321:
759:, however, had not been consulted about the agreement but was informed after it had been signed. Although not in a position to prevent Britain and Russia from implementing the agreement, the Persian government refused to recognize the accord's legitimacy since it threatened the country's national integrity. Iranian nationalists, in particular, were infuriated by Britain's signing of the treaty, a country that they had considered as a beacon of democracy during the Constitutional Revolution. Subsequently, an important legacy of the agreement was the growth of
671:
82:
294:. Little is known but the "suggestion appears to have been made that Russia should have free egress from the Black Sea through the Straits, while other powers should have the right to send their vessels of war into the Straits without going into the Black Sea" together with some talk of "Russia's occupying the Bosphorus and England the Dardanelles, after which the Straits might be opened to other warships as well." In the event nothing came of the discussions at the time.
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was
Germany's key to making itself a major player in the international arena of power. Germany's interest in the Middle East took a secondary position, one subordinate to Germany's primary policy toward Europe, throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While of secondary importance, it was a tool that was used to manipulate the Middle Eastern attempt to play off the Western powers against each other. Berlin peacefully made inroads into the
771:. The agreement did not eliminate all competition between the two powers with respect to their policies in Iran, but after 1907, broad co-operation was fostered, particularly when Anglo-Russian interests were threatened. In particular, Britain and Russia intervened in Iran's domestic politics, supporting the royalists in their struggle with the constitutionalists. The agreement lapsed in 1918, after it was renounced by the new revolutionary
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system. With foreign help, the revolutionaries became outflanked by a combination of
European and monarchist activities. The Persian government quickly came to realise that an Anglo-Russian alliance posed a larger threat to Iranian sovereignty than the two powers being hostile. Consequently, in 1907, Britain and Russia signed an agreement to regulate their economic and political interests.
269:...if Russia accepts, cordially and whole-heartedly, our intention to preserve the peaceable possession of our Asiatic possessions, then I am quite sure that in this country no government will make it its business to thwart or obstruct Russia's policy in Europe. On the contrary, it is urgently desirable that Russia's position and influence be re-established in the councils of Europe.
253:, helped to persuade some British and Russian officials of a need to resolve their respective differences in Asia. There was talk of an entente during the 1880s and 1890s, especially after Britain's occupation of Egypt in 1882. However, there was stiff resistance in Britain to a deal with Russia. In the leadup to the convention, there were discussions on the
617:(parliamentary assembly), and hold elections. Major figures in the revolution had secular goals, which then created rifts in the clergy to the advantage of the monarchy. Neither the British nor the Russian governments approved of the new political arrangement, which was both liberal and unstable, and preferred a stable
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to
Britain; and demarcate the remaining land between the two powers as a neutral zone". The division of Persia would reinforce the control of Britain and Russia over their respective territorial and economic interests in the country as well as allowed for continued interference in Persia's political
576:
worked to increase the nation's global influence and reach what was then the zenith of German power. While
Britain and Russia were hostile to German designs in the region, members of the Triple Alliance were in turn opposed to Anglo-Russian influence in Asia. Thus, military and territorial expansion
193:
The
Convention ended the long dispute over Persia between the two parties. Great Britain promised to stay out of northern Persia, and Russia recognized southern Persia as part of the British sphere of influence. Russia also promised to stay out of Tibet and Afghanistan. In exchange, London extended
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pledged not to deal with Tibet unilaterally without the approval of the
Chinese government. The United Kingdom thought that this convention would put a stop to Russia's expansionist efforts, which were threatening India, and with the development of Anglo-Russian ties in the early 1900s, both the
747:
in the south. The area separating these two spheres, including part of central Iran and the entire southwest, was designated a neutral zone in which both countries and their respective private citizens could compete for influence and commercial privileges.
805:
felt humiliated and outraged when he read the terms of the
Convention, partly because the United Kingdom had not bothered to notify him about the negotiations or their conclusions. Like the terms relating to Persia, the agreement resulted in the growth of
281:
It is not for us to propose changes with regard to the treaty conditions of the
Dardanelles. I think some change in the direction desired by Russia would be admissible and we should be prepared to discuss the question if Russia introduces
568:, complementing its industrial and socio-political ascendance in the world arena. Furthermore, Germany dramatically increased its military output from the early 1900s up to the outbreak of the First World War. Under the
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led to intense rivalry between the two
European powers. The conflicting interests centered on Afghanistan, Iran, and Tibet, three states that constituted buffers between the two powers. The emergence of the
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British
Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914, Volume IV, The Anglo-Russian Rapprochement 1903-7. Edited by G.P. Gooch and H Temperley. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1929. p618-621.
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United Kingdom and Russia acknowledged Tibet's role as a buffer in the Anglo-Russian Convention that also recognized the suzerainty of China over Tibet, although China did not accept the term "
223:
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To facilitate their goals in Persia, the British and the Russian governments discussed splitting it into three zones. The agreement stipulated that it would "allocate the north, including
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The agreement recognized the country's sovereignty but also divided it into three separate zones. The agreement designated all of northern Iran, which bordered Russia's possessions in
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Appendix I – Full Text of Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia (Iran), Afghanistan, and Tibet, Signed At St Petersburgh, August 31, 1907 (in French)
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did not attack the country, and in exchange, the United Kingdom gave Russia's right to equal commerce and direct communication with Afghan officials on non-political topics.
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to the eastern border, where the frontiers of Afghanistan, Iran, and Russia intersected. A smaller zone in southeastern Iran, which bordered
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and Central Asia, as an exclusive sphere of influence for Russian interests. The northern zone was defined as beginning at
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Appendix IV – Revised Draft of Agreement Concerning Persia, Sent to Sir A. Nicholson by Sir Edward Grey on June 6, 1907
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Britain, Russia and the Road to the First World War: The Fateful Embassy of Count Aleksandr Benckendorff (1903–16)
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For Britain and Russia, the agreement was important in establishing a diplomatic alignment that endured until the
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British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914, Volume IV, The Anglo-Russian Rapprochement 1903–7.
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Konventsiya mezhdu Soyedinennym Korolevstvom i Rossiyey otnositel'no Persii, Afghanistana, i Tibeta
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Klein, Ira (1971), "The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Problem of Central Asia, 1907–1914",
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Williams, Beryl J. "The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907."
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Langer, William L. (1929). "Russia, the Straits Question, and the European Powers, 1904–8".
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Beryl J. Williams, "The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907."
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thought entente with Russia a good idea. On 20 October 1905, during the election, he said:
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Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet
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With the Anglo-Russian Convention Russia acknowledged that Afghanistan was in the British
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Transition to Global Rivalry: Alliance Diplomacy and the Quadruple Entente, 1895–1907.
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Transition to Global Rivalry: Alliance Diplomacy and the Quadruple Entente, 1895–1907.
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International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) § The Eastern Question
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Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World
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to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified respective control in
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in the west, on the border with the Ottoman Empire, and running through Tehran,
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as a world power and the defeat in 1905 of Russia by a nascent Asian power, the
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Map of southwest Asia, showing British and Russian areas of rule or influence.
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London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922
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Reviews on Tibetan Political History: A Compilation of Tibet Journal Articles
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and H Temperley. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1929. pp 618–621.
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which essentially reestablished China's role as Tibet's controlling power.
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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
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Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
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Endgame: Britain, Russia, and the Final Struggle for Central Asia.
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Endgame: Britain, Russia, and the Final Struggle for Central Asia.
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Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia
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Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864–1914: A Study in Imperialism.
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Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864–1914: A Study in Imperialism.
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Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia
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Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
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loans and some political support. The convention brought shaky
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and enabled them to outflank the Germans, who were threatening
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210:. This agreement would eventually form a component of the
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Anglo-Russian Relations Concerning Afghanistan, 1837–1907
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Ewen W. Edwards, "The Far Eastern Agreements of 1907."
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and the consolidation of Great Britain's domination of
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Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
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Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1208:. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives. p. 76.
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During the last third of the nineteenth century, the
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with a new railroad that could potentially align the
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British foreign policy 1874–1914: The role of India
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273:and later, writing to his ambassador to Russia Sir
178:. It ended the two powers' longstanding rivalry in
1360:The Bear and the Lion: Soviet Imperialism and Iran
599:In 1905, revolutionary activity spread throughout
304:History of German foreign policy § 1871–1919
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581:and had few colonial aspirations in the region.
3723:Military alliances involving the United Kingdom
3677:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1097:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present
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1168:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.
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1702:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
1239:The American Journal of International Law
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3743:Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom
3713:Russia–United Kingdom military relations
1724:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
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1514:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)
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1223:. Pearson Education. p. 197.
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2268:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1746:Category:Iran–Russia relations
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1635:1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots
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3300:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
2858:Historical and cultural sites
2223:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1612:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1483:Ambassadors of Russia to Iran
1369:(New York: I.B. Tauris, 2002)
1318:The English Historical Review
1262:(St. Edmundsbury Press, 1995)
971:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
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833:" and instead used the term "
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3637:League of the Three Emperors
3216:Second Industrial Revolution
3090:League of the Three Emperors
2198:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
1650:Russian occupation of Tabriz
418:Anglo-German naval arms race
292:Count Alexander Benckendorff
184:to connect Berlin to Baghdad
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3612:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
3246:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
2218:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2108:British expedition to Tibet
2098:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
2068:Battle of the Salween River
1640:Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909)
1617:Iranian famine of 1942–1943
1362:(Praeger Publishers, 1988).
1355:(Nov 1957) 7#11 pp 748–754.
1330:10.1093/ehr/XLIV.CLXXIII.59
990:. I.B.Tauris. p. 177.
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1282:Journal of British Studies
1253:Cambridge University Press
923:(1974), pp 247–49, 254–56.
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1265:Churchill, Platt Rogers.
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2213:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2165:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1524:Anglo-Russian Convention
1405:Brigham Young University
1249:A History of Modern Iran
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767:as strong components of
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466:Anglo-Russian Convention
346:Second Concert of Europe
120:Anglo-Russian Convention
55:18 August] 1907
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3632:Treaty of London (1871)
3412:Alaska boundary dispute
3085:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
3068:Franco-Russian Alliance
2558:TAR People's Government
2518:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2058:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
1473:Embassy of Iran, Moscow
1276:(U. of Illinois, 1937).
871:Franco-Russian Alliance
808:anti-British sentiments
761:anti-British sentiments
678:This article cites its
430:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
412:First Sino-Japanese War
406:Franco-Russian Alliance
376:Austro–Serbian Alliance
190:with Imperial Germany.
3672:Turkish straits crisis
3627:Treaty of Paris (1856)
3331:Unification of Germany
3278:Taft–Katsura agreement
2228:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2182:Special Frontier Force
1686:Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar
1379:Tomaszewski, Fiona K.
1204:Dolma, Tenzin (2020).
1095:Lee, Jonathan (2022).
936:26.4 (1954): 340–355.
785:Third Anglo-Afghan War
765:anti-Western attitudes
490:Second Moroccan Crisis
334:Unification of Germany
284:
271:
3758:Iran–Russia relations
3417:First Moroccan Crisis
3131:Spread of nationalism
3095:Eight-Nation Alliance
2601:Qinghai–Tibet railway
2596:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
2563:TAR People's Congress
2535:India–Tibet relations
2508:Independence movement
2160:1959 Tibetan uprising
2048:Battle of Dafei River
1896:Era of Fragmentation
1671:Mohammad Taqi Pessian
1607:Battle of Robat Karim
1519:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1452:Iran–Russia relations
1219:Ray, Jayanta (2007).
973:Anglo-Russian Entente
820:Tibet under Qing rule
818:Further information:
472:Young Turk Revolution
454:First Moroccan Crisis
279:
267:
222:Further information:
18:Anglo-Russian Entente
3422:Algeciras Conference
3402:Annexation of Hawaii
3341:Great Eastern Crisis
3336:Unification of Italy
3326:Formation of Romania
3143:French–German enmity
2909:Traditional medicine
2123:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1944:Relations with Ming
1914:Relations with Song
1886:Relations with Tang
1824:European exploration
1681:Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar
1544:Marine Security Belt
1390:9#3 (1966): 360–73.
1272:Habberton, William.
1247:Abrahamiam, Ervand,
1190:White, John Albert.
1148:White, John Albert.
1078:9#3 (1966): 360–73.
859:Dogger Bank incident
352:Great Eastern Crisis
51:31 August [
3487:Philippine–American
3472:First Sino-Japanese
3305:Racconigi agreement
3251:Treaty of Frankfurt
3211:Great Rapprochement
3165:Scramble for Africa
2553:Regional Government
2530:CIA Tibetan program
2513:Serfdom controversy
2397:Traditional regions
2248:Simla Accord (1914)
2170:2008 Tibetan unrest
1994:List of Qing ambans
1939:Phagmodrupa dynasty
1509:Treaty of Kurakchay
1043:(1963) pp 261–297.
843:Convention of Lhasa
803:Emir of Afghanistan
791:sphere of influence
769:Iranian nationalism
340:Franco-Prussian War
32:
3662:Treaty of Lausanne
3657:Gallipoli campaign
3346:Congress of Berlin
3263:Reinsurance Treaty
3241:Congress of Vienna
3221:Industrial warfare
3187:Scramble for China
2867:(ceremonial scarf)
2838:Dzong architecture
2655:Imperial Preceptor
2525:Sovereignty debate
2471:Etymology of Tibet
2083:Lhasa riot of 1750
2078:Jinchuan campaigns
2063:Battle of Dartsedo
1981:Qing dynasty rule
1924:Yuan dynasty rule
1898:(9th–13th century)
1707:Axis of Resistance
1560:Russo-Persian Wars
1504:Treaty of Gulistan
1388:Historical Journal
1376:(Routledge, 2016).
1365:Siegel, Jennifer,
1348:(Routledge, 2003).
1241:(1907) pp 979–984
1177:Siegel, Jennifer.
1135:Siegel, Jennifer.
1076:Historical Journal
919:Barbara Jelavich,
841:of 1903-1904, the
757:Persian government
442:Russo-Japanese War
400:Reinsurance Treaty
358:Campaign in Bosnia
311:Events leading to
288:Alexander Izvolsky
251:Russo-Japanese War
30:
3685:
3684:
3557:
3556:
3526:Albanian Revolts
3383:German Naval Laws
3367:Naval arms races
3351:Berlin Conference
3283:Hague Conventions
2952:
2951:
2917:
2916:
2609:
2608:
2573:
2572:
2476:Foreign relations
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2277:
2276:
2133:Qinghai–Tibet War
2103:Sikkim expedition
2093:Dogra–Tibetan War
2088:Sino-Nepalese War
2023:political leaders
2001:Post-Qing to 1950
1954:Rinpungpa dynasty
1865:(7th–9th century)
1753:
1752:
1529:Tehran Conference
1407:library website.
1162:Kazemzadeh, Firuz
1120:Kazemzadeh, Firuz
997:978-1-85043-371-2
845:of 1904, and the
717:
716:
709:
684:does not provide
619:puppet government
585:Trouble in Persia
574:Otto von Bismarck
554:
553:
496:Italo-Turkish War
484:Racconigi Bargain
388:Berlin Conference
232:'s advances into
149:
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
3775:
3591:Straits Question
3584:
3577:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3477:Spanish–American
3397:Fashoda Incident
3273:Treaty of Björkö
3258:Treaty of Berlin
3192:Open Door Policy
3126:Eastern question
3073:Entente Cordiale
2979:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2937:
2930:
2868:
2645:Tibetan Buddhism
2618:
2617:
2584:
2583:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2150:Battle of Chamdo
2128:Sino-Tibetan War
1984:
1947:
1927:
1917:
1899:
1889:
1876:List of emperors
1866:
1848:
1829:Historical money
1804:
1803:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1729:Axis of Upheaval
1676:Shafi Khan Qajar
1602:Persian Campaign
1466:Diplomatic posts
1460:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1372:Soroka, Marina.
1358:Sicker, Martin.
1341:
1312:
1258:Adelson, Roger,
1225:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1092:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1002:
1001:
981:
975:
969:
963:
958:
952:
946:
940:
930:
924:
917:
911:
897:
881:Persian Campaign
865:Entente Cordiale
810:in Afghanistan.
712:
705:
701:
698:
692:
673:
672:
665:
546:
539:
532:
448:Entente Cordiale
424:Fashoda Incident
394:Bulgarian Crisis
323:
308:
307:
259:Foreign Minister
255:Straits question
176:Saint Petersburg
173:
167:
166:
157:
144:
142:
118:
117:
99:
97:
96:
86:
84:
83:
64:Saint Petersburg
40:
33:
29:
21:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3593:
3588:
3558:
3553:
3492:Boxer Rebellion
3450:
3314:
3268:Treaty of Paris
3233:
3227:
3160:New Imperialism
3121:Ottoman decline
3104:
3051:Triple Alliance
3039:
3000:Austria-Hungary
2988:
2983:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2913:
2866:
2773:
2605:
2569:
2539:
2452:
2425:
2392:
2369:Tibetan Plateau
2364:Rongbuk Glacier
2350:Yarlung Tsangpo
2273:
2186:
2113:Batang uprising
2035:
2029:
1982:
1976:Khoshut Khanate
1964:Ganden Phodrang
1959:Tsangpa dynasty
1945:
1925:
1915:
1897:
1887:
1864:
1858:Yarlung dynasty
1846:
1833:
1793:
1784:
1754:
1749:
1733:
1690:
1654:
1623:
1548:
1492:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1401:
1344:Mahajan, Sneh.
1234:
1232:Further reading
1229:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1160:
1156:
1147:
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1130:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1093:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1055:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1005:
998:
982:
978:
970:
966:
959:
955:
947:
943:
931:
927:
918:
914:
898:
894:
889:
855:
822:
816:
799:Habibullah Khan
793:as long as the
787:
781:
753:First World War
713:
702:
696:
693:
690:
686:page references
674:
670:
663:
647:
597:
587:
566:Austria-Hungary
558:Triple Alliance
550:
521:
382:Triple Alliance
306:
300:
298:Rise of Germany
286:In early 1907,
275:Arthur Nicolson
247:Empire of Japan
226:
220:
115:
94:
92:
81:
79:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3781:
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3755:
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3725:
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3532:
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3519:
3509:
3504:
3502:Russo-Japanese
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3467:Anglo-Egyptian
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3441:Bosnian Crisis
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3390:Austro-Italian
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3288:Martens Clause
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
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3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:Egyptian Lever
3157:
3155:Pax Britannica
3152:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:Sovereign debt
3133:
3128:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3063:Triple Entente
3060:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3030:United Kingdom
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2959:
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2895:
2894:
2889:
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2870:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:wall paintings
2813:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2747:Tibetan people
2744:
2742:Social classes
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
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2717:
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2706:
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2549:
2547:
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2522:
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2500:
2495:
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2473:
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2447:
2441:
2435:
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2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2422:
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2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2379:Nature Reserve
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2344:
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2342:
2337:
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2323:
2313:
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2306:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
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2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:PRC annexation
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:List of rulers
1816:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1751:
1750:
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1411:
1400:
1399:External links
1397:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
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1324:(173): 59–85.
1313:
1294:10.1086/385621
1288:(1): 126–147,
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1084:
1067:
1064:. p. 283.
1058:Morgan Shuster
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876:The Great Game
873:
868:
861:
854:
851:
826:United Kingdom
815:
812:
795:United Kingdom
780:
777:
715:
714:
677:
675:
668:
662:
659:
655:British Empire
651:Russian Empire
646:
643:
603:, forcing the
586:
583:
579:Ottoman Empire
572:German state,
552:
551:
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548:
541:
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526:
523:
522:
520:
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517:
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478:Bosnian Crisis
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302:Main article:
299:
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230:Russian Empire
219:
216:
212:Triple Entente
188:Ottoman Empire
127:
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111:
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106:
105:
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101:Russian Empire
90:
88:United Kingdom
75:
71:
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68:Russian Empire
61:
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26:
9:
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3507:Italo-Turkish
3505:
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3485:
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3462:Russo-Turkish
3460:
3459:
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3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:Treaty of Fes
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:Agadir Crisis
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
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3398:
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770:
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737:British India
734:
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725:Qasr-e Shirin
722:
721:Transcaucasia
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364:Dual Alliance
362:
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58:
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39:
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19:
3753:1907 in Iran
3375:
3371:Anglo-German
3360:
3232:Treaties and
3077:
2993:Great powers
2884:
2877:
2863:
2811:sand mandala
2803:
2796:
2737:Sinicization
2709:Panchen Lama
2704:Lhamo La-tso
2687:Ganden Tripa
2481:Human rights
2355:Grand Canyon
2335:Namcha Barwa
2328: /
2237:
2006:Tibetan Army
1904:Guge kingdom
1739:
1523:
1387:
1380:
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1366:
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1321:
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1123:
1115:
1096:
1075:
1070:
1052:
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1039:Erich Eyck,
1035:
1023:
986:
979:
967:
956:
944:
933:
928:
920:
915:
900:
899:See text in
895:
863:
823:
788:
750:
745:Bandar Abbas
718:
703:
694:
683:
648:
623:
612:
609:constitution
607:to accept a
598:
555:
465:
285:
280:
272:
268:
234:Central Asia
227:
192:
180:Central Asia
159:
132:
130:
3549:World War I
3512:Balkan Wars
3497:Second Boer
3482:Banana Wars
3446:July Crisis
3377:Dreadnought
3362:Weltpolitik
3206:Pan-Slavism
2821:wall murals
2725:Catholicism
2309:Environment
1983:(1720–1912)
1946:(1368–1644)
1926:(1270–1350)
1847:(Neolithic)
1845:Prehistory
1666:Abbas Mirza
1659:Individuals
1028:Langer 1929
1016:Langer 1929
905:G. P. Gooch
835:sovereignty
779:Afghanistan
697:August 2021
638:Baluchistan
514:July Crisis
502:Balkan Wars
313:World War I
263:Edward Grey
204:Afghanistan
74:Signatories
3768:Great Game
3692:Categories
3234:agreements
3182:Great Game
3148:Revanchism
2904:Tibetology
2873:Literature
2692:Dalai Lama
2545:Government
2503:Tibet Area
2498:Golden Urn
2464:Parliament
1989:Lifan Yuan
1916:(960–1279)
1853:Zhangzhung
1838:Chronology
903:Edited by
887:References
831:suzerainty
783:See also:
763:and other
589:See also:
238:South Asia
218:Background
124:Wikisource
3197:Meiji era
3044:Alliances
2886:Chronicle
2848:Festivals
2660:Dpon-chen
2630:Languages
2625:Education
2374:Changtang
2316:Mountains
2283:Geography
2191:Documents
2036:conflicts
1888:(618–907)
1807:Overviews
1628:Incidents
1585:Abbasabad
1580:1826–1828
1575:1804–1813
1570:1722–1723
1565:1651–1653
1553:Conflicts
1497:Diplomacy
1310:145507675
504:1912–1913
498:1911–1912
480:1908–1909
462:1906–1908
456:1905–1906
444:1904–1905
420:1898–1912
414:1894–1895
402:1887–1890
396:1885–1888
378:1881–1903
372:1880–1902
370:Boer Wars
354:1875–1878
342:1870–1871
336:1866–1871
249:, in the
146:romanized
109:Full text
2944:Category
2828:Calendar
2762:Diaspora
2635:Religion
2439:Politics
2340:Tanggula
2330:Changtse
2034:Wars and
1909:Tsongkha
1871:Timeline
1814:Timeline
1791:articles
853:See also
653:and the
436:May Coup
60:Location
3177:In Asia
3010:Germany
2928:Outline
2892:writers
2833:Cuisine
2798:thangka
2779:Culture
2752:Changpa
2667:Nyingma
2614:Society
2579:Economy
2414:Ü-Tsang
2388:Valleys
2346:Rivers
2321:Kailash
1881:Lönchen
1863:Empire
1799:History
1695:Related
1269:(1939).
1255:, 2008)
729:Isfahan
680:sources
626:Isfahan
570:unified
460:Pig War
148::
137:Russian
3535:Second
3522:Second
3319:Events
3109:Trends
3025:Russia
3005:France
2879:Annals
2843:Emblem
2805:tsakli
2677:Jonang
2326:Lhotse
2270:(2008)
1969:Kashag
1789:
1392:online
1338:552495
1336:
1308:
1302:175041
1300:
1243:online
1103:
1080:online
1045:online
994:
938:Online
801:, the
755:. The
741:Kerman
661:Persia
636:, and
634:Sistan
630:Kerman
614:majles
601:Tehran
206:, and
200:Persia
158:), or
98:
85:
48:Signed
3540:Third
3530:First
3517:First
3020:Japan
3015:Italy
2935:Index
2899:Music
2864:Khata
2767:Names
2757:Yolmo
2730:Islam
2682:Gelug
2672:Kagyu
2650:Sakya
2453:(TAR)
2419:Ngari
2304:Fauna
2299:Flora
1787:Tibet
1334:JSTOR
1306:S2CID
1298:JSTOR
814:Tibet
645:Terms
562:Italy
560:with
208:Tibet
3455:Wars
2853:Flag
2792:rugs
2714:list
2697:list
2486:LGBT
2409:Kham
2404:Amdo
1534:P5+1
1101:ISBN
992:ISBN
733:Yazd
731:and
682:but
605:shah
593:and
564:and
516:1914
510:1914
492:1911
486:1909
474:1908
468:1907
450:1904
438:1903
432:1902
426:1898
408:1894
390:1884
384:1882
366:1879
360:1878
348:1871
261:Sir
131:The
53:O.S.
2787:Art
2640:Bon
1326:doi
1290:doi
282:it.
122:at
3694::
1332:.
1322:44
1320:.
1304:,
1296:,
1286:11
1284:,
1164:.
1122:.
1087:^
1060:.
1006:^
775:.
632:,
277::
257:.
214:.
202:,
168:;
154:g.
143:,
139::
66:,
3583:e
3576:t
3569:v
2978:e
2971:t
2964:v
1779:e
1772:t
1765:v
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
1394:.
1340:.
1328::
1292::
1251:(
1109:.
1082:.
1047:.
1000:.
710:)
704:(
699:)
695:(
689:.
545:e
538:t
531:v
162:(
135:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
