Algeria - Knowledge

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facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%. Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five. Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.

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areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause

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and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years. Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa, or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa.

16076: 1538: 722: 679: 660: 627: 608: 3384: 2745: 2558:, a council of some sixty military senior officers. Thus Algiers became a sovereign military republic. It was at first dominated by the odjak; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, in reality they acted independently from the rest of the Empire, and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the 3129:. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. 2181: 3183: 3767:(ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes. 3800: 6245: 1400: 1784: 5079:

Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.

3118:, and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $ 150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes. 2905:, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000. The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians. 12322:

Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).

14546:() "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones." 14571:() p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l' 6081:

describing themselves as non-religious. However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious. In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.

11276:"Had planning been better (barracks, hospitals, medical services), the drain on men would have been miniscule: it has been calculated that between 1831 and 1851, 92,329 died in hospital, and only 3,336 in battle." The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa ... – Michael Greenhalgh, p366 12321:

Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

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report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018. The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25%

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The overall rate of unemployment was 10% in 2011, but remained higher among young people, with a rate of 21.5% for those aged between 15 and 24. The government strengthened in 2011 the job programs introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the program to aid those seeking work (Dispositif

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member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and 87.7% of

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A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $ 23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past five years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme

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In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defence Minister Hervé Morin stated that "It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations," when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian

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or of mixed origins, as his mother was an Algerian Mooresse. Until 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was

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For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Algeria is home to the second-largest number of Roman sites and remains after Italy. Rome, after getting rid of its powerful rival Carthage in the year 146 BC, decided a century later to include Numidia to

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Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20

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Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power. Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the

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with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is accused of being close to the military and being loyal to the deposed president. Tebboune rejects these accusations, claiming to be the victim of a witch hunt. He also reminds his

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was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other

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Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa. Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old,

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The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films

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of consumption. This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit. In April 2022, diplomats from Italy and Spain held talks after Rome's move to secure large volume of Algerian gas stoked concerns in Madrid. Under

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Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment

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is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,949,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 1,667,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,439,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 510,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was

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wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830." French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 dead in the hospital and only 3,336 killed in action. In 1872, The Algerian population stood at

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political, military and cultural revival. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent. The Berber people were so resistant that even during the Muslim conquest

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The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema

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Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted

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As Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilisation was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organisation supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew,

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In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural

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is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$ 178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower

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In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy. These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy

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wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonization" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian

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Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th. After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local

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Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downward. Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011.

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was in effect a constitutional autocrat. The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671–1830) that the system was in place, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated. Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of the Deylikal

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Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries. It is based on both land and sea products. Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the

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Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate). Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months. The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Algeria has the

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Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria. These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land. Many Europeans settled in

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Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large

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government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the

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was established. The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of

2450:. They also did a brisk business in ransoming some of the captives. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. They often made raids on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at 5974:

Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world, and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to

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Elected politicians have relatively little sway over Algeria. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs" ("deciders"), known as "le pouvoir" ("the power"), de facto rule the country, even deciding who should be president. The most powerful man might have been

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rates or to address housing shortages. The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities among regions.

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after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the

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in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their

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Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.

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Turkish direct investments have accelerated in Algeria, with total value reaching $ 5 billion. As of 2022, the number of Turkish companies present in Algeria has reached 1,400. In 2020, despite the pandemic, more than 130 Turkish companies were created in Algeria.

152: 3902:; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the media and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticise the ruling government, some media organisations' licenses are cancelled. 1556:. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the 3087:, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The 14219:

Partly due to the strong association between Islam and Arab identity, there is a fair amount of social pressure in Algeria to identify with Arab ancestry. In fact, roughly 85% of the nation identifies much more strongly with their Arab heritage than their Berber

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substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary. In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. Colloquial

151: 3652:, an independent candidate, was elected as president after the election eventually took place on 12 December 2019. Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system. Algeria has universal 150: 6199:, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country. 149: 148: 147: 9052: 13391: 8241: 3990:

The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:

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and taking control over Morocco in 1147, they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers, wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.

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The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.

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of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. In 2013, it was estimated that 60% of the population could speak or understand French. In 2022, it was estimated that 33% of the population was Francophone.

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Henn, Brenna M.; Botigué, Laura R.; Gravel, Simon; Wang, Wei; Brisbin, Abra; Byrnes, Jake K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David (12 January 2012).

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encompassing the Algerian territories of the Hafsids would occasionally be independent from central Tunisian control. At their peak the Zayyanid kingdom included all of Morocco as its vassal to the west and in the east reached as far as

2425:. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659. 2317:. Following their decisive victories over the Algerians in the western-coastal areas of Algeria, the Spanish decided to get bolder, and invaded more Algerian cities. In 1510, they led a series of sieges and attacks, taking over Bejaia 2729:

declared "Our first duty is to take care of the happiness of the three million Arabs, whom the fate of arms has brought under our domination." During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonized until after the

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with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim al-Tumi and took control over the city and the surrounding regions. Their state is known as the

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Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was

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The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 180,000 km (110,000 mi) of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the

3423:(consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 6% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 80% of the forest area was reported to be under 3011:. Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the 7180: 1567:

was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in

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In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.

6435:, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations. 5057:, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements. 1957:

historically consisted of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example,

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is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.

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is illegal in Algeria. Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison. Despite this, about 26% of Algerians think that homosexuality should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the

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tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as

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moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia. They did not make any significant settlement on the land, as they were harassed by local tribes. In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived

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Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from

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become the new master of North Africa. They built more than 500 cities. Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products.

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According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions.

3210:, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of 15396: 13903: 4937:, which joins the select club of upper-middle-income countries. This economic rise, the result of an ambitious development strategy, places the country in the same category as emerging powers such as 12859: 10392:

Historia vicisitudes y política tradicional de España respecto de sus posesiones en las costas de África desde la monarquía gótica y en los tiempos posteriores á la restauración hasta el último siglo

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Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale

14957: 11937: 19994: 1950:. Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era. 15720: 6729:

In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are

6415:, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. In this line, 13616:

Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, MariaSerena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, FatimeZahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018).

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in Algerian society and public life. Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.

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Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm (15.7 to 26.4 in) annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east.

1464:(animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the 20316: 19984: 4933:(DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. On June, 2024 The World Bank's 2024 report marks a turning point for 13657: 19962: 6912:

remain at its core. Most of the Algerian dishes are centered around bread, meats (lamb, beef or poultry), olive oil, vegetables, and fresh herbs. Vegetables are often used for salads, soups,

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Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%. The population is predominantly Arab, under 30 years of age and urban; some 24% are Berber. More than 85% speak Arabic and 99% are Sunni Muslim.

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like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors such as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the

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After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the

14610: 2274:. Warring with the Almohad forces attempting to restore control over Algeria for 13 years, they defeated the Almohads in 1248 after killing their Caliph in a successful ambush near Oujda. 19977: 19972: 12004: 3268:), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 mi) south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of 144: 2431:

had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and had high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.

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had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629, pirate ships from Algeria raided the

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have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of

5991:, though limited in comparison to the previously mentioned languages, has increased due to globalization. In 2022 it was announced that English would be taught in elementary schools. 3843: 14529: 12544: 20341: 13941: 2405:. With the aid of this force and native Algerians, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1792). 403: 1468:

paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called

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preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea. The pirates often took the passengers and crew on the ships and sold them or used them as

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as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled "partly free." In December 2016, the

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Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French.

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The combined Arab-Berber people comprise more than 99 percent of the population (Arabs approximately 80 percent; Berbers 20 percent), with Europeans less than one percent.

2057:

captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region. The

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As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the

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since the seventh century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria. Estimates vary based on different sources. The majority of the population of Algeria is ethnically

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and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. However, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He

12034: 9465: 3648:

erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April.

2107:, a Berber dynasty originating from Algeria and which at one point was a dominant power in the Maghreb ruling over much of Morocco and western Algeria including Fez, 20346: 11711: 9583: 8337: 3785:, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight. On 24 August 2021, Algeria announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco. 2847: 2322: 388: 11255: 11136: 10358: 10266: 8987: 2613:. Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, but all these military campaigns were doomed and Spain had to ask for peace in 1786 and paid 1 million pesos to the Dey. 19396: 15527: 15413: 15276: 14870: 9550: 3114:

was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the

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Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.

2717:

about 2.9 million. French policy was predicated on "civilising" the country. The slave trade and piracy in Algeria ceased following the French conquest. The

17240: 13997: 13518: 13432: 6207: 5050:

Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$ 71.4 billion.

3665: 13074: 13024: 8216: 5908:(Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary. 19168: 18787: 9345: 8076: 18854: 18194: 15388: 13911: 13232: 9908:

Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,

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the deal between Algeria's Sonatrach and Italy's Eni, Algeria will send an additional 9 billion cubic metres of gas to Italy by next year and in 2024.

19606: 14965: 14637: 13048: 11941: 2154:

vizier decided to destroy what he could not control, and broke a deal with the chiefs of these Bedouin tribes. The Fatimids even gave them money to leave.

1123: 7910: 3333:, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to 43.3 °C (110 °F). 3088: 20356: 15712: 12817: 12269: 6195:

Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The

14161:

In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.

12985: 12738: 12298: 10597: 10571: 9738: 7637:

In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.

20111: 20106: 19957: 19148: 19071: 18989: 18905: 18900: 18166: 18117: 17233: 13594: 6683:

novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include

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In the 19th century, Algerian pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.

1328:

in early 16th century. This period saw the installation of a political and administrative organization which participated in the establishment of the

20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 19864: 19354: 19107: 19056: 13649: 10285: 9948: 9633: 3698:, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president. According to the 3104: 2103:

the Zirid ruler decided to end this recognition and declared his independence. The Zirids also fought against other Zenata Kingdoms, for example the

13361: 9513: 9421: 3064:, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of 3052:. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a 18782: 13258: 10042: 9920: 8508: 8396: 5013: 1111: 1038: 561: 14572: 14049: 7006:

and have won medals in various events. Many sports clubs and organizations exist in Algeria to promote and develop sports among young people. The

3846:

in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($ 10 billion). Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they

3434:

Many of the creatures constituting the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilisation. The most commonly seen animals include the wild

3068:. At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding 19143: 15630: 13545: 10228: 5228:, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, 3065: 3033: 2887: 1534:

but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others.

831: 15310: 12000: 11433: 6576: 163: 18635: 17960: 16047: 7289: 14653:"The booming wave of English in the linguistic landscape in Algeria: Timeline of the presence of English language in Algerian bottom-up signs" 12212: 11864: 2616:

In 1792, Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir, the two last Spanish strongholds in Algeria. In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan

2289:

The Zayyanids retained their control over Algeria for 3 centuries. Much of the eastern territories of Algeria were under the authority of the

18951: 18122: 16676: 15471: 15254: 14988: 13874: 13134: 12803: 10088: 9788: 7863:

https://www.elmoudjahid.dz/fr/economie/l-esperance-de-vie-moyenne-des-algeriens-est-de-79-6-ans-une-qualite-de-vie-nettement-meilleure-220929

3100: 2859: 683: 5299:, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In 2009, 35,000 20351: 19347: 18994: 17055: 14899: 14533: 13272: 12632: 12536: 11603: 10628: 10354:

Historia General de España ... con la continuacion de Miniana; completada ... por E. Chao. Enriquecida con notas historicas y criticas, etc

7950: 7315: 5849:

who make up between 15% and 20% to 24% of the population are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the

2913: 733: 13933: 13792:; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (7 June 2004). 12656: 9261: 20331: 19248: 18974: 18895: 18890: 18149: 15067: 14390: 11806: 11343: 11279: 11009: 10303: 9766: 9383: 9326: 9223: 9184: 9157: 9026: 2650: 20247: 15848: 14808: 14447: 14325: 14090: 12712: 12598: 12234: 11672: 10872: 10845: 10551: 9835: 9715: 9676: 9402: 9364: 9302: 7594: 6036:

is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA

3340:

has wide-reaching effects on the country. Algeria was not a significant contributor to climate change, but, like other countries in the

19937: 19852: 19004: 13907: 11915: 10771: 8280: 1119: 1103: 1018: 540: 13413: 11886: 11403: 5216:, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a three-way, 1,216-kilometre-long (756 mi) highway, linking 4045: 2061:

which was created and established by the Kutama Berbers conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.

20336: 18928: 18670: 18640: 14495: 13298: 12885: 12397: 10747: 10016: 8235: 7060: 3917:-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed the highest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted. 2741:

populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.

631: 15441: 12962: 8046: 6635:, among many others. The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionised the Arab world literature, with authors like 18604: 16120: 16032: 15493: 13331: 7342: 5039: 5017: 1107: 12324:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 12296:

Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania

2664:

to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the

2091:

Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain and briefly over Sicily, originating from modern Algeria, the

20361: 19191: 18999: 18710: 17773: 17356: 16991: 16154: 15172:"Taux d'Analphabétisme et taux d'Alphabétisation de la population âgée de 10 ans et plus selon le sexe et la wilaya de résidence" 15123: 14935: 13160: 8765: 3834:(Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial 3084: 1034: 12427: 7486:

The population was estimated at 32,277,942 in July 2002, of which 75% were Arabs, 24% Berbers, and 1% others (mostly Europeans).

2866:. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the 2721:

by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the

2250:'s tribe, the Koumïa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire. Defeating the weakening 20366: 20038: 19138: 18844: 15025: 14351: 12690: 8673: 7406: 3714: 1772:. The Christians left in three waves: after the initial conquest, in the 10th century and the 11th. The last were evacuated to 16093: 15089: 14027: 11039: 8824: 8646: 7292:. El-mouradia.dz. language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from 18961: 18943: 18807: 18770: 18287: 17943: 17041: 16177: 15956: 15937: 15918: 15899: 15880: 15872: 15826: 15797: 15778: 15759: 15606: 15061: 14594: 14441: 14416: 14384: 14292: 14243: 14184: 14154: 14123: 13182: 12811: 11800: 11748: 11666: 11533: 11479: 11337: 11249: 11215: 11182: 11130: 11103: 11070: 10932: 10855: 10816: 10683: 10650: 10517: 10485: 10172: 10116: 10070: 9976: 9893: 9863: 9445: 9090: 9020: 8981: 8942: 8857: 8683: 8656: 8617: 8590: 8563: 8536: 8475: 8448: 8421: 7784: 7660: 7630: 7588: 7516: 7479: 7442: 3747:

exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are

3477:

A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals.

3326:

is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in some years.

2434: 2122:

As the Fatimid state was at the time too weak to attempt a direct invasion, they found another means of revenge. Between the

1363: 14479: 14269: 14129: 13462: 12574: 11485: 10950: 10247: 10209: 10190: 8948: 7972: 2759:

of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of

2486:. The introduction of broad-sail ships from the beginning of the 17th century allowed them to branch out into the Atlantic. 188: 19173: 19162: 18923: 18609: 18075: 16370: 13971: 12915: 12026: 11633: 11296: 9457: 7979: 7064: 3771:

officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.

3115: 3095: 3076: 2309:

sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans, Spain decided to invade Algeria and defeat the native Kingdom of Tlemcen. In 1505, they

16056: 10794: 8329: 8125: 3675: 3629:, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during 3194:

Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the

3148:

detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.

1324:

Algeria took its name from the Regency of Algeria or Regency of Algiers, when Ottoman rule was established in the central

19370: 19258: 19253: 18984: 18979: 18812: 15178: 15149: 13709: 10724: 10701: 10407: 8788: 4978: 3710: 3641: 3144: 3049: 2879: 2819: 2658: 2157:

Whole tribes set off with women, children, elders, animals and camping equipment. Some stopped on the way, especially in

1135: 17446: 16028: 15523: 15410: 15284: 14862: 14556: 13740: 8492: 8438: 8380: 5306:

The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million

3927:

as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of

2578:

in western Kabylia. Many cities in the northern parts of the Algerian desert paid taxes to Algiers or one of its Beys.

18817: 18189: 18144: 16355: 16192: 15682: 15203: 13878: 12056: 11508: 10905: 8274: 4962: 3831: 3706: 2925: 2897:

The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like

998:

that displaced the local population, which was reduced by up to one-third due to warfare, disease, and starvation. The

664: 15660: 14701: 13993: 13522: 13440: 9575:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane

9542:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane

8016: 6529: 6219: 6065:

denominations, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.

2936:

who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964. The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the

2310: 1033:

and mountainous north, where most of the population is concentrated. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the

19796: 18652: 18161: 16669: 16616: 16267: 16133: 15975: 15248: 14843: 14821: 14788: 14319: 14084: 13845: 13563: 13070: 12093: 11773: 11705: 11580: 11559: 11376: 10434: 9709: 9670: 9643: 9616: 9255: 9217: 9151: 7186: 7035: 6548: 5021: 2886:

mobs in Algeria. The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted

2654: 1022: 884: 12513: 12483: 10889: 10263: 9966: 6501: 6486: 3083:. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a 3072:, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997. 2891: 2755:

From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and

20291: 19153: 19086: 19076: 19012: 18872: 18409: 18184: 17580: 17394: 17371: 17366: 17002: 16760: 15332: 9883: 9853: 8068: 7829: 7756: 6979:, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally. 6938: 3573: 3365: 3007:

The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the

2708:

in 1830. According to several historians, the methods used by the French to establish control over Algeria reached

13766: 13618:"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018" 3311: 2908:

The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962

2601:. For the attack in 1784, the Spanish fleet was to be joined by ships from such traditional enemies of Algiers as 19228: 18647: 18625: 18360: 18176: 18156: 16207: 13679: 13208: 10188:

Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives

9804: 7580:

Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment

7542: 6172: 6163: 3661: 3630: 3614: 3133: 3053: 2409: 2314: 16187: 16000: 13038: 12937: 7367: 7125:

The percentages provided in this infobox are estimates and can vary based on different sources. Ethnically, the

7067:, which is responsible for promoting Berber "in view of cementing, in the future, its official language status". 5938:, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of 2970: 2862:. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the 1338:, country of Algiers) and the definition of its borders with its neighboring entities on the east and west. The 1118:, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa and a major supplier of natural gas to Europe. The 20326: 19776: 19081: 18799: 16249: 12273: 10162: 7924: 6976: 6943: 6846: 6508: 6482: 6014: 5838: 5812:

refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these

3827: 3061: 2871: 1053:

is used in media, education, and certain administrative matters. The vast majority of the population speak the

951: 947: 612: 12797: 10593: 10567: 9342: 7851: 7129:

population in Algeria is generally reported to constitute between 75% and 80% to 85% of the population, while

6097: 5746: 4176: 19305: 19133: 19121: 18864: 18776: 18599: 18204: 16444: 16360: 16254: 10922: 9814:

les négociations d'Evian dans les archives diplomatiques françaises (15 janvier 1961-29 juin 1962). Bruylant,

5213: 3804: 3774: 3764: 3718: 3691: 3680: 3617:. In recent years, many of these generals have died, retired, or been imprisoned. After the death of General 2661: 2631: 2598: 2594: 2451: 2259: 1394: 816: 453: 16906: 13590: 13489:"Exportations hors hydrocarbures: une recette de près de 3 mds de dollars durant les huit 1ers mois de 2021" 11602:. West Point, NY: Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy. pp. 4–5. 10508:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800

8704:"1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria" 6877: 3091:(GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government. 2242:

originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from modern day Algeria known as

20371: 19220: 19183: 19158: 18969: 18822: 18727: 18237: 16662: 16411: 16333: 16282: 16113: 12295: 11978: 10967:

Mackie, Erin Skye (1 January 2005). "Welcome the Outlaw: Pirates, Maroons, and Caribbean Countercultures".

10651:"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed" 10379:

Sánchez Doncel, Gregorio. 1991. Presencia de España en Orán, 1509–1792. Estudio Teológico de San Ildefonso.

9491: 7007: 6057:). Most of the Christian settlers left to France after the country's independence. Today, estimates of the 5268:

Algeria has a population of an estimated 44 million, of which the majority, 75% to 85% are ethnically

4974: 4536: 3847: 3730: 3341: 2394: 797: 792: 782: 14618:(in French) (2022 ed.). Éditions Gallimard. p. 35. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024 14020:"Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information" 11595: 10282: 2863: 999: 20296: 19196: 18933: 18832: 18703: 18370: 18355: 18332: 18199: 16590: 16473: 16234: 16022: 15786:

The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987

13353: 12450: 9517: 9418: 8789:"The Site of Ain Hanech Revisited: New Investigations at this Lower Pleistocene Site in Northern Algeria" 7920: 7889: 7816: 7743: 7114: 6827: 6515: 4716: 3323: 2705: 1552:, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the 979: 14232:

Tschudin, Alain; Moffat, Craig; Buchanan-Clarke, Stephen; Russell, Susan; Coutts, Lloyd (18 June 2019).

12163:. TerraGreen 13 International Conference 2013 – Advancements in Renewable Energy and Clean Environment. 10037: 9917: 6168: 3121:

A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar

1909:, however, were ultimately defeated ushering in an adoption of Arab customs and culture. The indigenous 1548:

By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the

20301: 20031: 19243: 19048: 18755: 18630: 18365: 18345: 18340: 18139: 18127: 16510: 16434: 16350: 15789: 14056: 9992: 8187:"La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ?" 7265: 7102: 7063:

officialized Berber as Algeria's second "official" language. The revised constitution also created the

6908:

Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and

5127: 4994: 3218:

occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is

2989:

facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international

2718: 2665: 2586: 2581:

Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the

1050: 1007: 987: 900: 860: 760: 345: 15622: 13549: 10957:– Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104 10225: 6833:

recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.

5696: 4672: 3079:, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups which were won by President 2940:, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city and began attacking civilians. 1126:

on the continent and among the highest in the world (ranks 22nd globally). Algeria is a member of the

19201: 18280: 18227: 18132: 17936: 17615: 16380: 16277: 16239: 15306: 11425: 9945: 8143: 6820: 6658: 5357: 5341: 5263: 4958: 3974: 3948: 3815: 3669: 3345: 3337: 2373:, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the 912: 373: 15361: 15120:"Ecoles privées, Tamazight, enseignement du Français, syndicats ... – Les vérités de Benbouzid" 10106: 7293: 6497: 19847: 19741: 19238: 18882: 18740: 18322: 18222: 17655: 16745: 16495: 16149: 16079: 15948: 15929: 12742: 12204: 11860: 10536: 7081: 6920:, and sauce-based dishes. Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is 6566: 6478: 6467: 6272: 6072:

in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim. The June 2019

5916: 5764: 4746: 3360:

access challenges are expected to get worse. As early as 2014, scientists were attributing extreme

2318: 2075:

Following the Berber revolt numerous independent states emerged across the Maghreb. In Algeria the

1390: 1193: 1073: 1046: 876: 868: 231: 31: 15463: 15230: 13126: 13043: 12250: 10085: 9785: 9608:

Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

9078: 5883:. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end. 3735: 2890:. In addition, the French destroyed over 8,000 villages and relocated over 2 million Algerians to 2550:

from power, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of "Agha" then "

2337:

where although they were not able to conquer the city, they were able to force a tribute on them.

20306: 19310: 19300: 19038: 18350: 16485: 16454: 16338: 16318: 16162: 16106: 12624: 11095: 10620: 7840: 7319: 7003: 6999: 6803: 6610: 6471: 6227: 6058: 5870: 5257: 5189: 4132: 3881: 3699: 3045: 3012: 2986: 2422: 1865:, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of 1720: 1651: 1584:

to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the

1488: 1099: 991: 711: 589: 548: 332: 289: 17: 14895: 11597: 11207: 11174: 9106:

Mattingly, D.J. (1983). "The Laguatan: A Libyan Tribal Confederation in the late Roman Empire".

7946: 2977:, his former ally and defence minister. Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly 19736: 19328: 19295: 19206: 18915: 18760: 18696: 18254: 18232: 17673: 16568: 16343: 16084: 15598: 12660: 10541: 10138:(Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36–39. 9245: 7242: 7205: 7077: 6211: 5976: 5897: 5375: 4686: 4626: 3909: 3819: 3645: 3502: 3069: 2974: 2851: 2839: 2760: 2748: 2546:

of Algiers; and the Reis or the company of corsair captains rebelled, they removed the Ottoman

2383: 2262:

in 1212 the Almohads began collapsing, and in 1235 the governor of modern-day Western Algeria,

2100: 2099:

by the 11th century. The Zirids recognized nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs of Cairo.

1604: 1367: 1289:, "the islands"), referring to four small islands off its coast, a truncated form of the older 1182: 1042: 639: 583: 226: 17162: 15051: 14374: 14203: 11790: 11740: 11734: 11695: 11550: 11327: 11277: 11087: 11003: 10475: 9763: 9573: 9380: 9323: 9207: 9180: 9141: 9010: 8098: 7774: 7679: 7432: 6714: 5105: 2795: 2203:), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper 90: 20024: 19061: 19033: 18594: 17805: 16765: 16365: 16323: 16088: 14805: 14431: 14309: 14233: 14174: 14074: 12602: 11911: 11656: 11366: 11239: 11170: 11122:

Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden

11120: 10673: 10390: 10352: 10329: 9832: 9699: 9660: 9606: 9399: 9361: 9298: 9283: 8971: 8847: 8264: 7650: 7578: 7506: 7469: 6991: 6859: 6300: 6196: 5292: 5205: 3695: 3241:. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural 3111: 2937: 2737: 1256: 766: 438: 423: 19339: 17225: 16012: 14144: 13417: 13233:"Banque mondiale : 6 pays d'Afrique dont 2 du maghreb à revenu intermédiaire supérieur" 10818:

General Index to Papers and Annual Reports of the American Historical Association, 1884–1914

10768: 9540: 7620: 6053:

Prior to independence, Algeria was home to more than 1.3 million Christians (mostly of

5934:

has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.

5769: 5741: 4476: 4206: 3857:

SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $ 1.9 billion. Russia is also building two

3640:, who is elected for a five-year term. The president is limited to two five-year terms. The 2725:

Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872. On 17 September 1860,

20321: 19858: 19811: 19688: 19028: 18517: 18312: 18273: 18247: 18242: 18087: 17929: 16515: 16500: 16490: 16459: 16375: 16328: 16272: 16244: 16222: 14191:

Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.

13937: 12911: 12769: 12765:"Algeria stops gas supplies to Spain via Morocco, as diplomatic row with Rabat intensifies" 12335: 12168: 11393: 10216:

Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,

8845: 8715: 7806: 7733: 7667:

Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.

7089: 6983: 6440: 6424: 6358: 6159: 6093: 6061:

range from 20,000 to 200,000. Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to

6010: 5892: 5805: 5576: 5492: 5487: 5433: 5362: 5346: 5225: 5179: 5123: 5066: 5035: 4762: 4342: 4192: 4017: 4000: 3964: 3954: 3944: 3940: 3899: 3858: 3740: 3694:, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the 3649: 3637: 3622: 3601: 3579:

Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes,

3277: 3157: 3140: 3080: 2827:, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture. 2459: 2387: 2366: 2355: 2263: 2192: 2173:

ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of

2161:, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in 1894: 1838: 1680: 1612: 1077: 926:, Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilizations, including the 527: 364: 358: 14507: 13291: 12954: 12881: 12389: 10744: 10008: 9324:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy

4566: 2634:

by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816

2294: 2166: 1857:. These "Fatimids" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, 76: 8: 19386: 17796: 17023: 17006: 16580: 16558: 16553: 16439: 16301: 16287: 16259: 15433: 14761: 10874:

Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine

10283:

Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine

8038: 6995: 6972: 6562: 6420: 6223: 6023: 6000: 5959: 5712: 5296: 5200: 5163: 4896: 4822: 4792: 4462: 4386: 4296: 3835: 3794: 3713:

lost 44 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 164 seats, the military-backed

3592: 3378: 3230: 3226: 3195: 3037: 2811: 2783:, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities. 2687: 2610: 2606: 1798: 1688: 1608: 1415: 1351: 1087: 339: 18102: 16055:(Map). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). April 2007. Archived from 14503: 13323: 12339: 12172: 8719: 5419: 4921: 4372: 3597: 2064: 2053:

ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The

1370:

regarded the regency as the "first Algerian state" and the "Algerian Ottoman republic".

20311: 19613: 19279: 19232: 18482: 18032: 17786: 17496: 17441: 16609: 16530: 16449: 16394: 16313: 16197: 16167: 16141: 16017: 15967: 15838: 15551:"Algeria and the FIFA World Cup: between political legitimization and regional rivalry" 14631: 13818: 13793: 13354:"KUNA : Algeria officially joins AU free trade agreement – Economics – 16/12/2019" 12366: 12323: 11200: 11163: 10984: 9795:

journal des travaux de la Société historique algérienne, Volumes 105–106 Kraus Reprint,

9123: 8902: 8875: 8757: 8502: 8390: 7915: 7811: 7738: 7040: 6962: 6778: 6718: 6624: 6326: 6288: 6253: 6239: 6215: 5988: 5167: 5100: 4916: 4852: 4806: 4356: 4116: 3920: 3869: 3823: 3782: 3301: 3238: 3126: 3024: 2982: 2722: 2646: 2502: 2498: 2379: 2346: 2282: 2267: 1998: 1919: 1902: 1643: 1502:

expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a

1465: 1427: 1379: 1355: 1314: 1147: 1017:

Spanning 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the world's

1011: 967: 486: 460: 16654: 14921: 13156: 11088:"Genocide and Mass Violence in the 'Heart of Darkness': Africa in the Colonial Period" 8703: 8607: 8553: 8526: 8330:"les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis" 7881: 6950: 5678: 4957:

Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $ 173 billion in

4312: 4252: 3610: 2520: 978:. After nearly three centuries as a major power in the Mediterranean, the country was 19066: 18765: 17647: 17436: 17208: 16781: 16543: 16505: 16429: 16424: 15971: 15962:

Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008".

15952: 15933: 15914: 15895: 15876: 15868: 15822: 15793: 15774: 15755: 15602: 15572: 15244: 15057: 14839: 14817: 14784: 14674: 14590: 14437: 14380: 14315: 14288: 14239: 14180: 14150: 14119: 14080: 13823: 13789: 12807: 12419: 12371: 12353: 12186: 12089: 11796: 11769: 11744: 11701: 11662: 11576: 11555: 11529: 11504: 11475: 11372: 11333: 11245: 11211: 11178: 11126: 11099: 11066: 10988: 10928: 10851: 10679: 10513: 10481: 10321: 10168: 10112: 10066: 9972: 9889: 9859: 9705: 9666: 9639: 9612: 9441: 9251: 9213: 9147: 9127: 9086: 9016: 8977: 8938: 8907: 8853: 8749: 8741: 8679: 8652: 8613: 8586: 8559: 8532: 8471: 8444: 8417: 8270: 7780: 7656: 7626: 7584: 7512: 7475: 7438: 6987: 6921: 6794: 6632: 6522: 6226:

Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa. Algeria was ranked 119th in the

6117: 5880: 4866: 4776: 4656: 4596: 4236: 4102: 3928: 3924: 3291:

The Babor mountains and the Jijel Coast. The Erraguene lake can be seen on the right.

3245:. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a 3234: 2947: 2642: 2602: 2251: 2239: 2151: 2069: 2058: 2002: 1915: 1898: 1878: 1818: 1733: 1692: 1302: 908: 96: 20016: 15018: 12682: 12157:"Climate Change in Algeria: Vulnerability and Strategy of Mitigation and Adaptation" 10675:

Encountering Islam: Joseph Pitts: An English Slave in 17th-century Algiers and Mecca

8761: 7398: 6019: 5808:, and French have contributed to the history and culture of Algeria. Descendants of 5691: 5662: 5428: 5385: 4612: 4582: 4506: 1456:

region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the

20286: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 18745: 17993: 16625: 16585: 16575: 16563: 16538: 16520: 16202: 16037: 15751: 15594: 15562: 15236: 14664: 14019: 13813: 13805: 13629: 12361: 12343: 12176: 11596:

United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1947).

11202:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

11165:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

11031: 10976: 10311: 9115: 8897: 8887: 8820: 8731: 8723: 7148: 6933: 6872: 6730: 6628: 6386: 6268: 6264: 6185: 6006: 5924: 5824: 5817: 5797: 5644: 5610: 5474: 5438: 5403: 5300: 4882: 4492: 4402: 4326: 4266: 4056: 3748: 3428: 3257: 3171: 2997: 2909: 2831: 2803: 2543: 2524: 2479: 2428: 2418: 2271: 2247: 2243: 2200: 2196: 2184: 2076: 2054: 2022: 1834: 1475: 1243: 939: 691: 409: 309: 258: 15567: 15550: 13794:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa" 10907:

Bulletin du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques: section de géographie

10658: 10506: 10304:"Defensa a la antigua y a la moderna en el Reino de Valencia durante el siglo XVI" 8555:

History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830

8132:, Journal officiel de la republique algerienne, 1st year, 1st issue, 1962, páge 5. 6257: 5188:

The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the

2119:, most of the Sous and Draa and reaching as far as M'sila and the Zab in Algeria. 20101: 19746: 18378: 18020: 17900: 17781: 17491: 17265: 17201: 17110: 16697: 16548: 16406: 16212: 16004: 15891: 15713:"Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports (Algeria) (Ministry of Youth and Sports)" 15417: 14812: 14263: 14113: 12566: 12302: 12181: 12156: 11893: 11469: 11283: 10954: 10947: 10798: 10775: 10751: 10728: 10705: 10289: 10270: 10251: 10244: 10232: 10213: 10206: 10194: 10187: 10092: 10060: 10046: 9952: 9924: 9839: 9811: 9792: 9770: 9425: 9406: 9387: 9368: 9349: 9330: 8934: 8926: 8892: 8465: 8411: 8363: 8217:"Aseɣnew n GPRA ila iswi n useddukkel n Tegrawla akked usegrew n umɣiwan aɣelnaw" 8129: 7233: 7217: 7196: 7085: 6898: 6700: 6684: 6590: 6436: 6428: 6373: 6354: 6189: 6089: 5968: 5947: 5935: 5931: 5905: 5901: 5730: 5628: 5542: 5526: 5508: 5151: 4836: 4732: 4702: 4642: 4522: 4432: 4416: 4222: 4146: 3478: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3424: 3392: 3261: 3187: 3175: 2990: 2962: 2958: 2943: 2843: 2799: 2575: 2559: 2443: 2306: 2246:

would soon take control over the Maghreb. During the time of the Almohad Dynasty

1553: 1318: 1210: 1173: 1158: 1054: 971: 254: 244: 82: 54: 13963: 12907: 11625: 11304: 10316: 3306: 1989:

dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands.

1817:, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including 19816: 18750: 18735: 18675: 17910: 17895: 17810: 17563: 17469: 17431: 17416: 17400: 17147: 17131: 16641: 16630: 16416: 16172: 15856: 14926: 12348: 10791: 10461:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

8122: 7027: 6966: 6902: 6894: 6770: 6762: 6734: 6696: 6619: 6408: 6400: 6322: 6296: 6105: 6073: 6069: 6042:

estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020. There are about 290,000

6038: 5963: 5955: 5801: 5594: 5589: 5560: 5288: 5284: 5091:

Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high.

4930: 4552: 4282: 4162: 4072: 4033: 3778: 3760: 3744: 3618: 3482: 3420: 3364:

to climate change in Algeria. Algeria was ranked 46th of countries in the 2020

3357: 3330: 3029: 3008: 2898: 2731: 2677: 2582: 2536: 2455: 2391: 2290: 1830: 1577: 1449: 1143: 1091: 1030: 983: 975: 943: 896: 744: 499: 379: 313: 15171: 15145: 14669: 14652: 13713: 12739:"Bin Ali calls for reactivating Arab Maghreb Union, Tunisia-Maghreb, Politics" 10721: 10698: 9119: 8795: 8467:

Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité

6623:, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. This period had also known 5869:

of North Algeria. During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in 1960)

5184: 3898:

in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restrictions on

3868:

Algeria is the 90th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024

3560:

is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees.

3056:

was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil

1993:

provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the

20280: 20262: 20249: 19801: 19496: 18719: 17875: 17842: 17595: 17213: 16821: 15843: 15833: 15576: 15494:"Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia 4 volumes 0313376263, 9780313376269" 14678: 14563: 13736: 13634: 13617: 12986:"Algeria must stop crushing dissent by imprisoning journalists and activists" 12357: 12236:

Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194

12190: 12126:"Heatwaves are on the rise in Algeria due to climate change, says specialist" 10546: 10325: 8745: 8612:. Internet Archive. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. p. 16. 6851: 6839: 6688: 6636: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6314: 6136: 6101: 6062: 5980: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5458: 4446: 4086: 3895: 3887: 3657: 3537: 3250: 3207: 2954: 2807: 2701: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2351: 2050: 1994: 1986: 1954: 1910: 1791: 1549: 1499: 1469: 1339: 1127: 809: 394: 203: 190: 18393: 15852:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–653. 15207: 14922:"The Arab world in seven charts: Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?" 13870: 10555:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–384. 8727: 2191:

The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of

1676:

of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.

1106:, due mostly to its large petroleum and natural gas reserves, which are the 19673: 19633: 19623: 19446: 18492: 18060: 17905: 17890: 17885: 17865: 17850: 17550: 17257: 16931: 16921: 16725: 16182: 15864: 15810: 15652: 14693: 13827: 13710:"Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Algerian Program (English Version)" 12375: 9774: 8911: 8753: 8580: 8008: 7852:

https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025

6890: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6708: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6672: 6654: 6644: 6596: 6318: 6304: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6124: 6085: 5789: 5147: 4954:

will cost US$ 286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.

3984: 3752: 3613:, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the 3494: 3463: 3415: 3269: 2902: 2867: 2835: 2726: 2681: 2590: 2494: 2490: 1700: 1664: 1647: 1624: 1616: 1515: 1480: 1095: 1003: 931: 856: 512: 265: 13841: 13570: 12683:"IPU PARLINE database: ALGERIA (Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani), Full text" 12097: 10980: 10430: 8846:

Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John Van Couvering; Alison S. Brooks (2004).

6657:

was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957, he was awarded the

6271:

and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

2649:, which ended the attacks on U.S. ships in 1815. A year later, a combined 2542:

In 1659, the Janissaries stationed in Algiers, also known commonly as the

2470:, almost the entire population. In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers, 1821:, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great 1002:

in 1945 catalysed local resistance that culminated in the outbreak of the

20047: 19806: 19521: 19411: 18665: 18574: 18296: 17952: 17860: 17528: 17515: 17105: 16936: 16826: 15997: 15910: 15818: 15389:"Algerian novelist Ahlem Mosteghanemi designated UNESCO artist for peace" 14989:"Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It?" 12505: 12475: 11526:

A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York Review Books Classics)

11158: 9049:"Algeria's Roman Heritage – Roundtrips and Cultural Tours Penguin Travel" 8440:

Islam and the Métropole: A Case Study of Religion and Rhetoric in Algeria

7776:

Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today

7434:

Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today

6799: 6338: 5785: 5571: 5061: 3853:

In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49

3529: 3404: 3219: 3122: 3001: 2791: 2713: 2692: 2531: 2471: 2413: 2402: 2228: 2220: 2147: 2143: 1990: 1890: 1814: 1438: 1164: 1131: 955: 927: 923: 447: 432: 15336: 15240: 13762: 13097:"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" 8736: 7607:

Ethnically the population is made up of about 80% Arabic and 20% Berber.

5295:, in the western Algerian Sahara desert. There are also more than 4,000 4999: 3107:. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces. 1069:

is the official religion and practised by 99 percent of the population.

19683: 19653: 19581: 19571: 19541: 19531: 19486: 19436: 19426: 19274: 18467: 18383: 18039: 17880: 17870: 17855: 17733: 17012: 16916: 16881: 16866: 16851: 16806: 16740: 12155:

Sahnoune, F.; Belhamel, M.; Zelmat, M.; Kerbachi, R. (1 January 2013).

11788: 10015:. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization. 8 December 2004. 9885:

Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour

9701:

African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century

8876:"Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations" 8491:

Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979).

8379:

Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979).

8009:"Algeria | Flag, Capital, Population, Map, & Language | Britannica" 6722: 6648: 6640: 6334: 5809: 5707: 3914: 3862: 3576:

mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries.

3557: 3545: 3498: 3467: 3388: 3203: 3057: 2786: 2483: 2334: 2277: 2232: 2139: 2085: 1886: 1826: 1788: 1769: 1761: 1589: 1573: 1572:, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay 1557: 1430: 1419: 1342:

who settled in Algeria referred both to themselves and the peoples as "

892: 17645: 17089: 13209:"Wildfire Management Policies in Algeria: Present and Future Needs1,2" 13017:"Algérie : Dissolution du Snateg, le secrétaire général conteste" 12838:"Loi 14-06 relative au service national", JORADP 48, August, 10th 2014 11297:"Algeria (Djazaïria) historical demographic data of the whole country" 10540: 8648:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

6295:

is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were

5911: 5414: 5139: 5024:

reported that in 2005, Algeria had 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160

3287: 3215: 2919: 1442: 1404: 20222: 20217: 20177: 20152: 19506: 18558: 18047: 17817: 17501: 17381: 16871: 15989: 15907:

The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity

15770: 15428: 15426: 14347: 13934:"Western Sahara: Lack of Donor Funds Threatens Humanitarian Projects" 13039:"Le Snategs dénonce et décide de porter plainte | Le Matin d'Algérie" 6346: 6144: 6128: 6054: 5875: 5828: 5307: 5054: 3979: 3687: 3626: 3553: 3525: 3490: 3361: 2978: 2932: 2769: 2398: 2326: 2158: 2108: 2006: 1979: 1806: 1757: 1745: 1741: 1667:

was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous

1593: 1541: 1511: 1503: 1461: 1359: 1343: 1306: 1115: 995: 14958:"Young Arabs are Changing their Beliefs and Perceptions: New Survey" 14231: 13680:"Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier" 12390:"What's happening in Algeria… is it the "Arab spring"? (فراس صليبا)" 11697:

The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend

9823:

The Zīrids of Granada Andrew Handler University of Miami Press, 1974

9371:

Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing

8531:. Internet Archive. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press. p. 11. 8144:"ⵜⵉⵔⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⴽⵓⵡⴰⵢⵜ : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽⵜ" 6456: 5673: 3485:, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of 3000:, introduced some liberal economic reforms. He promoted a policy of 2641:

Attacks by Algerian pirates on American merchantmen resulted in the

1433:

techniques. Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called

20227: 20197: 19756: 19648: 19601: 19561: 19556: 19471: 19456: 18432: 17743: 17456: 16971: 16946: 16796: 16791: 16770: 16735: 16720: 16098: 16041: 15583: 14930: 13809: 12307: 10254:, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine 10235:, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine 10136:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

9381:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

6958: 6917: 6881: 6614: 6582: 6366: 6362: 6308: 6077: 6047: 5866: 5831: 5820: 5131: 4961:

and a large hydrocarbon stabilisation fund. In addition, Algeria's

3653: 3580: 3466:, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. The 3182: 3125:. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old 2966: 2883: 2824: 2709: 2212: 2174: 2162: 2104: 2096: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2010: 1959: 1850: 1842: 1765: 1749: 1708: 1659: 1635: 1585: 1564: 1530:). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages. 1523: 1495: 1347: 1246: 804: 748: 133: 15423: 13650:"Italy and Spain Hold Talks to Head Off Tension Over Algerian Gas" 12567:"Algeria election: Fresh protests as Tebboune replaces Bouteflika" 12119: 12117: 12115: 10062:

Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities

9580:

History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa

9547:

History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa

6811:

stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.

6806:, one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema. 5657: 3969: 3233:(a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes 2482:. The threat was so severe that residents abandoned the island of 2417:

assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the

2211:

plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the

1704: 20212: 20207: 20187: 19663: 19638: 19628: 19591: 19576: 19546: 19466: 19431: 19416: 18548: 18538: 18512: 18497: 18472: 18457: 18427: 18422: 18015: 17968: 17829: 17758: 17738: 17713: 17678: 17663: 17538: 17464: 17426: 17390: 17346: 17320: 17178: 17157: 17126: 17084: 16956: 16926: 16911: 16896: 16886: 16876: 16841: 16836: 16786: 16755: 16730: 15386: 12713:"France offers compensation to victims sickened by nuclear tests" 12537:"Algeria's president Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns after 20 years" 12001:"Algeria parliament to meet on Tuesday to name interim president" 8924: 7130: 6953:, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba ( 6889:

different peoples and cultures. The Algerian cuisine is a mix of

6606: 6396: 6350: 6330: 6249: 6140: 6132: 5939: 5854: 5846: 5793: 5781: 5639: 5605: 5469: 5398: 5380: 5245: 5237: 5221: 3533: 3509: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3400: 3349: 3329:

Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has

3242: 3162: 3143:

became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the

2953:

Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (

2780: 2574:, although in 1730 the Regency was able to take control over the 2571: 2547: 2466:, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of 2447: 2370: 2216: 2204: 2131: 2127: 2046: 2018: 2014: 1971: 1939: 1927: 1854: 1777: 1726: 1696: 1672: 1668: 1655: 1599: 1581: 1569: 1457: 1434: 1325: 1310: 1274: 1062: 959: 935: 916: 904: 864: 852: 473: 327: 283: 182: 18688: 15542: 15393:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

14562:. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from 14115:

El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)

12239:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 8675:

Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution

8585:. Internet Archive. Chicago : Childrens Press. p. 33. 3983:). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its 3493:

regions of Algeria. Many animals are now extinct, including the

2489:

In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers under the command of

1630: 1537: 20202: 20157: 19751: 19678: 19668: 19536: 19526: 19501: 19491: 19451: 18543: 18452: 18447: 18082: 18070: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17973: 17763: 17728: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17683: 16981: 16966: 16961: 16901: 16856: 16816: 16710: 16689: 14783:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 105. 14716: 14250:

The majority of Algerians are Arab, but around 20% are Berbers.

13994:"Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés 2012" 13416:. Embassy of the United States Algiers, Algeria. Archived from 13273:"Algeria reclassification to upper middle income by World Bank" 12112: 9946:

Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque

8786: 7264:

The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not

6913: 6909: 6203: 5943: 5920: 5813: 5725: 5623: 5537: 5521: 5503: 5443: 5280:

or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.

5217: 5159: 5143: 5135: 5120: 5109: 4973:, despite several years of negotiations but is a member of the 3959: 3854: 3569: 3561: 3521: 3486: 3439: 3408: 3383: 3353: 3281: 3246: 3199: 3167: 3132:

On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after

2744: 2467: 2463: 2135: 2112: 2092: 2034: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1923: 1882: 1870: 1862: 1846: 1822: 1773: 1753: 1684: 1650:(modern-day Annaba, Algeria), located in the Roman province of 1527: 1519: 1507: 1484: 1423: 1081: 1026: 20317:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

18265: 17921: 15837: 15767:

Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects

15750:. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: 12154: 10699:"Vísindavefurinn: Hverjir stóðu raunverulega að Tyrkjaráninu?" 9085:. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. 8849:

Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition

7841:

https://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/Demographie_Algerienne2020_2023.pdf

7163: 6949:

Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the

3462:

population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the

2751:, Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865 2325:. They also besieged Tlemcen. In 1511, they took control over 2180: 1592:

more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of

1426:. Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of 20192: 20172: 20167: 20162: 19709: 19693: 19643: 19618: 19586: 19551: 19481: 19476: 19441: 19369: 19091: 18553: 18522: 18507: 18502: 18487: 18462: 18437: 18092: 18065: 18055: 17978: 17825: 17753: 17748: 17723: 17718: 17708: 17688: 17542: 17523: 17511: 17483: 17479: 17421: 17408: 17333: 17307: 17294: 17255: 17152: 16941: 16891: 16846: 16831: 16811: 16801: 16775: 16715: 15926:

Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation

15888:

A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry

14146:

Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation

14076:

Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation

12595:

Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution

11861:"That Was Then, This Is Now: The Battle of Algiers and After" 11395:

La démographie figurée de l'Algérie: étude statistique des...

10871:

Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1868).

10134:

Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in

8609:

Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation

8161: 7622:

Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation

7126: 6954: 6342: 6043: 6033: 5951: 5845:, constituting between 75% and 80% to 85% of the population. 5842: 5777: 5555: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5233: 5155: 3565: 3549: 3541: 3513: 3211: 2875: 2621: 2555: 2374: 2330: 2299: 2224: 2170: 2116: 2042: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1906: 1874: 1866: 1858: 1802: 1729: 1204: 1066: 1058: 880: 872: 277: 19383:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

15090:"Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie réduit à 7,94% en 2021" 14724:"Algeria expands English lessons to primary school students" 14644: 13787: 13183:"During Pandemic, Algeria Tightens Vise on Protest Movement" 7133:

are estimated to constitute between 15% and 20% to 24%. See

5971:

is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.

5007:

Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an

4981:, and has an association agreement with the European Union. 3799: 3528:. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens ( 3348:. Because a large part of the country is in already hot and 2985:

agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive.

2874:. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 2049:

established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries. The

1982:). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions. 20182: 19658: 19596: 19566: 19516: 19511: 19461: 18477: 18442: 18027: 17988: 17983: 16951: 16861: 16750: 7791:

Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%

7449:

Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%

7169: 7166: 6244: 6027: 5453: 5390: 5241: 5229: 5008: 3435: 3411:-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife. 3273: 2776: 2475: 2362: 2208: 2123: 2081: 1918:

made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily,

1691:. It was succeeded by another Kingdom based in Altava, the 1453: 1399: 1362:

independence, despite still being nominally subject to the

1139: 888: 15964:

Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation

15805:

Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria

14265:

The sands of Tamanrasset: the story of Charles de Foucauld

10924:

The Merchants of Oran: A Jewish Port at the Dawn of Empire

7249:

al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah

7160: 5196:

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Algeria:

5073: 3198:. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the 2474:, enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of 1905:

and many other Arab knights in a string of victories. The

1783: 1231:

al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah

63:

al-Jumhūriyatu l-Jazāʾiriyatu d-Dīmuqrāṭiyatu sh‑Shaʿbiyah

15645: 15365: 14430:

Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).

14307: 11573:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

7419:

More than three-fourths of the country is ethnically Arab

7151: 6605:

The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the

4970: 3886:

Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded

3517: 2617: 2566: 2551: 2227:

in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.

1893:

against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic

1794:

dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c. 960–1100

1448:

The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called

824: 20342:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

15748:

Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present

14340: 12908:"Venezuela's Chavez To Finalise Russian Submarines Deal" 12320: 11448: 10792:"Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?" 8969: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 6147:. The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge. 2150:

since the nomads would often loot their farms. The then

1603:

The lands which make up modern-day Algeria were part of

1313:

in 950. It was employed by medieval geographers such as

1260: 1250: 16684: 15675: 14890: 14888: 14838:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97. 14143:

Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022).

11792:

Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa

11329:

Modern Algeria: The Origins And Development of a Nation

9343:

Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil

7619:

Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022).

6208:

University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene

6188:

at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was

1358:

of Algeria as a state possessing all the attributes of

1029:

desert dominating most of the territory except for its

919:, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. 30:

This article is about the country. For other uses, see

11887:

98 Die in One of Algerian Civil War's Worst Massacres

8410:

Peaslee, Amos Jenkins; Xydis, Dorothy Peaslee (1974).

7471:

A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East

6961:

and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (

6361:

in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author

3018: 2219:

tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural

2215:

in the second half of the 12th century. The influx of

1683:

led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in

1301:, "islands of Bani Mazghanna"). The name was given by 1098:

in global affairs. The country has the second-highest

20046: 15387:

Honorary and Goodwill Ambassadors (20 January 2017).

14496:"Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique" 14261: 13615: 13324:"Members of the GAFTA – Greater Arab Free Trade Area" 12027:"Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune?" 10477:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

10197:

Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,

10164:

Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia: A Travel Survival Kit

9965:

Fage, John; Tordoff, with William (23 October 2013).

9918:

In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara

9390:

Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge

9008: 8872: 7563: 7187: 3656:

at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the

2302:

which they captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin.

2285:

of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors

1699:

its territory extended from the region of modern-day

1472:, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa. 14885: 14530:"La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie" 13071:"Algérie : Les droits des travailleurs bafoués" 12420:"Algeria – Country Profile – Nations Online Project" 10621:"The Mysteries and Majesties of the Aeolian Islands" 10308:

Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia del Arte

8839: 8558:. Internet Archive. New York, Praeger. p. 284. 7247: 7210: 7154: 7017: 2390:

succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The

2146:

for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the

1780:

and the few remaining died out in the 14th century.

1354:

in the regency, the Ottoman Turks shaped the modern

1229: 1187: 61: 15549:Amara, Mahfoud; Bouandel, Youcef (3 October 2022). 15486: 14072: 13763:"Algérie a atteint 40,4 millions d'habitants (ONS)" 13569:. Energy Information Administration. Archived from 13519:"Country Comparison: Natural Gas – Proved Reserves" 13259:"Algeria reclassified to upper middle income by WB" 12846: 12844: 12314: 12255:

Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

12096:. United States Library of Congress. Archived from 11325: 9076: 8794:. Journal of Archaeological Science. Archived from 8626: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7157: 7088:used by the vast majority of the population. Other 6982:Algeria has a long history in other sports such as 5162:of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural 3838:during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). 3190:

makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.

2920:

The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)

2700:Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the 2438:

Map of the Regency of Algiers in early 19th century

1885:seceded. To punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab 15836:; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur (1911). 15146:"Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie est de 21,3%" 14778: 14478: 14471:"Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization" 14413:"L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh" 14118:. Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444. 13543: 12741:. ArabicNews.com. 19 February 1999. Archived from 12251:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Algeria" 11789:Ussama Samir Makdisi; Paul A. Silverstein (2006). 11693: 11648: 11599:The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion 11199: 11162: 10505: 10409:the Spanish Enclaves in Morocco Par Robert Rezette 9440:Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 6969:are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians. 6857:, and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie 6175:literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015 5154:, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized 3923:has accused the Algerian authorities of using the 3568:are the predominant flora in the remainder of the 3431:and 2% with ownership listed as other or unknown. 3136:against his candidacy for a fifth term in office. 2671: 1901:asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero 1634:Roman inscription from Agueneb in the province of 1414:Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the 1305:after he established the city on the ruins of the 19865:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 19108:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 15832: 14587:The Contemporary Francophone African Intellectual 13871:"2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria" 13585: 13583: 13546:"Le temps des crapules – Tout sur l'Algérie" 12882:"The Nuclear Vault: The Algerian Nuclear Problem" 11844:. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from 11654: 11503:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 80. 11005:The Museum of foreign literature, science and art 10671: 10665: 8963: 7911:"Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index" 6699:, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, 5823:descendants deep into the 18th century, and even 3089:Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat 2818:During the late 19th and early 20th century, the 2554:" in 1671, and the right to select passed to the 1873:extending from Algeria to their capital state of 1384: 970:was established in 1516 as a largely independent 539:2,381,741 km (919,595 sq mi) ( 20347:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 20278: 16646: 15049: 14694:"The Politics of Language in Algerian Education" 14685: 14636:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 14578: 14493: 14282: 13898: 13896: 13865: 13863: 12841: 11001: 10130: 10128: 9877: 9875: 9662:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 9286:. Virtue. 1 April 1865 – via Google Books. 7576: 7340: 5834:descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued. 5224:in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the 3508:In the north, some of the native flora includes 3123:protests across the Middle East and North Africa 2846:, which saw the first large-scale deployment of 1544:(c. 238–148 BC), first king of Numidia 1366:. Algerian nationalist, historian and statesman 1041:in the world. Algeria's official languages are 946:. Its modern identity is rooted in centuries of 19149:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 15593:. Liverpool University Press. 1 December 2017. 15019:"Library of Congress Country Studies – Algeria" 14857: 14855: 14781:Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity 13437:Econostrum | Economic News in the Mediterranean 13433:"Turkey strengthens its investments in Algeria" 13384:"General presentation of Association Agreement" 12654: 12596: 11852: 11523: 11065:. New York, NY: NYRB Classics. pp. 29–30. 11060: 10769:"Turkish Invasion – Visit Westman Islands .com" 10722:"Vísindavefurinn: Hvað gerðist í Tyrkjaráninu?" 10531: 10529: 10454: 10452: 9631: 7701: 7343:"Algeria's Berbers protest for language rights" 7254:République algérienne démocratique et populaire 3344:, is expected to be among the most affected by 1611:, at its greatest extent since the fall of the 1236:République algérienne démocratique et populaire 14142: 13580: 13073:(in French). Human Rights Watch. 27 May 2014. 12795: 12657:"Algerian constitution الحـقــوق والحــرّيـات" 11548:Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). " 11471:France: Monarchy, Republic and Empire, 1814–70 10160: 10149:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 10059:Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001). 9002: 8697: 8695: 8644: 8578: 8520: 8518: 7618: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7318:. Apn-dz.org. 28 November 1996. Archived from 6975:is the most popular sport in the country. The 2823:colonized countries' path in central Asia and 2266:declared his independence and established the 20032: 19355: 18704: 18281: 17937: 17631: 17241: 16670: 16114: 15765:Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). 15615: 15548: 15335:. Mapping Contemporary Cinema. Archived from 15333:"Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema" 14779:Greenberg, Udi; A. Foster, Elizabeth (2023). 14764:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 2010. 14429: 14415:. Magharebia.com. 2 June 2006. Archived from 13893: 13875:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 13860: 13781: 12804:International Institute for Strategic Studies 11938:"Algeria Officially Lifts State of Emergency" 11294: 11241:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987 11090:. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). 10219: 10125: 10095:Louis Cibrario Libraire de Guillaumin et C.ie 9872: 9172: 9077:Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2001). 8470:(in French). Editions Bouchène. p. 139. 8368:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 7. 8357: 8355: 8179: 7882:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024" 7258: 7010:in Algeria manages sport-related activities. 6403:; founder of the Algerian school for painting 5879:. They were primarily of French, Spanish and 3253:; farther south, there is the Sahara desert. 3101:Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation 2505:. Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from 2412:, who assumed the position in 1544. He was a 1725:After negligible resistance from the locals, 1172:Different forms of the name Algeria include: 19885: 19144:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 17056:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 15235:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 15204:"Algeria | Ranking Web of Universities" 15056:. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 347. 14852: 14692:Allah, Abu Bakr Khaled Saad (20 July 2023). 14589:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 9. 14376:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews 14366: 13157:"Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?" 11658:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set 10565: 10526: 10503: 10449: 10395:(in Spanish). Impr. y fundición de M. Tello. 10238: 9691: 9571: 9538: 8925:Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). 8507:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8409: 8395:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8266:The spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan in Africa 6837: 6721:, the most widely read female writer in the 6369:(Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. 4988: 1736:conquered Algeria in the early 8th century. 1333: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1217:. The country's full name is officially the 829: 126: 109: 46: 19840: 17601:Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 15705: 14612:La Langue Française Dans le Monde 2019–2022 13286: 13284: 13282: 12451:"Algeria: The Enduring Failure of Politics" 11575:. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. 11570: 11385: 10870: 10814: 10458: 9964: 9436: 9434: 9419:Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events 9409:Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield 9181:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War" 8692: 8515: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7779:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201. 7577:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). 7537: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7454: 7437:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201. 6651:while staying in Algeria, and many others. 6485:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6349:while staying in Algeria. The works of the 3934: 3717:won 100, and the Muslim Brotherhood-linked 3015:(FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups. 1422:styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the 966:between the eighth and 15th centuries, the 20357:States and territories established in 1962 20039: 20025: 19853:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 19362: 19348: 18952:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 18711: 18697: 18318: 18288: 18274: 17944: 17930: 17638: 17624: 17248: 17234: 16677: 16663: 16121: 16107: 15232:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 14698:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 14573:Office national des statistiques d'Algérie 14050:"Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie" 13908:U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants 12653:Article 42 of the Algerian constitution – 12589: 12534: 11977:. African Economic Outlook. Archived from 11589: 11458:, ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023 11244:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. 10887: 10619:Povoledo, Elisabetta (26 September 2003). 8976:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. 8702:Sahnouni; et al. (14 December 2018). 8413:Constitutions of Nations: Volume I, Africa 8352: 8313: 8193:(in French). 22 April 2020. Archived from 7768: 7766: 7764: 7511:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 82. 7500: 7498: 7496: 7494: 6263:Modern Algerian literature, split between 6202:Even if some of them offer instruction in 6088:a number of prominent thinkers, including 3705:Parliamentary elections were last held in 3586: 3399:The varied vegetation of Algeria includes 3342:Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region 2382:. When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his 2235:tribes had become completely arid desert. 1711:and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east. 1122:is one of the largest in Africa, with the 169:Location of Algeria (dark green) 162: 18671:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees 17579:Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the 16031:web resources provided by GovPubs at the 15945:Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History 15566: 14668: 14650: 14111: 14055:. UNESCO. 2009. p. 9. Archived from 13817: 13633: 13014: 12789: 12365: 12347: 12180: 11909: 11795:. Indiana University Press. p. 160. 11364: 11332:. Indiana University Press. p. 103. 11125:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–93. 10815:Association, American Historical (1918). 10499: 10497: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10315: 10302:García, Luis Arciniega (1 January 1999). 10207:Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2 10151:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–104 10058: 9833:The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 9764:The Puffin History of the World: Volume 1 9730: 9632:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (2004). 9179:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1 April 1858). 9105: 9072: 9070: 8901: 8891: 8735: 8651:. University of Texas Press. p. 34. 8234:LLC, Forbidden Fruits (30 January 2013). 7393: 7391: 7389: 7061:Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016 6549:Learn how and when to remove this message 5138:, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and 2313:, and in 1509 after a bloody siege, they 2138:for their disruption and turbulency. The 1897:. In Al-Tāghrībāt the Amazigh Zirid Hero 1881:began to collapse when its governors the 17604:Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 17589:Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 16033:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 15861:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 15599:10.5949/liverpool/9781786940216.003.0011 14833: 14500:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde 14487: 14179:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. 14079:. Indiana University Press. p. 22. 13564:"Country Analysis Briefs – Algeria" 13279: 13015:Izouaouen, Noreddine (4 December 2017). 12123: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11237: 11085: 11063:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 10920: 10910:(in French). Imprimerie nationale. 1894. 10618: 10559: 10276: 10104: 10039:Populations Crises and Population Cycles 9881: 9658: 9431: 9178: 8701: 8463: 8069:"Africa: largest countries by area 2020" 7867: 7655:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. 7528: 6937: 6876: 6798: 6713: 6395: 6311:group in 1993 for his secularist views. 6243: 6167: 6018: 5910: 5768: 5276:, although some 1.5 million remain 5183: 5104: 4998: 4920: 3814:The military of Algeria consists of the 3798: 3781:have been an obstacle to tightening the 3734: 3674: 3596: 3382: 3305: 3295: 3286: 3181: 3161: 3040:claimed responsibility for many of them. 3028: 2942: 2878:and their dependents were killed by the 2785: 2743: 2691: 2626: 2530: 2519: 2433: 2361:In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers 2350: 2276: 2179: 2063: 1797: 1782: 1629: 1598: 1536: 1494:From their principal center of power at 1474: 1398: 1277:, which in turn derives from the Arabic 1273:Algeria's name derives from the city of 1157: 15990:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 15739: 15356: 15354: 15082: 14806:Migration and development co-operation. 14651:Maraf, Baya; Osam, Ulker Vanci (2023). 14584: 13844:. Library of Congress Country Studies. 13511: 13292:"Algeria: 2011 Article IV Consultation" 12983: 12796:Hackett, James, ed. (5 February 2008). 12617: 12448: 12270:"National Animals of African Countries" 12084: 12082: 11940:. CNN. 24 February 2011. Archived from 11763: 11528:. New York: NYRB Classics. p. 32. 11467: 11197: 11157: 11092:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies 10948:Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman 10888:algérienne, Société historique (1873). 10850:. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Ltd. 10473: 10405: 10350: 9994:The Maghreb Review: Majallat Al-Maghrib 9927:Edward Alexander Powell Century Company 9697: 9514:"Qantara – Les Almoravides (1056–1147)" 9012:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 8787:Sahnouni, Mohamed; de Heinzelin, Jean. 8497:. , Department of the Army. p. 23. 8490: 8436: 8378: 8307: 7761: 7491: 7368:"What Languages Are Spoken In Algeria?" 7308: 7282: 7238:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية 5088:d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle). 5074:Research and alternative energy sources 3894:issued a report regarding violation of 3892:Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor 3625:put loyalists in key posts, notably at 2790:The six historical Leaders of the FLN: 2454:in North Africa and other parts of the 2408:The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son 2258:Following their decisive defeat in the 1223:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية 1219:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 1025:. It has a semi-arid climate, with the 849:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 48:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية 43:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 14: 20279: 15164: 15100:from the original on 12 September 2021 14986: 14768:from the original on 16 December 2013. 14468: 14433:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 14379:. State University of New York Press. 14372: 14311:Migration and Development Co-Operation 14272:from the original on 6 September 2015. 14172: 13743:from the original on 19 September 2011 13455: 11498: 11488:from the original on 6 September 2015. 11400:The figurative demographics of Algeria 11391: 11118: 10966: 10535: 10494: 10416: 10301: 10161:Crowther, Geoff; Finlay, Hugh (1992). 10019:from the original on 23 September 2019 9882:Meredith, Martin (11 September 2014). 9851: 9428:Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications, 9205: 9067: 8678:. Yale University Press. p. 127. 8671: 8551: 8524: 8464:Merouche, Lemnouar (15 October 2007). 8385:. , Department of the Army. p. 3. 8316:History of Ibn Khaldun – Volume 6 8295: 8262: 7801: 7799: 7648: 7467: 7386: 7090:Arabic dialects and minority languages 3446:, although it is not uncommon to spot 3225:Algeria lies mostly between latitudes 2369:, who operated successfully under the 1010:in 1962. The country descended into a 962:population. Following a succession of 20020: 19343: 19101:Specialised agencies and institutions 18692: 18269: 17925: 17619: 17592:Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 17229: 16658: 16645: 16102: 16094:EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria 16085:Key Development Forecasts for Algeria 15474:from the original on 19 December 2023 15070:from the original on 6 September 2015 14938:from the original on 19 November 2020 14896:"Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer" 14691: 14328:from the original on 6 September 2015 14276: 14132:from the original on 20 October 2017. 14093:from the original on 6 September 2015 14000:from the original on 20 February 2013 13944:from the original on 12 December 2013 13881:from the original on 13 December 2013 13788:Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; 13469:from the original on 24 December 2013 13185:. Human Rights Watch. 29 April 2020. 13163:from the original on 19 November 2020 13107:from the original on 11 November 2016 12918:from the original on 12 February 2015 12862:from the original on 13 November 2013 12136:from the original on 6 September 2015 12037:from the original on 17 December 2021 11956: 11858: 11821: 11732: 11346:from the original on 6 September 2015 11012:from the original on 6 September 2015 10594:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 10568:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 10264:La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs 10257: 10147:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987). 10049:, Claire Russell and W. M. S. Russell 9604: 9296: 9143:The Middle East and North Africa 2003 8768:from the original on 22 November 2021 8632: 8605: 8579:Carpenter, Allan; Balow, Tom (1978). 8361: 8283:from the original on 16 December 2018 8123:Proclamación de la República argelina 8019:from the original on 17 November 2017 7965: 7953:from the original on 18 November 2018 7409:from the original on 22 December 2022 7216: 6353:family in pre-colonial times, and of 6046:in the M'zab Valley in the region of 5773:Some of Algeria's traditional clothes 5053:The Algerian national oil company is 4925:GDP per capita development in Algeria 3987:, which is usually the largest city. 3644:was planned to be in April 2019, but 3048:dominated the first of two rounds of 2624:, which they then abandoned in 1795. 2478:. Barbary pirates often attacked the 2323:semi-successful siege against Algiers 1262:Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant 1252:ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ 1102:in continental Africa and one of the 18850:Permanent Representatives' Committee 18605:Arab League–European Union relations 18076:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 17598:located between Egypt and the Sudan. 17586:Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 16128: 15351: 15257:from the original on 22 October 2023 15228: 15184:from the original on 4 February 2013 15177:. Office National des Statistiques. 15152:from the original on 21 October 2012 15053:International Vital Records Handbook 14999:from the original on 3 November 2022 14803:De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) 14746: 14450:from the original on 31 January 2023 14308:De Azevedo; Raimond Cagiano (1994). 13974:from the original on 6 December 2012 13904:"World Refugee Survey 2009: Algeria" 13769:from the original on 5 December 2013 13755: 13499:from the original on 29 January 2022 13394:from the original on 29 January 2022 13364:from the original on 29 January 2022 13334:from the original on 29 January 2022 12996:from the original on 2 February 2017 12965:from the original on 27 January 2013 12777:from the original on 5 November 2021 12719:from the original on 4 November 2016 12577:from the original on 17 January 2020 12430:from the original on 8 November 2019 12124:Benzerga, Mohamed (24 August 2015). 12079: 11918:from the original on 2 February 2014 11912:"Freedom in the World 2013: Algeria" 11764:Windrow, Martin (15 November 1997). 11606:from the original on 3 February 2023 11554:". Harvard University Press. p.323. 11436:from the original on 21 January 2021 11402:]. G. Masson. pp. 260–261. 10843: 10600:from the original on 8 February 2009 10437:from the original on 14 October 2012 10388: 10273:(1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner 9855:Africans: The History of a Continent 9736: 9698:Nanjira, Daniel Don (1 April 2010). 9468:from the original on 1 November 2013 9297:Field, Henry Martyn (1 April 1893). 9206:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). 8645:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (1 May 2011). 8340:from the original on 16 January 2013 8079:from the original on 9 February 2022 8049:from the original on 16 January 2024 7980:United Nations Development Programme 7065:Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language 7046: 6483:adding citations to reliable sources 6450: 5014:10th-largest reserves of natural gas 3830:. It is the direct successor of the 3775:Tensions between Algeria and Morocco 3724: 3672:who is also the head of government. 3481:are the sole native monkey. Snakes, 3060:between the Front's armed wing, the 3036:of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The 2231:noted that the lands ravaged by the 2223:of the Maghreb and in the spread of 1197: 1150:, of which it is a founding member. 20352:Member states of the United Nations 19371:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 19259:Single African Air Transport Market 19254:African Continental Free Trade Area 14902:from the original on 21 August 2023 14469:Dargin, Justin (19 November 2008). 13964:"Chinese Migrants in Algiers Clash" 13430: 13127:"2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria" 12984:Monitor, Euro-Med (December 2016). 12852:"Algeria buying military equipment" 12516:from the original on 4 January 2013 12486:from the original on 3 January 2013 12449:Ottaway, Marina (13 October 2021). 11626:"French 'Reparation' for Algerians" 10821:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 10672:Paul Auchterlonie (24 March 2012). 9635:Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614 9458:"Fatimid Dynasty (Islamic dynasty)" 8973:Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt 8606:Ruedy, John (John Douglas) (1992). 8301:al-Idrisi, Muhammad (12th century) 8233: 7796: 7237: 7200: 6781:and the last novel by Assia Djebar 6753:recent works, there is the writer, 6443:have been notable in recent years. 4979:African Continental Free Trade Area 3810:, designed and assembled in Algeria 3352:geographies, including part of the 3265: 3019:Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath 2870:began after the publication of the 2340: 2305:After several conflicts with local 1841:. It was during this time that the 1487:on the street leading to the local 1334: 1297: 1285: 1239: 1222: 1177: 127: 110: 47: 24: 20332:Member states of the African Union 17607:Disputed between Morocco and Spain 15663:from the original on 12 April 2021 15530:from the original on 28 March 2012 15420:. European Audiovisual Observatory 15206:. Webometrics.info. Archived from 15031:from the original on 19 March 2009 14964:. 31 December 2019. Archived from 14730:. Associated Press. 2 April 2024. 14704:from the original on 18 April 2024 14557:"Le dénombrement des francophones" 14393:from the original on 26 March 2023 14354:from the original on 21 April 2021 14287:. 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( 611:$ 768.52 billion, 2024 est.) ( 117:"By the people and for the people" 25: 20383: 20048:Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15) 19797:Economic Cooperation Organization 18718: 17646:Countries and territories of the 15983: 15723:from the original on 2 April 2024 15693:from the original on 2 April 2024 15683:"List Of Sports clubs in Algeria" 15633:from the original on 2 April 2024 15504:from the original on 2 April 2024 15444:from the original on 3 April 2023 15313:from the original on 20 June 2017 15283:. 28 October 2013. Archived from 14873:from the original on 10 June 2020 14867:United States Department of State 14734:from the original on 2 April 2024 14494:Leclerc, Jacques (5 April 2009). 14314:. Council of Europe. p. 25. 14173:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). 13848:from the original on 13 June 2011 13548:. Tsa-algerie.com. Archived from 13189:from the original on 23 July 2020 12888:from the original on 2 March 2013 12820:from the original on 25 July 2013 12693:from the original on 2 March 2021 12547:from the original on 2 April 2019 12535:Michaelson, Ruth (3 April 2019). 12400:from the original on 12 July 2021 12215:from the original on 10 June 2020 12067:from the original on 27 June 2023 12007:from the original on 7 April 2019 11867:from the original on 25 July 2013 11295:Lahmeyer, Jan (11 October 2003). 11206:. Yale University Press. p. 11042:from the original on 19 June 2017 10631:from the original on 22 July 2016 10566:Robert Davis (17 February 2011). 9679:from the original on 30 July 2023 9516:. Qantara-med.org. Archived from 9490:. Qantara-med.org. Archived from 9015:. Cengage Learning. p. 156. 8970:Christelle Fischer-Bovet (2014). 8827:from the original on 12 July 2012 8821:"Research at Ain Hanech, Algeria" 8525:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2006). 7649:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). 7468:Seddon, David (11 January 2013). 7036:Index of Algeria-related articles 6924:, recognized as a national dish. 5046:international reserves position. 5022:Energy Information Administration 5012:export earnings. Algeria has the 3719:Movement of the Society for Peace 3642:most recent presidential election 3604:, President of Algeria since 2019 3094:Bouteflika was re-elected in the 1740:dynasties emerged, including the 986:in 1848, though it was not fully 964:Islamic Arab and Berber dynasties 922:Inhabited by early man since the 20337:Member states of the Arab League 19324: 19323: 19174:African Union–Ethiopia relations 18855:Specialized Technical Committees 18392: 18317: 18308: 18307: 18101: 17372:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 17365: 17339: 17326: 17313: 17300: 17287: 17274: 17207: 17196: 17195: 17003:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 16980: 16761:Democratic Republic of the Congo 16074: 15516: 15456: 15403: 15399:from the original on 7 May 2017. 15380: 15325: 15299: 15269: 15222: 15196: 15138: 15112: 15043: 15011: 14980: 14950: 14914: 14827: 14797: 14772: 14603: 14549: 14522: 14462: 14423: 14405: 14373:Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). 14301: 14255: 14225: 14196: 14176:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 14166: 14136: 14105: 14066: 14042: 14030:from the original on 17 May 2021 14012: 13986: 13956: 13926: 13834: 13728: 13702: 13672: 13642: 13609: 13556: 13537: 13481: 13424: 13406: 13376: 13346: 13316: 13265: 13251: 13225: 13221:from the original on 4 May 2017. 13201: 13175: 13149: 13119: 13089: 13063: 13031: 13008: 12977: 12947: 12930: 12900: 12874: 12832: 12757: 12731: 12705: 12675: 12647: 12559: 12528: 12498: 12468: 12442: 12412: 12394:Lebanese Forces Official Website 12382: 12288: 12261: 12243: 12227: 12209:Climate Change Performance Index 12197: 12148: 12094:"Algeria : a country study" 12088: 12049: 12019: 11993: 11930: 11903: 11879: 11782: 11757: 11726: 11687: 11618: 11564: 11542: 11517: 11492: 11461: 11418: 11406:from the original on 13 May 2013 11358: 11319: 11303:. populstat.info. Archived from 11288: 11270: 11231: 11191: 11151: 11112: 11079: 11054: 11024: 10995: 10960: 10941: 10921:Schreier, Joshua (16 May 2017). 10914: 10898: 10881: 10864: 10837: 10825:from the original on 18 May 2024 10808: 10785: 10761: 10738: 10715: 10692: 10643: 10612: 10586: 10467: 10399: 10389:Vera, León Galindo y de (1884). 10382: 10373: 10344: 10295: 10200: 10181: 10154: 10141: 10098: 10079: 10052: 10031: 10001: 9985: 9958: 9939: 9930: 9911: 9902: 9659:Ilahiane, Hsain (17 July 2006). 9400:Historical Dictionary of Tunisia 8528:Historical dictionary of Algeria 8314:Abderahman, Abderrahman (1377). 8237:iAfrica – Ancient History UNTOLD 7652:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 7147: 7020: 6589: 6575: 6455: 6321:are noted for their thoughts on 5758: 5437: 5427: 5384: 5374: 5310:of up to the second generation. 5082: 3574:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 3366:Climate Change Performance Index 3096:April 2004 presidential election 2763:immigrants, who became known as 994:until 1903. French rule brought 721: 720: 678: 677: 659: 658: 626: 625: 607: 606: 142: 89: 75: 20007:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 18295: 17951: 17774:States with limited recognition 15746:Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). 15122:. Presse-dz.com. Archived from 15096:(in French). 8 September 2021. 11426:"Le rêve arabe de Napoléon III" 10844:Hutt, Graham (1 January 2019). 10459:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 10245:Recueil des Notices et Memoires 10226:Recueil des Notices et Memoires 10111:. Georgetown University Press. 9845: 9826: 9817: 9798: 9779: 9757: 9652: 9625: 9605:Baadj, Amar S. (19 June 2015). 9598: 9582:] (in French). pp. X. 9565: 9549:] (in French). p. XV. 9532: 9506: 9480: 9450: 9412: 9393: 9374: 9355: 9336: 9317: 9290: 9276: 9238: 9199: 9134: 9099: 9041: 8918: 8866: 8813: 8780: 8665: 8638: 8599: 8572: 8545: 8484: 8457: 8430: 8403: 8372: 8322: 8263:Bazina, Abdullah Salem (2010). 8256: 8227: 8209: 8154: 8135: 8116: 8091: 8061: 8031: 8001: 7939: 7903: 7856: 7845: 7834: 7672: 7642: 7612: 7424: 7227: 7140: 7119: 6977:Algerian national football team 6220:University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd 6164:List of universities in Algeria 5873:population who became known as 5865:in the southern desert and the 5827:was spoken at the same time by 5251: 3875: 2672:French colonization (1830–1962) 2401:and a contingent of some 2,000 20362:1962 establishments in Algeria 19777:Moro National Liberation Front 15434:"Culture, Traditions, Cuisine" 14262:Marion Mill Preminger (1961). 13737:"UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 12506:"The president and the police" 11768:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. 10167:. Lonely Planet Publications. 9858:. Cambridge University Press. 9362:The History of Northern Africa 9009:Jackson J. Spielvogel (2014). 8552:Julien, Charles André (1970). 7543:"Algeria - History Background" 7360: 7334: 7107: 7095: 7070: 7053: 6944:Algeria national football team 6884:, the national dish of Algeria 6847:Chronicle of the Years of Fire 6015:History of the Jews in Algeria 5839:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 3828:Territorial Air Defence Forces 3556:grow in the warmer areas. The 3222:(3,003 metres or 9,852 feet). 2926:History of Algeria (1962–1999) 2872:Declaration of 1 November 1954 2838:before being liberated by the 2068:Territories controlled by the 1714: 1460:between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. 1385:Prehistory and ancient history 13: 1: 20367:1962 establishments in Africa 19306:United States of Latin Africa 19000:Rural Economy and Agriculture 18777:Organisation of African Unity 18600:Arab League monitors in Syria 17256:Countries and territories of 15807:. Princeton University Press. 15653:"Global Sports Industry Data" 15568:10.1080/14660970.2022.2108241 15309:. French Publishers' Agency. 14235:Extremisms in Africa Volume 2 11551:A history of the Arab peoples 11086:Schaller, Dominik J. (2010). 10927:. Stanford University Press. 10431:"Algeria – Ottoman Rule" 10412:. Nouvelles Editions Latines. 10108:Islam, a Concise Introduction 10009:"The Great Mosque of Tlemcen" 9955:Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni 9852:Iliffe, John (13 July 2017). 9739:"An Atlas of African History" 9083:The Cambridge Ancient History 8672:Coller, Ian (20 March 2020). 8240:. Forbidden Fruit Books LLC. 7547:education.stateuniversity.com 7004:competed in the Olympic Games 6446: 3765:European Neighbourhood Policy 3312:Köppen climate classification 2914:self-determination referendum 2260:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1395:North Africa during Antiquity 1065:forming a sizeable minority. 574:19/km (49.2/sq mi) ( 19163:United States military bases 19159:United States Africa Command 16647:Articles relating to Algeria 16008:Portal of the First Ministry 15998:Portal of the First Ministry 15500:. 10 June 2005. p. 17. 15364:. Khadda.com. Archived from 14816:. Council of Europe. p. 25. 14238:. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 14073:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). 13593:. Global Footprint Network. 12182:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.145 12003:. Al Jazeera. 6 April 2019. 11326:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). 10625:International Herald Tribune 9737:Fage, J. D. (1 April 1958). 8893:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397 7508:FT World Desk Reference 2005 7275: 7008:Ministry of Youth and Sports 6783:nowhere in my father's House 6275:of the 20th century include 6153: 5904:are the official languages. 5886: 5857:region east of Algiers, the 5329:According to the 2008 Census 5173: 5034: cu ft) of proven 4975:Greater Arab Free Trade Area 3731:Foreign relations of Algeria 3715:National Rally for Democracy 3540:) and some deciduous trees. 3178:compose the Algerian relief. 3151: 3105:referendum in September 2005 2657:fleet, under the command of 2503:raiding and capturing slaves 1827:Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) 1576:, which extended across the 1268: 1205: 1114:in the world, respectively. 1019:tenth-largest nation by area 7: 18990:HR, Sciences and Technology 18641:Economic and Social Council 16023:Central Intelligence Agency 15993:Official government website 15409:Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014) 14987:Bheria (17 February 2022). 13842:"Algeria – Population" 13414:"Doing Business in Algeria" 13023:(in French). Archived from 11700:. Peter Lang. p. 179. 11694:Abdelkader Aoudjit (2010). 11499:Fisher, Michael H. (2014). 11365:Sowerwine, Charles (2018). 11008:. E. Littell. p. 231. 10317:10.5944/etfvii.12.1999.2343 7921:Central Intelligence Agency 7890:International Monetary Fund 7817:Central Intelligence Agency 7744:Central Intelligence Agency 7341:Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian. 7248: 7211: 7115:English language in Algeria 7076:The official languages are 7013: 6098:Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem 5994: 5942:. Kabyle has a significant 5747:Bordj Bou Arréridj Province 5283:Between 90,000 and 165,000 5220:in the extreme east to the 5130:, the first capital of the 4969:Algeria has not joined the 3953:Algeria is divided into 58 3788: 3759:Algeria is included in the 3686:The Algerian parliament is 3454:. Algeria also has a small 3284:are Algeria's main cities. 3116:2009 presidential elections 2963:portions of western Algeria 2169:region, arriving 1051. The 2134:nomad tribes expelled from 1703:in the west to the western 1291: 1279: 1230: 1188: 1104:largest economies in Africa 1035:tenth-most populous country 948:Arab Muslim migration waves 62: 10: 20388: 19244:African Economic Community 19049:Peace and Security Council 18756:African and Malagasy Union 17357:Partially recognized state 16361:People's National Assembly 16178:Nationalism and resistance 16080:Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria 15886:Laouisset, Djamel (2009). 15790:Cambridge University Press 15784:Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). 14834:F. Nyrop, Richard (1972). 14532:. Senat.fr. Archived from 12856:United Press International 12349:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 11842:"Country Profile: Algeria" 11655:Kevin Shillington (2013). 11501:Migration: A World History 11474:. Hodder & Stoughton. 11371:. Bloomsbury. p. 37. 11238:Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002). 11032:"Background Note: Algeria" 9247:The Encyclopedia Americana 8362:Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). 7103:French language in Algeria 6931: 6870: 6866: 6792: 6560: 6384: 6299:, later vice-president of 6237: 6233: 6157: 6115: 6004: 5998: 5979:. It can be regarded as a 5977:Algeria's colonial history 5890: 5861:of Northeast Algeria, the 5762: 5426: 5373: 5316: 5261: 5255: 5177: 5098: 5094: 5018:sixth-largest gas exporter 4995:Mining industry of Algeria 4992: 4929:Algeria's currency is the 4914: 4910: 4043: 3938: 3879: 3792: 3728: 3692:People's National Assembly 3681:People's National Assembly 3590: 3376: 3356:, already strong heat and 3299: 3249:landscape ending with the 3155: 3103:, which was approved in a 3022: 2923: 2685: 2675: 2344: 2084:and included territory in 1942:coast of Africa, Tihamah, 1718: 1388: 1377: 1373: 1251: 1074:semi-presidential republic 1055:Algerian dialect of Arabic 1039:32nd-most populous country 907:; and to the north by the 630:$ 16,483 (2024 est.) ( 454:People's National Assembly 346:semi-presidential republic 29: 20140: 20054: 20003: 19950: 19878: 19833: 19785: 19765: 19725: 19718: 19702: 19404: 19395: 19378: 19319: 19288: 19267: 19219: 19182: 19169:United States ambassadors 19129: 19120: 19100: 19047: 19021: 18985:Social Affairs and Health 18980:Infrastructure and Energy 18960: 18942: 18914: 18881: 18863: 18840: 18831: 18798: 18726: 18661: 18618: 18587: 18567: 18531: 18408: 18401: 18390: 18331: 18303: 18215: 18175: 18110: 18099: 17959: 17841: 17795: 17772: 17654: 17576: 17559: 17537: 17510: 17478: 17455: 17407: 17389: 17380: 17355: 17264: 17191: 17171: 17140: 17119: 17098: 17077: 17066: 17050: 17034: 17021: 16989: 16978: 16696: 16686:Countries and territories 16652: 16603: 16529: 16481: 16472: 16402: 16393: 16309: 16300: 16230: 16221: 16140: 15815:The Wretched of the Earth 15803:Christelow, Allan (1985) 15623:"Recreations and Leisure" 15277:"Global Innovation Index" 15050:Kemp, Thomas Jay (2009). 14836:Area Handbook for Morocco 14670:10.1017/S026607842200013X 14585:Edwards, Natalie (2013). 14348:"Constitution of Algeria" 14283:Cook, Bernard A. (2001). 14112:De Epalza, Mikel (2011). 13521:. Cia.gov. Archived from 13239:(in French). 24 July 2024 12938:"2024 Global Peace Index" 12799:The Military Balance 2008 12629:Freedom in the World 2013 11661:. Routledge. p. 60. 11002:Littell, Eliakim (1836). 10351:MARIANA, Juan de (1849). 9753:– via Google Books. 9726:– via Google Books. 9687:– via Google Books. 9621:– via Google Books. 9313:– via Google Books. 9272:– via Google Books. 9250:. Grolier. 1 April 1990. 9234:– via Google Books. 9195:– via Google Books. 9168:– via Google Books. 9120:10.1017/S0263718900007810 8852:. Routledge. p. 32. 8823:. Stoneageinstitute.org. 8443:. Peter Lang. p. 2. 8365:Area Handbook for Algeria 8039:"Algeria – Colonial rule" 7474:. Routledge. p. 39. 7084:. Algerian Arabic is the 7002:. Algerian athletes have 6957:variant). Playing cards, 6927: 6838: 6788: 6659:Nobel Prize in literature 6111: 5264:List of cities in Algeria 4989:Oil and natural resources 4959:foreign currency reserves 3949:Municipalities of Algeria 3636:The head of state is the 3338:Climate change in Algeria 3038:Armed Islamic Group (GIA) 2996:Boumédienne's successor, 2880:National Liberation Front 2864:Sétif and Guelma massacre 2195:where they encircled the 1607:(The empire in 555 under 1550:Revolt of the Mercenaries 1165:Civitates Orbis Terrarium 1000:Sétif and Guelma massacre 830: 815: 803: 791: 781: 773: 755: 740: 710: 690: 682:$ 5,722 (2024 est.) ( 671: 652: 638: 619: 600: 582: 568: 554: 547: 533: 526: 522: 509: 496: 483: 470: 466: 459: 444: 429: 419: 415: 400: 385: 370: 355: 351: 338: 326: 298: 264: 250: 240: 219: 175: 161: 121: 105: 71: 41: 19848:Abuja Declaration (1989) 19742:Central African Republic 18944:African Court of Justice 18741:Decolonisation of Africa 16746:Central African Republic 15949:Cornell University Press 15943:Stora, Benjamin (2001). 15930:Indiana University Press 15813:(1966; 2005 paperback). 15464:"The Cuisine of Algeria" 15229:WIPO (30 October 2023). 14758:Global Religious Futures 14436:. Multilingual Matters. 13635:10.3390/resources7030058 11766:The Algerian War 1954–62 11739:. Viking Press. p. 11733:Horne, Alistair (1978). 11524:Horne, Alistair (2006). 11061:Horne, Alistair (2006). 11036:U.S. Department of State 10894:(in French). La Société. 10767:Etravel Travel service. 10463:. ABC-CLIO. p. 847. 10406:Rézette, Robert (1976). 9805:Vers la paix en Algérie: 9284:"The art journal London" 9079:"Vandal Africa, 429–533" 8494:Algeria, a Country Study 8382:Algeria, a Country Study 8269:(in Arabic). Al Manhal. 8128:28 February 2021 at the 7830:(Archived 2021 edition.) 7757:(Archived 2013 edition.) 7137:for further information. 7082:Standard Algerian Berber 6567:List of Algerian writers 6407:Algerian painters, like 6380: 5917:University of Tizi Ouzou 5765:Ethnic groups in Algeria 5016:in the world and is the 5003:Pipelines across Algeria 3935:Administrative divisions 3832:National Liberation Army 3709:. In the elections, the 3583:, and numerous insects. 2458:. In 1544, for example, 1391:Prehistoric North Africa 1023:largest nation in Africa 996:mass European settlement 111:بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ 32:Algeria (disambiguation) 20292:North African countries 19311:East African Federation 19301:United States of Africa 19039:African Investment Bank 16163:Medieval Muslim Algeria 15849:Encyclopædia Britannica 15524:"Sports and recreation" 15438:Encyclopedia Britannica 15416:3 February 2016 at the 14362:– via Wikisource. 14204:"Algeria Ethnic Groups" 11468:Randell, Keith (1986). 11454:Alexis de Tocqueville, 11096:Oxford University Press 10797:6 February 2015 at the 10780:visitwestmanislands.com 10774:6 February 2015 at the 10750:6 February 2015 at the 10745:"Turkish invasion walk" 10727:6 February 2015 at the 10704:6 February 2015 at the 10552:Encyclopædia Britannica 10542:"Barbary Pirates" 10474:Houtsma, M. Th (1993). 10105:Robinson, Neal (1999). 9462:Encyclopædia Britannica 8728:10.1126/science.aau0008 7680:"Algeria Ethnic Groups" 7218:[al.d͡ʒazaːʔir] 6850:(1975), two Oscars for 6804:Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina 6228:Global Innovation Index 5697:Sidi Bel Abbès Province 5258:Demographics of Algeria 5128:Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad 3882:Human rights in Algeria 3844:second-largest military 3690:; the lower house, the 3587:Government and politics 3046:Islamic Salvation Front 3013:Islamic Salvation Front 2969:in 1963. Ben Bella was 2930:The number of European 2712:proportions. Historian 2696:Battle of Somah in 1836 2462:captured the island of 2095:only controlled modern 2045:empires as well as the 2037:dynasties. Both of the 1721:Medieval Muslim Algeria 1596:in the 2nd century BC. 1452:(located mainly in the 1346:". Acting as a central 1261: 1153: 1100:Human Development Index 1008:gained its independence 220:Official languages 27:Country in North Africa 19737:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19607:Pakistan-OIC relations 19022:Financial institutions 19013:Cross-Cutting Programs 18916:Pan-African Parliament 18071:North Syria Federation 17674:Bosnia and Herzegovina 15905:Roberts, Hugh (2003). 15094:Algérie presse service 13910:. 2009. Archived from 13765:. ons. 17 April 2013. 13463:"OPEC Bulletin 8-9/12" 13131:US Department of State 12955:"Freedom in the World" 12301:10 August 2018 at the 11119:Jalata, Asafa (2016). 10537:Hannay, David McDowall 10512:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9888:. Simon and Schuster. 9301:. C. Scribner's Sons. 8927:"Berbers in Antiquity" 7505:DK (27 January 2005). 7253: 7222: 7092:are spoken regionally. 7078:Modern Standard Arabic 6946: 6885: 6807: 6767:the oath of barbarians 6726: 6404: 6391: 6260: 6248:Algerian musicians in 6212:University of Mentouri 6176: 6084:Algeria has given the 6030: 5928: 5898:Modern Standard Arabic 5774: 5193: 5112: 5004: 4966:hydrocarbon revenues. 4926: 4049: 3820:Algerian National Navy 3816:People's National Army 3811: 3756: 3683: 3605: 3396: 3346:climate change impacts 3315: 3292: 3191: 3179: 3110:In November 2008, the 3070:Air France Flight 8969 3041: 2950: 2852:North African campaign 2815: 2752: 2697: 2635: 2632:Bombardment of Algiers 2539: 2528: 2439: 2397:gave him the title of 2358: 2286: 2188: 2072: 1810: 1795: 1695:. During the reign of 1638: 1620: 1605:Byzantine North Africa 1563:In 146 BC the city of 1545: 1491: 1462:Neolithic civilization 1407: 1368:Ahmed Tewfik El Madani 1292:Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna 1235: 1214: 1169: 1162:"Algeria" page in the 1124:highest defence budget 1094:in North Africa and a 851:, is a country in the 115:"Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb" 20327:Member states of OPEC 19062:African Standby Force 19034:African Monetary Fund 18595:Arab Peace Initiative 18375:Joint Defence Council 17806:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 17799:and other territories 16907:São Tomé and Príncipe 16766:Republic of the Congo 16324:Council of the Nation 16089:International Futures 16003:24 March 2024 at the 15265:– via wipo.int. 14811:29 April 2023 at the 14754:"Religion in Algeria" 12655:Algerian Government. 12597:Algerian government. 12328:Nature Communications 12031:The Africa Report.com 11736:A Savage War of Peace 11392:Ricoux, René (1880). 11301:Population Statistics 11282:20 March 2019 at the 11198:Kiernan, Ben (2007). 11171:Yale University Press 10981:10.1353/cul.2005.0008 10953:26 March 2023 at the 10504:Robert Davis (2003). 10250:26 March 2023 at the 10212:26 March 2023 at the 10193:26 March 2023 at the 10091:26 March 2023 at the 9838:26 March 2023 at the 9769:26 March 2023 at the 9572:Khaldūn, Ibn (1852). 9539:Khaldūn, Ibn (1852). 9405:26 March 2023 at the 9386:26 March 2023 at the 9367:26 March 2023 at the 9329:26 March 2023 at the 8437:Hardman, Ben (2009). 8221:Algeria Press Service 8148:Algeria Press Service 7135:Algeria#Ethnic groups 6941: 6880: 6860:The Battle of Algiers 6802: 6755:the swallows of Kabul 6717: 6399: 6301:Amnesty International 6247: 6197:University of Algiers 6171: 6022: 5914: 5772: 5293:Sahrawi refugee camps 5206:Algiers-Lagos Highway 5187: 5126:in Algeria including 5108: 5002: 4924: 4048: 3802: 3738: 3696:Council of the Nation 3678: 3666:High Security Council 3621:, previous president 3600: 3572:. Algeria had a 2018 3386: 3309: 3296:Climate and hydrology 3290: 3185: 3165: 3145:presidential election 3112:Algerian Constitution 3054:High Council of State 3050:legislative elections 3044:In December 1991 the 3032: 2961:. Morocco's claim to 2946: 2938:Oran massacre of 1962 2834:, Algeria came under 2789: 2747: 2738:Alexis de Tocqueville 2695: 2630: 2593:bombarded Algiers in 2534: 2523: 2437: 2354: 2280: 2183: 2067: 1801: 1787:Fatimid Caliphate, a 1786: 1633: 1602: 1540: 1478: 1402: 1257:Berber Latin alphabet 1161: 1057:. Most Algerians are 439:Council of the Nation 19859:OIC Resolution 10/11 19812:Non-Aligned Movement 19689:United Arab Emirates 19029:African Central Bank 18518:United Arab Emirates 18088:United Arab Emirates 15947:. Ithaca, New York: 15924:Ruedy, John (1992). 15740:General bibliography 15659:. 12 February 2020. 15555:Soccer & Society 14968:on 24 September 2020 14419:on 16 February 2011. 13940:. 5 September 2007. 13495:. 13 November 2021. 13420:on 28 December 2012. 12912:Agence France-Presse 12663:on 14 September 2012 12573:. 13 December 2019. 12211:. 28 November 2019. 12033:. 17 December 2019. 11892:23 June 2017 at the 11848:on 13 December 2010. 11571:Baten, Jörg (2016). 10288:6 April 2023 at the 9951:5 April 2023 at the 9923:9 April 2023 at the 9810:5 April 2023 at the 9791:9 April 2023 at the 9520:on 21 September 2013 9424:3 April 2023 at the 9348:5 April 2023 at the 9183:. Chapman and Hall. 9146:. Psychology Press. 8416:. BRILL. p. 3. 7773:DK (1 August 2016). 7431:DK (1 August 2016). 7399:"Algeria – Drainage" 6479:improve this section 6160:Education in Algeria 6094:Abdelhamid Ben Badis 6059:Christian population 6011:Early African Church 5919:in three languages: 5893:Languages of Algeria 5806:Sub-Saharan Africans 5493:Constantine Province 5297:Palestinian refugees 5226:Trans-Sahara Highway 5180:Transport in Algeria 5170:, a mountain range. 5124:World Heritage Sites 5067:ecological footprint 5040:16th in oil reserves 5036:natural gas reserves 3945:Districts of Algeria 3941:Provinces of Algeria 3900:freedom of the press 3741:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 3662:Council of Ministers 3650:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 3638:President of Algeria 3602:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 3202:. To the north, the 3158:Geography of Algeria 3141:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 3081:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 2460:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2367:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2356:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2264:Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan 2197:Qalaa of Banu Hammad 1681:Western Roman Empire 1679:The collapse of the 1613:Western Roman Empire 1506:presence existed at 859:. It is bordered to 556:• 2024 estimate 365:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 20372:Countries in Africa 20259: / 19938:Arab–Islamic (2023) 19387:Hissein Brahim Taha 17596:Unclaimed territory 17163:Plazas de soberanía 17067:African territories 17007:unclear sovereignty 16992:States with limited 16183:War of Independence 15821:. ASIN B0007FW4AW, 15287:on 2 September 2021 15241:10.34667/tind.46596 15126:on 15 November 2012 14762:Pew Research Center 14569:on 12 October 2013. 14149:. Springer Nature. 13431:Dubessy, Frédéric. 13237:La Nouvelle Tribune 13101:The Washington Post 12773:. 2 November 2021. 12745:on 25 November 2001 12340:2020NatCo..11.5978G 12311:. 25 February 2011. 12276:on 25 February 2014 12173:2013EnPro..36.1286S 11632:. 6 December 2007. 10433:. Country Studies. 10332:on 14 November 2022 10310:(in Spanish) (12). 10269:26 May 2023 at the 10231:18 May 2023 at the 10045:27 May 2013 at the 9968:A History of Africa 9665:. Scarecrow Press. 9352:Zakya Daoud Séguier 9299:"The Barbary Coast" 8720:2018Sci...362.1297S 8714:(6420): 1297–1301. 8103:globalfirepower.com 7625:. Springer Nature. 6775:memory of the flesh 6563:Algerian literature 6421:Abdelkhader Houamel 6224:University of Batna 6024:Hassan Pasha Mosque 6001:Religion in Algeria 5713:Mostaganem Province 5201:Cairo-Dakar Highway 5190:Cairo–Dakar Highway 5164:World Heritage Site 3795:Military of Algeria 3777:in relation to the 3646:widespread protests 3593:Politics of Algeria 3379:Wildlife of Algeria 3196:Mediterranean Basin 3062:Armed Islamic Group 2892:concentration camps 2796:Mostefa Ben Boulaïd 2719:conquest of Algeria 2688:French North Africa 2647:Second Barbary Wars 2421:who were led by an 2384:invasion of Tlemcen 1689:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 1609:Justinian the Great 1352:political authority 1037:in Africa, and the 1014:from 1992 to 2002. 954:and the subsequent 952:the seventh century 241:National vernacular 200: / 20297:Maghrebi countries 19280:African Border Day 18995:Trade and Industry 18970:Peace and Security 18962:ECOSOCC Committees 18896:Deputy Chairperson 18195:Metropolitan areas 17497:Wadi Halfa Salient 17447:Vélez de la Gomera 17071:non-African states 16445:Telecommunications 16062:on 9 December 2016 16018:The World Factbook 15968:Ashgate Publishing 15440:. 12 August 1998. 15210:on 8 February 2014 15148:. Algerie-dz.com. 14993:The Muslim Skeptic 14536:on 1 December 2008 14510:on 24 January 2010 14475:The New York Times 14268:. Hawthorn Books. 13790:Paracchini, Silvia 13716:on 1 November 2016 13044:Le Matin d'Algérie 12990:Euro-Mediterranean 12100:on 15 January 2013 12090:Metz, Helen Chapin 11898:The New York Times 11859:Prochaska, David. 11456:Travels in Algeria 10013:MuslimHeritage.com 9212:. Read Books Ltd. 7916:The World Factbook 7812:The World Factbook 7739:The World Factbook 7041:Outline of Algeria 6947: 6886: 6808: 6779:Ahlam Mosteghanemi 6727: 6719:Ahlam Mosteghanemi 6625:Augustine of Hippo 6405: 6327:Augustine of Hippo 6289:Ahlam Mosteghanemi 6261: 6254:Regency of Algiers 6240:Culture of Algeria 6216:University of Oran 6177: 6031: 5989:English in Algeria 5929: 5853:, who live in the 5775: 5742:Bordj Bou Arréridj 5194: 5119:There are several 5113: 5101:Tourism in Algeria 5005: 4927: 4917:Economy of Algeria 4717:Bordj Baji Mokhtar 4177:Bordj Bou Arréridj 4050: 3921:Human Rights Watch 3870:Global Peace Index 3824:Algerian Air Force 3812: 3783:Arab Maghreb Union 3757: 3684: 3668:. He appoints the 3606: 3397: 3316: 3302:Climate of Algeria 3293: 3192: 3180: 3139:In December 2019, 3127:state of emergency 3066:civilian massacres 3042: 3025:Algerian Civil War 2971:overthrown in 1965 2951: 2912:and the July 1962 2816: 2753: 2698: 2636: 2540: 2529: 2440: 2380:Regency of Algiers 2359: 2347:Regency of Algiers 2287: 2268:Kingdom of Tlemcen 2189: 2073: 1903:Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī 1811: 1796: 1646:was the bishop of 1639: 1621: 1546: 1492: 1428:Middle Paleolithic 1408: 1380:History of Algeria 1356:political identity 1315:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1170: 1148:Arab Maghreb Union 968:Regency of Algiers 911:. The capital and 648:2024 estimate 596:2024 estimate 487:Regency of Algiers 404:Assembly President 266:Ethnic groups 20302:Saharan countries 20242: 20241: 20236: 20235: 20014: 20013: 19946: 19945: 19874: 19873: 19829: 19828: 19825: 19824: 19337: 19336: 19215: 19214: 19139:Foreign relations 19116: 19115: 19067:Panel of the Wise 18975:Political Affairs 18845:Executive Council 18788:Secretary General 18766:Sirte Declaration 18686: 18685: 18610:Foreign relations 18583: 18582: 18263: 18262: 17919: 17918: 17648:Mediterranean Sea 17613: 17612: 17572: 17571: 17223: 17222: 17187: 17186: 17062: 17061: 16782:Equatorial Guinea 16639: 16638: 16599: 16598: 16506:List of Algerians 16468: 16467: 16389: 16388: 16371:Political parties 16334:Foreign relations 16296: 16295: 16155:Classical period 16049:Algeria Atlas Map 15957:978-0-8014-3715-1 15938:978-0-253-34998-9 15919:978-1-85984-684-1 15900:978-1-61761-190-2 15890:. New York City: 15881:978-1-59017-218-6 15873:978-0-670-61964-1 15827:978-0-8021-4132-3 15798:978-0-521-30150-3 15779:978-0-415-34848-5 15760:978-0-86543-266-6 15689:. 15 March 2024. 15608:978-1-78694-021-6 15362:"Mohammed Khadda" 15063:978-0-8063-1793-9 14596:978-1-4438-5121-3 14443:978-1-84769-011-1 14386:978-1-4384-2393-7 14294:978-0-8153-4057-7 14245:978-0-6399928-3-9 14186:978-0-8108-7919-5 14156:978-3-030-89324-8 14125:978-84-370-8415-2 14024:citypopulation.de 13970:. 4 August 2009. 13914:on 12 August 2014 13798:Am. J. Hum. Genet 13686:. 11 April 2022. 13656:. 12 April 2022. 13552:on 11 March 2014. 13027:on 15 March 2018. 12813:978-1-85743-461-3 12631:. Freedom House. 12424:nationsonline.org 12396:. 12 April 2019. 11914:. Freedom House. 11900:. 30 August 1997. 11802:978-0-253-34655-1 11750:978-0-670-61964-1 11668:978-1-135-45670-2 11535:978-1-59017-218-6 11481:978-0-340-51805-2 11368:France since 1870 11339:978-0-253-21782-0 11251:978-0-521-52432-2 11217:978-0-300-10098-3 11184:978-0-300-10098-3 11132:978-1-137-55234-1 11105:978-0-19-923211-6 11072:978-1-59017-218-6 10969:Cultural Critique 10934:978-1-5036-0216-8 10857:978-1-84623-883-3 10685:978-0-9571060-8-6 10519:978-0-333-71966-4 10487:978-90-04-09790-2 10174:978-0-86442-126-5 10118:978-0-87840-224-3 10072:978-81-87746-05-8 10065:. Global Vision. 9978:978-1-317-79727-2 9895:978-1-4711-3546-0 9865:978-1-107-19832-6 9494:on 9 October 2013 9446:978-0-521-19697-0 9209:The Kabyle People 9092:978-0-521-32591-2 9022:978-1-285-98299-1 8983:978-1-107-00775-8 8944:978-0-631-20767-2 8859:978-1-135-58228-9 8685:978-0-300-24953-8 8658:978-0-292-74505-6 8619:978-0-253-34998-9 8592:978-0-516-04551-1 8565:978-0-7100-6614-5 8538:978-0-8108-5340-9 8477:978-2-35676-055-5 8450:978-1-4331-0271-4 8423:978-90-247-1681-4 8303:Nuzhat al-Mushtaq 8166:www.energy.gov.dz 7982:. 13 March 2024. 7815:(2024 ed.). 7786:978-0-241-28679-1 7742:(2024 ed.). 7662:978-0-8108-7919-5 7632:978-3-030-89324-8 7590:978-3-658-11633-0 7518:978-1-4053-6726-4 7481:978-1-135-35561-6 7444:978-0-241-28679-1 7246: 7209: 7080:and, since 2016, 7047:Explanatory notes 6998:and the study of 6795:Cinema of Algeria 6633:Martianus Capella 6559: 6558: 6551: 6533: 6441:M'hamed Issiakhem 6425:M'hamed Issiakhem 6341:, though born in 6307:, murdered by an 6214:Constantine, and 6118:Health in Algeria 6068:According to the 6055:European ancestry 5755: 5754: 5214:East-West Highway 4908: 4907: 3929:social distancing 3925:COVID-19 pandemic 3725:Foreign relations 3429:private ownership 3077:elections in 1999 2975:Houari Boumédiène 2948:Houari Boumediene 2662:bombarded Algiers 2497:sailed as far as 2295:Emirate of Bejaia 1916:Fatimid Caliphate 1899:Khālīfā Al-Zānatī 1879:Fatimid caliphate 1819:Judah Ibn Quraysh 1734:Umayyad Caliphate 1693:Kingdom of Altava 1303:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1228: 1203: 1186: 1120:Algerian military 1006:in 1954. Algeria 980:invaded by France 924:Pleistocene Epoch 909:Mediterranean Sea 847:, officially the 842: 841: 673:• Per capita 621:• Per capita 389:Council President 251:Foreign languages 153: 16:(Redirected from 20379: 20274: 20273: 20271: 20270: 20269: 20264: 20260: 20257: 20256: 20255: 20252: 20041: 20034: 20027: 20018: 20017: 19883: 19882: 19838: 19837: 19723: 19722: 19402: 19401: 19364: 19357: 19350: 19341: 19340: 19327: 19326: 19239:Development Bank 19127: 19126: 19009:Women and Gender 19005:Economic Affairs 18934:Gallagher Estate 18838: 18837: 18746:Casablanca Group 18713: 18706: 18699: 18690: 18689: 18406: 18405: 18396: 18321: 18320: 18311: 18310: 18290: 18283: 18276: 18267: 18266: 18150:Modern conflicts 18105: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17923: 17922: 17834: 17822: 17814: 17656:Sovereign states 17640: 17633: 17626: 17617: 17616: 17492:Hala'ib Triangle 17387: 17386: 17370: 17369: 17345: 17343: 17342: 17332: 17330: 17329: 17319: 17317: 17316: 17306: 17304: 17303: 17293: 17291: 17290: 17280: 17278: 17277: 17266:Sovereign states 17250: 17243: 17236: 17227: 17226: 17211: 17199: 17198: 17075: 17074: 17032: 17031: 16984: 16778:(partly in Asia) 16698:Sovereign states 16679: 16672: 16665: 16656: 16655: 16643: 16642: 16619: 16612: 16479: 16478: 16420: 16400: 16399: 16307: 16306: 16263: 16228: 16227: 16188:1965 coup d'état 16158: 16123: 16116: 16109: 16100: 16099: 16078: 16077: 16071: 16069: 16067: 16061: 16054: 15853: 15841: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15728: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15679: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15649: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15619: 15613: 15612: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15570: 15546: 15540: 15539: 15537: 15535: 15520: 15514: 15513: 15511: 15509: 15490: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15479: 15470:. 13 June 2019. 15460: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15449: 15430: 15421: 15407: 15401: 15400: 15384: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15373: 15358: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15344: 15339:on 11 March 2014 15329: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15303: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15292: 15281:INSEAD Knowledge 15273: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15262: 15226: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15215: 15200: 15194: 15193: 15191: 15189: 15183: 15176: 15168: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15157: 15142: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15131: 15116: 15110: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15086: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15047: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15036: 15030: 15023: 15015: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15004: 14984: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14973: 14954: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14934:. 23 June 2019. 14918: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14907: 14892: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14878: 14859: 14850: 14849: 14831: 14825: 14801: 14795: 14794: 14776: 14770: 14769: 14750: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14739: 14720: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14709: 14689: 14683: 14682: 14672: 14648: 14642: 14641: 14635: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14617: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14582: 14576: 14570: 14568: 14561: 14553: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14526: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14506:. Archived from 14504:Université Laval 14491: 14485: 14484: 14482: 14477:. Archived from 14466: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14455: 14427: 14421: 14420: 14409: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14398: 14370: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14359: 14344: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14333: 14305: 14299: 14298: 14280: 14274: 14273: 14259: 14253: 14252: 14229: 14223: 14222: 14216: 14214: 14200: 14194: 14193: 14170: 14164: 14163: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14109: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14070: 14064: 14063: 14062:on 25 July 2013. 14061: 14054: 14046: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14016: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14005: 13990: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13960: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13949: 13930: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13900: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13867: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13838: 13832: 13831: 13821: 13785: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13774: 13759: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13748: 13732: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13712:. Archived from 13706: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13695: 13676: 13670: 13669: 13667: 13665: 13646: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13613: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13602: 13591:"Country Trends" 13587: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13568: 13560: 13554: 13553: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13485: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13474: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13443:on 23 April 2022 13439:. Archived from 13428: 13422: 13421: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13380: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13369: 13350: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13339: 13320: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13303: 13296: 13288: 13277: 13276: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13255: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13244: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13213: 13205: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13159:. 24 June 2019. 13153: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13103:. 16 June 2016. 13093: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13021:Maghreb Emergent 13012: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12934: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12914:. 14 June 2007. 12904: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12878: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12848: 12839: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12825: 12793: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12659:. Archived from 12651: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12605:on 22 April 2012 12601:. Archived from 12593: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12446: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12416: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12386: 12380: 12379: 12369: 12351: 12318: 12312: 12292: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12272:. Archived from 12265: 12259: 12258: 12247: 12241: 12240: 12231: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12201: 12195: 12194: 12184: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12121: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12086: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12023: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12012: 11997: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11981:on 26 March 2013 11971: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11907: 11901: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11856: 11850: 11849: 11838: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11593: 11587: 11586: 11568: 11562: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11465: 11459: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11422: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11292: 11286: 11274: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11205: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11168: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11116: 11110: 11109: 11083: 11077: 11076: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10964: 10958: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10812: 10806: 10789: 10783: 10765: 10759: 10742: 10736: 10719: 10713: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10661:on 25 July 2011. 10657:. 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Archived from 10319: 10299: 10293: 10280: 10274: 10261: 10255: 10242: 10236: 10223: 10217: 10204: 10198: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10158: 10152: 10145: 10139: 10132: 10123: 10122: 10102: 10096: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10056: 10050: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9962: 9956: 9943: 9937: 9934: 9928: 9915: 9909: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9879: 9870: 9869: 9849: 9843: 9830: 9824: 9821: 9815: 9802: 9796: 9786:Revue africaine: 9783: 9777: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9454: 9448: 9438: 9429: 9416: 9410: 9397: 9391: 9378: 9372: 9359: 9353: 9340: 9334: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9074: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8905: 8895: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8793: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8739: 8699: 8690: 8689: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8522: 8513: 8512: 8506: 8498: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8386: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8197:on 14 March 2021 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8139: 8133: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7988: 7977: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7923:. Archived from 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7878: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7770: 7759: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7730: 7699: 7698: 7692: 7690: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7574: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7553: 7539: 7526: 7525: 7502: 7489: 7488: 7465: 7452: 7451: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7395: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7286: 7269: 7262: 7256: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7231: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7144: 7138: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7074: 7068: 7057: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 6934:Sport in Algeria 6873:Algerian cuisine 6843: 6842: 6836:Algeria won the 6731:Rachid Boudjedra 6669:Algerian trilogy 6647:, who wrote the 6629:Nonius Marcellus 6593: 6579: 6554: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6491: 6459: 6451: 6387:Media of Algeria 6273:Famous novelists 6186:Algiers Province 6007:Islam in Algeria 5798:Byzantine Greeks 5645:Ouargla Province 5611:Tlemcen Province 5475:El Oued Province 5441: 5431: 5420:Tébessa Province 5404:Algiers Province 5388: 5378: 5326: 5314: 5313: 5038:. It also ranks 5030: 5029: 3994: 3993: 3848:are a close ally 3826:(QJJ), plus the 3749:Dmitriy Medvedev 3479:Barbary macaques 3425:public ownership 3267: 3258:Hoggar Mountains 3172:Hoggar Mountains 2998:Chadli Bendjedid 2910:Evian agreements 2888:severe reprisals 2832:Second World War 2812:Larbi Ben M'Hidi 2804:Mohammed Boudiaf 2706:captured Algiers 2611:Knights of Malta 2587:invasion in 1775 2527:, Dey of Algiers 2525:Baba Ali Chaouch 2480:Balearic Islands 2341:Early modern era 2321:, and leading a 2319:in a large siege 2283:Zayyanid kingdom 2272:Zayyanid dynasty 2252:Almoravid Empire 2201:Hammadid Emirate 2199:(capital of the 2185:Mansourah Mosque 2077:Rustamid Kingdom 1833:, and the Emirs 1337: 1336: 1330:Watan el djazâïr 1300: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1264: 1254: 1253: 1241: 1233: 1227:romanized: 1226: 1224: 1208: 1202:romanized: 1201: 1199: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1012:bloody civil war 984:formally annexed 940:Byzantine Greeks 835: 834: 764: 731: 730: 724: 723: 717: 706: 705: 697: 681: 680: 662: 661: 645: 629: 628: 610: 609: 593: 560:46,700,000 ( 410:Ibrahim Boughali 215: 214: 212: 211: 210: 205: 204:36.700°N 3.217°E 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 178:and largest city 166: 155: 154: 130: 129: 113: 112: 93: 79: 66: 65: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 20387: 20386: 20382: 20381: 20380: 20378: 20377: 20376: 20277: 20276: 20267: 20265: 20261: 20258: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20246: 20245: 20243: 20238: 20237: 20232: 20136: 20050: 20045: 20015: 20010: 19999: 19942: 19870: 19821: 19790: 19788: 19781: 19770: 19768: 19761: 19747:Northern Cyprus 19730: 19729:and territories 19728: 19714: 19698: 19391: 19374: 19368: 19338: 19333: 19315: 19284: 19263: 19211: 19178: 19112: 19096: 19043: 19017: 18956: 18938: 18910: 18877: 18859: 18827: 18794: 18722: 18717: 18687: 18682: 18657: 18614: 18579: 18563: 18527: 18397: 18388: 18327: 18299: 18294: 18264: 18259: 18211: 18171: 18106: 18097: 18022:Northern Cyprus 17994:Iraqi Kurdistan 17955: 17950: 17920: 17915: 17901:Sea of Sardinia 17837: 17832: 17820: 17808: 17791: 17782:Northern Cyprus 17768: 17650: 17644: 17614: 17609: 17568: 17555: 17533: 17506: 17474: 17451: 17403: 17376: 17364: 17351: 17340: 17338: 17327: 17325: 17314: 17312: 17301: 17299: 17288: 17286: 17275: 17273: 17260: 17254: 17224: 17219: 17183: 17167: 17136: 17115: 17111:Pelagie Islands 17094: 17070: 17068: 17058: 17046: 17028: 17025: 17017: 16996: 16993: 16985: 16976: 16692: 16683: 16648: 16640: 16635: 16622: 16615: 16608: 16595: 16525: 16511:Public holidays 16464: 16418: 16407:Bank of Algeria 16385: 16351:Law enforcement 16292: 16261: 16260:Municipalities 16217: 16156: 16136: 16127: 16075: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16052: 16046: 16038:Algeria profile 16005:Wayback Machine 15986: 15981: 15928:. Bloomington: 15892:Nova Publishers 15857:Horne, Alistair 15839:"Algeria" 15742: 15737: 15736: 15726: 15724: 15711: 15710: 15706: 15696: 15694: 15681: 15680: 15676: 15666: 15664: 15651: 15650: 15646: 15636: 15634: 15621: 15620: 15616: 15609: 15589: 15588: 15584: 15547: 15543: 15533: 15531: 15522: 15521: 15517: 15507: 15505: 15492: 15491: 15487: 15477: 15475: 15462: 15461: 15457: 15447: 15445: 15432: 15431: 15424: 15418:Wayback Machine 15408: 15404: 15385: 15381: 15371: 15369: 15368:on 2 April 2013 15360: 15359: 15352: 15342: 15340: 15331: 15330: 15326: 15316: 15314: 15305: 15304: 15300: 15290: 15288: 15275: 15274: 15270: 15260: 15258: 15251: 15227: 15223: 15213: 15211: 15202: 15201: 15197: 15187: 15185: 15181: 15174: 15170: 15169: 15165: 15155: 15153: 15144: 15143: 15139: 15129: 15127: 15118: 15117: 15113: 15103: 15101: 15088: 15087: 15083: 15073: 15071: 15064: 15048: 15044: 15034: 15032: 15028: 15021: 15017: 15016: 15012: 15002: 15000: 14985: 14981: 14971: 14969: 14956: 14955: 14951: 14941: 14939: 14920: 14919: 14915: 14905: 14903: 14894: 14893: 14886: 14876: 14874: 14861: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14832: 14828: 14813:Wayback Machine 14802: 14798: 14791: 14777: 14773: 14752: 14751: 14747: 14737: 14735: 14722: 14721: 14717: 14707: 14705: 14690: 14686: 14649: 14645: 14629: 14628: 14621: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14597: 14583: 14579: 14566: 14559: 14555: 14554: 14550: 14539: 14537: 14528: 14527: 14523: 14513: 14511: 14492: 14488: 14483:on 10 May 2013. 14467: 14463: 14453: 14451: 14444: 14428: 14424: 14411: 14410: 14406: 14396: 14394: 14387: 14371: 14367: 14357: 14355: 14346: 14345: 14341: 14331: 14329: 14322: 14306: 14302: 14295: 14281: 14277: 14260: 14256: 14246: 14230: 14226: 14212: 14210: 14202: 14201: 14197: 14187: 14171: 14167: 14157: 14141: 14137: 14126: 14110: 14106: 14096: 14094: 14087: 14071: 14067: 14059: 14052: 14048: 14047: 14043: 14033: 14031: 14018: 14017: 14013: 14003: 14001: 13992: 13991: 13987: 13977: 13975: 13962: 13961: 13957: 13947: 13945: 13932: 13931: 13927: 13917: 13915: 13902: 13901: 13894: 13884: 13882: 13869: 13868: 13861: 13851: 13849: 13840: 13839: 13835: 13786: 13782: 13772: 13770: 13761: 13760: 13756: 13746: 13744: 13733: 13729: 13719: 13717: 13708: 13707: 13703: 13693: 13691: 13678: 13677: 13673: 13663: 13661: 13648: 13647: 13643: 13614: 13610: 13600: 13598: 13589: 13588: 13581: 13576:on 31 May 2013. 13573: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13557: 13542: 13538: 13528: 13526: 13525:on 7 March 2017 13517: 13516: 13512: 13502: 13500: 13487: 13486: 13482: 13472: 13470: 13461: 13460: 13456: 13446: 13444: 13429: 13425: 13412: 13411: 13407: 13397: 13395: 13382: 13381: 13377: 13367: 13365: 13352: 13351: 13347: 13337: 13335: 13322: 13321: 13317: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13294: 13290: 13289: 13280: 13271: 13270: 13266: 13257: 13256: 13252: 13242: 13240: 13231: 13230: 13226: 13218: 13211: 13207: 13206: 13202: 13192: 13190: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13166: 13164: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13140: 13138: 13125: 13124: 13120: 13110: 13108: 13095: 13094: 13090: 13080: 13078: 13069: 13068: 13064: 13054: 13052: 13037: 13036: 13032: 13013: 13009: 12999: 12997: 12982: 12978: 12968: 12966: 12953: 12952: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12931: 12921: 12919: 12906: 12905: 12901: 12891: 12889: 12880: 12879: 12875: 12865: 12863: 12850: 12849: 12842: 12837: 12833: 12823: 12821: 12814: 12794: 12790: 12780: 12778: 12763: 12762: 12758: 12748: 12746: 12737: 12736: 12732: 12722: 12720: 12711: 12710: 12706: 12696: 12694: 12687:archive.ipu.org 12681: 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12652: 12648: 12638: 12636: 12623: 12622: 12618: 12608: 12606: 12594: 12590: 12580: 12578: 12565: 12564: 12560: 12550: 12548: 12533: 12529: 12519: 12517: 12504: 12503: 12499: 12489: 12487: 12482:. 12 May 2012. 12474: 12473: 12469: 12459: 12457: 12447: 12443: 12433: 12431: 12418: 12417: 12413: 12403: 12401: 12388: 12387: 12383: 12319: 12315: 12303:Wayback Machine 12293: 12289: 12279: 12277: 12266: 12262: 12249: 12248: 12244: 12233: 12232: 12228: 12218: 12216: 12203: 12202: 12198: 12161:Energy Procedia 12153: 12149: 12139: 12137: 12122: 12113: 12103: 12101: 12087: 12080: 12070: 12068: 12055: 12054: 12050: 12040: 12038: 12025: 12024: 12020: 12010: 12008: 11999: 11998: 11994: 11984: 11982: 11973: 11972: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11944:on 1 March 2011 11936: 11935: 11931: 11921: 11919: 11910:Freedom House. 11908: 11904: 11894:Wayback Machine 11884: 11880: 11870: 11868: 11863:. p. 141. 11857: 11853: 11840: 11839: 11822: 11812: 11810: 11803: 11787: 11783: 11776: 11762: 11758: 11751: 11731: 11727: 11717: 11715: 11708: 11692: 11688: 11678: 11676: 11669: 11653: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11594: 11590: 11583: 11569: 11565: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11497: 11493: 11482: 11466: 11462: 11453: 11449: 11439: 11437: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11409: 11407: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11347: 11340: 11324: 11320: 11310: 11308: 11307:on 18 July 2012 11293: 11289: 11284:Wayback Machine 11275: 11271: 11261: 11259: 11252: 11236: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11196: 11192: 11185: 11156: 11152: 11142: 11140: 11133: 11117: 11113: 11106: 11098:. p. 356. 11084: 11080: 11073: 11059: 11055: 11045: 11043: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11015: 11013: 11000: 10996: 10965: 10961: 10955:Wayback Machine 10946: 10942: 10935: 10919: 10915: 10904: 10903: 10899: 10891:Revue africaine 10886: 10882: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10842: 10838: 10828: 10826: 10813: 10809: 10803:Vísindavefurinn 10799:Wayback Machine 10790: 10786: 10776:Wayback Machine 10766: 10762: 10752:Wayback Machine 10743: 10739: 10733:Vísindavefurinn 10729:Wayback Machine 10720: 10716: 10710:Vísindavefurinn 10706:Wayback Machine 10697: 10693: 10686: 10670: 10666: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10634: 10632: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10601: 10592: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10575: 10564: 10560: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10502: 10495: 10488: 10472: 10468: 10457: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10429: 10428: 10417: 10404: 10400: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10364: 10362: 10349: 10345: 10335: 10333: 10300: 10296: 10290:Wayback Machine 10281: 10277: 10271:Wayback Machine 10262: 10258: 10252:Wayback Machine 10243: 10239: 10233:Wayback Machine 10224: 10220: 10214:Wayback Machine 10205: 10201: 10195:Wayback Machine 10186: 10182: 10175: 10159: 10155: 10146: 10142: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10103: 10099: 10093:Wayback Machine 10084: 10080: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10047:Wayback Machine 10036: 10032: 10022: 10020: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9963: 9959: 9953:Wayback Machine 9944: 9940: 9935: 9931: 9925:Wayback Machine 9916: 9912: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9850: 9846: 9840:Wayback Machine 9831: 9827: 9822: 9818: 9812:Wayback Machine 9803: 9799: 9793:Wayback Machine 9784: 9780: 9771:Wayback Machine 9762: 9758: 9748: 9746: 9735: 9731: 9721: 9719: 9712: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9673: 9657: 9653: 9646: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9587: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9537: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9497: 9495: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9439: 9432: 9426:Wayback Machine 9417: 9413: 9407:Wayback Machine 9398: 9394: 9388:Wayback Machine 9379: 9375: 9369:Wayback Machine 9360: 9356: 9350:Wayback Machine 9341: 9337: 9331:Wayback Machine 9322: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9295: 9291: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9267: 9265: 9258: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9229: 9227: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9154: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9075: 9068: 9058: 9056: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9023: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8984: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8945: 8935:Wiley-Blackwell 8923: 8919: 8886:(1): e1002397. 8871: 8867: 8860: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8828: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8643: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8523: 8516: 8500: 8499: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8408: 8404: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8373: 8360: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8312: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8277: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8232: 8228: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8200: 8198: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8140: 8136: 8130:Wayback Machine 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8007: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7927:on 13 June 2007 7909: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7892: 7880: 7879: 7868: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7835: 7821: 7819: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7787: 7771: 7762: 7748: 7746: 7732: 7731: 7702: 7688: 7686: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7600: 7598: 7591: 7575: 7564: 7551: 7549: 7541: 7540: 7529: 7519: 7503: 7492: 7482: 7466: 7455: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7412: 7410: 7397: 7396: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7322:on 25 July 2013 7314: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7296:on 18 July 2012 7288: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7263: 7259: 7232: 7228: 7189: 7178: 7177: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7086:spoken language 7075: 7071: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7016: 6936: 6930: 6875: 6869: 6829:Outside the Law 6797: 6791: 6701:Mouloud Mammeri 6685:Mouloud Feraoun 6603: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6569: 6561:Main articles: 6555: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6492: 6490: 6476: 6460: 6449: 6437:Mohammed Khadda 6429:Mohammed Khadda 6394: 6389: 6383: 6374:Algerian cinema 6355:Emir Abdelkader 6242: 6236: 6222:in Tlemcen and 6190:Djelfa Province 6166: 6158:Main articles: 6156: 6120: 6114: 6090:Emir Abdelkader 6017: 6003: 5997: 5969:Algerian Arabic 5906:Algerian Arabic 5895: 5889: 5780:and indigenous 5767: 5761: 5756: 5731:Biskra Province 5679:Béchar Province 5629:Djelfa Province 5577:Béjaïa Province 5543:Tiaret Province 5527:Annaba Province 5509:Skikda Province 5442: 5436: 5432: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5182: 5176: 5168:Tassili n'Ajjer 5103: 5097: 5085: 5076: 5027: 5025: 4997: 4991: 4919: 4913: 3951: 3939:Main articles: 3937: 3915:BBC News Arabic 3884: 3878: 3822:(MRA), and the 3808:-class corvette 3797: 3791: 3733: 3727: 3611:Mohamed Mediène 3595: 3589: 3489:throughout the 3483:monitor lizards 3472:national animal 3460:Saharan cheetah 3456:African leopard 3419:reported to be 3393:national animal 3381: 3375: 3373:Fauna and flora 3370: 3369: 3310:Algeria map of 3304: 3298: 3206:forms with the 3188:Algerian Desert 3176:Atlas Mountains 3160: 3154: 3027: 3021: 2991:1973 oil crisis 2959:Ahmed Ben Bella 2928: 2922: 2848:American troops 2844:Operation Torch 2800:Mourad Didouche 2749:Emir Abdelkader 2690: 2684: 2676:Main articles: 2674: 2666:French conquest 2576:Kingdom of Kuku 2560:Beylik of Tunis 2444:Barbary pirates 2349: 2343: 2333:, and attacked 2307:Barbary pirates 2293:, although the 1845:or children of 1723: 1717: 1654:. The Germanic 1644:Saint Augustine 1554:First Punic War 1466:Tassili n'Ajjer 1403:Roman ruins at 1397: 1389:Main articles: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1319:Yaqut al-Hamawi 1298:جزائر بني مزغنة 1271: 1194:Algerian Arabic 1156: 972:tributary state 838: 759: 728: 727: 726: 715: 703: 702: 701: 695: 674: 655: 643: 622: 603: 587: 571: 557: 536: 515: 502: 489: 476: 450: 435: 406: 391: 376: 361: 322: 302: 294: 270: 257: 245:Algerian Arabic 236: 208: 206: 202: 199: 194: 191: 189: 187: 186: 185: 179: 171: 170: 157: 156: 143: 139: 137: 131: 116: 114: 101: 100: 99: 94: 86: 85: 80: 67: 60: 59: 52: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20385: 20375: 20374: 20369: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20307:Arab republics 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20240: 20239: 20234: 20233: 20231: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20190: 20185: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20155: 20150: 20144: 20142: 20138: 20137: 20135: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20058: 20056: 20052: 20051: 20044: 20043: 20036: 20029: 20021: 20012: 20011: 20009: 20008: 20004: 20001: 20000: 19998: 19997: 19992: 19990:Largest cities 19987: 19982: 19981: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19968:GDP per capita 19965: 19954: 19952: 19948: 19947: 19944: 19943: 19941: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19889: 19887: 19880: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19871: 19869: 19868: 19862: 19856: 19850: 19844: 19842: 19835: 19831: 19830: 19827: 19826: 19823: 19822: 19820: 19819: 19817:United Nations 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19793: 19791: 19786: 19783: 19782: 19780: 19779: 19773: 19771: 19766: 19763: 19762: 19760: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19733: 19731: 19726: 19720: 19716: 19715: 19713: 19712: 19706: 19704: 19700: 19699: 19697: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19610: 19609: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19408: 19406: 19399: 19393: 19392: 19390: 19389: 19379: 19376: 19375: 19367: 19366: 19359: 19352: 19344: 19335: 19334: 19332: 19331: 19320: 19317: 19316: 19314: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19292: 19290: 19286: 19285: 19283: 19282: 19277: 19271: 19269: 19265: 19264: 19262: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19225: 19223: 19217: 19216: 19213: 19212: 19210: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19188: 19186: 19180: 19179: 19177: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19130: 19124: 19118: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19110: 19104: 19102: 19098: 19097: 19095: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19053: 19051: 19045: 19044: 19042: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19025: 19023: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19015: 19010: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18966: 18964: 18958: 18957: 18955: 18954: 18948: 18946: 18940: 18939: 18937: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18920: 18918: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18893: 18887: 18885: 18879: 18878: 18876: 18875: 18869: 18867: 18861: 18860: 18858: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18841: 18835: 18829: 18828: 18826: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18813:Extreme points 18810: 18804: 18802: 18796: 18795: 18793: 18792: 18791: 18790: 18785: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18751:Monrovia Group 18748: 18743: 18738: 18736:Pan-Africanism 18732: 18730: 18724: 18723: 18716: 18715: 18708: 18701: 18693: 18684: 18683: 18681: 18680: 18679: 18678: 18676:Pan Arab Games 18668: 18662: 18659: 18658: 18656: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18644: 18643: 18638: 18628: 18622: 18620: 18616: 18615: 18613: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18591: 18589: 18585: 18584: 18581: 18580: 18578: 18577: 18571: 18569: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18535: 18533: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18414: 18412: 18403: 18399: 18398: 18391: 18389: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18337: 18335: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18325: 18315: 18304: 18301: 18300: 18293: 18292: 18285: 18278: 18270: 18261: 18260: 18258: 18257: 18252: 18251: 18250: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18219: 18217: 18213: 18212: 18210: 18209: 18208: 18207: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18181: 18179: 18173: 18172: 18170: 18169: 18167:Water conflict 18164: 18162:Water politics 18159: 18154: 18153: 18152: 18147: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18125: 18120: 18118:Climate change 18114: 18112: 18108: 18107: 18100: 18098: 18096: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18079: 18078: 18073: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18052: 18051: 18044: 18030: 18025: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17965: 17963: 17957: 17956: 17949: 17948: 17941: 17934: 17926: 17917: 17916: 17914: 17913: 17911:Tyrrhenian Sea 17908: 17903: 17898: 17896:Sea of Marmara 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17847: 17845: 17839: 17838: 17836: 17835: 17823: 17815: 17802: 17800: 17793: 17792: 17790: 17789: 17784: 17778: 17776: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17660: 17658: 17652: 17651: 17643: 17642: 17635: 17628: 17620: 17611: 17610: 17577: 17574: 17573: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17566: 17560: 17557: 17556: 17554: 17553: 17547: 17545: 17535: 17534: 17532: 17531: 17526: 17520: 17518: 17508: 17507: 17505: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17488: 17486: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17472: 17470:Savage Islands 17467: 17461: 17459: 17453: 17452: 17450: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17417:Canary Islands 17413: 17411: 17405: 17404: 17401:Western Sahara 17399: 17397: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17361: 17359: 17353: 17352: 17350: 17349: 17336: 17323: 17310: 17297: 17284: 17270: 17268: 17262: 17261: 17253: 17252: 17245: 17238: 17230: 17221: 17220: 17218: 17217: 17205: 17192: 17189: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17182: 17181: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17148:Canary Islands 17144: 17142: 17138: 17137: 17135: 17134: 17132:Savage Islands 17129: 17123: 17121: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17113: 17108: 17102: 17100: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17092: 17087: 17081: 17079: 17072: 17064: 17063: 17060: 17059: 17054: 17052: 17051:United Kingdom 17048: 17047: 17045: 17044: 17038: 17036: 17029: 17022: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17015: 17010: 16999: 16997: 16990: 16987: 16986: 16979: 16977: 16975: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16702: 16700: 16694: 16693: 16682: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16659: 16653: 16650: 16649: 16637: 16636: 16634: 16633: 16628: 16621: 16620: 16613: 16605: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16572: 16571: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16535: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16524: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16482: 16476: 16470: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16414: 16409: 16403: 16397: 16391: 16390: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16383: 16381:Prime Minister 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16347: 16346: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16310: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16268:National parks 16265: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16231: 16225: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16215: 16213:Hirak Movement 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16152: 16146: 16144: 16138: 16137: 16126: 16125: 16118: 16111: 16103: 16097: 16096: 16091: 16082: 16072: 16044: 16035: 16026: 16010: 15995: 15985: 15984:External links 15982: 15980: 15979: 15960: 15941: 15922: 15903: 15884: 15883:(2006 reprint) 15854: 15844:Chisholm, Hugh 15834:Gibson, Walcot 15830: 15808: 15801: 15782: 15763: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15704: 15674: 15657:Verlete Sports 15644: 15614: 15607: 15582: 15561:(7): 735–746. 15541: 15515: 15485: 15455: 15422: 15402: 15379: 15350: 15324: 15307:"Tahar Djaout" 15298: 15268: 15249: 15221: 15195: 15163: 15137: 15111: 15081: 15062: 15042: 15010: 14979: 14949: 14927:Arab Barometer 14913: 14884: 14851: 14844: 14826: 14796: 14789: 14771: 14745: 14715: 14684: 14663:(4): 307–314. 14643: 14602: 14595: 14577: 14548: 14521: 14486: 14461: 14442: 14422: 14404: 14385: 14365: 14339: 14320: 14300: 14293: 14275: 14254: 14244: 14224: 14195: 14185: 14165: 14155: 14135: 14124: 14104: 14085: 14065: 14041: 14011: 13985: 13955: 13925: 13892: 13859: 13833: 13810:10.1086/423147 13780: 13754: 13727: 13701: 13671: 13641: 13608: 13579: 13555: 13536: 13510: 13480: 13465:. p. 15. 13454: 13423: 13405: 13375: 13345: 13328:Worlddata.info 13315: 13278: 13264: 13250: 13224: 13200: 13174: 13148: 13118: 13088: 13062: 13030: 13007: 12976: 12946: 12929: 12899: 12873: 12840: 12831: 12812: 12788: 12756: 12730: 12704: 12674: 12646: 12616: 12599:"Constitution" 12588: 12558: 12527: 12512:. 4 May 2010. 12497: 12467: 12441: 12411: 12381: 12313: 12287: 12260: 12242: 12226: 12196: 12147: 12111: 12078: 12048: 12018: 11992: 11955: 11929: 11902: 11878: 11851: 11820: 11801: 11781: 11774: 11756: 11749: 11725: 11706: 11686: 11667: 11647: 11617: 11588: 11581: 11563: 11541: 11534: 11516: 11510:978-0199764341 11509: 11491: 11480: 11460: 11447: 11417: 11384: 11377: 11357: 11338: 11318: 11287: 11269: 11250: 11230: 11216: 11190: 11183: 11150: 11131: 11111: 11104: 11078: 11071: 11053: 11023: 10994: 10959: 10940: 10933: 10913: 10897: 10880: 10863: 10856: 10836: 10807: 10784: 10760: 10737: 10714: 10691: 10684: 10664: 10642: 10611: 10585: 10558: 10547:Chisholm, Hugh 10525: 10518: 10493: 10486: 10466: 10448: 10415: 10398: 10381: 10372: 10357:(in Spanish). 10343: 10294: 10275: 10256: 10237: 10218: 10199: 10180: 10173: 10153: 10140: 10124: 10117: 10097: 10078: 10071: 10051: 10030: 10000: 9984: 9977: 9957: 9938: 9929: 9910: 9901: 9894: 9871: 9864: 9844: 9825: 9816: 9797: 9778: 9756: 9729: 9710: 9690: 9671: 9651: 9644: 9624: 9617: 9597: 9564: 9531: 9505: 9479: 9449: 9430: 9411: 9392: 9373: 9354: 9335: 9316: 9289: 9275: 9256: 9237: 9218: 9198: 9171: 9152: 9133: 9108:Libyan Studies 9098: 9091: 9066: 9040: 9021: 9001: 8982: 8962: 8943: 8917: 8865: 8858: 8838: 8812: 8801:on 10 May 2013 8779: 8691: 8684: 8664: 8657: 8637: 8625: 8618: 8598: 8591: 8571: 8564: 8544: 8537: 8514: 8483: 8476: 8456: 8449: 8429: 8422: 8402: 8371: 8351: 8321: 8306: 8294: 8276:978-9796500024 8275: 8255: 8226: 8208: 8178: 8153: 8134: 8115: 8090: 8060: 8030: 8015:. 9 May 2024. 8013:britannica.com 8000: 7964: 7949:. World Bank. 7938: 7902: 7866: 7855: 7844: 7833: 7795: 7785: 7760: 7700: 7671: 7661: 7641: 7631: 7611: 7589: 7562: 7527: 7517: 7490: 7480: 7453: 7443: 7423: 7385: 7374:. 13 June 2019 7359: 7333: 7307: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7257: 7226: 7139: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7069: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7028:Algeria portal 7015: 7012: 6967:rifle shooting 6932:Main article: 6929: 6926: 6871:Main article: 6868: 6865: 6793:Main article: 6790: 6787: 6771:Boualem Sansal 6763:Yasmina Khadra 6735:Rachid Mimouni 6697:Moufdi Zakaria 6620:The Golden Ass 6595: 6588: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6557: 6556: 6539:September 2024 6463: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6409:Mohammed Racim 6401:Mohammed Racim 6393: 6390: 6385:Main article: 6382: 6379: 6323:decolonization 6297:Rachid Mimouni 6238:Main article: 6235: 6232: 6218:Es-Senia. The 6155: 6152: 6116:Main article: 6113: 6110: 6106:Mohamed Arkoun 6074:Arab Barometer 6070:Arab Barometer 6039:World Factbook 5999:Main article: 5996: 5993: 5891:Main article: 5888: 5885: 5881:Italian origin 5763:Main article: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5692:Sidi Bel Abbès 5689: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5663:Sétif Province 5660: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5595:Batna Province 5592: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5561:Blida Province 5558: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5289:Western Sahara 5256:Main article: 5253: 5250: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5178:Main article: 5175: 5172: 5099:Main article: 5096: 5093: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5072: 4990: 4987: 4915:Main article: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673:Sidi Bel Abbès 4670: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4537:Ain Timouchent 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4133:Oum El Bouaghi 4130: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3998: 3975:municipalities 3936: 3933: 3880:Main article: 3877: 3874: 3806:Djebel Chenoua 3793:Main article: 3790: 3787: 3779:Western Sahara 3761:European Union 3745:George W. Bush 3729:Main article: 3726: 3723: 3670:Prime Minister 3619:Larbi Belkheir 3591:Main article: 3588: 3585: 3552:, and various 3421:primary forest 3377:Main article: 3374: 3371: 3358:water resource 3336: 3335: 3300:Main article: 3297: 3294: 3156:Main article: 3153: 3150: 3023:Main article: 3020: 3017: 3009:1980s oil glut 2987:Oil extraction 2924:Main article: 2921: 2918: 2899:Alistair Horne 2820:European share 2767:and later, as 2732:Mokrani Revolt 2678:French Algeria 2673: 2670: 2583:Spanish Empire 2537:Niels Simonsen 2456:Ottoman Empire 2345:Main article: 2342: 2339: 2315:conquered Oran 2291:Hafsid dynasty 1978:, Awarba, and 1853:, came to the 1849:, daughter of 1831:Sidi El Houari 1719:Main article: 1716: 1713: 1580:in modern-day 1578:Moulouya River 1489:Arch of Trajan 1450:Iberomaurusian 1386: 1383: 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1364:Ottoman sultan 1270: 1267: 1155: 1152: 1144:United Nations 1092:regional power 1088:1,541 communes 976:Ottoman Empire 897:Western Sahara 840: 839: 837: 836: 827: 821: 819: 813: 812: 807: 801: 800: 795: 789: 788: 785: 779: 778: 775: 771: 770: 757: 753: 752: 745:Algerian dinar 742: 738: 737: 718: 708: 707: 704:low inequality 698: 688: 687: 675: 672: 669: 668: 656: 653: 650: 649: 646: 636: 635: 623: 620: 617: 616: 604: 601: 598: 597: 594: 580: 579: 572: 570:• Density 569: 566: 565: 558: 555: 552: 551: 545: 544: 537: 534: 531: 530: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 510: 507: 506: 503: 500:French Algeria 497: 494: 493: 490: 484: 481: 480: 477: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 451: 445: 442: 441: 436: 430: 427: 426: 421: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 401: 398: 397: 392: 386: 383: 382: 380:Nadir Larbaoui 377: 374:Prime Minister 371: 368: 367: 362: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 342: 336: 335: 330: 324: 323: 321: 320: 317: 305: 303: 300: 296: 295: 293: 292: 286: 280: 273: 271: 268: 262: 261: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 235: 234: 229: 223: 221: 217: 216: 180: 177: 173: 172: 168: 167: 159: 158: 141: 140: 119: 118: 103: 102: 95: 88: 87: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20384: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20284: 20282: 20275: 20272: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20145: 20143: 20139: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20059: 20057: 20053: 20049: 20042: 20037: 20035: 20030: 20028: 20023: 20022: 20019: 20006: 20005: 20002: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19960: 19959: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19949: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19890: 19888: 19886:Extraordinary 19884: 19881: 19877: 19866: 19863: 19860: 19857: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19845: 19843: 19839: 19836: 19832: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19802:African Union 19800: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19792: 19789:organizations 19787:International 19784: 19778: 19775: 19774: 19772: 19764: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19734: 19732: 19724: 19721: 19717: 19711: 19708: 19707: 19705: 19701: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19608: 19605: 19604: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19497:Guinea-Bissau 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19409: 19407: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19397:Member states 19394: 19388: 19384: 19381: 19380: 19377: 19372: 19365: 19360: 19358: 19353: 19351: 19346: 19345: 19342: 19330: 19322: 19321: 19318: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19293: 19291: 19287: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19272: 19270: 19266: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19234: 19233:Gold standard 19230: 19227: 19226: 19224: 19222: 19218: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19189: 19187: 19185: 19181: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19164: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19131: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19119: 19109: 19106: 19105: 19103: 19099: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19054: 19052: 19050: 19046: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19026: 19024: 19020: 19014: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18963: 18959: 18953: 18950: 18949: 18947: 18945: 18941: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18921: 18919: 18917: 18913: 18907: 18906:2025 election 18904: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18888: 18886: 18884: 18880: 18874: 18871: 18870: 18868: 18866: 18862: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18842: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18830: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18818:Member states 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18805: 18803: 18801: 18797: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18780: 18779: 18778: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18733: 18731: 18729: 18725: 18721: 18720:African Union 18714: 18709: 18707: 18702: 18700: 18695: 18694: 18691: 18677: 18674: 18673: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18660: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18633: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18623: 18621: 18617: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18590: 18586: 18576: 18573: 18572: 18570: 18566: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18530: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18415: 18413: 18411: 18407: 18404: 18400: 18395: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18334: 18330: 18324: 18316: 18314: 18306: 18305: 18302: 18298: 18291: 18286: 18284: 18279: 18277: 18272: 18271: 18268: 18256: 18253: 18249: 18246: 18245: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18218: 18214: 18206: 18203: 18202: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18185:Ethnic groups 18183: 18182: 18180: 18178: 18174: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18141: 18138: 18134: 18131: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18109: 18104: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18050: 18049: 18045: 18043: 18042: 18038: 18037: 18036: 18035: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18023: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17964: 17962: 17958: 17954: 17947: 17942: 17940: 17935: 17933: 17928: 17927: 17924: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17876:Levantine Sea 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17848: 17846: 17844: 17843:Marginal seas 17840: 17831: 17827: 17824: 17819: 17816: 17812: 17807: 17804: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17794: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17779: 17777: 17775: 17771: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17661: 17659: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17641: 17636: 17634: 17629: 17627: 17622: 17621: 17618: 17608: 17605: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17593: 17590: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17575: 17565: 17562: 17561: 17558: 17552: 17549: 17548: 17546: 17544: 17540: 17536: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17489: 17487: 17485: 17481: 17477: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17462: 17460: 17458: 17454: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17414: 17412: 17410: 17406: 17402: 17398: 17396: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17362: 17360: 17358: 17354: 17348: 17337: 17335: 17324: 17322: 17311: 17309: 17298: 17296: 17285: 17283: 17272: 17271: 17269: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17251: 17246: 17244: 17239: 17237: 17232: 17231: 17228: 17216: 17215: 17214:Africa portal 17210: 17206: 17204: 17203: 17194: 17193: 17190: 17180: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17170: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17139: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17124: 17122: 17118: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17103: 17101: 17097: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17076: 17073: 17069:fully part of 17065: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17043: 17040: 17039: 17037: 17033: 17030: 17027: 17020: 17014: 17011: 17008: 17004: 17001: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16988: 16983: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16822:Guinea-Bissau 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16680: 16675: 16673: 16668: 16666: 16661: 16660: 16657: 16651: 16644: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16618: 16614: 16611: 16607: 16606: 16602: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16570: 16567: 16566: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16532: 16528: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16496:Ethnic groups 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16483: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16392: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16220: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16124: 16119: 16117: 16112: 16110: 16105: 16104: 16101: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16073: 16058: 16051: 16050: 16045: 16043: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16030: 16027: 16024: 16020: 16019: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16002: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15988: 15987: 15977: 15976:0-7546-7418-5 15973: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15942: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15927: 15923: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15889: 15885: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15858: 15855: 15851: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15812: 15811:Fanon, Frantz 15809: 15806: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15788:. Cambridge: 15787: 15783: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15761: 15757: 15753: 15749: 15745: 15744: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15708: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15678: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15648: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15618: 15610: 15604: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15578: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15545: 15529: 15525: 15519: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15489: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15459: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15429: 15427: 15419: 15415: 15412: 15406: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15383: 15367: 15363: 15357: 15355: 15338: 15334: 15328: 15312: 15308: 15302: 15286: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15256: 15252: 15250:9789280534320 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15233: 15225: 15209: 15205: 15199: 15180: 15173: 15167: 15151: 15147: 15141: 15125: 15121: 15115: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15085: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15054: 15046: 15027: 15020: 15014: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14983: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14953: 14937: 14933: 14932: 14928: 14923: 14917: 14901: 14897: 14891: 14889: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14858: 14856: 14847: 14845:9780810884939 14841: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14822:92-871-2611-9 14819: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14800: 14792: 14790:9781512824971 14786: 14782: 14775: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14749: 14733: 14729: 14725: 14719: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14688: 14680: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14657:English Today 14654: 14647: 14639: 14633: 14614: 14613: 14606: 14598: 14592: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14565: 14558: 14552: 14535: 14531: 14525: 14509: 14505: 14502:(in French). 14501: 14497: 14490: 14481: 14476: 14472: 14465: 14449: 14445: 14439: 14435: 14434: 14426: 14418: 14414: 14408: 14392: 14388: 14382: 14378: 14377: 14369: 14353: 14349: 14343: 14327: 14323: 14321:9789287126115 14317: 14313: 14312: 14304: 14296: 14290: 14286: 14279: 14271: 14267: 14266: 14258: 14251: 14247: 14241: 14237: 14236: 14228: 14221: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14178: 14177: 14169: 14162: 14158: 14152: 14148: 14147: 14139: 14131: 14127: 14121: 14117: 14116: 14108: 14092: 14088: 14086:9780253217820 14082: 14078: 14077: 14069: 14058: 14051: 14045: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14015: 13999: 13995: 13989: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13959: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13929: 13913: 13909: 13905: 13899: 13897: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13864: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13829: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13804:(2): 338–45. 13803: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13784: 13768: 13764: 13758: 13742: 13738: 13731: 13715: 13711: 13705: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13675: 13659: 13655: 13654:Bloomberg.com 13651: 13645: 13636: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13612: 13596: 13592: 13586: 13584: 13572: 13565: 13559: 13551: 13547: 13540: 13524: 13520: 13514: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13468: 13464: 13458: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13427: 13419: 13415: 13409: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13349: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13319: 13300: 13293: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13274: 13268: 13260: 13254: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13217: 13210: 13204: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13162: 13158: 13152: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13122: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13092: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13050: 13047:(in French). 13046: 13045: 13040: 13034: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13011: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12980: 12964: 12960: 12959:Freedom House 12956: 12950: 12939: 12933: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12903: 12887: 12883: 12877: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12845: 12835: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12805: 12801: 12800: 12792: 12776: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12760: 12744: 12740: 12734: 12718: 12714: 12708: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12650: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12592: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12562: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12531: 12515: 12511: 12510:The Economist 12507: 12501: 12485: 12481: 12480:The Economist 12477: 12471: 12456: 12455:Wilson Center 12452: 12445: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12415: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12385: 12377: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12317: 12310: 12309: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12291: 12275: 12271: 12264: 12256: 12252: 12246: 12238: 12237: 12230: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12200: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12167:: 1286–1294. 12166: 12162: 12158: 12151: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12085: 12083: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12052: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12022: 12006: 12002: 11996: 11980: 11976: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11943: 11939: 11933: 11917: 11913: 11906: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11882: 11866: 11862: 11855: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11808: 11804: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11785: 11777: 11775:1-85532-658-2 11771: 11767: 11760: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11729: 11713: 11709: 11707:9781433110740 11703: 11699: 11698: 11690: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11592: 11584: 11582:9781107507180 11578: 11574: 11567: 11561: 11560:0-674-01017-5 11557: 11553: 11552: 11545: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11520: 11512: 11506: 11502: 11495: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11473: 11472: 11464: 11457: 11451: 11435: 11432:(in French). 11431: 11427: 11421: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11378:9781137406118 11374: 11370: 11369: 11361: 11345: 11341: 11335: 11331: 11330: 11322: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11273: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11243: 11242: 11234: 11219: 11213: 11209: 11204: 11203: 11194: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11166: 11160: 11154: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11124: 11123: 11115: 11107: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11082: 11074: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11011: 11007: 11006: 10998: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10944: 10936: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10917: 10909: 10908: 10901: 10893: 10892: 10884: 10876: 10875: 10867: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10840: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10811: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10793: 10788: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10764: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10741: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10723: 10718: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10700: 10695: 10687: 10681: 10677: 10676: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10615: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10573: 10569: 10562: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10532: 10530: 10521: 10515: 10510: 10509: 10500: 10498: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10470: 10462: 10455: 10453: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10410: 10402: 10394: 10393: 10385: 10376: 10360: 10356: 10355: 10347: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10279: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10260: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10241: 10234: 10230: 10227: 10222: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10203: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10184: 10176: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10157: 10150: 10144: 10137: 10131: 10129: 10120: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10101: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10082: 10074: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10055: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10034: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10004: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9980: 9974: 9971:. Routledge. 9970: 9969: 9961: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9942: 9933: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9914: 9905: 9897: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9878: 9876: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9848: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9829: 9820: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9760: 9744: 9741:. E. Arnold. 9740: 9733: 9717: 9713: 9711:9780313379826 9707: 9703: 9702: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9672:9780810864900 9668: 9664: 9663: 9655: 9647: 9645:9783833111785 9641: 9637: 9636: 9628: 9620: 9618:9789004298576 9614: 9610: 9609: 9601: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9576: 9568: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9535: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9443: 9437: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9420: 9415: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9396: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9377: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9358: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9320: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9285: 9279: 9263: 9259: 9257:9780717201211 9253: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9225: 9221: 9219:9781447483526 9215: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9159: 9155: 9153:9781857431322 9149: 9145: 9144: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9094: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9071: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9005: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8966: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8880:PLOS Genetics 8877: 8869: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8842: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8696: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8676: 8668: 8660: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8641: 8635:, p. 15. 8634: 8629: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8602: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8575: 8567: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8548: 8540: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8521: 8519: 8510: 8504: 8496: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8460: 8452: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8433: 8425: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8406: 8398: 8392: 8384: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8366: 8358: 8356: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8317: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8259: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8119: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8004: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 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6978: 6974: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6822:Days of Glory 6816: 6812: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6689:Malek Bennabi 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6637:Ahmad al-Buni 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6611:Roman African 6608: 6598: 6592: 6584: 6578: 6568: 6564: 6553: 6550: 6542: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: – 6499: 6495: 6494:Find sources: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6464:This section 6462: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6433:Bachir Yelles 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6417:Mohamed Temam 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6378: 6375: 6372:Contemporary 6370: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6315:Malek Bennabi 6312: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6258:Bachir Yellès 6255: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6137:typhoid fever 6134: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102:Malek Bennabi 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5982: 5981:lingua franca 5978: 5972: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5915:Signs in the 5913: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5867:Shenwa people 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5837:Centuries of 5835: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5759:Ethnic groups 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459:Oran Province 5457: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5315: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 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Retrieved 7294:the original 7284: 7260: 7229: 7142: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7072: 7055: 7000:martial arts 6981: 6971: 6948: 6907: 6887: 6858: 6852: 6845: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747:Tahir Wattar 6743:Tahar Djaout 6739:Leila Sebbar 6728: 6709:Assia Djebar 6705:Frantz Fanon 6693:Malek Haddad 6681:Kateb Yacine 6676: 6673:Mohammed Dib 6668: 6666: 6663: 6655:Albert Camus 6653: 6645:Ibn Khaldoun 6618: 6604: 6597:Kateb Yacine 6545: 6536: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6493: 6477:Please help 6465: 6406: 6371: 6365:was born in 6345:, wrote the 6333:(modern-day 6329:was born in 6319:Frantz Fanon 6313: 6305:Tahar Djaout 6293:Assia Djebar 6285:Kateb Yacine 6281:Albert Camus 6277:Mohammed Dib 6262: 6201: 6194: 6182: 6178: 6149: 6125:tuberculosis 6121: 6086:Muslim world 6083: 6067: 6052: 6037: 6032: 5986: 5973: 5930: 5927:, and French 5896: 5874: 5836: 5776: 5305: 5291:live in the 5282: 5267: 5252:Demographics 5210: 5195: 5152:M'Zab Valley 5118: 5114: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5031: 5006: 4983: 4968: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4928: 3989: 3978: 3973:) and 1,541 3968: 3958: 3952: 3919: 3908: 3904: 3891: 3885: 3876:Human rights 3867: 3852: 3840: 3813: 3805: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3753:Yasuo Fukuda 3751:, left, and 3704: 3700:constitution 3685: 3635: 3607: 3578: 3507: 3476: 3474:of Algeria. 3464:Barbary stag 3433: 3416:forest cover 3413: 3398: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3270:Tamanghasset 3255: 3224: 3193: 3138: 3131: 3120: 3109: 3093: 3074: 3043: 3006: 2995: 2952: 2931: 2929: 2907: 2903:Raymond Aron 2896: 2882:(FLN) or by 2868:Algerian War 2856: 2829: 2817: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2736: 2727:Napoleon III 2704:invaded and 2699: 2682:Algerian War 2659:Lord Exmouth 2640: 2637: 2615: 2591:Spanish Navy 2585:launched an 2580: 2564: 2541: 2535:Algiers, by 2495:Jan Janszoon 2488: 2441: 2427: 2407: 2360: 2304: 2288: 2257: 2237: 2190: 2156: 2130:were living 2121: 2090: 2074: 1984: 1952: 1812: 1805:memorial in 1738: 1724: 1678: 1665:Leptis Magna 1648:Hippo Regius 1640: 1625:Roman Empire 1622: 1562: 1547: 1532: 1516:Hippo Regius 1493: 1447: 1416:Levalloisian 1413: 1409: 1329: 1323: 1272: 1218: 1171: 1163: 1096:middle power 1082: 1078:58 provinces 1076:composed of 1071: 1016: 1004:Algerian War 982:in 1830 and 921: 913:largest city 857:North Africa 848: 844: 843: 817:Internet TLD 793:Calling code 654:• Total 602:• Total 535:• Total 513:Independence 132: 122: 107:Motto: 106: 36: 20322:G15 nations 20266: / 19807:Arab League 19769:communities 19522:Ivory Coast 19412:Afghanistan 19154:Enlargement 18929:Secretariat 18891:Chairperson 18873:Chairperson 18783:Chairperson 18771:Lome Summit 18666:Pan-Arabism 18575:South Sudan 18313:Arab League 18297:Arab League 18223:Archaeology 17953:Middle East 17861:Alboran Sea 17529:Kafia Kingi 17516:South Sudan 17382:Territories 17106:Pantelleria 17026:territories 16994:recognition 16937:South Sudan 16827:Ivory Coast 16250:Earthquakes 16208:Arab Spring 16173:French rule 16157:(Antiquity) 15966:. Farnham: 15911:Verso Books 15819:Grove Press 15478:19 December 15291:2 September 13773:24 December 13358:kuna.net.kw 12884:. Gwu.edu. 12866:24 December 12697:10 February 12581:10 February 12460:9 September 12334:(1): 5978. 12280:19 February 12268:Hodges, K. 12041:17 December 11948:27 February 11718:22 November 11679:17 February 11640:16 November 11410:14 February 11173:. pp. 11143:12 December 10635:14 February 10604:7 September 10578:7 September 10292:L. Arnolet, 9842:– J.D. Fage 8931:The Berbers 8772:22 November 8287:25 November 8053:19 December 7957:24 February 7931:1 September 7749:24 December 7413:25 December 6357:and Sheikh 6339:Ibn Khaldun 5987:The use of 5786:Phoenicians 5784:as well as 5488:Constantine 5434:Constantine 5062:biocapacity 5020:. The U.S. 4763:Constantine 4343:Tamanrasset 4025:Population 3818:(ANP), the 3530:Aleppo pine 3514:olive trees 3499:Atlas bears 3414:In Algeria 3407:and grassy 3405:mountainous 3278:Constantine 3272:. Algiers, 3220:Mount Tahat 3002:Arabisation 2965:led to the 2830:During the 2792:Rabah Bitat 2757:département 2714:Ben Kiernan 2589:, then the 2472:Turgut Reis 2403:janissaries 2229:Ibn Khaldun 2221:Arabization 2193:Constantine 2148:Nile Valley 2144:Banu Sulaym 1991:Ibn Khaldun 1891:Banu Sulaym 1839:Yāghmūrasen 1815:Middle Ages 1813:During the 1715:Middle Ages 1441:, south of 1439:Bir el Ater 1335:وطن الجزائر 1132:Arab League 1067:Sunni Islam 956:Arabization 928:Phoenicians 774:Date format 725: 0.745 518:5 July 1962 505:5 July 1830 448:Lower house 433:Upper house 420:Legislature 310:Sunni Islam 207: / 138:"We Pledge" 20281:Categories 19985:Population 19684:Uzbekistan 19654:Tajikistan 19582:Mozambique 19572:Mauritania 19542:Kyrgyzstan 19532:Kazakhstan 19437:Bangladesh 19427:Azerbaijan 19275:Africa Day 19229:Currencies 18883:Commission 18568:Candidates 18468:Mauritania 18402:Membership 18384:Arab Union 18379:Parliament 18205:Irreligion 17881:Libyan Sea 17871:Ionian Sea 17856:Aegean Sea 17734:Montenegro 17442:Chafarinas 17013:Somaliland 16917:Seychelles 16882:Mozambique 16867:Mauritania 16852:Madagascar 16807:The Gambia 16741:Cape Verde 16559:Literature 16419:(currency) 16366:Parliament 16262:(communes) 16255:Ecoregions 16150:Prehistory 16066:9 December 15909:. London: 15534:9 December 15468:WorldAtlas 15372:18 January 15317:17 January 15261:30 October 15214:18 January 15156:18 January 15130:18 January 15003:3 November 14906:2 November 14540:17 January 14034:27 January 14004:18 January 13978:17 January 13948:9 December 13918:9 December 13885:9 December 13852:17 January 13720:31 October 13529:17 January 13503:30 January 13398:29 January 13368:29 January 13338:29 January 12969:19 January 12806:. Europa. 12781:5 November 12723:3 November 12520:16 January 12490:16 January 11922:22 January 11440:15 January 9114:: 96–108. 8831:14 January 8805:14 January 8633:Nyrop 1972 8248:8 November 8083:9 February 8043:Britannica 7403:Britannica 7372:WorldAtlas 7347:Al Jazeera 7326:17 January 7300:17 January 7252:; French: 7221:; French: 7212:al-Jazāʾir 6992:volleyball 6840:Palme d'Or 6759:the attack 6723:Arab world 6675:, or even 6649:Muqaddimah 6641:Ibn Manzur 6613:era, when 6509:newspapers 6447:Literature 6335:Souk Ahras 6192:at 35.5%. 6063:Protestant 6005:See also: 5960:Phoenician 5876:Pied-Noirs 5818:Castillian 5804:, various 5708:Mostaganem 5262:See also: 5158:; and the 5060:Access to 4993:See also: 4897:In Guezzam 4823:Mostaganem 4747:Béni Abbès 4627:El M'Ghair 4590:1,496,150 4530:1,223,223 4500:2,947,461 4470:1,119,646 4463:Tizi Ouzou 4387:Souk Ahras 4297:Tissemsilt 4290:1,009,892 4170:1,128,030 4094:1,584,607 4080:1,013,718 4008:Population 3980:baladiyahs 3863:submarines 3836:occupation 3739:President 3623:Bouteflika 3564:with wild 3558:grape vine 3554:palm trees 3546:eucalyptus 3524:and other 3503:crocodiles 3468:fennec fox 3395:of Algeria 3389:fennec fox 3362:heat waves 3204:Tell Atlas 3085:referendum 3058:insurgency 2933:Pied-Noirs 2770:Pied-Noirs 2723:indigenous 2686:See also: 2484:Formentera 2414:Kouloughli 2335:Mostaganem 2233:Banu Hilal 2140:Banu Hilal 2086:Mauritania 2023:Abdalwadid 1887:Banu Hilal 1871:Levantines 1762:Almoravids 1707:and later 1590:Almoravids 1574:Mauretania 1558:Punic Wars 1510:, east of 1504:Phoenician 1431:Flake tool 1420:Mousterian 1307:Phoenician 1280:al-Jazāʾir 1234:; French: 1189:al-Jazāʾir 1146:, and the 1090:. It is a 1021:, and the 893:Mauritania 855:region of 777:dd/mm/yyyy 549:Population 424:Parliament 340:Government 328:Demonym(s) 20312:Republics 20223:Venezuela 20218:Sri Lanka 20178:Indonesia 20153:Argentina 19995:Education 19727:Countries 19719:Observers 19703:Suspended 19614:Palestine 19507:Indonesia 18800:Geography 18588:Diplomacy 18559:Venezuela 18532:Observers 18483:Palestine 18356:Geography 18238:Etiquette 18123:Democracy 18048:West Bank 18034:Palestine 17961:Countries 17818:Gibraltar 17787:Palestine 17502:Bir Tawil 17437:Alhucemas 17024:Dependent 16872:Mauritius 16516:Squatting 16501:Languages 16491:Education 16460:Transport 16412:Companies 16376:President 16329:Elections 16283:Volcanoes 16273:Provinces 16245:Districts 16223:Geography 16198:Civil War 16193:1962–1999 16040:from the 15771:Routledge 15577:1466-0970 15343:1 January 15188:7 January 14863:"Algeria" 14679:0266-0784 14632:cite book 14514:8 January 14454:1 January 14397:1 January 14220:heritage. 14213:18 August 14208:study.com 13996:. Insee. 13628:(3): 58. 13622:Resources 13473:6 January 13308:6 January 12922:31 August 12625:"Algeria" 12358:2041-1723 12205:"Algeria" 12191:1876-6102 11985:6 January 11975:"Algeria" 11813:12 August 10989:145628873 10480:. BRILL. 10441:4 January 10326:2340-1478 9611:. BRILL. 9590:22 August 9557:22 August 9488:"Qantara" 9472:29 August 9128:164294564 9033:6 January 8994:6 January 8955:22 August 8746:0036-8075 8503:cite book 8391:cite book 8171:17 August 7807:"Algeria" 7734:"Algeria" 7696:heritage. 7689:18 August 7684:study.com 7601:1 January 7552:18 August 7276:Citations 7243:romanized 7206:romanized 6984:athletics 6498:"Algeria" 6466:does not 6359:Ben Badis 6347:Muqaddima 6269:Tamazight 6230:in 2023. 6154:Education 6145:dysentery 6129:hepatitis 5887:Languages 5814:Aragonese 5408:2,364,230 5308:Algerians 5174:Transport 5055:Sonatrach 4807:Touggourt 4477:Ain Defla 4357:Khenchela 4207:Boumerdes 4117:El Bayadh 4022:Area (km) 4005:Area (km) 3965:districts 3955:provinces 3688:bicameral 3627:Sonatrach 3581:scorpions 3491:semi arid 3266:جبال هقار 3152:Geography 3034:Massacres 2979:socialist 2957:) leader 2734:in 1871. 2710:genocidal 2668:in 1830. 2399:beylerbey 2388:Hayreddin 2375:Spaniards 2327:Cherchell 2187:, Tlemcen 2159:Cyrenaica 2109:Sijilmasa 2101:El Mu'izz 2055:Hammadids 2007:Almoravid 1980:Berghwata 1920:Palestine 1895:Tāghribāt 1809:, Algeria 1807:Khenchela 1770:Zayyanids 1758:Hammadids 1746:Aghlabids 1742:Rustamids 1709:Kairaouan 1619:in pink)) 1594:Masinissa 1542:Masinissa 1512:Cherchell 1483:ruins of 1360:sovereign 1344:Algerians 1269:Etymology 1221:(Arabic: 1215:l'Algérie 1183:romanized 1116:Sonatrach 1108:sixteenth 1047:Tamazight 988:conquered 783:Drives on 756:Time zone 644:(nominal) 461:Formation 359:President 299:Religion 20263:28°N 2°E 20228:Zimbabwe 20198:Malaysia 19879:Sessions 19757:Thailand 19649:Suriname 19602:Pakistan 19562:Maldives 19557:Malaysia 19472:Djibouti 19457:Cameroon 19329:Category 19207:Passport 19122:Politics 18865:Assembly 18433:Djibouti 18371:Military 18333:Politics 18200:Religion 18190:Genetics 18145:Timeline 17744:Slovenia 17457:Portugal 17202:Category 17120:Portugal 16972:Zimbabwe 16947:Tanzania 16797:Ethiopia 16792:Eswatini 16771:Djibouti 16736:Cameroon 16721:Botswana 16626:Category 16581:Religion 16554:Football 16440:Taxation 16356:Military 16302:Politics 16288:Wildlife 16134:articles 16042:BBC News 16001:Archived 15859:(1977). 15721:Archived 15691:Archived 15661:Archived 15631:Archived 15528:Archived 15502:Archived 15498:ebin.pub 15472:Archived 15442:Archived 15414:Archived 15397:Archived 15311:Archived 15255:Archived 15179:Archived 15150:Archived 15098:Archived 15068:Archived 15026:Archived 14997:Archived 14936:Archived 14931:BBC News 14900:Archived 14871:Archived 14809:Archived 14766:Archived 14732:Archived 14702:Archived 14622:30 March 14448:Archived 14391:Archived 14358:21 April 14352:Archived 14326:Archived 14270:Archived 14130:Archived 14091:Archived 14028:Archived 13998:Archived 13972:Archived 13968:BBC News 13942:Archived 13879:Archived 13877:. 2013. 13846:Archived 13828:15202071 13767:Archived 13741:Archived 13735:UNESCO. 13694:14 April 13688:Archived 13684:POLITICO 13664:14 April 13658:Archived 13595:Archived 13497:Archived 13467:Archived 13447:22 April 13392:Archived 13362:Archived 13332:Archived 13299:Archived 13216:Archived 13193:29 April 13187:Archived 13161:Archived 13135:Archived 13105:Archived 13081:15 March 13075:Archived 13055:15 March 13049:Archived 12994:Archived 12963:Archived 12916:Archived 12892:14 March 12886:Archived 12860:Archived 12818:Archived 12775:Archived 12770:Upstream 12717:Archived 12691:Archived 12633:Archived 12575:Archived 12571:BBC News 12545:Archived 12514:Archived 12484:Archived 12428:Archived 12398:Archived 12376:33293507 12308:PLOS ONE 12299:Archived 12213:Archived 12134:Archived 12065:Archived 12035:Archived 12005:Archived 11916:Archived 11890:Archived 11871:10 March 11865:Archived 11807:Archived 11712:Archived 11673:Archived 11634:Archived 11630:BBC News 11610:18 March 11604:Archived 11486:Archived 11434:Archived 11404:Archived 11344:Archived 11280:Archived 11256:Archived 11161:(2007). 11137:Archived 11040:Archived 11010:Archived 10951:Archived 10829:4 August 10823:Archived 10795:Archived 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4440:842,060 4424:617,661 4410:945,525 4394:440,299 4380:657,227 4364:384,268 4350:198,691 4334:673,934 4320:694,750 4304:296,366 4274:159,000 4260:274,866 4244:411,783 4237:El Taref 4230:730,262 4214:795,019 4200:915,835 4184:634,396 4140:644,364 4124:262,187 4110:477,328 4103:Laghouat 4064:552,539 4041:439,700 3859:636-type 3789:Military 3755:, right. 3721:won 33. 3707:May 2017 3664:and the 3654:suffrage 3631:protests 3526:conifers 3444:gazelles 3243:harbours 3216:Nememcha 3174:and the 2967:Sand War 2825:Caucasus 2761:European 2609:and the 2607:Portugal 2270:and the 2240:Almohads 2225:nomadism 2213:Almohads 2175:Kairouan 2163:Ifriqiya 2142:and the 2126:and the 2105:Maghrawa 2097:Ifriqiya 2070:Maghrawa 2059:Fatimids 2047:Fatimids 2039:Hammadid 2031:Meknassa 2027:Wattasid 2011:Hammadid 2003:Maghrawa 1985:Several 1972:Masmouda 1960:Sanhadja 1861:and the 1851:Muhammad 1843:Fatimids 1825:masters 1768:and the 1766:Almohads 1750:Fatimids 1669:Laguatan 1660:Geiseric 1636:Laghouat 1586:Almohads 1565:Carthage 1526:(modern 1524:Rusicade 1518:(modern 1496:Carthage 1479:Ancient 1348:military 1309:city of 1247:Tifinagh 992:pacified 901:the west 869:the east 832:.الجزائر 741:Currency 344:Unitary 333:Algerian 314:official 20287:Algeria 20213:Senegal 20208:Nigeria 20188:Jamaica 20148:Algeria 20141:Members 20055:Summits 19978:Imports 19973:Exports 19958:Economy 19923:Seventh 19834:History 19664:Tunisia 19639:Somalia 19629:Senegal 19592:Nigeria 19577:Morocco 19547:Lebanon 19467:Comoros 19432:Bahrain 19422:Algeria 19417:Albania 19405:Members 19268:Culture 19221:Economy 19184:Symbols 18823:Regions 18808:Borders 18728:History 18631:Economy 18549:Eritrea 18539:Armenia 18513:Tunisia 18498:Somalia 18473:Morocco 18458:Lebanon 18428:Comoros 18423:Bahrain 18418:Algeria 18410:Members 18366:History 18346:Council 18341:Charter 18255:Studies 18233:Cuisine 18216:Culture 18140:History 18128:Economy 18111:Society 18016:Lebanon 17969:Bahrain 17833:(Spain) 17830:Melilla 17759:Tunisia 17739:Morocco 17714:Lebanon 17679:Croatia 17669:Algeria 17664:Albania 17564:Perejil 17539:Morocco 17465:Madeira 17432:Alboran 17427:Melilla 17391:Morocco 17347:Tunisia 17321:Morocco 17282:Algeria 17179:Socotra 17158:Melilla 17127:Madeira 17090:Réunion 17085:Mayotte 16957:Tunisia 16927:Somalia 16912:Senegal 16897:Nigeria 16887:Namibia 16877:Morocco 16842:Liberia 16837:Lesotho 16787:Eritrea 16756:Comoros 16731:Burundi 16706:Algeria 16610:Outline 16591:Symbols 16539:Cuisine 16531:Culture 16474:Society 16450:Tourism 16395:Economy 16314:Cabinet 16235:Borders 16142:History 16130:Algeria 16029:Algeria 16013:Algeria 15846:(ed.). 15727:2 April 15697:2 April 15667:2 April 15637:2 April 15627:Algeria 15591:Algeria 15508:2 April 15448:2 April 15411:ALGÉRIE 15074:20 June 14972:17 July 14942:17 July 14877:6 April 14738:2 April 14708:2 April 14332:20 June 14097:20 June 13819:1216069 13601:23 June 13388:caci.dz 13297:. 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