prompted the change to "Plainfare", a deliberate pun on "plane fare" (airplane/food), on 19 July. 11099: 10278: 1448: 2900:

Base of the Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof with inscription "They gave their lives for the freedom of Berlin in service of the Berlin Airlift 1948/49"

1957:

Soviets possibly knew that none of the bombers were atomic-capable. The first Silverplate bombers only arrived in Europe near the end of the crisis in April 1949.

1675: 2225:. However, unlike the Americans, the British also ran some round-trips, using their southeast corridor. To save time many flights didn't land in Berlin, instead 2006:

about a possible joint airlift, they learned the RAF was already running an airlift in support of British troops in Berlin. General Clay's counterpart, General

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The British asked Canada to contribute planes and crews. It refused, primarily on the grounds that the operation risked war and Canada had not been consulted.

1983: 1680: 1499: 711:

Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation. A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 40

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American planners had privately decided during the war that it would need a strong, allied Germany to assist in the rebuilding of the West European economy.

12277: 12237: 7257: 3131: 11125: 11115: 5452:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

3790: 2446:, who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes, which later became known as "Operation Little Vittles" 2276:

ridiculed the project. It derisively referred to "the futile attempts of the Americans to save face and to maintain their untenable position in Berlin."

1553: 1484: 10921: 10768: 7305: 5582:

Berlin Airport Company – Special Report on Air France's 25th Anniversary at Berlin Tegel, March 1985 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport

3386: 2188:, then returned due west flying out on through the British air corridor. After reaching the British Zone, they turned south to return to their bases. 1037:

ordered a halt to all military trains and required that supplies to the military garrison be transported by air, in what was dubbed the "Little Lift."

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Fenton Jr, Robert. "The Berlin Airlift and the Use of Air Mobility as a Function of U.S. Policy." (Air War College, Air University Maxwell AFB, 2016)

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Operational control of the three Allied air corridors was assigned to BARTCC (Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center) air traffic control located at

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C-54's cargo deck was level, so that a truck could back up to it and offload cargo quickly. The change went into full effect after 28 September 1948.

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river next to Gatow, their corrosion-resistant hulls suited them to the particular task of delivering baking powder and other salt into the city. The

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To coordinate the economies of the British and United States occupation zones, these were combined on 1 January 1947 into what was referred to as the

11839: 3026:, and Berlin became a major escape route. This led to major-power conflict over Berlin that stretched at least from 1946 to the construction of the 11321: 10946: 10895: 8960: 8487: 7237: 3216: 2007: 976:) in the first half of 1948 to discuss the future of Germany, going ahead despite Soviet threats to ignore any resulting decisions. Eventually the 276: 10956: 10774: 10669: 10207: 6804: 6213: 3090:, convinced Western leaders that they had to take swift and decisive measures to strengthen the portions of Germany not occupied by the Soviets. 1739: 2107:, the US Army chief of plans and operations, was in Europe on an inspection tour when the crisis broke out. He had been the commander of the US 12292: 11091: 9670: 9046: 6555: 6364: 2100:

Reuter, although skeptical, assured Clay that Berlin would make all the necessary sacrifices and that the Berliners would support his actions.

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Berlin quickly became the focal point of both US and Soviet efforts to re-align Europe to their respective visions. As Soviet Foreign Minister

6208: 3887: 11078: 1964:, in charge of the US Occupation Zone in Germany, summed up the reasons for not retreating in a cable on June 13, 1948, to Washington, D.C.: 2568:

in the British sector. The airlift was working so far, but many West Berliners feared that the Allies would eventually discontinue it. Then-

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It is interesting to contrast this with Military Airlift Command's hot-war requirements of only 1,600 sorties a day for all of Europe. See

1221: 938: 5487: 11757: 11105: 10867: 10682: 9010: 7897: 6067: 2293: 1489: 1313: 568: 3268: 12257: 11448: 11394: 11358: 10931: 10320: 9000: 3119: 3072: 2292:, command the operation. When Wedemeyer had been the commander of US forces in China during World War II, Tunner, as commander of the 11004: 10941: 10936: 10889: 10298: 9850: 9810: 9428: 9233: 9089: 3244: 1266: 977: 851:

and other leaders told visiting Bulgarian and Yugoslavian delegations in early 1946 that Germany must be both Soviet and communist.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

11747: 11407: 11353: 10951: 10910: 10881: 10453: 8477: 7121: 2281: 5532:

Theodore D. Raphael (1 September 1982). "Integrative Complexity Theory and Forecasting International Crises: Berlin 1946-1962".

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urged Berliners to protest against the actions of the communists. On 9 September 1948 a crowd of 500,000 people gathered at the

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be as large as possible while still able to fly into the Berlin airports. Only one aircraft type was suitable, the four-engined

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Altogether, a total of 692 aircraft were engaged in the Berlin Airlift, more than 100 of which belonged to civilian operators.

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in 1944–45 and he had a detailed knowledge of the previously largest airlift—the World War II American airlift from India over

1600: 1181: 3238:, called Spirit of Freedom, operated as a flying museum. It is owned and operated by the Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation. 3087: 2783:

in November, but maintaining the fleet proved to be a serious problem. Tunner looked to the Germans once again, hiring former

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The US, British and French authorities also agreed to replace their military administrations in their occupation zones with

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to Germany, finalised the economic merger of the western occupation zones in Germany and agreed upon the establishment of a

874:. In 1946 the Soviets stopped delivering agricultural goods from their zone in eastern Germany, and the American commander, 12025: 10659: 9572: 9313: 7807: 7732: 7392: 6992: 5870: 5257: 3443: 2639: 1617: 1434: 1318: 1211: 1176: 791:: the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union (thus re-affirming principles laid out earlier by the 12242: 11865: 11282: 11032: 10585: 10525: 10115: 9629: 9005: 7412: 6545: 3410: 1236: 1216: 9202: 6654: 6582: 4438: 1719: 11860: 11347: 11110: 10971: 10903: 10843: 10637: 10140: 10130: 10046: 9434: 9190: 9094: 8447: 7542: 6520: 6405: 6359: 6354: 6300: 2635: 2569: 1892: 1637: 1508: 1343: 1261: 1191: 1186: 1171: 928: 831: 12252: 12247: 11009: 10999: 10535: 10172: 10009: 9592: 9439: 8179: 7742: 7012: 6953: 6081: 5985: 5928: 5853: 5776: 4106: 3835: 2917: 2757: 1328: 1293: 1231: 1206: 1201: 653:. Among these was the work of the later concurrent Operation Little Vittles in which candy-dropping aircraft dubbed " 429: 6750: 6243: 5419: 3442:(BEA) coordinated all British civil aircraft operations. Apart from BEA itself, the participating airlines included 12183: 11308: 10562: 10391: 10224: 10184: 10063: 9597: 9424: 9305: 9241: 7882: 7877: 7372: 7335: 7064: 6510: 2735: 2542: 2320:

to take over the operation. He revamped the entire airlift operation, reaching an agreement with LeMay to form the

1661: 1429: 1282: 1196: 835: 7560: 7422: 7106: 3398: 2597: 1944:-specification bombs, the only version available to the US military, existed in mid-1948. In March 1948, only 35 " 11509: 11243: 11199: 10595: 10093: 9949: 9512: 9395: 9246: 9185: 8602: 7983: 7912: 7812: 7690: 7462: 7452: 7039: 6426: 3459: 2643: 1856: 1563: 1517: 1303: 1241: 1226: 561: 7377: 7264: 7252: 5233:(Constitution of Berlin ), Berlin (West): Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit Berlin, 1982, pp. 34, 37. 12317: 10979: 10848: 10615: 9256: 8033: 7802: 7382: 7284: 7017: 6461: 6456: 5534: 5369: 3580: 3455: 2739: 2285: 2077: 2076:

equivalent, the R5D, of which the US military had approximately 565, with 268 Air Force and Navy Skymasters in

1781: 1338: 1323: 1272: 795:). These zones were located roughly around the then-current locations of the allied armies. As the seat of the 17: 12000: 7702: 7432: 6943: 6715: 12005: 11694: 11303: 11288: 11223: 11213: 11184: 11174: 10712: 9517: 9266: 8980: 7995: 7948: 7712: 7635: 7367: 5906: 3944:

Daum, Andreas W. (2000). "America's Berlin, 1945‒2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Trommler, Frank (ed.).

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Fifty years ago, a massive airlift into Berlin showed the Soviets that a post-WW II blockade would not work

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To improve air traffic control, which would be critical as the number of flights grew, the newly developed

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aircraft in from Britain in a single hop, bringing the RAF fleet to about 150 Dakotas and 40 of the larger

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transport airplanes, together, flew over 92,000,000 miles (148,000,000 km) in the process, almost the

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Over 17,000 Berliners, working three shifts for slightly over a mark an hour and a hot meal, did the work.

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in the British Sector, and then also returning out on the center corridor, turning for home or landing at

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Young, Ken (January 2007). "US 'Atomic Capability' and the British Forward Bases in the Early Cold War".

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carried out by the British at Gatow during the same period, also adding a second runway, using concrete.

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C-54s stand out against the snow at Wiesbaden Air Base during the Berlin Airlift in the Winter of 1948–49

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different currency there. On 18 June the United States, Britain and France announced that on 21 June the

973: 898: 674: 5711: 5395: 2541:) had been elected under the provisional constitution of Berlin two years earlier (20 October 1946). As 11313: 11298: 11163: 10677: 10019: 9795: 9765: 9730: 9120: 8822: 8043: 8028: 8018: 7872: 7472: 6960: 6763: 6530: 6219: 6026:

The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2000, pp. 49–73

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Pilots came from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa.

2612:) and its democratically elected city councillors to be deposed and replaced it with a new one led by 12327: 12123: 11990: 11911: 11803: 11788: 11778: 11737: 11659: 11624: 11194: 10261: 10088: 10058: 9827: 9051: 8927: 8872: 8692: 7680: 7387: 6948: 6560: 6477: 3823: 3162: 3083: 2701: 2582: 2387:, handing out refreshments to the crews at their aircraft while it was being unloaded. Airlift pilot 2368: 2143:

On 24 June 1948 LeMay appointed Brigadier General Joseph Smith, headquarters commandant for USAFE at

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on 3 May 1949, was saluted by 11,000 US soldiers and dozens of aircraft. Once home, Clay received a

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On 21 April, the tonnage of supplies flown into the city exceeded that previously brought by rail.

2337: 2185: 2181: 2151: 2033: 1052: 859: 820: 666: 31: 10239: 8417: 3953:. The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University. pp. 49–73 3479: 2464: 708:, flew as well. At the height of the airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds. 11798: 11793: 11773: 11664: 11654: 11649: 11629: 11179: 10707: 10024: 9969: 9770: 9482: 9408: 9212: 7907: 7852: 7837: 7777: 7585: 7565: 7325: 7002: 6607: 3553: 2728: 2359: 1831: 1063: 1033:

Soviet commander. Each train and truck was to be searched by the Soviet authorities. On 2 April,

678: 641: 592: 498: 419: 96: 9715: 9361: 6810: 5509:"Occupation of Germany, including the Berlin air lift, cost the UK taxpayer £35 million in 1948" 5244: 2790: 1558: 951:), with the power to legislate for the entire US zone. It created its own central bodies called 11829: 11813: 11752: 11579: 11494: 11438: 10722: 10654: 10590: 10518: 10283: 10036: 9981: 9892: 9815: 9720: 9705: 9449: 8697: 8201: 7595: 7269: 6745: 6505: 6500: 6293: 6087: 5470: 5450: 4312:

Clarks, Delbert (6 April 1948). "Soviet-British Plane Collision Kills 15; Russian Apologizes".

3627: 3623: 3288: 3235: 3167: 2934: 2665: 2469: 2346: 2144: 2104: 2069: 1690: 1590: 1007: 796: 788: 776: 693: 611:. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced 174: 64: 9351: 8907: 3667: 1570: 12302: 11614: 11609: 11484: 11207: 10758: 10741: 10717: 10610: 10605: 10552: 10374: 10342: 10150: 10135: 9725: 9700: 9685: 9532: 9444: 9403: 9217: 9113: 8932: 8216: 8211: 7978: 7867: 7822: 7782: 7717: 7661: 7580: 7362: 7176: 7054: 6972: 6880: 6845: 6755: 6700: 6597: 6438: 4460: 4096: 3619: 3585: 3517: 3345: 3296: 3280: 3190: 3181: 3044: 2835: 2780: 2593: 2553:

for control of all of Berlin through a 6 September takeover of the city hall by SED members.

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By 1 July, the system was getting under way. C-54s were starting to arrive in quantity, and

12188: 11904: 11885: 11704: 11669: 11574: 11549: 11238: 10735: 10687: 10627: 10463: 10384: 10244: 10167: 10125: 10004: 9954: 9939: 9922: 9822: 9710: 9680: 9380: 8472: 8239: 8094: 8048: 7963: 7958: 7757: 7656: 7605: 7600: 7492: 7447: 7402: 7340: 7171: 7146: 7096: 7024: 6938: 6788: 6390: 6369: 6146:(June 1962) Vol. 6, pp. 375–384, summarizes the series of crises 1946 to 1961; online. 3565: 3350: 3303:

45-59595, with a payload of 20 tons—a gigantic load for that time—were only sparsely used.

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plane at Gatow airfield on 19 August with more than 20 tons of flour from the United States

2304:

airlift between India and China, doubling the tonnage and hours flown. USAF Chief of Staff

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O'Connell, Kaete M. "'Uncle Wiggly Wings': Children, chocolates, and the Berlin Airlift."

2613: 8: 12196: 11689: 11639: 11594: 11584: 11569: 11559: 11544: 11524: 11499: 11489: 11479: 11233: 11053: 11043: 10485: 10234: 9927: 9845: 9840: 9790: 9690: 9558: 9497: 9476: 9470: 8917: 8832: 8827: 8727: 8590: 8387: 8271: 8186: 8074: 7927: 7922: 7902: 7887: 7797: 7792: 7697: 7630: 7620: 7532: 7527: 7517: 7417: 7357: 7330: 7156: 7141: 7111: 7089: 6875: 6865: 6592: 6515: 6485: 6469: 4759: 3827: 3451: 3363: 2972: 2889: 2868:

to 8,893 tons per day thereafter. In total, the airlift delivered 234,476 tons in April.

2815: 2616: 2351: 2325: 2173: 2025: 1826: 1055: 941:(OMGUS) encouraged the states in the US zone to form a co-ordinating body, the so-called 783:

on the fate of postwar Europe, calling for the division of defeated Germany, west of the

755:(light beige) was ceded to Poland, while a portion of the easternmost section of Germany 701: 636: 7772: 7685: 4525:

Dawson, R.; Rosecrance, R. (1966). "Theory and Reality in the Anglo-American Alliance".

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and a housing development. In October 2020, the expansion of Schönefeld into the larger

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West-Berlin-only city parliament elected a new city government in West Berlin headed by

1627: 787:, into four temporary occupation zones each one controlled by one of the four occupying 12352: 12297: 12061: 11709: 11684: 11589: 11529: 11504: 11474: 11464: 11063: 11058: 11048: 11038: 10751: 10729: 10249: 10108: 10083: 10053: 10014: 9897: 9740: 9507: 9390: 9071: 8867: 8852: 8777: 8757: 8752: 8737: 8584: 8332: 8084: 7968: 7722: 7625: 7610: 7522: 7512: 7487: 7482: 7247: 7201: 7116: 7101: 7044: 6860: 6783: 6659: 6550: 6540: 5792: 5274: 5192:

BBC Radio 4 programme "The Reunion, The Berlin Airlift," first broadcast 22 August 2014

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Petr Lunak, "Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis: Soviet brinkmanship seen from inside."

30:"Operation Vittles" redirects here. For the 1948 American short documentary film, see 12322: 12011: 11941: 11881: 11644: 11599: 11539: 11514: 11469: 11412: 10649: 10480: 10293: 9880: 9675: 9636: 9492: 9084: 8937: 8882: 8857: 8812: 8742: 8717: 8682: 8672: 8641: 8528: 8412: 8382: 8119: 8109: 8023: 7917: 7762: 7477: 7274: 7131: 7084: 6982: 6933: 6907: 6885: 6725: 6705: 6649: 6637: 6451: 6286: 6249: 6108: 6077: 6038: 5999: 5981: 5952: 5924: 5892: 5866: 5849: 5819: 5813: 5796: 5786: 5772: 5764: 5543: 5253: 5090: 4636: 4554: 4466: 4102: 3831: 3814: 3716: 3559: 3483: 3337: 3094: 3035: 2954: 2664:

political partition of Berlin and replaced the provisional constitution with the new

2545:-controlled policemen looked on passively, Communist-led mobs repeatedly invaded the 2289: 1744: 1670: 1527: 1105: 1045: 1011: 780: 697: 526: 315: 242: 68: 9061: 8732: 5769:

The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945

2957:. At the height of the airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds. 2461:

him how they would know it was him flying over. He replied, "I'll wiggle my wings."

587:(24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the 12018: 11674: 11554: 11519: 11417: 11332: 11327: 10818: 10256: 10219: 10145: 10103: 9999: 9959: 9760: 9755: 9170: 8847: 8772: 8702: 8687: 8667: 8614: 8397: 8392: 8372: 8322: 8312: 8139: 8104: 8089: 8038: 7767: 7707: 7547: 7206: 7186: 6895: 6837: 6831: 6798: 6778: 6768: 6617: 6418: 6410: 6255: 6022:"America's Berlin, 1945‒2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Frank Trommler (ed.), 5815:

The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour

5551: 5466: 5446: 5301: 5119: 4705:"Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation, Air Commodore R N Waite (16017)" 4616: 4534: 3684:, Montana. At its maximum, 312 of the 441 USAF C-54s were committed to the airlift. 3358: 3332: 2963:

A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 40

2811: 2691: 2561: 2404: 2234: 1917: 1537: 1096:

Creation of an economically stable western Germany required reform of the unstable

1087: 1066:, this event exacerbated tensions between the Soviets and the other allied powers. 792: 784: 752: 705: 434: 254: 685:

also conducted flights, but only to provide supplies for their military garrison.

12158: 11742: 11679: 11634: 11534: 10540: 10473: 10369: 10330: 10214: 10157: 10029: 9932: 9830: 9750: 9745: 9695: 9385: 9346: 9066: 8922: 8912: 8897: 8877: 8862: 8837: 8782: 8547: 8515: 8407: 8367: 8129: 8124: 8064: 8005: 7737: 7615: 7442: 7407: 7315: 7310: 7034: 6928: 6535: 6525: 6490: 6446: 6433: 6385: 6228: 6203: 4393:

Thody, Phillip Malcom Waller (2000), "Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949 and 1958–1962",

4269: 3891: 3794: 3744: 3681: 3654: 3040: 2926: 2454: 2362:(IFR) would be in effect at all times, regardless of actual visibility, and each 2305: 2003: 1632: 645: 627: 374: 7029: 5686: 5326: 3071:

was developed into West Berlin's principal airport. During the 1970s and 1980s

2606:) in East Berlin's Metropol-Theater which declared the elected city government ( 2213:

The British ran a similar system, flying southeast from several airports in the

2180:

retained a mix of C-54s and C-47s. Aircraft flew northeast through the American

12051: 11422: 10490: 10468: 10446: 10424: 10419: 9944: 9875: 9805: 9550: 9527: 9522: 8892: 8817: 8807: 8802: 8662: 8402: 8191: 8114: 7842: 7747: 7497: 7437: 7069: 6987: 6890: 6850: 6820: 6720: 6675: 6073: 6052: 5949:

Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe

5083:"Opinion | The 'Candy Bomber' showed that in wartime, kindness is a superpower" 3471: 3312: 3287:. These machines could carry a payload of up to 3.5 tons, but were replaced by 3004: 2964: 2885: 2520: 2478: 2450: 2443: 2433: 2388: 2164: 2015: 1961: 1841: 1652: 1048: 1034: 875: 712: 654: 265: 161: 5123: 4704: 4689: 2975:. Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation. 2916:

reported a willingness by the Soviets to lift the blockade. The next day, the

2896: 2438: 2380: 12211: 12107: 12066: 12046: 11946: 10632: 10409: 9537: 9371: 9056: 8902: 8797: 8762: 8747: 8707: 8249: 8079: 7817: 7727: 7590: 7570: 7457: 7218: 7196: 7161: 6740: 6735: 6690: 6612: 6572: 6321: 5809: 5547: 5302:"Berlin blockade | Overview, Significance, History, & Facts | Britannica" 5094: 4620: 3497: 3429: 2819: 2642:

19.4% (= 26 seats), and the Liberal-Demokratische Partei (LDP, merged in the

2586: 1975: 1913: 1851: 1714: 1642: 1595: 1379: 1114: 1091: 995: 847: 612: 608: 354: 149: 12153: 6112: 5876:

Larson, Deborah Welch. "The Origins of Commitment: Truman and West Berlin,"

3098:

Europeans that the Soviets posed a danger, helping to prompt the entry into

1999:

responded, after initially taken aback by the inquiry, "Can you haul coal?"

760: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12087: 10621: 10557: 10098: 9251: 9148: 9136: 8842: 8792: 8722: 8712: 8566: 8554: 8541: 8347: 8174: 7675: 6923: 6773: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6328: 6119: 6019: 5944: 5832: 3569: 3537: 3532: 3317: 3292: 3284: 3185: 3171: 3082:

The Soviets' contravention by the blockade of the agreement reached by the

3064: 3023: 3019: 2672:

restricted to the western sectors only, also renaming city parliament from

2654: 2573: 2241: 2230: 2088: 2084: 2049: 1979: 1308: 1134: 1083: 815: 764: 756: 748: 724: 600: 596: 447: 443: 424: 407: 386: 237: 223: 136: 5966: 5555: 4155:" (Economic Growth Center, Yale University, 2004) pp. 17, 20–21, 27–28, 30 2991:. Diplomatic approval was granted by a four-power organisation called the 867: 12163: 12102: 12097: 12056: 10513: 10441: 10357: 10177: 9902: 9300: 8887: 8492: 8462: 8317: 8307: 8206: 8069: 7862: 7351: 7181: 7166: 6977: 6825: 6793: 6680: 6495: 6400: 6339: 6069:

Airbridge to Berlin: The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath

5423: 3076: 3056: 3027: 2800: 2526: 2500: 2273: 2237: 1945: 1936: 1771: 1761: 1411: 1370: 1348: 802: 616: 468: 463: 459: 211: 92: 58: 6107:. Scott Air Force Base IL: Office of History, Military Airlift Command. 5114:

Michael Laird, "Wars averted: Chanak 1922, Burma 1945–47, Berlin 1948."

4628: 4098:

The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present

2392: 12148: 12092: 10600: 10508: 10414: 10347: 10120: 8646: 8357: 8327: 8281: 8196: 8164: 8156: 8099: 7787: 7502: 7191: 7079: 6685: 4546: 3475: 3327: 2827: 2742: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2457: 2191: 2135: 1734: 1612: 1097: 999: 10436: 7300: 5863:

Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War

3122:

in Brandenburg. As a result of the development of these two airports,

2904:

Near the start of the blockade, the Western powers had established an

2358:

As a result of Black Friday, Tunner instituted a number of new rules;

2040:

The postwar demobilisation left the US forces in Europe with only two

1018:

The entire Soviet delegation rose and walked out. Truman later noted,

807: 12038: 10266: 9885: 9735: 9290: 9153: 8942: 8787: 8636: 8609: 8422: 8377: 8286: 8254: 8234: 8226: 7555: 7345: 6240:– A 1948 film about the airlift, told from the British point of view. 3634:, Germany. In all, about 90 conventionally-armed B-29s were assigned. 3467: 3378: 3322: 3127: 2988: 2784: 2384: 2317: 2218: 2177: 2116: 2057: 1622: 1424: 1059: 962: 871: 716: 199: 6197:

Memorandum for the President: The Situation in Germany, 23 July 1948

4538: 2717: 2229:

material, such as coal, into the airfields. On 6 July the Yorks and

12082: 10642: 10580: 10352: 10271: 8521: 8362: 8259: 8134: 7953: 7857: 6997: 6855: 6309: 4839:"Operation Pelican: The Australian Air Force in the Berlin Airlift" 4153:

Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement

2971:

member was killed in an aircraft crash at Lübeck while attached to

2301: 2226: 2112: 1796: 1494: 743: 588: 50: 7641:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

6209:

Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success

6181: 6137:

The Berlin Airlift: The Relief Operation that Defined the Cold War

5396:"RAAF Participation in Berlin Airlift 1948–49 – Operation Pelican" 4152: 3884:

Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success

2592:

Berlin's parliament decided to meet instead in the canteen of the

2585:

then intervened and pointedly pushed the Soviet MPs back with his

2018:

had calculated the resources required to support the entire city.

11927: 9336: 9295: 8467: 8352: 8342: 8291: 7832: 6577: 6060:

The Berlin Airlift: The World's Largest Ever Air Supply Operation

5349: 5347: 2249: 2222: 2214: 2061: 1941: 1474: 1418: 1375: 969: 863: 826:

In the eastern zone, the Soviet authorities forcibly unified the

661: 508: 6033:

Defrance, Corine; Greiner, Bettina; Pfeil, Ulrich, eds. (2018),

9105: 8535: 8337: 8276: 7211: 5485: 4876:. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. p. 33. 3782: 3780: 3478:(which used their Lancaster tankers to deliver aviation fuel), 2861: 2550: 2363: 919: 604: 187: 6264:"Candy Bomber rededicates Frankfurt's Berlin Airlift Memorial" 6173:– A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift. 5344: 3446:(BOAC) and most British independent airlines of that era—e.g. 9020: 8976:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

8482: 8265: 6344: 5220:

MacDonogh, G "After the Reich" John Murray London 2007 p. 533

3132:

Bundeswehr Museum of Military History – Berlin-Gatow Airfield

2512: 2408: 2253: 2209:

1950s film by the British Government about the Berlin airlift

1287: 650: 5971:, Duell, Sloan and Pearce (USAF History and Museums Program) 3777: 2684:(House of Representatives of Berlin), city government (from 884: 12228:

Non-combat military operations involving the United Kingdom

11951: 8560: 8442: 6334: 6278: 3099: 2913: 2245: 1333: 1298: 1161: 968:

Representatives of these three governments, along with the

927:

when France joined on 1 August 1948). After March 1946 the

732: 728: 12223:

Non-combat military operations involving the United States

11896: 6035:

Die Berliner Luftbrücke. Erinnerungsort des Kalten Krieges

3853:"La France et la crise internationale du blocus de Berlin" 3540:

about the experiences of some Americans during the airlift

2967:

and 31 Americans, mostly due to non-flying accidents. One

2668:, meant for all Berlin, with effect of 1 October 1950 and 9015: 8995: 8990: 5134:

Wetzlaugk U. Berliner Blokade 1948/49. Berlin, 1998. S.54

3562:, chairman of the East German administration at the time 293:

39 British, 31 Americans killed and 1 Australian killed

3063:

had become too short to accommodate the new-generation

2941:

there was ample time to restart the airlift if needed.

2937:, and was honoured with a medal from President Truman. 2427: 2396:

Rhein-Main or Wiesbaden was reduced to thirty minutes.

1912:

The day after the 18 June 1948 announcement of the new

1027: 112:

West Berlin remains under the control of Western Allies

5370:"Germany remembers Berlin airlift on 60th anniversary" 3141: 3138:

was completed, making Tegel mostly redundant as well.

2087:, the mayor-elect of Berlin, accompanied by his aide, 803:

Soviet zone and the Allies' rights of access to Berlin

5865:(2012), University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY, 4252:

Clarks, Delbert (2 April 1948). "Clay Halts Trains".

1756:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

1062:, killing all aboard both aircraft. Later dubbed the 747:

The red area of Germany (above) is Soviet controlled

593:

multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany

11980: 6032: 5252:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 110–111. 3772:

The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society

2424:

to the lift. Supplies improved to 5,000 tons a day.

909: 681:

air crews assisted the RAF during the blockade. The

603:' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of 12338:

20th-century history of the United States Air Force

6251:

Berlin Air Lift (Outtakes From "Operation Vittles")

5914:, US Government printing office, 1998-433-155/92107 5889:

The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War

5531: 3079:and communist fortifications for western citizens. 2010:, was ready with some concrete numbers. During the 1010:(ACC) met for the last time on 20 March 1948, when 12233:Non-combat military operations involving Australia 6254:is available for free viewing and download at the 6187:Luftbruecke: Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin 6182:The Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation's Website 3857:Histoire, économie et société; Volume 13; numéro 1 3813: 3653:The original code name for the RAF operation was " 3102:of Portugal, Iceland, Italy, Denmark, and Norway. 2515:reported 733 separate harassing events, including 1995:claim that cargo aircraft were a military threat. 6216:Royal Engineers and the Cold War (Berlin Airlift) 4860:In Defence of Canada: volume 4: Growing Up Allied 3514:, 1963 novel by Leon Uris chronicling the airlift 2581:ended up in more bloodshed, but a British deputy 657:" generated much goodwill among German children. 12209: 9580: 8961:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 6065: 5716:, Flight International, 7 November 1968, p. 742" 4979: 4969: 4967: 4885: 4883: 4524: 4462:The Berlin Airlift: Breaking the Soviet Blockade 838:, claiming at the time that it would not have a 660:Having initially concluded there was no way the 7398:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 6805:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 5242: 3850: 3746:Air Force Story, The Cold War, 1948–1950 (1953) 2818:, so it could only bring up a few French built 2371:C-47s, which made truck loading difficult. The 12283:Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations 4836: 4602: 4600: 4386: 4305: 2925:retirement had been announced by US President 1121: 775:From 17 July to 2 August 1945, the victorious 738: 12288:Soviet Union–United States military relations 11912: 9851:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 9566: 9121: 6294: 6066:Giangreco, D. M.; Griffin, Robert E. (1988). 5921:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 5908:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 5438: 5420:"The Berlin Airlift – Die Luftbrücke 1948–49" 5246:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 4964: 4952: 4880: 4245: 3045:tried again, with essentially the same result 2933:in New York City, was invited to address the 2707: 2638:gaining 64.5% of the votes (= 76 seats), the 2411:near Berlin unloading salt during the airlift 1893: 562: 10775:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 9037:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6588:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 6102: 5843: 5747: 5735: 5661:"An Era Ends with Closing of Berlin Airport" 5595: 5593: 5584:, Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1985 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 4900: 4898: 4518: 4101:. Cornell University Press. pp. 63–67. 3668:"The Cognitive Dynamics of Computer Science" 3544:Deutsche Mark § Currency reform of June 1948 3279:In the early days, the Americans used their 2695: 2685: 2673: 2629: 2607: 2603:außerordentliche Stadtverordnetenversammlung 2601: 2536: 2139:Loading milk on a West Berlin-bound aircraft 1126: 985: 956: 946: 939:Office of Military Government, United States 932: 12238:20th-century history of the Royal Air Force 7898:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5978:The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 4597: 4508: 4506: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4211: 4209: 4184: 4182: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4135: 4133: 4120: 4118: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 3500:/3m which were operated briefly by France. 2675:Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß-Berlin 2660:West Berlin's parliament accounted for the 2538:Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß-Berlin 2391:later noted, "he put some beautiful German 2195:Germans watching supply planes at Tempelhof 2154:with an estimate of the current situation: 11919: 11905: 9573: 9559: 9128: 9114: 9001:United States involvement in regime change 6556:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6301: 6287: 5605: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4606: 4057: 4055: 4042: 4040: 3970: 3968: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3774:. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. p. 828. 3013: 1989: 1900: 1886: 1109:the currency that they issued themselves. 569: 555: 12343:Germany–United Kingdom military relations 10299:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6262:McFadden, SSG Joe W. (28 November 2016). 6103:Launius, Roger D.; Cross, Coy F. (1989). 5938:The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift 5886: 5763: 5647: 5629: 5590: 5284: 5282: 5195: 4895: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4479: 3927: 3925: 3894:, Major Gregory C. Tine, Army Logistician 2912:On 15 April 1949, the Soviet news agency 2758:Learn how and when to remove this message 2002:When American forces consulted Britain's 978:London Agreement on German External Debts 885:Focus on Berlin and the elections of 1946 12348:Germany–United States military relations 9272:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 6261: 6105:MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift 5465: 5445: 5355:The Berlin Airlift – Facts & Figures 5137: 4917:MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift 4784: 4782: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4573: 4561: 4503: 4491: 4402: 4369: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4206: 4179: 4158: 4130: 4115: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3428:Handley Page Hastings on display at the 3075:had its own crossing points through the 2895: 2878: 2814:, meanwhile, had become involved in the 2789: 2463: 2437: 2398: 2331: 2217:area through their second corridor into 2198: 2190: 2134: 2048:transports (the military version of the 2024: 814: 806: 742: 165: 12278:Germany–Soviet Union military relations 10454:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 7127:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 5965:Tunner, LTG (USAF) William H. (1998) , 5784: 5488:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 5180: 4921: 4585: 4233: 4076: 4052: 4037: 3965: 3897: 3120:Berlin-Schönefeld International Airport 2995:, also located in the American sector. 2770: 2282:United States National Security Council 14: 12210: 9376:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 8971:Russian espionage in the United States 7243:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6037:(in German), Berlin: Christoph Links, 5993: 5975: 5964: 5918: 5904: 5839:, New York: Cambridge University Press 5808: 5635: 5611: 5599: 5288: 5279: 5208: 5168: 5156: 5069: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5021: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4958: 4946: 4904: 4889: 4871: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4773: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4728: 4674: 4668: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4512: 4497: 4485: 4458: 4425: 4380: 4363: 4340: 4328: 4311: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4194: 4188: 4173: 4139: 4124: 4061: 4046: 4031: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3931: 3922: 3916: 3878: 3876: 3874: 2874: 2472:dropping candy over Berlin, c. 1948/49 719:, mostly due to non-flying accidents. 12293:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 11900: 11382: 11144: 10806: 9610: 9554: 9342:1949 East German State Railway strike 9314:World Federation of Democratic Youth 9109: 8966:Soviet espionage in the United States 7122:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 6901:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 6566:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6282: 6142:Windsor, Philip. "The Berlin Crises" 5943: 5844:Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980), 5658: 5486:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 5063: 5027: 5015: 4991: 4794: 4779: 4767: 4734: 4722: 4643: 4392: 4221: 4094: 3576:1949 East German State Railway strike 3050: 2623: 2176:became exclusively a C-54 hub, while 2014:in April 1948, British Air Commodore 1100:German currency introduced after the 904: 83:24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949 (323 days) 9213:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 9042:Soviet Union–United States relations 7393:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6024:Berlin: The New Capital in the East. 5831: 5659:Hebel, Christina (30 October 2008). 5623: 5269:from the original on 26 March 2020. 4874:The World That Came in from the Cold 3943: 3806: 3626:were deployed to England, while the 3444:British Overseas Airways Corporation 3018:Millions of East Germans escaped to 2982: 2740:adding citations to reliable sources 2711: 2690:(City Council of Greater Berlin) to 2678:(City Council of Greater Berlin) to 1435:World Federation of Democratic Youth 1028:April Crisis and the Little Air Lift 961:) headed by a secretariat seated in 9006:Soviet involvement in regime change 5848:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 4940: 4910: 4746: 4284: 4262: 3947:Berlin: The New Capital in the East 3871: 3786:Smoler, Fredric (April/May 2003). " 3670:, John Wiley and Sons, 2006, p. 213 3142:Aircraft used in the Berlin Airlift 2493: 2484: 2316:On 28 July 1948, Tunner arrived in 2120:in September 1948, was designated " 24: 10141:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 10131:Assassination of James A. Garfield 9435:Sovietization of the Baltic states 9047:Soviet Union–United States summits 6521:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6406:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 6013: 5923:, Texas A&M University Press, 5883:13#1 Winter 2011, pp. 180–212 4085:, "Background on Conflict" chapter 3549:East German mark § Currency reform 3126:was closed in October 2008, while 3055:In the late 1950s, the runways at 1984:United States Air Forces in Europe 1509:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 1077: 843:were removed to the Soviet Union. 27:USSR blockade of Berlin, 1948–1949 25: 12364: 12258:Diplomatic crises of the Cold War 10173:Assassination of William McKinley 9306:World Federation of Trade Unions 7808:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7743:United States invasion of Grenada 7013:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 6954:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 6266:. 52d Fighter Wing Public Affairs 6150: 5996:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 4439:"Berlin 1948–1949 A Divided City" 2998: 2130: 1952:bombers—just over half of the 65 910:Moves towards a West German state 622:The Western Allies organised the 430:Bombing of Berlin in World War II 11960: 11880: 11871: 11870: 11835: 11834: 10392:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 10185:Nadir of American race relations 10064:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 9523:January 1991 events in Lithuania 9181:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 9135: 7883:United States invasion of Panama 7733:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7373:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7336:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7306:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7238:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 7065:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 6993:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6511:Restatement of Policy on Germany 5818:, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 5741: 5729: 5704: 5679: 5652: 5641: 5617: 5575: 5562: 5525: 5501: 5412: 5388: 5362: 5327:"A Record in the Berlin Airlift" 3687: 3556:, American medal for the airlift 3432:(Allied Museum), Berlin, Germany 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3371: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3146: 3109: 3088:Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 3034:became US president in 1953 and 2854: 2716: 1430:World Federation of Trade Unions 1143: 700:. British transports, including 325: 270: 259: 248: 236: 216: 204: 192: 180: 167: 154: 142: 129: 57: 12313:1948 in international relations 12308:1949 in international relations 10094:First transcontinental railroad 9247:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 8603:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7984:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7913:Fall of the inner German border 7813:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 7463:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 7453:Spanish transition to democracy 7413:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 7040:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 6546:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6427:Occupation of the Baltic states 5714:One-Eleven 500 into service ... 5319: 5294: 5236: 5223: 5214: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5128: 5108: 5075: 4865: 4852: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4697: 4609:Journal of Contemporary History 4452: 4431: 4145: 4088: 4067: 3937: 3673: 3660: 3647: 3637: 3612: 3460:Lancashire Aircraft Corporation 2727:needs additional citations for 2694:, and head of government (from 2311: 751:. German territory east of the 425:Deportation of Jews from Berlin 7383:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 7018:Mozambican War of Independence 6457:Indonesian National Revolution 5951:, Princeton University Press, 5535:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5357:, National Cold War Exhibition 3844: 3765: 3737: 3709: 3603: 3456:British South American Airways 2955:distance from Earth to the Sun 2286:Military Air Transport Service 972:nations, met twice in London ( 858:The Soviets also granted only 731:orbit several years later in 698:distance from Earth to the Sun 13: 1: 9528:January 1991 events in Latvia 9518:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9267:Socialist Republic of Romania 9242:People's Republic of Bulgaria 9234:People's Republic of Albania 9203:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 8981:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 7996:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7949:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 7671:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 7636:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7368:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 6655:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 6583:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5756: 4837:Dr Chris Clark (March 2008). 3820:South Africa: a country study 3788:Where Berlin and America Meet 3695:government-owned corporations 3511:Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin 3196:Lockheed C-121A Constellation 3118:was joined by a re-developed 2646:in 1949) 16.1% (= 17 seats). 2598:Technische Universität Berlin 2308:endorsed the recommendation. 1872:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 836:Socialist Unity Party ("SED") 12263:Allied occupation of Germany 11262:Hispanic and Latino American 10116:Second Industrial Revolution 9950:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 9656:Exploration of North America 9582:History of the United States 9513:Collapse of the Soviet Union 9503:Fall of communism in Albania 7974:Fall of communism in Albania 7944:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 7893:Polish Round Table Agreement 7233:1968 Polish political crisis 7050:Eritrean War of Independence 6816:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6711:East German uprising of 1953 6643:Chinese Communist Revolution 6308: 5998:, Rowman & Littlefield, 5976:Turner, Henry Ashby (1987), 5480:American Antiquarian Society 5460:American Antiquarian Society 5116:Journal of Strategic Studies 4203:, "Eye of the Storm" chapter 3718:Journey Across Berlin (1961) 3703: 3591: 3568:, 15-year-old killed by the 3404:Short Sunderland flying boat 3283:or its civilian counterpart 2322:Combined Air Lift Task Force 2096:will be heavily in approval. 1867:Fall of communism in Albania 1822:Polish Round Table Agreement 1777:Cuban intervention in Angola 1000:federal system of government 392:Assassination of Talat Pasha 7: 11926: 10786:Indictments of Donald Trump 9977:First Industrial Revolution 9811:Declaration of Independence 9801:Second Continental Congress 9488:End of communism in Hungary 9257:Hungarian People's Republic 7848:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 7576:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7321:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7285:New People's Army rebellion 7280:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7008:Angolan War of Independence 6871:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 6751:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6396:Jamaican political conflict 5919:Miller, Roger Gene (2000), 5905:Miller, Roger Gene (1998), 5887:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2008), 5879:Journal of Cold War Studies 5359:. Retrieved 2 January 2013 4095:Layne, Christopher (2007). 3503: 3274:Lockheed C-69 Constellation 3158:Consolidated B-24 Liberator 3153:Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter 2681:Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin 2531:in the municipal government 1255:Allied and satellite states 1122:Start of the Berlin Airlift 953:joint interstate committees 819:The only three permissible 739:Postwar division of Germany 509:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 12369: 12243:Cold War history of Berlin 11383: 11145: 10807: 10678:Killing of Osama bin Laden 9766:First Continental Congress 9611: 9252:German Democratic Republic 8044:Sino-Indian border dispute 7873:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 7803:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 7561:1976 Argentine coup d'état 7473:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7423:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 7107:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 7075:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 6764:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 6531:Asian Relations Conference 6192:Agreement to divide Berlin 5626:, pp. 2, 5, 7, 38‒41. 5229:Cf. articles 25 and 40 of 3581:Berlin Crisis of 1958-1959 3338:Bristol Type 170 Freighter 3306: 3136:Berlin Brandenburg Airport 3002: 2969:Royal Australian Air Force 2951:Royal Australian Air Force 2848:ground-controlled approach 2708:Winter 1948 to spring 1949 2431: 2428:"Operation Little Vittles" 2258:Royal Australian Air Force 1081: 862:for access to Berlin from 828:Communist Party of Germany 335:Margraviate of Brandenburg 295:15 German civilians killed 29: 12141: 12124:American Air Mail Society 12116: 12075: 12037: 11973: 11958: 11934: 11856: 11822: 11766: 11730: 11718: 11457: 11431: 11393: 11389: 11378: 11151: 11140: 10813: 10802: 10668: 10571: 10499: 10400: 10311: 10262:Wall Street Crash of 1929 10193: 10074: 10059:Emancipation Proclamation 9990: 9913: 9861: 9828:Articles of Confederation 9781: 9666:Native American epidemics 9646: 9621: 9617: 9606: 9588: 9463: 9440:Information dissemination 9417: 9367:1956 Hungarian Revolution 9357:1953 East German uprising 9325: 9283: 9226: 9163: 9143: 9080: 9029: 8951: 8928:William Appleman Williams 8873:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 8655: 8627: 8576: 8508: 8501: 8435: 8300: 8225: 8155: 8148: 8057: 8004: 7936: 7649: 7388:Bangladesh Liberation War 7378:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7293: 7265:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7253:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 6916: 6691:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 6668: 6378: 6316: 5980:, Yale University Press, 5231:Die Verfassung von Berlin 5124:10.1080/01402399608437643 5118:(1996) 19#3 pp. 343–364. 3824:Federal Research Division 3803:. Retrieved 29 July 2010. 3222:Douglas C-74 Globemasters 3163:Consolidated PBY Catalina 3084:London 6-Power Conference 2702:Governing Mayor of Berlin 2687:Magistrat von Groß-Berlin 2109:China Burma India Theater 2036:during the Berlin Airlift 1950:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1792:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 1127:Beginning of the blockade 987:Londoner Schuldenabkommen 974:London 6-Power Conference 811:Sectors of divided Berlin 282: 229: 122: 75: 56: 48: 43: 12253:1949 in military history 12248:1948 in military history 11748:Northern Mariana Islands 10321:Strike wave of 1945–1946 9425:Emigration and defection 9262:Polish People's Republic 7703:1980 Turkish coup d'état 7538:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7508:1978 Somali coup attempt 7468:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7433:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7258:Revolutionary Government 7152:South African Border War 6944:1960 Turkish coup d'état 6861:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 6716:1953 Iranian coup d'état 6696:1952 Egyptian revolution 6223:US Department of Defense 5994:Wettig, Gerhard (2008), 5748:Eglin & Ritchie 1980 5736:Eglin & Ritchie 1980 5687:"Home of Eagle – G-AJBL" 5243:Roger G. Miller (2008). 4872:Partos, Gabriel (1993). 4621:10.1177/0022009407071626 4465:. Capstone. p. 36. 4459:Burgan, Michael (2008). 3851:Jacques Bariéty (1994). 3596: 3560:Heinrich Rau § 1945–1949 3496:Other aircraft included 3440:British European Airways 3177:Douglas C-74 Globemaster 2993:Berlin Air Safety Center 2150:On 27 June, Clay cabled 1613:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 1053:British European Airways 1051:fighter collided with a 846:In a June 1945 meeting, 32:Operation Vittles (film) 11283:Middle Eastern American 11100:Technology and industry 9970:Seneca Falls Convention 9771:Continental Association 9671:Settlement of Jamestown 9483:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9409:1981 protests in Kosovo 9347:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 7908:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7853:People Power Revolution 7838:Central American crisis 7778:1986 Black Sea incident 7428:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7326:Western Sahara conflict 7137:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7060:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7003:Portuguese Colonial War 6966:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 6731:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6608:Annexation of Hyderabad 6551:1947–1949 Palestine war 5785:Canwell, Diane (2008), 3890:16 January 2007 at the 3815:"5 – National Security" 3554:Medal for Humane Action 3526:Navy Occupation Service 3014:Berlin crises 1946–1962 2655:Lord Mayor Ernst Reuter 2649:On 7 December the new, 2360:instrument flight rules 2264:to the British effort. 1990:Decision for an airlift 1857:End of the Soviet Union 1832:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1392: (until 1948) 1367: (until 1977) 1356: (until 1989) 1290: (until 1961) 1269: (until 1961) 899:Local elections in 1946 832:Social Democratic Party 821:air corridors to Berlin 499:Fall of the Berlin Wall 420:Welthauptstadt Germania 63:West Berliners watch a 11403:Admission to the Union 10769:Afghanistan withdrawal 10764:January 6 insurrection 10683:Rise in mass shootings 10655:Virginia Tech shooting 10208:Paris Peace Conference 9982:Second Great Awakening 9721:American Enlightenment 8202:Neoclassical economics 7713:Gulf of Sidra incident 7270:1969 Libyan revolution 6961:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 6746:1954 Geneva Conference 6506:Turkish straits crisis 6501:Corfu Channel incident 6214:Royal Engineers Museum 6062:(Pen and Sword, 2019). 5861:Harrington, Daniel F. 5771:, Simon and Schuster, 4151:Timothy W. Guinnane, " 3793:28 August 2008 at the 3301:YC-97A Stratofreighter 3262:Fairchild XC-82 Packet 3250:Boeing Stratofreighter 3236:Douglas C-54 Skymaster 3168:Douglas C-54 Skymaster 2945:civilian or military. 2901: 2893: 2795: 2696: 2686: 2674: 2666:Constitution of Berlin 2630: 2608: 2602: 2537: 2473: 2470:Douglas C-54 Skymaster 2447: 2412: 2341: 2210: 2196: 2170: 2140: 2098: 2037: 1971: 1546:Protests and uprisings 1102:1920s German inflation 1025: 1008:Allied Control Council 986: 957: 947: 933: 823: 812: 797:Allied Control Council 772: 291:In aircraft accidents: 230:Commanders and leaders 65:Douglas C-54 Skymaster 12318:Airbridge (logistics) 12184:Humber-Sommer biplane 11395:Territorial evolution 10759:George Floyd Protests 10742:Unite the Right rally 10611:Oklahoma City bombing 10606:Republican Revolution 10553:Space Shuttle program 10375:Civil Rights Movement 10343:North Atlantic Treaty 10151:Sherman Antitrust Act 10136:Chinese Exclusion Act 9726:French and Indian War 9716:Prelude to Revolution 9701:First Great Awakening 9661:European colonization 9533:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9052:Russia–NATO relations 8933:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8217:Democratic capitalism 8212:Supply-side economics 8180:American conservatism 7979:Breakup of Yugoslavia 7868:Bougainville conflict 7783:South Yemen civil war 7718:Martial law in Poland 7581:Nicaraguan Revolution 7556:Dirty War (Argentina) 7363:1971 JVP insurrection 7177:Years of Lead (Italy) 7055:North Yemen civil war 6973:Berlin Crisis of 1961 6949:Albanian–Soviet split 6881:1959 Tibetan uprising 6846:Syrian Crisis of 1957 6701:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 6561:1948 Arab–Israeli War 6132:25.2 (2017): 142–159. 5765:Beschloss, Michael R. 4690:spiritoffreedom.org: 3586:Berlin Crisis of 1961 3518:Berlin Airlift Device 3486:and Ciro's Aviation. 3476:Flight Refuelling Ltd 3346:Handley Page Hastings 3342:Douglas DC-3 (Dakota) 3210:Douglas C-47 Skytrain 3191:Fairchild C-82 Packet 3182:Douglas C-47 Skytrain 2899: 2882: 2793: 2781:Handley Page Hastings 2594:Technische Hochschule 2564:, next to the ruined 2467: 2441: 2432:Further information: 2402: 2335: 2298:Air Transport Command 2208: 2194: 2156: 2138: 2093: 2028: 1966: 1862:Post-Soviet conflicts 1847:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1750:Albanian–Soviet split 1461:Anti-Soviet partisans 1404:Related organizations 1082:Further information: 1020: 982:London Debt Agreement 818: 810: 763:, was annexed by the 746: 480:Berlin Crisis of 1961 365:Free State of Prussia 283:Casualties and losses 11309:Palestinian American 10736:Obergefell v. Hodges 10628:September 11 attacks 10464:Second-wave feminism 10385:Cuban Missile Crisis 10245:Bath School disaster 10163:Spanish–American War 10126:The Gospel of Wealth 10005:California Gold Rush 9965:Mexican–American War 9955:Nullification crisis 9923:Era of Good Feelings 9823:Confederation period 9731:Proclamation of 1763 9681:Atlantic slave trade 9381:1970 Polish protests 9362:1956 Poznań protests 9227:Soviet-allied states 8473:Non-Aligned Movement 8095:Peaceful coexistence 8049:North Borneo dispute 7964:German reunification 7959:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 7657:Salvadoran Civil War 7606:Grand Mosque seizure 7601:Yemenite War of 1979 7493:Mozambican Civil War 7448:Carnation Revolution 7403:Yemenite War of 1972 7341:1970 Polish protests 7172:1967 Hong Kong riots 7147:Argentine Revolution 7097:Guatemalan Civil War 7025:Cuban Missile Crisis 6939:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6811:1956 Poznań protests 6789:Geneva Summit (1955) 6391:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6370:Non-Aligned Movement 6158:"The Berlin Airlift" 6125:(John Murray, 2021). 5936:Schrader, Helena P. 5691:www.britisheagle.net 4272:. PlaneCrashInfo.com 3566:Wolfgang Scheunemann 3351:Handley Page Halifax 3043:in 1961, Khrushchev 3032:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2841:Berlin Tegel Airport 2771:Preparing for winter 2736:improve this article 2527:Attempted Communist 2481:" or candy bombers. 2294:India-China Division 2091:. Clay told Reuter: 1842:Barricades in Latvia 1787:1980 Moscow Olympics 1767:Cuban Missile Crisis 980:, also known as the 702:Handley Page Haltons 493:Tear down this wall! 486:Ich bin ein Berliner 11967:Curtis "Jenny" JN-4 11758:U.S. Virgin Islands 11244:Lithuanian American 11200:Vietnamese American 10546:End of the Cold War 10536:Invasion of Grenada 10486:Iran hostage crisis 10235:Tulsa race massacre 10042:Election of Lincoln 10037:Dred Scott decision 10025:Kansas–Nebraska Act 9928:Missouri Compromise 9846:Northwest Ordinance 9836:Pennsylvania Mutiny 9831:and Perpetual Union 9791:American Revolution 9706:War of Jenkins' Ear 9498:Romanian revolution 9471:Revolutions of 1989 9352:1953 Plzeň uprising 8918:Alex von Tunzelmann 8908:Vladimir Tismăneanu 8833:Thomas J. McCormick 8828:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 8728:Robert Hugh Ferrell 8591:Crusade for Freedom 8388:Illiberal democracy 8272:Ho Chi Minh Thought 8075:Eisenhower Doctrine 7928:Peaceful Revolution 7923:Romanian Revolution 7903:Revolutions of 1989 7888:1988 Polish strikes 7798:Operation INFEKTION 7793:1987 Lieyu massacre 7698:Eritrean Civil Wars 7681:Peruvian Revolution 7631:1979 Herat uprising 7621:Sino-Vietnamese War 7586:Uganda–Tanzania War 7566:Egyptian–Libyan War 7533:Third Indochina War 7528:Sino-Albanian split 7518:Ethiopian Civil War 7418:Eritrean Civil Wars 7358:Ping-pong diplomacy 7331:Cambodian Civil War 7157:Korean DMZ Conflict 7142:Cultural Revolution 7112:Dominican Civil War 7090:Tlatelolco massacre 6876:1959 Mosul uprising 6866:1958 Lebanon crisis 6593:Al-Wathbah uprising 6516:First Indochina War 6486:Iran crisis of 1946 6202:12 May 2016 at the 6177:Operation Plainfare 6162:American Experience 6139:(Icon Books, 2017). 6123:Checkmate in Berlin 5846:Fly me, I'm Freddie 5788:Berlin Airlift, the 4657:Airbridge to Berlin 4397:, London: Routledge 4201:Airbridge to Berlin 4083:Airbridge to Berlin 3828:Library of Congress 3572:during the blockade 3452:Silver City Airways 3364:Vickers VC.1 Viking 3130:became home of the 2973:No. 27 Squadron RAF 2918:US State Department 2890:Rhein-Main Air Base 2875:End of the blockade 2822:(known as A.A.C. 1 2816:First Indochina War 2617:Friedrich Ebert Jr. 2442:US Air Force pilot 2352:air traffic control 2326:Rhein-Main Air Base 2174:Rhein-Main Air Base 2008:Sir Brian Robertson 1827:Revolutions of 1989 860:three air corridors 632:Berliner Luftbrücke 543:Timeline of Berlin 12062:First flight cover 11974:Specific countries 11408:Historical regions 11364:Transgender people 10922:Capital punishment 10781:Support of Ukraine 10730:Black Lives Matter 10638:War in Afghanistan 10563:Invasion of Panama 10519:Iran–Contra affair 10380:Early–mid Cold War 10250:Harlem Renaissance 10109:Compromise of 1877 10084:Reconstruction era 10020:Fugitive Slave Act 10015:Compromise of 1850 9960:Westward expansion 9898:Louisiana Purchase 9741:Stamp Act Congress 9686:King William's War 9508:Singing Revolution 9391:June 1976 protests 9176:Soviet occupations 9072:Russian Revolution 8868:Mary Elise Sarotte 8853:William B. Pickett 8778:Patrick J. Hearden 8758:Gabriel Gorodetsky 8753:Timothy Garton Ash 8738:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8333:Ethnic nationalism 8085:Hallstein Doctrine 7969:Yemeni unification 7758:1985 Geneva Summit 7723:Casamance conflict 7626:New Jewel Movement 7611:Iranian Revolution 7596:Chadian–Libyan War 7543:Cambodian conflict 7523:Lebanese Civil War 7513:Western Sahara War 7488:June 1976 protests 7483:Cambodian genocide 7248:17 July Revolution 7202:Nigerian Civil War 7117:Rhodesian Bush War 7102:Colombian conflict 7045:Ramadan Revolution 6784:Bandung Conference 6660:Operation Valuable 6541:Partition of India 6244:The Berlin Airlift 5793:Pelican Publishing 5572:3.2 (2003): 53–82. 5306:www.britannica.com 5291:, pp. 219–222 5171:, pp. 129–130 5012:, pp. 153–155 4907:, pp. 116–117 4762:The Berlin Airlift 4692:The Berlin Airlift 4399:. N. pag. Print. 4315:The New York Times 4270:"Accident Details" 4255:The New York Times 3751:Universal Newsreel 3723:Universal Newsreel 3522:Army of Occupation 3095:High Commissioners 3073:Schönefeld Airport 3051:Other developments 2931:ticker tape parade 2902: 2894: 2796: 2624:December elections 2474: 2448: 2413: 2342: 2306:Hoyt S. Vandenberg 2300:, had reorganised 2288:(MATS), Maj. Gen. 2211: 2197: 2141: 2038: 1817:Singing Revolution 1591:Novocherkassk 1962 1064:Gatow air disaster 1060:RAF Gatow airfield 905:Political division 891:Vyacheslav Molotov 824: 813: 773: 769:Kaliningrad Oblast 523:History of Germany 399:Greater Berlin Act 345:Kingdom of Prussia 12205: 12204: 12132: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12012:Air Mail Facility 11986: 11968: 11942:Airmail etiquette 11894: 11893: 11852: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11413:American frontier 11374: 11373: 11304:Lebanese American 11289:Egyptian American 11224:Estonian American 11214:Albanian American 11208:European American 11185:Japanese American 11175:Filipino American 11136: 11135: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10747:COVID-19 pandemic 10650:Hurricane Katrina 10591:Los Angeles riots 10481:Watergate scandal 10326:Start of Cold War 10294:Manhattan Project 9881:Whiskey Rebellion 9711:King George's War 9676:Thirteen Colonies 9637:Pre-Columbian Era 9548: 9547: 9493:Velvet Revolution 9455:Telephone tapping 9429:list of defectors 9218:Tito–Stalin split 9103: 9102: 9090:List of conflicts 8938:Rudolph Winnacker 8883:Giles Scott-Smith 8858:Ronald E. Powaski 8813:Melvyn P. Leffler 8743:John Lewis Gaddis 8718:Robert D. English 8683:Warren H. Carroll 8673:Michael Beschloss 8642:Nuclear arms race 8623: 8622: 8529:Neues Deutschland 8431: 8430: 8413:White nationalism 8383:Liberal democracy 8120:Ulbricht Doctrine 8110:Brezhnev Doctrine 7918:Velvet Revolution 7662:Soviet–Afghan War 7478:Angolan Civil War 7275:Goulash Communism 7132:ASEAN Declaration 7085:Mexican Dirty War 6983:Annexation of Goa 6934:1960 U-2 incident 6908:Sino-Soviet split 6886:Laotian Civil War 6726:Bricker Amendment 6706:Mau Mau rebellion 6650:Malayan Emergency 6638:Chinese Civil War 6598:Tito–Stalin split 6452:Division of Korea 6130:Food and Foodways 6044:978-3-86153-991-9 6005:978-0-7425-5542-6 5958:978-0-691-05040-9 5898:978-88-95145-27-3 5837:Kennedy in Berlin 5825:978-0-399-15496-6 5802:978-1-58980-550-7 4594:, pp. 24, 31 4472:978-0-7565-3486-8 4395:Europe since 1945 3989:, pp. 96–100 3800:American Heritage 3693:independent from 3630:were assigned to 3624:307th Bomb Groups 3484:Scottish Airlines 3392:Bristol Freighter 3061:Tempelhof Airport 3036:Nikita Khrushchev 2983:Subsequent events 2768: 2767: 2760: 2697:Oberbürgermeister 2614:Oberbürgermeister 2556:Three days later 2290:William H. Tunner 2206: 2186:Tempelhof Airport 2122:Operation Pelican 2034:Tempelhof Airport 1948:" atomic-capable 1910: 1909: 1745:Sino-Soviet split 1725:Tito–Stalin split 1720:Czechoslovak coup 1698: 1697: 1638:Ukraine 1989–1991 1576:East Germany 1953 1518:Soviet occupation 1106:de facto currency 1056:Vickers Viking 1B 1012:Vasily Sokolovsky 943:council of states 781:Potsdam Agreement 706:Short Sunderlands 639: 579: 578: 527:History of Europe 299: 298: 243:Vasily Sokolovsky 118: 117: 69:Tempelhof Airport 16:(Redirected from 12360: 12328:Combat incidents 12130: 12024: 12019:Air Mail scandal 12017: 12010: 11984: 11966: 11964: 11921: 11914: 11907: 11898: 11897: 11884: 11874: 11873: 11838: 11837: 11767:Outlying islands 11724:Washington, D.C. 11719:Federal District 11418:Manifest destiny 11391: 11390: 11380: 11379: 11322:Native Americans 11294:Iranian American 11268:Mexican American 11254:Serbian American 11239:Italian American 11229:Finnish American 11219:English American 11170:Chinese American 11157:African American 11142: 11141: 10947:Direct democracy 10937:The Constitution 10896:Higher education 10819:American Century 10804: 10803: 10257:Great Depression 10230:Women's suffrage 10220:Roaring Twenties 10146:Haymarket affair 10104:Enforcement Acts 9893:Jeffersonian era 9841:Shays' Rebellion 9761:Intolerable Acts 9756:Boston Tea Party 9691:Queen Anne's War 9619: 9618: 9608: 9607: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9552: 9551: 9337:Goryani Movement 9317: 9309: 9275: 9237: 9171:Yalta Conference 9130: 9123: 9116: 9107: 9106: 8848:David S. Painter 8773:John Earl Haynes 8703:Nicholas J. Cull 8688:Adrian Cioroianu 8668:Thomas A. Bailey 8615:Voice of America 8506: 8505: 8418:White separatism 8398:Social democracy 8393:Guided democracy 8373:Authoritarianism 8323:Ultranationalism 8313:Anti-imperialism 8240:Marxism–Leninism 8153: 8152: 8140:Kinmen Agreement 8105:Johnson Doctrine 8090:Kennedy Doctrine 8006:Frozen conflicts 7989:1991 August Coup 7878:Afghan Civil War 7773:Reykjavík Summit 7768:Somali Rebellion 7708:Ugandan Bush War 7686:Gdańsk Agreement 7207:Protests of 1968 7187:War of Attrition 6896:Cuban Revolution 6832:We will bury you 6799:Cyprus Emergency 6779:Kashmir Princess 6769:Jebel Akhdar War 6618:Western betrayal 6303: 6296: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6256:Internet Archive 6239: 6237: 6235: 6229:"Berlin Airlift" 6172: 6170: 6168: 6116: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6086:. Archived from 6047: 6020:Daum, Andreas W. 6008: 5990: 5972: 5961: 5933: 5915: 5913: 5901: 5871:978-08131-3613-4 5858: 5840: 5828: 5805: 5781: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5738:, pp. 14–19 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5667:. Spiegel Online 5656: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5573: 5570:Cold War History 5566: 5560: 5559: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5483: 5477: 5463: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5422:. Archived from 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5259:978-1-60344090-5 5251: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4988:, pp. 62–64 4983: 4977: 4971: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4893: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4863: 4862:(1980) pp. 39–51 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4701: 4695: 4687: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4640: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4243: 4242:, pp. 27–28 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4171: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4128: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3895: 3880: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3859:. pp. 29–44 3848: 3842: 3841: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3713: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3632:Fürstenfeldbruck 3628:301st Bomb Group 3616: 3610: 3607: 3430:Alliiertenmuseum 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3375: 3359:Short Sunderland 3333:Avro Lancastrian 3271: 3259: 3247: 3231: 3219: 3207: 2812:French Air Force 2763: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2720: 2712: 2699: 2692:Senate of Berlin 2689: 2677: 2633: 2611: 2605: 2572:city councillor 2562:Brandenburg Gate 2540: 2494:Initial reaction 2485:Soviet responses 2405:Short Sunderland 2338:C-74 Globemaster 2235:Short Sunderland 2207: 2168: 2105:Albert Wedemeyer 1918:East German mark 1902: 1895: 1888: 1811: 1758: 1709: 1554:Poland 1944–1989 1538:Operation Jungle 1457: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1405: 1256: 1166: 1164: 1158: 1147: 1146: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1088:East German mark 1046:Soviet Air Force 989: 960: 950: 936: 931:advisory board ( 840:Marxist–Leninist 793:Yalta Conference 785:Oder-Neisse line 753:Oder-Neisse line 635: 571: 564: 557: 515: 514: 452: 435:Battle of Berlin 412: 379: 369: 359: 349: 339: 329: 319: 301: 300: 275: 274: 273: 264: 263: 262: 255:Robert A. Lovett 253: 252: 251: 241: 240: 222: 220: 219: 210: 208: 207: 198: 196: 195: 186: 184: 183: 177: 173: 171: 170: 160: 158: 157: 148: 146: 145: 135: 133: 132: 108:Blockade lifted 77: 76: 61: 41: 40: 21: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12358: 12357: 12333:1940s in Berlin 12273:1949 in Germany 12268:1948 in Germany 12218:Berlin Blockade 12208: 12207: 12206: 12201: 12159:Boeing Model 40 12137: 12112: 12071: 12033: 11969: 11965: 11956: 11930: 11925: 11895: 11890: 11844: 11818: 11762: 11726: 11714: 11453: 11427: 11385: 11370: 11276:Jewish American 11249:Polish American 11190:Korean American 11180:Indian American 11147: 11132: 10987:Merchant Marine 10957:Law enforcement 10809: 10790: 10664: 10660:Great Recession 10567: 10541:Reagan Doctrine 10495: 10474:Stonewall riots 10396: 10370:Project Mercury 10331:Truman Doctrine 10307: 10215:First Red Scare 10189: 10158:Progressive Era 10070: 10030:Bleeding Kansas 9986: 9933:Monroe Doctrine 9909: 9857: 9816:Treaty of Paris 9777: 9751:Boston Massacre 9746:Sons of Liberty 9642: 9613: 9602: 9584: 9579: 9549: 9544: 9459: 9413: 9400:Soviet reaction 9386:Croatian Spring 9330: 9328: 9321: 9315: 9307: 9279: 9273: 9235: 9222: 9208:Berlin Blockade 9159: 9158: 9139: 9134: 9104: 9099: 9076: 9067:Second Cold War 9025: 8953: 8947: 8923:Odd Arne Westad 8913:Patrick Vaughan 8898:Athan Theoharis 8878:Ellen Schrecker 8863:Yakov M. Rabkin 8838:Timothy Naftali 8783:Tvrtko Jakovina 8768:Jussi Hanhimäki 8651: 8629: 8619: 8597:Paix et Liberté 8572: 8516:Active measures 8497: 8427: 8408:White supremacy 8368:Totalitarianism 8296: 8221: 8144: 8130:Reagan Doctrine 8125:Carter Doctrine 8065:Truman Doctrine 8053: 8000: 7932: 7827:Soviet reaction 7738:Ndogboyosoi War 7645: 7616:Saur Revolution 7443:1973 oil crisis 7408:Munich massacre 7316:Alcora Exercise 7311:Black September 7289: 7035:Sino-Indian War 6929:Simba rebellion 6912: 6756:Capture of the 6664: 6603:Berlin Blockade 6536:May 1947 crises 6526:Truman Doctrine 6491:Greek Civil War 6480:Blacklist Forty 6447:Gouzenko Affair 6434:Cursed soldiers 6386:Morgenthau Plan 6374: 6312: 6307: 6269: 6267: 6248:The short film 6233: 6231: 6227: 6204:Wayback Machine 6166: 6164: 6156: 6153: 6135:Turner, Barry. 6093: 6091: 6090:on 6 March 2002 6084: 6045: 6016: 6014:Further reading 6011: 6006: 5988: 5959: 5931: 5911: 5899: 5891:, Milan: IPOC, 5856: 5826: 5803: 5779: 5759: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5567: 5563: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5467:McCusker, J. J. 5455: 5447:McCusker, J. J. 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5352: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5266: 5260: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5087:Washington Post 5081: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4922: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4881: 4870: 4866: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4644: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4539:10.2307/2009841 4523: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4370: 4362: 4347: 4339: 4335: 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2733: 2721: 2710: 2626: 2596:in Berlin (now 2547:Neues Stadthaus 2533: 2496: 2487: 2436: 2430: 2373:tricycle geared 2314: 2233:were joined by 2199: 2169: 2163: 2133: 2004:Royal Air Force 1992: 1982:, commander of 1976:Third World War 1920:in their zone. 1906: 1877: 1876: 1812: 1809: 1802: 1801: 1754: 1730:Berlin Blockade 1710: 1708:Cold War events 1707: 1700: 1699: 1623:Kazakhstan 1986 1454: 1449: 1447: 1440: 1439: 1406: 1403: 1396: 1395: 1257: 1254: 1247: 1246: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1144: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1094: 1080: 1078:Currency crisis 1030: 912: 907: 887: 805: 741: 609:Western control 585:Berlin Blockade 581: 580: 575: 512: 511: 474:Berlin Blockade 450: 410: 377: 375:Weimar Republic 367: 357: 347: 337: 317: 310: 294: 292: 277:Brian Robertson 271: 269: 268: 260: 258: 257: 249: 247: 235: 217: 215: 214: 205: 203: 202: 193: 191: 190: 181: 179: 178: 168: 166: 164: 155: 153: 152: 143: 141: 130: 128: 99: 62: 44:Berlin Blockade 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12366: 12356: 12355: 12350: 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11786: 11781: 11779:Howland Island 11776: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11738:American Samoa 11734: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11660:South Carolina 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11625:North Carolina 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11451: 11449:The West Coast 11446: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11425: 11423:Indian removal 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11387: 11386: 11376: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11344: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11330: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11314:Saudi American 11311: 11306: 11301: 11299:Iraqi American 11296: 11291: 11279: 11272: 11271: 11270: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11234:Irish American 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11164:Asian American 11160: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11092:Sexual slavery 11082: 11075: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10962:Postal service 10959: 10954: 10952:Foreign policy 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10907: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10829: 10822: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10744: 10739: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10630: 10625: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10577: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10528: 10526:Crack epidemic 10523: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10505: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10491:Moral Majority 10488: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10469:Gay liberation 10466: 10461: 10459:Counterculture 10456: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10447:Fall of Saigon 10444: 10439: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10425:Apollo program 10422: 10420:Project Gemini 10412: 10406: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10338:Early Cold War 10335: 10334: 10333: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10291: 10286: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10217: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10118: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10080: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10022: 10017: 10010:Prelude to War 10007: 10002: 10000:Antebellum Era 9996: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9945:Trail of Tears 9940:Jacksonian era 9937: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9919: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9876:Federalist Era 9873: 9871:Bill of Rights 9867: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9806:Lee Resolution 9803: 9798: 9787: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9652: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9633: 9625: 9623: 9615: 9614: 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8900: 8895: 8893:Timothy Snyder 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8823:Vojtech Mastny 8820: 8818:Geir Lundestad 8815: 8810: 8808:Walter Laqueur 8805: 8803:Walter LaFeber 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8733:André Fontaine 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8663:Gar Alperovitz 8659: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8403:Third-Worldism 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8231: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8192:Libertarianism 8189: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8170:Chicago school 8167: 8161: 8159: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8115:Nixon Doctrine 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8058:Foreign policy 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7843:Operation RYAN 7840: 7835: 7830: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7748:Able Archer 83 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7498:Oromo conflict 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7438:Yom Kippur War 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7070:Aden Emergency 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6988:Papua conflict 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6891:Kitchen Debate 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6851:Sputnik crisis 6848: 6843: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6821:Polish October 6818: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6721:Pact of Madrid 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6676:Bamboo Curtain 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6416: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6259: 6246: 6241: 6225: 6220:Berlin Airlift 6217: 6211: 6206: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6152: 6151:External links 6149: 6148: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6117: 6100: 6082: 6074:Presidio Press 6063: 6058:Grehan, John. 6056: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5991: 5986: 5973: 5962: 5957: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5916: 5902: 5897: 5884: 5874: 5859: 5854: 5841: 5829: 5824: 5810:Cherny, Andrei 5806: 5801: 5782: 5777: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5703: 5678: 5651: 5648:Lewkowicz 2008 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5589: 5574: 5561: 5542:(3): 423–450. 5524: 5500: 5484:1800–present: 5437: 5426:on 16 May 2008 5411: 5387: 5376:. 26 June 2008 5374:New York Times 5361: 5343: 5318: 5293: 5278: 5258: 5235: 5222: 5213: 5194: 5185: 5173: 5161: 5136: 5127: 5107: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4920: 4909: 4894: 4879: 4864: 4851: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4778: 4766: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4696: 4673: 4661: 4642: 4615:(1): 117–136. 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4527:World Politics 4517: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4471: 4451: 4430: 4401: 4385: 4368: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4304: 4283: 4261: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4205: 4193: 4178: 4157: 4144: 4129: 4114: 4107: 4087: 4075: 4066: 4051: 4036: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3964: 3936: 3921: 3896: 3870: 3843: 3836: 3805: 3776: 3764: 3736: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3686: 3672: 3659: 3646: 3636: 3611: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3529: 3515: 3505: 3502: 3472:Aquila Airways 3448:Eagle Aviation 3435: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3313:Avro Lancaster 3308: 3305: 3299:, and the one 3277: 3276: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3179: 3174: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3111: 3108: 3052: 3049: 3015: 3012: 3005:Senate Reserve 3003:Main article: 3000: 2999:Senate reserve 2997: 2984: 2981: 2876: 2873: 2856: 2853: 2820:Junkers Ju 52s 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2724: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2625: 2622: 2532: 2525: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2479:raisin bombers 2451:Gail Halvorsen 2444:Gail Halvorsen 2434:Raisin Bombers 2429: 2426: 2407:moored on the 2389:Gail Halvorsen 2313: 2310: 2240:. Flying from 2165:Lucius D. Clay 2161: 2152:William Draper 2132: 2131:Airlift begins 2129: 2070:C-54 Skymaster 2060:with a 10-ton 2030:C-47 Skytrains 2016:Reginald Waite 1991: 1988: 1962:Lucius D. Clay 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837:January Events 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1648:Lithuania 1991 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1304:Czechoslovakia 1301: 1296: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1079: 1076: 1058:airliner near 1049:Yakovlev Yak-3 1029: 1026: 911: 908: 906: 903: 886: 883: 876:Lucius D. Clay 804: 801: 740: 737: 655:raisin bombers 624:Berlin Airlift 601:Western Allies 577: 576: 574: 573: 566: 559: 551: 548: 547: 546: 545: 537: 536: 532: 531: 530: 529: 517: 516: 513:(1990–present) 505: 504: 503: 502: 496: 489: 482: 477: 471: 466: 454: 453: 440: 439: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 414: 413: 404: 403: 402: 401: 396: 395: 394: 381: 380: 371: 370: 361: 360: 351: 350: 341: 340: 331: 330: 322: 321: 312: 311: 304: 297: 296: 289: 285: 284: 280: 279: 266:Lucius D. Clay 245: 232: 231: 227: 226: 162:United Kingdom 139: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 114: 113: 105: 101: 100: 91: 89: 85: 84: 81: 73: 72: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 18:Berlin Airlift 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12365: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12191:Graf Zeppelin 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117:Organizations 12115: 12109: 12108:Zeppelin mail 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12067:Postage stamp 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12047:Aerophilately 12045: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12036: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12007: 12006:United States 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11963: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11947:Airmail stamp 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11922: 11917: 11915: 11910: 11908: 11903: 11902: 11899: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11877: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11861:List of years 11859: 11858: 11855: 11841: 11833: 11831: 11830:Urban history 11828: 11827: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11809:Palmyra Atoll 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11784:Jarvis Island 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731:Insular areas 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11700:West Virginia 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11605:New Hampshire 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11565:Massachusetts 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11430: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11381: 11377: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11345: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11280: 11278: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11195:Thai American 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11143: 11139: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11033:Party Systems 11030: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10972:Voting rights 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10830: 10828: 10827: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10805: 10801: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10737: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10633:War on terror 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10531:Late Cold War 10529: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10410:Great Society 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10365:Post-war boom 10363: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9571: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9539: 9538:Yugoslav Wars 9536: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9372:Prague Spring 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9310: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284:Organizations 9282: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9186:Baltic states 9184: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9126: 9124: 9119: 9117: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9057:War on terror 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8952:Espionage and 8950: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8903:Andrew Thorpe 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8798:Gabriel Kolko 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763:Fred Halliday 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748:Lloyd Gardner 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8708:Norman Davies 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8693:John Costello 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8628:Technological 8626: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509:Pro-communist 8507: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436:Organizations 8434: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Eurocommunism 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080:Domino theory 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8034:South Ossetia 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7818:8888 Uprising 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7763:Iran–Iraq War 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7728:Falklands War 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7591:NDF Rebellion 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:German Autumn 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Metapolitefsi 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7222: 7220: 7219:Prague Spring 7217: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7197:Al-Wadiah War 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7162:12-3 incident 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6741:Domino theory 6739: 6737: 6736:Petrov Affair 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Madiun Affair 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6573:Marshall Plan 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6322:United States 6319: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6292: 6290: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6230: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6145: 6144:History Today 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6089: 6085: 6083:0-89141-329-4 6079: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5989: 5987:0-300-03865-8 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5968:Over the Hump 5963: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5945:Stent, Angela 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5930:0-89096-967-1 5926: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5855:0-297-77746-7 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5833:Daum, Andreas 5830: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778:0-7432-6085-6 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5717: 5715: 5707: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5614:, p. 174 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5510: 5504: 5489: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5397: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5211:, p. 173 5210: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5189: 5183:, p. 200 5182: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5060:, p. 169 5059: 5054: 5048:, p. 164 5047: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4949:, p. 160 4948: 4943: 4937:, C.V. Glines 4936: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4858:James Eayrs, 4855: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4488:, p. 168 4487: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4317: 4316: 4308: 4293: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4108:9780801474118 4104: 4100: 4099: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4073:Larson (2011) 4070: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3934:, p. 218 3933: 3928: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3837:0-8444-0796-8 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3498:Junkers Ju 52 3494: 3491: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293:Douglas DC-4s 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281:C-47 Skytrain 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147:United States 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110:Post-Cold War 3107: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2862:Easter Sunday 2855:Easter parade 2852: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2762: 2759: 2751: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2725:This section 2723: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2587:swagger stick 2584: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369:"taildragger" 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2347:ground looped 2339: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2046:C-47 Skytrain 2043: 2035: 2032:unloading at 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1935:At the time, 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1914:Deutsche Mark 1903: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852:Yugoslav Wars 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1740:Secret Speech 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1715:Marshall Plan 1713: 1712: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1380:North Vietnam 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1119: 1116: 1115:Deutsche Mark 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1092:Deutsche Mark 1089: 1085: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 996:Marshall Plan 991: 988: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 940: 935: 930: 929:British zonal 926: 923:(renamed the 922: 921: 915: 902: 900: 895: 892: 882: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 852: 849: 844: 841: 837: 834:(SPD) in the 833: 829: 822: 817: 809: 800: 798: 794: 790: 789:Allied powers 786: 782: 778: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 736: 734: 730: 726: 720: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 679:South African 676: 672: 668: 663: 658: 656: 652: 647: 643: 638: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 613:Deutsche Mark 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591:. During the 590: 586: 572: 567: 565: 560: 558: 553: 552: 550: 549: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538: 534: 533: 528: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 510: 507: 506: 500: 497: 494: 490: 487: 483: 481: 478: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 449: 445: 442: 441: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 415: 409: 406: 405: 400: 397: 393: 390: 389: 388: 385: 384: 383: 382: 376: 373: 372: 366: 363: 362: 356: 355:German Empire 353: 352: 346: 343: 342: 336: 333: 332: 328: 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 308: 303: 302: 290: 287: 286: 281: 278: 267: 256: 246: 244: 239: 234: 233: 228: 225: 213: 201: 189: 176: 163: 151: 150:United States 140: 138: 127: 126: 121: 111: 110: 109: 106: 103: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 86: 82: 79: 78: 74: 70: 66: 60: 55: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 12303:Eastern Bloc 12190: 12179:Douglas O-38 12174:Douglas DC-4 12169:Curtiss JN-4 12088:Balloon mail 11799:Midway Atoll 11794:Kingman Reef 11774:Baker Island 11753:Puerto Rico 11665:South Dakota 11655:Rhode Island 11650:Pennsylvania 11630:North Dakota 11346: 11339: 11320: 11281: 11274: 11260: 11206: 11162: 11155: 11098: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11031: 11005:Marine Corps 10992: 10985: 10978: 10942:Debt ceiling 10927:Civil Rights 10909: 10902: 10888: 10874: 10860: 10831: 10826:Antisemitism 10824: 10817: 10773: 10734: 10670:2008–present 10622:Bush v. Gore 10620: 10558:War on drugs 10432:Mid Cold War 10284:Pearl Harbor 10279:World War II 10099:Ku Klux Klan 9696:Dummer's War 9635: 9628: 9622:Pre-Colonial 9475: 9207: 9149:Soviet Union 9137:Eastern Bloc 9062:Brinkmanship 8954:intelligence 8843:Marius Oprea 8793:Harvey Klehr 8723:Herbert Feis 8713:Willem Drees 8678:Archie Brown 8595: 8583: 8565: 8555:Trybuna Ludu 8553: 8546: 8542:Radio Moscow 8534: 8527: 8520: 8348:Anti-Zionism 8264: 8187:Keynesianism 8175:Conservatism 8039:Transnistria 8019:China-Taiwan 7676:Gera Demands 7549: 7350: 7225: 7030:El Porteñazo 6924:Congo Crisis 6839: 6774:Algerian War 6757: 6633:Western Bloc 6628:Eastern Bloc 6623:Iron Curtain 6602: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6440: 6420: 6412: 6329:Soviet Union 6327: 6320: 6268:. Retrieved 6250: 6232:. Retrieved 6222: 6165:. Retrieved 6161: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6120:Giles Milton 6104: 6092:. 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Retrieved 3717: 3711: 3689: 3675: 3662: 3649: 3639: 3614: 3605: 3570:Volkspolizei 3533:The Big Lift 3531: 3509: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3458:(BSAA), the 3436: 3353: 3318:Avro Lincoln 3297:C-82 Packets 3285:Douglas DC-3 3278: 3186:Douglas DC-3 3172:Douglas DC-4 3113: 3104: 3092: 3081: 3065:jet aircraft 3054: 3024:East Germany 3020:West Germany 3017: 3008: 2986: 2977: 2962: 2959: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2923: 2911: 2903: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2845: 2832: 2823: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2778: 2774: 2754: 2745: 2734:Please help 2729:verification 2726: 2679: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2627: 2591: 2579: 2574:Ernst Reuter 2555: 2546: 2534: 2528: 2509: 2505: 2501:ration cards 2497: 2488: 2475: 2449: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2377: 2357: 2343: 2321: 2315: 2312:Black Friday 2278: 2270: 2266: 2242:Finkenwerder 2238:flying boats 2227:air dropping 2212: 2182:air corridor 2171: 2157: 2149: 2145:Camp Lindsey 2142: 2126: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2089:Willy Brandt 2085:Ernst Reuter 2082: 2066: 2054: 2050:Douglas DC-3 2039: 2020: 2011: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1980:Curtis LeMay 1972: 1967: 1959: 1953: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1911: 1729: 1686:to Hong Kong 1681:East Germany 1633:Tbilisi 1989 1618:Romania 1977 1586:Hungary 1956 1581:Georgia 1956 1417: 1410: 1309:East Germany 1136:Eastern Bloc 1111: 1095: 1084:Heinrich Rau 1072: 1068: 1043: 1039: 1035:General Clay 1031: 1021: 1017: 1004: 992: 981: 967: 952: 942: 924: 918: 916: 913: 896: 888: 880: 857: 853: 845: 825: 779:reached the 774: 757:East Prussia 749:East Germany 725:West Germany 721: 710: 687: 659: 631: 623: 621: 599:blocked the 597:Soviet Union 584: 582: 473: 448:East Germany 444:West Germany 408:Nazi Germany 387:1920s Berlin 224:South Africa 137:Soviet Union 123:Belligerents 107: 49:Part of the 36: 12164:Boeing P-12 12142:Conveyances 12103:Rocket mail 12098:Pigeon post 12057:Crash cover 11814:Wake Island 11580:Mississippi 11495:Connecticut 11439:New England 11106:Agriculture 11025:Coast Guard 11020:Space Force 10868:Immigration 10596:WTC bombing 10514:Reaganomics 10442:Vietnam War 10358:McCarthyism 10240:Second Klan 10225:Prohibition 10203:World War I 10178:Square Deal 10168:Imperialism 9903:War of 1812 9630:Prehistoric 9464:Dissolution 9404:Martial law 9327:Revolts and 9301:Warsaw Pact 8888:Shen Zhihua 8698:Michael Cox 8630:competition 8577:Pro-Western 8567:Soviet Life 8493:Safari Club 8463:Warsaw Pact 8318:Nationalism 8308:Imperialism 8207:Reaganomics 8070:Containment 7863:Perestroika 7352:Realpolitik 7182:Six-Day War 7167:Greek junta 6978:Berlin Wall 6826:Suez Crisis 6794:Vietnam War 6681:McCarthyism 6496:Baruch Plan 6441:Unthinkable 6401:Dekemvriana 6340:Warsaw Pact 6270:30 November 6048:, in German 5665:Der Spiegel 5636:Turner 1987 5612:Wettig 2008 5600:Turner 1987 5586:(in German) 5493:29 February 5464:1700–1799: 5444:1634–1699: 5289:Tunner 1964 5209:Wettig 2008 5169:Cherny 2008 5157:Turner 1987 5070:Miller 1998 5058:Tunner 1964 5046:Tunner 1964 5034:Miller 1998 5022:Miller 1998 5010:Tunner 1964 4998:Miller 1998 4986:Miller 1998 4974:Miller 2000 4959:Miller 2000 4947:Tunner 1964 4905:Miller 2000 4890:Miller 2000 4844:14 February 4825:Miller 2000 4813:Miller 2000 4801:Miller 1998 4789:Miller 1998 4774:Miller 1998 4741:Miller 1998 4729:Miller 1998 4669:Miller 2000 4592:Miller 1998 4580:Miller 2000 4568:Miller 2000 4513:Miller 2000 4498:Miller 2000 4486:Wettig 2008 4426:Miller 2000 4381:Turner 1987 4364:Miller 2000 4341:Miller 2000 4329:Miller 2000 4240:Miller 1998 4228:Miller 1998 4216:Miller 2000 4189:Miller 2000 4174:Miller 2000 4140:Turner 1987 4125:Miller 2000 4064:, p. 7 4062:Miller 2000 4049:, p. 6 4047:Miller 2000 4032:Miller 2000 4011:Miller 2000 3999:Miller 2000 3987:Wettig 2008 3977:, p. 4 3975:Miller 2000 3932:Tunner 1964 3917:Turner 1987 3757:22 February 3729:22 February 3077:Berlin Wall 3057:West Berlin 3028:Berlin Wall 2935:US Congress 2836:C-82 Packet 2801:Marston Mat 2787:mechanics. 2700:(Mayor) to 2631:Spalterwahl 2274:East Berlin 2262:contributed 2167:, June 1948 2012:Little Lift 1954:Silverplate 1946:Silverplate 1937:West Berlin 1772:Vietnam War 1762:Berlin Wall 1691:North Korea 1628:Brașov 1987 1596:Prague 1968 1559:Poznań 1956 1412:Warsaw Pact 1371:South Yemen 1349:North Korea 1262:Afghanistan 1182:Byelorussia 934:Zonenbeirat 675:New Zealand 617:West Berlin 476:(1948–1949) 469:Berlin Wall 464:East Berlin 460:West Berlin 451:(1945–1990) 411:(1933–1945) 378:(1919–1933) 368:(1918–1947) 358:(1871–1918) 348:(1701–1918) 338:(1157–1806) 316:History of 212:New Zealand 93:West Berlin 12212:Categories 12154:Blériot XI 12149:Airco DH.4 12093:Mail plane 11695:Washington 11615:New Mexico 11610:New Jersey 11485:California 10980:Journalism 10932:Corruption 10911:Government 10862:Demography 10849:Newspapers 10698:Sandy Hook 10601:Waco siege 10509:Reagan era 10415:Space Race 10348:Korean War 10289:home front 10121:Gilded Age 10089:Amendments 9418:Conditions 9396:Solidarity 9329:opposition 8656:Historians 8647:Space Race 8548:Rudé právo 8502:Propaganda 8358:Neo-Nazism 8328:Chauvinism 8282:Trotskyism 8197:Monetarism 8165:Liberalism 8157:Capitalism 8149:Ideologies 8100:Ostpolitik 7823:Solidarity 7788:Toyota War 7691:Solidarity 7548:Operation 7503:Ogaden War 7192:Dhofar War 7080:Shifta War 6838:Operation 6686:Korean War 6478:Operation 6470:Operation 6462:Operation 6439:Operation 6419:Operation 6411:Operation 6234:22 October 6094:18 January 5791:, Gretna: 5757:References 5671:31 October 5331:Rob Mather 5100:31 October 4709:rafweb.org 4297:27 October 4292:"Accident" 4276:27 October 3468:Air Flight 3416:Avro Tudor 3328:Avro Tudor 3086:, and the 2828:Lake Tegel 2558:RIAS Radio 2458:Doublemint 2385:snack bars 2383:as mobile 2058:Avro Yorks 1782:Afghan War 1735:Korean War 1571:Plzeň 1953 1450:Opposition 1390:Yugoslavia 1344:Mozambique 1242:Uzbekistan 1227:Tajikistan 1197:Kazakhstan 1177:Azerbaijan 1098:Reichsmark 1002:for them. 958:Ausschüsse 761:Königsberg 671:Australian 12353:War scare 12298:Blockades 12039:Philately 11705:Wisconsin 11670:Tennessee 11575:Minnesota 11550:Louisiana 11444:The South 11015:Air Force 10890:Education 10752:recession 10708:Las Vegas 10616:Columbine 10573:1991–2008 10501:1980–1991 10402:1964–1980 10313:1945–1964 10267:Dust Bowl 10195:1917–1945 10076:1865–1917 10054:Civil War 10047:Secession 9992:1849–1865 9915:1815–1849 9886:Quasi-War 9863:1789–1815 9783:1776–1789 9736:Sugar Act 9477:Die Wende 9450:Economies 9291:Cominform 9274:(to 1948) 9236:(to 1961) 9164:Formation 9154:Communism 8943:Ken Young 8788:Tony Judt 8637:Arms race 8610:Red Scare 8478:NN States 8423:Apartheid 8378:Autocracy 8287:Stalinism 8255:Guevarism 8245:Castroism 8235:Communism 8227:Socialism 7753:Star Wars 7346:Koza riot 6472:Beleaguer 6464:Masterdom 5624:Daum 2008 5556:Q64022945 5548:0022-0027 5404:5 January 5380:6 January 5095:0190-8286 4760:pbs.org: 4637:159815831 4555:155057300 4444:12 August 3704:Citations 3592:Footnotes 3538:1950 film 3379:Avro York 3323:Avro York 3124:Tempelhof 3114:In 2007, 3030:in 1961. 2989:Tempelhof 2886:RAF Celle 2799:runway's 2785:Luftwaffe 2748:June 2011 2609:Magistrat 2566:Reichstag 2455:Wrigley's 2393:Fräuleins 2318:Wiesbaden 2219:RAF Gatow 2178:Wiesbaden 2117:Himalayas 1653:Riga 1991 1643:Baku 1990 1533:Lithuania 1425:Cominform 1329:Kampuchea 1232:Turkmenia 1212:Lithuania 1202:Kirghizia 1157:Republics 963:Stuttgart 948:Länderrat 872:Frankfurt 868:Bückeburg 767:, as the 727:into the 717:Americans 688:American 200:Australia 12323:Airlifts 12083:Aerogram 11876:Category 11690:Virginia 11640:Oklahoma 11620:New York 11595:Nebraska 11585:Missouri 11570:Michigan 11560:Maryland 11545:Kentucky 11525:Illinois 11500:Delaware 11490:Colorado 11480:Arkansas 11359:Lesbians 11333:Comanche 11328:Cherokee 11121:Medicine 11079:Genocide 11072:Religion 10994:Military 10967:Taxation 10917:Abortion 10833:Cultural 10713:Parkland 10643:Iraq War 10581:Gulf War 10353:Ivy Mike 10272:New Deal 9648:Colonial 9593:Timeline 9445:Politics 9095:Timeline 9085:Category 9030:See also 8522:Izvestia 8363:Islamism 8260:Hoxhaism 8135:Rollback 8014:Abkhazia 7954:Gulf War 7858:Glasnost 7228:incident 6998:Sand War 6856:Ifni War 6365:Rio Pact 6310:Cold War 6200:Archived 6113:21306003 5947:(2000), 5835:(2008), 5812:(2008), 5767:(2003), 5552:Wikidata 5469:(1992). 5449:(1997). 5311:11 April 5264:Archived 4714:11 April 4629:30036432 3888:Archived 3830:. 1997. 3791:Archived 3520:for the 3504:See also 2670:de facto 2662:de facto 2651:de facto 2302:the Hump 2162:— 2113:the Hump 2103:General 2072:and its 1960:General 1797:Gulf War 1601:Invasion 1475:Bulgaria 1339:Mongolia 1314:Ethiopia 1283:Bulgaria 1217:Moldavia 667:Canadian 642:American 589:Cold War 535:See also 495:" (1987) 488:" (1963) 307:a series 305:Part of 88:Location 67:land at 51:Cold War 12197:more... 12189:LZ 127 12076:Methods 12001:Ireland 11991:Denmark 11985:Germany 11935:General 11928:Airmail 11710:Wyoming 11685:Vermont 11590:Montana 11530:Indiana 11510:Georgia 11505:Florida 11475:Arizona 11465:Alabama 11432:Regions 11354:Gay men 11126:Railway 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12131:French 12129:FISA ( 12026:Stamps 11996:Greece 11886:Portal 11840:Cities 11823:Cities 11645:Oregon 11600:Nevada 11540:Kansas 11515:Hawaii 11470:Alaska 11458:States 11384:Places 11146:Groups 11116:Lumber 11054:Fourth 11044:Second 10854:Sports 10839:Cinema 10808:Topics 10723:Uvalde 10693:Aurora 10688:Tucson 9612:Events 9316:(WFDY) 9308:(WFTU) 8536:Pravda 8338:Racism 8277:Maoism 8029:Kosovo 7550:Condor 7226:Pueblo 7212:May 68 6840:Gladio 6758:Tuapse 6421:Jungle 6413:Priboi 6111: 6080: 6053:online 6041: 6028:online 6002: 5984: 5955: 5940:(2011) 5927: 5895: 5869: 5852: 5822: 5799: 5775: 5554: 5546: 5256: 5093: 4635: 4627: 4553: 4545: 4469: 4105: 3834: 3753:. 1953 3725:. 1957 3528:Medals 3354:Halton 3067:, and 2927:Truman 2824:Toucan 2551:putsch 2529:putsch 2364:sortie 2042:groups 1676:Poland 1671:Soviet 1606:Moscow 1528:Latvia 1495:Serbia 1485:Poland 1354:Poland 1273:Angola 1222:Russia 1207:Latvia 1090:, and 1074:zone. 920:Bizone 870:, and 848:Stalin 777:Allies 683:French 628:German 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