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36:
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82:
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from
Mobilisation Day (M) + 10 to M + 5 . After learning the news from Sarajevo, Sazonov wanted to know whether, in accordance with measures ordered in February , the first Russian troops would now be able to land in the Bosphorus within 'four or five days' of mobilisation. Sazonov was preparing for a European war, in which Russia's key strategic objective was to seize Constantinople and the Straits.
43:
822:
Sazonov, Sukhomlinov, and
Grigorevich had drawn up a detailed plan for readying Russia to seize Constantinople and the Ottoman Straits in case of war. The plan covered the acceleration of the mobilisation timetable, which would see the first day troops could be put ashore at the Bosporus speeded up
600:
allow the free passage of all civilian vessels in peacetime, and requires Turkey to allow warships of some nations to traverse the straits in peacetime, but only under strict conditions – restrictions on number, size, length of stay if entering the Black Sea (if not a Black Sea power), advance
164:. Owing to their strategic importance in international commerce, politics, and warfare, the Straits have played a significant role in European and world history. Since 1936, they have been governed in accordance with the
699:
486:(Unkiar Skelessi), in which the Ottoman Empire guaranteed exclusive use of the Straits to "Black Sea Powers" (i.e., Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire) warships in the case of a general war.
302:
Strait"), about 30 kilometers (19 mi) long and only 700 meters (2,300 ft) wide, connects the Sea of
Marmara with the Black Sea in the north. It runs through the city of
1000:
482:'s allies during wartime. This treaty became one in a series dealing with access to the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. It evolved from the secret 1833
347:
Strait"), 68 km (42 mi) long and 1.2 km (0.75 mi) wide, connects the Sea of
Marmara with the Mediterranean in the southwest, near the city of
593:
581:, an ultimately unsuccessful operation to take control of the Straits following amphibious landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula (April 1915 to January 1916). The
165:
254:, and the Bosphorus is the winding vertical waterway that connects the two. The western banks of the Bosphorus constitute the geographic starting point of the
416:
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620:
541:
is visible along the shores of the lower peninsula, centered at the only point where a sharp outcropping juts into the otherwise-linear
Dardanelles.
1010:
375:, which opened to traffic on 18 March 2022, connects the northwestern province of Çanakkale’s Gelibolu district on the European side and the
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562:
537:. The Dardanelles is the tapered waterway running diagonally between the two peninsulas, from the northeast to the southwest. The city of
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141:. The straits and the Sea of Marmara are part of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and are treated as Turkish internal waters.
577:— to cede Ottoman territory controlling and overlooking the Straits to the Russian Empire. Anglo-French troops then launched the
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306:, making it a city located on two continents. It is crossed by three suspension bridges (the
184:
840:
Gerolymatos, André (2014). "The
Turkish Straits: History, Politics and Strategic Dilemmas".
8:
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352:
258:
continent, while the banks to the east are the geographic beginnings of the continent of
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521:), and constitutes the banks of the continent of Europe, while the lower peninsula is
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road tunnel). There are plans for further crossings being debated at various stages.
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148:, the Straits are conventionally considered the boundary between the continents of
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Developments of economic activities threaten marine ecosystems including endemic
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700:"Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18"
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1025:
879:
866:
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459:
435:, the "Straits Question" involved the diplomats of Europe and the Ottomans.
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The
Straits have had major maritime strategic importance since at least the
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443:
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538:
348:
344:
81:
574:
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355:, the Dardanelles strait was known as the Hellespont. The strait and the
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117:. The Straits create a series of international passages that connect the
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69:
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satellite in
September 2006. The body of water at the upper left is the
431:, and Turks, for example) for even longer. In the declining days of the
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in 1917 ultimately stalled Russia's own plans to seize the
Straits.
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596:, which remains in force as of 2024. This Convention mandates that
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134:
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199:. Specifically, the Straits allows maritime connections from the
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113:) are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern
1001:
Montreux
Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
447:
255:
228:
149:
114:
73:
652:"Erdogan opens huge suspension bridge linking Europe and Asia"
522:
270:
The Turkish Straits are made up of the following waterways;
534:
259:
153:
757:
Windchy, Eugene G. (2014). "World War I (1917 to 1918)".
545:
The Straits became especially important in the course of
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was re-established by closing the Turkish straits to all
97:
in between, are known collectively as the Turkish straits
675:"An Economic Boom in Turkey Takes a Toll on Marine Life"
782:
Saznov made plans for a seizure of the Turkish straits.
594:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits
383:
side, and is the first bridge to cross over the strait.
64:
A map depicting the locations of the straits, with the
183:, the Turkish Straits connect various seas along the
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diplomacy of March – April 1915, the members of the
246:in April 2004. The body of water at the top is the
621:List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits
592:The modern treaty controlling access is the 1936
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533:) and constitutes the banks of the continent of
1011:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
736:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 24–25.
363:on its western shoreline were the scene of the
144:Located in the western part of the landmass of
72:in yellow. The sovereign national territory of
763:(2nd ed.) (published 2015). p. 283.
601:notification to Turkey, and other conditions.
909:
726:
293:
760:Twelve American Wars: Nine of Them Avoidable
549:(1914–1918) as a potential link between the
839:
565:(February – March 1915), but in the secret
415:strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the
916:
902:
505:, while the one on the upper right is the
137:. The straits are on opposite ends of the
563:failed to take control of the Dardanelles
793:
488:
402:
233:
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156:, as well as the dividing line between
14:
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509:. The long, narrow upper peninsula is
442:concluded on 13 July 1841 between the
417:longest suspension bridge in the world
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573:agreed — in the event of victory in
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318:), and two underwater tunnels (the
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478:whatsoever, barring those of the
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1047:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
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650:Butler, Daren (18 March 2022).
250:, the one at the bottom is the
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13:
1:
941:Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)
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971:League of the Three Emperors
730:; Stagos, Petros N. (1987).
561:. Anglo-French naval forces
470:— the "ancient rule" of the
266:is visible along both banks.
171:
7:
946:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
800:July 1914: Countdown to War
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244:International Space Station
10:
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803:. London: Icon Books Ltd.
312:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
1052:Water transport in Turkey
956:London Straits Convention
951:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
931:
854:10.1163/22116001-02801003
673:Khan, S. (17 June 2013).
484:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
440:London Straits Convention
316:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
986:Constantinople Agreement
981:Anglo–Russian Convention
936:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
76:is highlighted in green.
976:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
966:Treaty of London (1871)
238:Satellite image of the
29:Two waterways in Turkey
1006:Turkish straits crisis
961:Treaty of Paris (1856)
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129:. They consist of the
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409:1915 Çanakkale Bridge
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373:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge
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185:Eastern Mediterranean
84:
728:Rozakis, Christos L.
679:Yale Environment 360
438:By the terms of the
322:rail tunnel and the
61:class=notpageimage|
880:40.7225°N 28.2247°E
876: /
733:The Turkish Straits
705:Hürriyet Daily News
365:Battle of Gallipoli
353:classical antiquity
203:all the way to the
166:Montreux Convention
996:Treaty of Lausanne
991:Gallipoli campaign
598:Republic of Turkey
579:Gallipoli campaign
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209:Mediterranean Seas
99:
93:(yellow), and the
1042:Straits of Turkey
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567:Straits Agreement
497:, taken from the
393:harbour porpoises
242:, taken from the
16:(Redirected from
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425:Mycenaean period
399:Straits Question
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341:Çanakkale Boğazı
308:Bosphorus Bridge
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68:in red, and the
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280:(also spelled
262:. The city of
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656:. Retrieved
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493:View of the
444:Great Powers
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223:through the
221:Indian Ocean
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162:Asian Turkey
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125:seas to the
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883: /
684:6 September
583:revolutions
575:World War I
547:World War I
495:Dardanelles
413:Dardanelles
367:during the
361:) peninsula
357:Gallipoli (
332:Dardanelles
131:Dardanelles
91:Dardanelles
89:(red), the
70:Dardanelles
1026:Categories
871:28°13′29″E
868:40°43′21″N
637:References
503:Aegean Sea
225:Suez Canal
219:, and the
848:: 58–79.
816:14 August
776:14 August
654:. Reuters
587:Petrograd
539:Çanakkale
511:Gallipoli
499:Landsat 7
429:Galatians
381:Anatolian
349:Çanakkale
345:Çanakkale
277:Bosphorus
248:Black Sea
240:Bosphorus
217:Gibraltar
201:Black Sea
193:Near East
181:waterways
172:Geography
135:Bosphorus
127:Black Sea
87:Bosphorus
797:(2013).
712:19 March
658:18 March
605:See also
553:powers'
519:Gelibolu
476:warships
389:dolphins
359:Gelibolu
320:Marmaray
314:and the
304:Istanbul
300:Istanbul
290:Boğaziçi
282:Bosporus
264:Istanbul
256:European
178:maritime
133:and the
66:Bosporus
833:Sources
616:Eurasia
555:Eastern
551:Entente
527:Turkish
515:Turkish
468:Prussia
464:Austria
411:on the
379:on the
337:Turkish
324:Eurasia
286:Turkish
189:Balkans
146:Eurasia
107:Turkish
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460:France
454:, the
452:Russia
448:Europe
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229:Russia
211:, the
205:Aegean
195:, and
191:, the
187:, the
150:Europe
119:Aegean
115:Turkey
74:Turkey
523:Troad
351:. In
818:2020
805:ISBN
778:2020
765:ISBN
738:ISBN
714:2017
686:2017
660:2022
557:and
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