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945:
833:
675:
663:
651:
639:
285:
273:
261:
225:
207:
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3011:
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surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery.... Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question. Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the
Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies. In such warfare no single general could strike a blow that would make him immortal; the "glory of fighting" sank down into the dirt and mire of trenches and dugouts.
3340:
381:
1075:
801:
789:
615:
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723:
481:
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336:
426:
237:
2862:
1065:
777:
765:
753:
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598:
2735:, part of the Third Battle of Artois, which was meant to supplement the larger Champagne attack. The attack was preceded by a four-day artillery bombardment of 250,000 shells and a release of 5,100 cylinders of chlorine gas. The attack involved two corps in the main assault and two corps performing diversionary attacks at Ypres. The British suffered heavy losses, especially due to machine gun fire during the attack and made only limited gains before they ran out of shells. A renewal of the attack on 13 October fared little better. In December, French was replaced by General
995:
893:
546:
411:
2126:
351:
2662:
3104:, had to negotiate rough, upward-sloping terrain in extremely bad weather. Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority, making reconnaissance difficult and in places, the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops. Within a week the French suffered 120,000 casualties. Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough, Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May.
2091:
56:
3207:
British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early
October, the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes, which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat. Both sides lost a combined total of over a half million men during this offensive. The battle has become a byword among some British revisionist historians for bloody and futile slaughter, whilst the Germans called Passchendaele "the greatest martyrdom of the war."
458:
5510:
711:
3003:, Germany had stopped unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic because of concerns of drawing the United States into the conflict. With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages, the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. They calculated that a successful submarine and warship siege of Britain would force that country out of the war within six months, while American forces would take a year to become a serious factor on the Western Front. The
2921:
2520:
955:
843:
699:
687:
321:
303:
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4,000 British casualties. The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the
British in the south and failed in the north. Despite the reversal, the attack was seen as a success by the Allies, proving that tanks could overcome trench defences. The Germans realised that the use of tanks by the Allies posed a new threat to any defensive strategy they might mount. The battle had also seen the first mass use of German
3249:
396:
3202:. The battle had the original aim of capturing the ridges east of Ypres then advancing to Roulers and Thourout to close the main rail line supplying the German garrisons on the Western front north of Ypres. If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast. It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres, as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress. The Canadian Corps relieved the
2108:
2886:, supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned. They suffered the greatest number of casualties (killed, wounded and missing) in a single day in the history of the British Army, about 57,000.
366:
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440:
1015:
985:
903:
873:
567:
505:
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2800:
975:
863:
249:
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unreliability. The final phase of the battle took place in
October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres (5 mi) and failed to reach the original objectives. The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000. It is estimated that the Germans lost 465,000, although this figure is controversial.
3149:
2566:, creating an undefended 3.7-mile (6 km) gap in the Allied line. The Germans were unprepared for the level of their success and lacked sufficient reserves to exploit the opening. Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and halted the German advance. The gas attack was repeated two days later and caused a 3.1 mi (5 km) withdrawal of the Franco-British line but the opportunity had been lost.
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883:
526:
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also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements, Germany could concentrate on
Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal. Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to believe that Russia could be defeated by a series of battles which cumulatively would have a decisive effect, after which Germany could finish off France and Britain.
3034:, completing the capture of the ridge and the Third Army to the south achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began. Later attacks were confronted by German reinforcements defending the area using the lessons learned on the Somme in 1916. British attacks were contained and, according to Gary Sheffield, a greater rate of daily loss was inflicted on the British than in "any other major battle".
2198:. On 7 August, the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar. The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine. In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French. The French Third and Fourth Armies advanced toward the
3272:
divisions in the line. Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the
British on the Somme, to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports. The attack would combine the new storm troop tactics with over 700 aircraft, tanks and a carefully planned artillery barrage that would include gas attacks.
2847:, the French recaptured Fort Vaux in November and by December 1916 they had pushed the Germans back 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) from Fort Douaumont, in the process rotating 42 divisions through the battle. The Battle of Verdun—also known as the 'Mincing Machine of Verdun' or 'Meuse Mill'—became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice.
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of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the
British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of
3853:
going to be defeated, Ludendorff had ordered the destruction of the mines in France and
Belgium. His goal was to cripple the industries of Germany's main European rival. To prevent similar German attacks in the future, France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the
2906:
sufficient equipment and weapons, the army made the platoon the basic tactical unit, similar to the French and German armies. At the time of the Somme, British senior commanders insisted that the company (120 men) was the smallest unit of manoeuvre; less than a year later, the section of ten men would be so.
3317:. By summer, between 250,000 and 300,000 American soldiers were arriving every month. A total of 2.1 million American troops would be deployed on this front before the war came to an end. The rapidly increasing American presence served as a counter for the large numbers of redeployed German forces.
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and took the village of
Passchendaele on 6 November, despite rain, mud and many casualties. The offensive was costly in manpower for both sides for relatively little gain of ground against determined German resistance but the ground captured was of great tactical importance. In the drier periods, the
3169:
had been digging tunnels under the ridge, and about 500 t (490 long tons) of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences. Following several weeks of bombardment, the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated, killing up to 7,000 German troops. The infantry advance that
3112:
occurred in 54 French divisions and 20,000 men deserted. Other Allied forces attacked but suffered massive casualties. Appeals to patriotism and duty followed, as did mass arrests and trials. The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action.
2889:
The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until
September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations
2681:
and advance into the Douai plain. The French Tenth Army attacked on 9 May after a six-day bombardment and advanced 5 kilometres (3 mi) to capture Vimy Ridge. German reinforcements counter-attacked and pushed the French back towards their starting points because French reserves had been held back
2465:
to capture Aubers Ridge. The assault was made by four divisions on a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. Preceded by a hurricane bombardment lasting only 35 minutes, the village was captured within four hours. The advance then slowed because of supply and communication difficulties. The Germans brought up
3852:
France suffered more casualties relative to its population than any other great power and the industrial north-east of the country was devastated by the war. The provinces overrun by Germany had produced 40 percent of French coal and 58 percent of its steel output. Once it was clear that Germany was
3261:
was signed and Russia withdrew from the war. This would now have a dramatic effect on the conflict as 33 divisions were released from the Eastern Front for deployment to the west. The Germans occupied almost as much Russian territory under the provisions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as they did in
3229:
on their fronts to bridge trenches and the 13-foot-wide (4 m) German tank traps. Special "grapnel tanks" towed hooks to pull away the German barbed wire. The attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months, at a cost of only
2905:
The Somme led directly to major new developments in infantry organisation and tactics; despite the terrible losses of 1 July, some divisions had managed to achieve their objectives with minimal casualties. In examining the reasons behind losses and achievements, once the British war economy produced
2772:
Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to 5–6 kilometres (3–4 mi) to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive. He also kept tight control of the main reserve, feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going. In preparation for their attack,
2702:
were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the Allies were nearly blinded by German fighters. However, the impact of German air superiority was diminished by their primarily defensive doctrine in which they tended to remain over their own lines, rather than fighting over
2422:
Trenches were longer, deeper, and better defended by steel, concrete, and barbed wire than ever before. They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the
2395:
Falkenhayn hoped that the Russians would be made amenable to peace overtures. In his discussions with Bethmann Hollweg, Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain. A peace with only a few annexations of territory
3271:
The Allies lacked unity of command and suffered from morale and manpower problems, the British and French armies were severely depleted and not in a position to attack in the first half of the year, while the majority of the newly arrived American troops were still training, with just six complete
2210:
The German Army swept through Belgium, executing civilians and razing villages. The application of "collective responsibility" against a civilian population further galvanised the allies. Newspapers condemned the German invasion, violence against civilians and destruction of property, which became
3766:, signed in June 1919 by a delegation of the new German government. The terms of the treaty constrained Germany as an economic and military power. The Versailles treaty returned the border provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France, thus limiting the quantity of coal available to German industry. The
3041:
and better aircraft with twin guns were introduced. The result was higher losses of Allied aircraft, particularly for the British, Portuguese, Belgians and Australians who were struggling with outmoded aircraft, poor training and tactics. The Allied air successes over the Somme were not repeated.
2932:
In August 1916 the German leadership along the Western Front had changed as Falkenhayn resigned and was replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff. The new leaders soon recognised that the battles of Verdun and the Somme had depleted the offensive capabilities of the German Army. They decided that the
2612:
became the first to shoot down an enemy aircraft by using a machine-gun that shot forward through the propeller blades. This was achieved by crudely reinforcing the blades to deflect bullets. Several weeks later Garros force-landed behind German lines. His aeroplane was captured and sent to Dutch
3256:
Following the successful Allied attack and penetration of the German defences at Cambrai, Ludendorff and Hindenburg determined that the only opportunity for German victory lay in a decisive attack along the Western front during the spring, before American manpower became overwhelming. On 3 March
2686:
describing a new system of defence. Rather than relying on a heavily fortified front line, the defence was to be arranged in a series of echelons. The front line would be a thinly manned series of outposts, reinforced by a series of strongpoints and a sheltered reserve. If a slope was available,
2138:
The Western Front was the place where the most powerful military forces in Europe, the German and French armies, met and where the First World War was decided. At the outbreak of the war, the German Army, with seven field armies in the west and one in the east, executed a modified version of the
2901:
on the battlefield. The Allies prepared an attack that would involve 13 British and Imperial divisions and four French corps. The attack made early progress, advancing 3,200–4,100 metres (3,500–4,500 yd) in places but the tanks had little effect due to their lack of numbers and mechanical
3113:
On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command, replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive. The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command, while the British assumed greater responsibility.
3129:
until October. The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort, and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts. Despite this, however, their presence provided a much-needed boost to Allied morale, with the promise of further
3312:
was appointed commander of all Allied forces in France. The unified Allies were better able to respond to each of the German drives and the offensive turned into a battle of attrition. In May, the American divisions also began to play an increasing role, winning their first victory in the
2823:
on the west bank of the Meuse which blocked the route to French artillery emplacements, from which the French fired across the river. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. After a change in French command at Verdun from the
3183:(Yellow Cross) gas. The artillery deployment allowed heavy concentrations of the gas to be used on selected targets. Mustard gas was persistent and could contaminate an area for days, denying it to the British, an additional demoralising factor. The Allies increased production of
2811:
began on 21 February 1916 after a nine-day delay due to snow and blizzards. After a massive eight-hour artillery bombardment, the Germans did not expect much resistance as they slowly advanced on Verdun and its forts. Sporadic French resistance was encountered. The Germans took
3841:) was propagated by Hindenburg, Ludendorff and other defeated generals, that the defeat was not the fault of the 'good core' of the army but due to certain left-wing groups within Germany who signed a disastrous armistice; this would later be exploited by nationalists and the
2773:
the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress. In the opening phase, they swept the air space of French aircraft, which allowed German artillery-observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference. In May, the French countered by deploying
2167:, a siege that lasted from 5–16 August. Liège was well fortified and surprised the German Army under Bülow with its level of resistance. German heavy artillery was able to demolish the main forts within a few days. Following the fall of Liège, most of the Belgian field army
3107:
On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Lacking the means to punish an entire division, its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers.
3832:
Germany in 1919 was bankrupt, the people living in a state of semi-starvation and having no commerce with the remainder of the world. The Allies occupied the Rhine cities of Cologne, Koblenz and Mainz, with restoration dependent on payment of reparations. In Germany a
3170:
followed relied on three creeping barrages which the British infantry followed to capture the plateau and the east side of the ridge in one day. German counter-attacks were defeated and the southern flank of the Gheluvelt plateau was protected from German observation.
3797:
The war in the trenches of the Western Front left tens of thousands of maimed soldiers and war widows. The unprecedented loss of life had a lasting effect on popular attitudes toward war, resulting later in an Allied reluctance to pursue an aggressive policy toward
2687:
troops were deployed along the rear side for protection. The defence became fully integrated with command of artillery at the divisional level. Members of the German high command viewed this new scheme with some favour and it later became the basis of an elastic
2320:(those countries opposing the German alliance), the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front. From the coast in the north, the primary forces were from Belgium, the British Empire and then France. Following the
2755:
Falkenhayn believed that a breakthrough might no longer be possible and instead focused on forcing a French defeat by inflicting massive casualties. His new goal was to "bleed France white." As such, he adopted two new strategies. The first was the use of
2760:
to cut off Allied supplies arriving from overseas. The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat, for reasons of strategy and
3262:
the Second World War but this considerably restricted their troop redeployment. The Germans achieved an advantage of 192 divisions in the west to the 178 Allied divisions, which allowed Germany to pull veteran units from the line and retrain them as
3364:, also participated in the operations around Reims. German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain. The Allies fielded 216 divisions against 197 German divisions. The
3156:
In June, the British launched an offensive in Flanders, in part to take the pressure off the French armies on the Aisne, after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops
2202:
and attempted to capture Saarburg, attacking Briey and Neufchateau but were repulsed. The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement first on 7 August, and then again on 23 August, but German reserve forces engaged them in the
2719:
and the British at Loos. The French had spent the summer preparing for this action, with the British assuming control of more of the front to release French troops for the attack. The bombardment, which had been carefully targeted by means of
3774:
opened to international traffic. The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe. It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and prohibiting a navy or air force. The navy was sailed to
3757:
The war along the Western Front led the German government and its allies to sue for peace in spite of German success elsewhere. As a result, the terms of the peace were dictated by France, Britain and the United States, during the 1919
2585:
in September 1915. Fickle winds and inexperience led to more British casualties from the gas than German. French, British and German forces all escalated the use of gas attacks through the rest of the war, developing the more deadly
2877:
were modified to let the British make the main effort. This would serve to relieve pressure on the French, as well as the Russians who had also suffered great losses. On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in
2724:, began on 22 September. The main French assault was launched on 25 September and, at first, made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts. Rather than retreating, the Germans adopted a new
2284:(6–12 September), French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies, ending the German advance into France. The German Army retreated north of the
2288:
and dug in there, establishing the beginnings of a static western front that was to last for the next three years. Following this German retirement, the opposing forces made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the
6010:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
3925:
German casualties from "Reichsarchiv 1918". Appendix F additionally breaks down the German killed figures (per the Reichsarchiv) as: 829,400 killed in action; 300,000 died of wounds; 364,000 missing reclassified as
6788:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
2456:
formed the northern attack force and was to attack eastwards into the Douai plain on a 16 km (9.9 mi) front between Loos and Arras. On 10 March, as part of the larger offensive in the Artois region, the
3308:, very nearly succeeded in driving the Allied armies apart, advancing to within shelling distance of Paris for the first time since 1914. As a result of the battle, the Allies agreed on unity of command. General
2621:, in which the machine gun is synchronised with the propeller so it fires in the intervals when the blades of the propeller are out of the line of fire. This advance was quickly ushered into service, in the
3355:
began two days later, with Franco-British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops, along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft. Hindenburg named 8 August as the "Black Day of the German army." The
9930:
6714:
5991:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. Nashville, TN: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press.
6807:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.).
2990:
to be occupied by the Allies. This withdrawal negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient, as it no longer existed. The British continued offensive operations as the
2994:
claimed, with some justification, that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun, despite the Allies suffering greater losses.
2682:
and the success of the attack had come as a surprise. By 15 May the advance had been stopped, although the fighting continued until 18 June. In May the German Army captured a French document at
6146:. Economic and Social History of the World War. Supplementary Volumes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History.
3221:
On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire (aiming artillery without firing the guns to obtain target data) at the
3100:), would be 1.2 million men strong, preceded by a week-long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks. The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops, with the help of two
3878:"General Brusilov, situated on the Austro-German border, of the General Staff, still managed to make available four special brigades to France or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers."
2452:
on both flanks to cut it off. The Fourth Army had attacked in Champagne from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 but the French were not able to attack in Artois at the same time. The
3225:. The Allies attacked with 324 tanks (with one-third held in reserve) and twelve divisions, advancing behind a hurricane bombardment, against two German divisions. The machines carried
1129:
1985:, and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Among the most costly of these offensives were the
9258:
9273:
2873:
In the spring, Allied commanders had been concerned about the ability of the French Army to withstand the enormous losses at Verdun. The original plans for an attack around the
2952:
and shortened the front by about 50 kilometres (30 mi). British long-range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916.
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6478:
3368:
beginning in August proved the final straw and following this string of military defeats, German troops began to surrender in large numbers. As the Allied forces advanced,
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was chosen for this because it was an important stronghold, surrounded by a ring of forts, that lay near the German lines and because it guarded the direct route to Paris.
1898:
2143:, bypassing French defenses along the common border by moving quickly through neutral Belgium, and then turning southwards to attack France and attempt to encircle the
2940:
behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line, using the defensive principles elaborated since the defensive battles of 1915, including the use of
2370:
judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution. The Chancellor,
9355:
3092:, General Robert Nivelle, ordered a new offensive against the German trenches, promising that it would end the war within 48 hours. The 16 April attack, dubbed the
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of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable. The German government surrendered in the
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Bailey, George (2005). "Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War".
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put a new government in power. The Armistice of Compiègne was quickly signed, stopping hostilities on the Western Front on 11 November 1918, later known as
2982:
was built between 2 mi (3.2 km) and 30 mi (48 km) behind the German front line. On 25 February the German armies west of the line began
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actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.
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2250:. In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day. A
2017:
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Bostyn, Franky (2002). "Zero Hour: Historical Note on the British Underground War in Flanders, 1915–17". In Doyle, Peter; Bennett, Matthew R. (eds.).
2500:, which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare. In 1914, there had been small-scale attempts by both the French and Germans to use various
2044:, the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres (60 miles) to the west, the deepest advance by either side since 1914, but the result was indecisive.
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1632:
3018:
By 1917, the size of the British Army on the Western Front had grown to two-thirds of the size of the French force. In April 1917 the BEF began the
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on 1 August. Both sides developed improved weapons, engines, airframes and materials, until the end of the war. It also inaugurated the cult of the
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3179:(Operation Beachparty) at Nieuport on the coast, the Germans introduced a new weapon into the war when they fired a powerful blistering agent
8196:
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Specialised aeroplanes for aerial combat were introduced in 1915. Aircraft were already in use for scouting and on 1 April, the French pilot
1903:
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and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system, bringing a large reduction in shipping losses.
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Trench warfare in 1914, while not new, quickly improved and provided a very high degree of defense. According to two prominent historians:
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was a westward bulge in the trench line, named the Noyon salient after the French town at the maximum point of the German advance near
1854:
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Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917)
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in 1917, which could linger for days and could kill slowly and painfully. Countermeasures also improved and the stalemate continued.
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German Army in the west would go over to the strategic defensive for most of 1917, while the Central powers would attack elsewhere.
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2012:. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918. The
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2183:, falling to the Germans on 20 August. Although the German army bypassed Antwerp, it remained a threat to their flank. Another
2151:; this caused Britain to join the war at the expiration of its ultimatum at midnight on 4 August. Armies under German generals
2348:. Meanwhile, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) occupied a position on the flank, having occupied a more central position.
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6206:
6187:
6168:
6132:
6113:
6106:
The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and its Conduct
6091:
6072:
6053:
6034:
6015:
6008:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918 May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive
5996:
5974:
5952:
5933:
5914:
5878:
5859:
5840:
5821:
5802:
5766:
5695:
5676:
3126:
3101:
2944:. This was intended to shorten the German front, freeing 10 divisions for other duties. This line of fortifications ran from
1735:
1718:
1625:
530:
7222:
9880:
9726:
9146:
7931:
7471:
6311:
Hersch, L. (1927). "La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron-" [Causes of Death in the First World War].
3373:
1765:
464:
7694:
3010:
2562:
and drifted into the French trenches. The green-yellow cloud started killing some defenders and those in the rear fled in
9497:
8821:
8449:
7954:
3376:
in October to negotiate an armistice. Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden. The German retreat continued and the
3166:
2504:, which were not strictly prohibited by the early treaties but which were also ineffective. The first use of more lethal
1806:
17:
9711:
2698:" began to have an effect on the battlefront as Allied reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies. These
9696:
8986:
8388:
8146:
3286:
2497:
1859:
1207:
9571:
9265:
9081:
8353:
7824:
7501:
7247:
3827:
1160:
3818:
marine deaths. Another 62,000 Belgian, 107,000 British and 300,000 French civilians died due to war-related causes.
2581:
withstood several German gas attacks. The British retaliated, developing their own chlorine gas and using it at the
1966:
to the Swiss frontier with France, the position of which changed little except during early 1917 and again in 1918.
9915:
8751:
7789:
3887:"The losses for the two Russian brigades were 70 officers and 4,472 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action."
1618:
1576:
7587:. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London:
3770:, which formed the west bank of the Rhine, would be demilitarized and controlled by Britain and France, while the
2728:
scheme that consisted of a series of defensive zones and positions with a depth of up to 8.0 km (5 mi).
2531:
9822:
9627:
9607:
9394:
9330:
9153:
9022:
7926:
7846:
7784:
7718:
7427:
3184:
2747:
2491:
2391:, continued to believe that victory was achievable through decisive battles. During the Lodz offensive in Poland
2005:
1760:
1655:
1278:
43:
8487:
2840:
gas, came within 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) of the last ridge before Verdun before being contained on 23 June.
9900:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9602:
9296:
7941:
7916:
7814:
3802:. Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 (including 3,000 merchant sailors). The British lost
3199:
2757:
2235:
1777:
1730:
745:
691:
6765:"The Volunteers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Moroccan Division during the Second Battle of Marne"
3037:
During the winter of 1916–1917, German air tactics had been improved, a fighter training school was opened at
2362:
From 19 October until 22 November, the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the
793:
9910:
9597:
9592:
9556:
9490:
9382:
9228:
8811:
8663:
8201:
8129:
8060:
7829:
7799:
7794:
7656:
3334:
3195:
3122:
2832:, the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed. The Germans captured
2569:
The success of this attack would not be repeated, as the Allies countered by introducing gas masks and other
2371:
2056:
2001:
1300:
124:
6556:
To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships
5989:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)
5907:
With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I
1224:
9546:
9173:
9113:
9010:
8915:
8678:
8464:
8168:
8007:
7906:
7486:
argues that the extremely high casualty rate in the first month of fighting permanently transformed France.
7367:. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. I. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
6667:
6343:
Herwig, Holger (1996). "Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany After the Great War". In Wilson, Keith (ed.).
3759:
3165:, south of Ypres, to retake the ground lost in the First and Second battles in 1914. Since 1915 specialist
2866:
2263:
1871:
1864:
1750:
1399:
1229:
571:
9784:
9221:
9206:
9064:
9016:
8781:
8332:
8206:
8119:
8114:
7883:
7871:
6890:
The Western Front 1914–1916: The History of World War I: From the Schlieffen Plan to Verdun and the Somme
3339:
2965:
2736:
2543:
2033:
1935:
1684:
1667:
1599:
1571:
1551:
1384:
106:
8393:
6084:
German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916
1241:
9764:
9721:
8998:
8756:
8741:
8643:
8512:
8080:
7992:
7949:
6737:
The II Italian Corps deployment on the Western Front during the First World War (April 1918 – May 1919)
3369:
3348:
3326:
3097:
2716:
1849:
1784:
1546:
1536:
1514:
1448:
1364:
1354:
1327:
1155:
2513:
9706:
9474:
9058:
9046:
8801:
8786:
8507:
8398:
8092:
8070:
7819:
7809:
7742:
7555:
6294:
The Battles of the British Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1915: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
3792:
3162:
3158:
3139:
3071:
2281:
2275:
1951:
1594:
1566:
1521:
1504:
1460:
1374:
1295:
1251:
1246:
510:
8653:
9681:
9168:
9158:
9087:
9040:
9028:
8968:
8776:
8771:
8693:
8102:
8075:
7779:
7259:
The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames
3767:
3405:
3222:
3216:
2535:
2474:, forestalling the attempt to capture the ridge. Since the British had used about a third of their
2462:
1947:
1561:
1499:
1475:
1379:
1305:
444:
416:
277:
7679:
6786:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme
2997:
On 6 April the United States declared war on Germany. In early 1915, following the sinking of the
2219:, the Germans advanced into northern France in late August, where they met the French Army, under
9752:
9744:
9686:
9446:
9141:
8904:
8731:
8726:
8658:
8517:
8502:
8497:
8477:
8358:
8235:
7710:
3352:
3305:
3281:
3258:
3240:
to penetrate British defences, bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear.
2883:
2699:
2674:
2609:
2603:
2239:
2172:
2148:
2085:
2013:
1526:
1487:
1465:
1315:
1256:
1182:
371:
8698:
9519:
9243:
9178:
9034:
8761:
8688:
8638:
8623:
8605:
8578:
8492:
8459:
8124:
8085:
8065:
7876:
7769:
7323:
Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918
3365:
3330:
3063:
3019:
2712:
2646:
2574:
2559:
2539:
2524:
2052:
1672:
1541:
1509:
1470:
1438:
1369:
1337:
1310:
1283:
1192:
72:
3268:(40 infantry and 3 cavalry divisions were retained for German occupation duties in the east).
2147:
and trap it on the German border. Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain under the
1320:
9509:
9163:
9052:
8828:
8791:
8721:
8668:
8590:
8558:
8532:
8482:
8413:
8315:
8268:
8052:
7921:
7804:
7007:
Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918
6987:
5688:
The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940
3834:
3385:
3357:
3191:
3143:
2986:
a withdrawal to the line and completed the retirement on 5 April, leaving a supply desert of
2578:
2363:
2357:
2317:
2184:
2168:
2048:
2037:
1994:
1745:
1556:
1531:
1389:
1271:
1175:
386:
212:
190:
147:
120:
6614:
The Dynamics of Doctrine, The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War
6424:
International Labour Office. "Les tués et les disparus" [The Dead and the Missing].
5761:. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book (2nd ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
3076:
2861:
9935:
9859:
9774:
8454:
8428:
8378:
7735:
5984:
3965:"Austro-Hungarian Army: Ludwig Goiginger - Austro-Hungarian Divisional and Corps Commander"
3964:
3763:
3237:
3109:
3031:
2949:
2678:
2650:
2618:
2558:
in high concentrations or prolonged exposure. Being heavier than air, the gas crept across
2479:
2367:
2060:
2041:
1443:
757:
8403:
7714:
6910:
Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I
8:
9841:
8980:
8844:
8796:
8673:
8633:
8628:
8573:
8256:
8250:
8151:
7703:
2856:
2844:
2378:
2341:
2255:
2243:
2224:
2195:
2152:
1990:
1823:
1453:
1409:
1404:
1219:
1197:
769:
715:
80:
64:
9794:
6995:
6735:
3046:
and the Canadians lost 114 compared to 44 lost by the Germans. This became known to the
9801:
9716:
9075:
8939:
8921:
8886:
8850:
8683:
8648:
8600:
8585:
8472:
8423:
8262:
8221:
7901:
6997:
The Development Of Modern Europe. Volume II: The Merging Of European Into World History
6845:
6620:. Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College.
6612:
5717:
5666:
3314:
3089:
3047:
2983:
2721:
2546:
and disrupt Franco-British planning. After a two-day bombardment, the Germans released
2538:
planned an offensive at Ypres, site of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914. The
2475:
2453:
2449:
2321:
2204:
2125:
2029:
1740:
1426:
1266:
1187:
265:
7279:
Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920
6743:(Master's Thesis). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
3392:, the successor to Ludendorff, backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under
3152:
Two United States soldiers run toward a bunker past the bodies of two German soldiers.
2825:
2661:
2164:
2163:
had been occupied without opposition on 2 August. The first battle in Belgium was the
1165:
667:
9834:
9828:
9789:
9691:
9524:
9107:
8962:
8945:
8746:
8568:
8548:
8383:
8368:
8298:
8286:
7987:
7964:
7911:
7648:
7592:
7582:
7569:
7559:
7536:
7526:
7507:
7497:
7477:
7467:
7406:
7387:
7368:
7349:
7326:
7307:
7283:
7277:
7262:
7243:
7214:
7204:
7183:
7164:
7145:
7126:
7107:
7088:
7069:
7050:
7029:
7010:
6973:
6954:
6935:
6914:
6908:
6893:
6874:
6855:
6849:
6831:
6812:
6789:
6720:
6696:
6677:
6671:
6653:
6621:
6597:
6578:
6559:
6540:
6521:
6502:
6454:
6433:
6410:
6388:
6369:
6363:
6348:
6329:
6297:
6278:
6259:
6240:
6221:
6202:
6183:
6164:
6147:
6128:
6109:
6087:
6068:
6049:
6030:
6011:
5992:
5970:
5962:
5948:
5929:
5910:
5893:
5874:
5855:
5836:
5817:
5798:
5781:
5762:
5738:
5691:
5672:
3377:
3361:
3301:
3093:
3067:
2941:
2683:
2467:
2259:
2090:
1927:
1844:
1796:
1725:
1677:
1492:
1433:
1236:
76:
6768:
3351:, a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August. The
2781:
fighters and the air over Verdun turned into a battlefield as both sides fought for
2573:. An example of the success of these measures came a year later, on 27 April in the
2156:
8892:
8862:
8856:
8766:
8595:
8563:
8553:
8292:
8216:
8211:
8139:
7959:
7859:
7627:
6991:
6710:
6407:
Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany
2808:
2794:
2725:
2688:
2630:
2388:
2025:
2000:
To break the deadlock of the trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried
1986:
1970:
1828:
1816:
1801:
1789:
1770:
1699:
1694:
1394:
1170:
805:
781:
727:
551:
289:
84:
7683:
9701:
9541:
8880:
8433:
8408:
8107:
8015:
7854:
7549:
7520:
7198:
6432:] (in French). Vol. 4. Part II. Paris et al.: Berger-Levrault, 1923–25.
6101:
3846:
3429:
3393:
3389:
2979:
2961:
2915:
2843:
Over the summer, the French slowly advanced. With the development of the rolling
2782:
2711:
In September 1915 the Entente allies launched another offensive, with the French
2505:
2290:
2212:
2140:
2095:
2077:
1955:
1931:
1878:
1704:
1689:
1589:
1261:
620:
152:
2530:
Despite the German plans to maintain the stalemate with the French and British,
55:
9534:
9514:
9185:
8898:
8736:
8527:
8418:
8274:
8178:
8161:
6402:
5732:
3309:
3203:
3180:
3174:
3043:
3023:
2987:
2829:
2813:
2732:
2695:
2614:
2582:
2570:
2512:. The Germans had already deployed gas against the Russians in the east at the
2405:
2247:
2114:
2021:
1959:
1332:
1202:
679:
655:
586:
308:
253:
241:
229:
139:
135:
68:
7631:
7481:
7464:
August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever
5737:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: United States War Department, General Staff.
9874:
9645:
8933:
8927:
8363:
8280:
8191:
7695:
Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe
7652:
7573:
7540:
7287:
6625:
6199:
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–18
6151:
5871:
Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918
5742:
3381:
2998:
2937:
2936:
During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a
2920:
2891:
2820:
2634:
2519:
2471:
2325:
2285:
2251:
2232:
2220:
1711:
1214:
643:
603:
486:
161:
7596:
7511:
7218:
3248:
2324:
in October, the Belgian army controlled a 35 km (22 mi) length of
9095:
8522:
6716:
Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
6447:
6437:
5897:
3912:
A modern author uses the term only in the narrower sense of describing the
3854:
3799:
3264:
3232:
3051:
3038:
2458:
2199:
703:
95:
6929:
6828:
Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An illustrated History of their Impact
6027:
1918: Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History
5785:
4544:
3187:
but took until late 1918 to copy the Germans and begin using mustard gas.
2445:
1610:
9306:
9211:
8909:
8337:
7758:
7342:
5710:
Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 (no oclc)
3294:
2874:
2591:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2144:
1982:
1755:
1643:
401:
47:
2432:
2280:
The German Army came within 70 km (43 mi) of Paris but at the
2107:
5420:
4217:
3776:
3771:
3130:
reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the Allies.
2991:
2925:
2837:
2762:
2642:
2622:
2329:
2160:
1939:
157:
99:
92:
3849:
in 1930 and the imposition of the Nazi dictatorship after March 1933.
3121:
On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France, forming the
2542:, April 1915, was intended to divert attention from offensives in the
9101:
8868:
7641:"Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918"
7102:
Smith, Leonard V.; Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, Annette (2003).
3913:
3004:
2970:
2833:
2508:
on the Western Front was against the French near the Belgian town of
2298:
2191:
2081:
1974:
1963:
356:
5945:
Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War
3396:, to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year.
2897:
The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the
2799:
9361:
7684:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
7046:
Command and Morale: The British Army on the Western Front 1914–1918
5261:
4496:
4304:
2778:
2587:
2555:
2554:
onto the battlefield. Though primarily a powerful irritant, it can
2551:
2501:
2383:
2345:
2337:
2302:
2216:
2180:
1978:
1946:, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in
9931:
Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving Australia
7647:(10). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute (CSI) Press.
7551:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
7106:. New Approaches to European History. Cambridge University Press.
6805:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai
3148:
2816:
and then reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.
2633:
to combine a reasonable maximum speed with an effective armament.
5618:
5522:
4169:
3226:
2879:
2666:
1943:
457:
431:
143:
5967:
Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
4352:
2366:, which ended in a mutually-costly stalemate. After the battle,
1107:
7049:(eBook ed.). Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Praetorian Press.
5706:
Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919
4532:
3842:
2766:
2441:
1969:
Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this
341:
88:
7727:
7689:
5384:
5225:
5006:
4868:
2301:. The territory occupied by Germany held 64 percent of French
9529:
5546:
5449:
5447:
5408:
5165:
5107:
5105:
4294:
4292:
4181:
4145:
4073:
3081:
2945:
2563:
2509:
2176:
1993:, also in 1916, with more than a million casualties, and the
7325:. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge University Press.
7306:. Wordsworth Military History. London: Wordsworth Editions.
5500:
5498:
5345:
4996:
4994:
4979:
4931:
4909:
4907:
4484:
4229:
4097:
3125:. However, the American units did not enter the trenches in
2190:
The French deployed five armies on the frontier. The French
7588:
7200:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
7197:
Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura M.; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).
7026:
Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities
6808:
6326:
The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918
6144:
The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary
5432:
5357:
5333:
5321:
5273:
5213:
5042:
4943:
4724:
4592:
4328:
4265:
4046:
2898:
2333:
2009:
102:
5444:
5374:
5372:
5102:
4808:
4772:
4616:
4424:
4289:
4277:
4253:
4205:
4133:
4121:
3161:. The offensive began on 7 June, with a British attack on
105:
moving in the Argonne Forest to the front line during the
7706:. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916
7101:
6471:
The Austro-Hungarian Divisions on the Western Front, 1918
5642:
5606:
5495:
5459:
5249:
5201:
4991:
4904:
4844:
4640:
4580:
4550:
4460:
4223:
3290:
2577:
40 km (25 mi) to the south of Ypres, where the
1958:, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified
7028:(Reprinted ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing.
5630:
5594:
5117:
4856:
4712:
4508:
4448:
4340:
4010:
3014:
British Army advancing on the Western Front (March 1917)
6594:
Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres
6575:
Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres
6216:
Griffiths, William R. (1986). Griess, Thomas E. (ed.).
5795:
Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918
5793:
Barton, Peter; Doyle, Peter; Vandewalle, Johan (2005).
5369:
5297:
5285:
5189:
5129:
5078:
5054:
4760:
4700:
4520:
4436:
4400:
4241:
4193:
4109:
3896:
424,000 German civilians died from war-related causes,
6558:. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6254:
Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H., eds. (2003).
5534:
5471:
5177:
5153:
5141:
5018:
4892:
4820:
4736:
4652:
4568:
4472:
4376:
4063:
4061:
3236:
on the Western front in the attack, who used infantry
2215:." After marching through Belgium, Luxembourg and the
2071:
7722:
6970:
Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I
6275:
Bloody April: Slaughter in the Skies over Arras, 1917
5792:
5582:
5483:
5309:
5090:
5030:
4967:
4955:
4832:
4796:
4664:
4628:
4604:
4556:
4364:
4316:
4310:
4157:
79:
comrade from the battlefield on the first day of the
7403:
The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I
7238:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).
5558:
5396:
5237:
5066:
4919:
4880:
4784:
4748:
4676:
4412:
4388:
4085:
2478:, General Sir John French blamed the failure on the
2187:
followed at Namur, lasting from about 20–23 August.
1934:. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, the
7384:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
6296:. Bibliographies of Battles and leader. Greenwood.
5570:
4688:
4058:
4034:
4022:
4000:
3998:
3042:During their attack at Arras, the British lost 316
2617:, who soon produced a significant improvement, the
2293:and quickly extended their trench systems from the
1989:, in 1916, with a combined 700,000 casualties, the
1981:advances. Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements,
7341:
6871:Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present
6446:
2673:The final Entente offensive of the spring was the
6122:
5928:(repr. ed.). Milton Keynes: Military Press.
5868:
5624:
4538:
2131:German infantry on the battlefield, 7 August 1914
611:
9872:
7196:
7163:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6163:. Vol. II. Oxford/New York: Facts on File.
5854:. Sydney, New South Wales: MacMillan Australia.
4052:
3995:
3983:
3845:party propaganda to excuse the overthrow of the
2523:An artist's rendition of Canadian troops at the
317:
8704:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
6851:Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War
3116:
2865:British infantry advance near Ginchy. Photo by
2629:, or monoplane, Mark 1), the first single seat
477:
9891:Military history of Belgium during World War I
6676:. American Heritage: Oxford University Press.
6253:
6141:
5942:
4937:
4187:
4151:
4103:
2387:(Eastern Front high command); and his deputy,
407:
377:
7743:
7580:
7237:
7144:(pbk. Penguin ed.). London: Allen Lane.
7142:1914–1918: The History of the First World War
6986:
6518:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment
6499:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment
5814:Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History
5390:
4358:
3935:Including soldiers killed, wounded or missing
2313:– dealing a serious blow to French industry.
2059:, and the terms of peace were settled by the
1626:
1123:
362:
6733:
6673:The American Heritage History of World War I
6365:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
5943:Dockrill, Michael L.; French, David (1996).
4079:
3916:committed by the Germans during this period.
3320:
2269:
9194:
7581:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922).
6927:
6361:
6291:
6180:Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18
6123:Granatstein, Jack; Morton, Desmond (2003).
5734:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary
5664:
5552:
4874:
4646:
4235:
3779:under the terms of surrender but was later
3275:
2751:German soldier on the Western Front in 1916
2448:. Joffre's plan for 1915 was to attack the
2254:followed, resulting in more clashes at the
2194:was intended to bring about the capture of
1640:
347:
67:, concentrated in the trench, right before
7750:
7736:
7275:
6426:Enquête sur la production. Rapport général
5722:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4016:
1633:
1619:
1130:
1116:
501:
7715:films made on the Western Front 1917–1918
7400:
7256:
7139:
7085:The German Army on the Western Front 1915
7042:
7023:
6515:
6234:
6215:
6161:Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–21
5904:
5887:
5869:Chickering, Roger; Förster, Stig (2000).
5685:
5648:
5504:
5465:
5414:
5207:
5123:
5060:
5048:
5012:
4985:
4814:
4778:
4283:
4247:
4211:
4199:
4175:
4139:
2803:French soldiers observing enemy movements
2414:German trench on the Western Front, 1915.
2266:(also called the First Battle of Guise).
1950:. The German advance was halted with the
594:
422:
8993:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
7177:
7158:
6666:
6385:World War I: People, Politics, and Power
6196:
6177:
5923:
5830:
5636:
5351:
5084:
5024:
4949:
4898:
4826:
4742:
4730:
4598:
4586:
4334:
4271:
4259:
4163:
3338:
3285:
3252:Map of the final German offensives, 1918
3247:
3147:
3075:
3009:
2969:
2919:
2860:
2798:
2746:
2660:
2518:
2431:
2409:
2351:
2207:and forced the French to retreat twice.
2089:
332:
203:
9370:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
7518:
7489:
7461:
7405:. New York: New York University Press.
7365:Canadian Airmen and the First World War
7082:
7063:
7004:
6967:
6906:
6887:
6868:
6844:
6534:
6444:
6368:. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press.
6005:
5983:
5961:
5849:
5775:
5528:
5438:
5426:
5378:
5363:
5339:
5327:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5219:
5195:
5171:
5159:
5135:
5111:
5096:
5000:
4973:
4961:
4838:
4802:
4634:
4622:
4551:Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003
4502:
4490:
4466:
4454:
4430:
4418:
4382:
4322:
4298:
4224:Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003
4127:
2882:began the Battle of the Somme with the
2731:On 25 September, the British began the
2649:(the Red Baron). Contrary to the myth,
2238:. A series of engagements known as the
542:
392:
14:
9873:
7638:
7617:
7547:
7525:(in Portuguese). IBRASA. p. 593.
7320:
7301:
6948:
6825:
6762:
6709:
6690:
6610:
6591:
6572:
6409:. London: Cambridge University Press.
6342:
6323:
6313:The International Review of Statistics
6310:
6100:
5873:. London: Cambridge University Press.
5811:
5756:
5612:
5600:
5540:
5477:
5453:
5315:
5267:
5183:
5147:
4913:
4886:
4850:
4766:
4658:
4610:
4574:
4562:
4442:
4406:
4370:
4115:
4067:
3810:were killed in air and naval attacks,
2850:
2765:and thus trap the French. The town of
2637:scored the first confirmed kill in an
87:; American infantry storming a German
9941:Campaigns and theatres of World War I
9323:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
8659:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
7731:
7639:Heller, Charles E. (September 1984).
7381:
7339:
7225:from the original on 17 February 2024
7203:. Taylor & Francis. p. 783.
7123:The Illustrated Directory of Fighters
7120:
6928:Prior, Robin; Wilson, Trevor (2005).
6802:
6783:
6647:
6537:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
6496:
6467:
6382:
6362:Horne, John N.; Kramer, Alan (2001).
6277:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
6081:
6062:
6043:
6024:
5730:
5588:
5516:
5489:
5402:
5255:
5243:
5231:
5072:
4925:
4862:
4790:
4754:
4718:
4682:
4670:
4514:
4478:
4394:
4346:
4091:
4040:
4028:
3989:
3133:
1938:opened the Western Front by invading
1614:
1111:
9727:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
7362:
7087:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military.
6750:from the original on 21 January 2020
6553:
6516:Jones, Simon; Hook, Richard (2007).
6430:Survey of production. General Report
6401:
6387:. New York: Britannica Educational.
6272:
6201:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6158:
5564:
5036:
4706:
4694:
4526:
3210:
3057:
2739:as commander of the British forces.
2179:isolated, with the Belgian capital,
1997:, in 1917, with 487,000 casualties.
83:; A young German soldier during the
27:Theatre of WWI in France and Belgium
9656:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
8450:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
7522:Dicionário das batalhas Brasileiras
7104:France and the Great War, 1914–1918
6453:. London: Oxford University Press.
6423:
5797:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
5704:
5576:
4311:Barton, Doyle & Vandewalle 2005
4004:
3167:Royal Engineer tunnelling companies
2788:
2706:
2656:
2159:attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914.
2072:War plans – Battle of the Frontiers
24:
8389:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
7496:. Burt: University of California.
7421:
7344:Haig: The Evolution of a Commander
6873:. New York and London: Routledge.
6484:from the original on 19 March 2020
5668:The Making of the Second World War
3971:from the original on 11 April 2023
3814:were killed at sea and there were
2909:
2819:The Germans turned their focus to
2691:doctrine against Entente attacks.
2653:claimed more kills than fighters.
2498:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
25:
9952:
7672:
6635:from the original on 4 March 2017
6477:(Thesis). Ohio State University.
6449:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
6292:Hartesveldt, Fred R. van (2005).
6142:Grebler, L.; Winkler, W. (1940).
3821:
2669:after it was recaptured by France
2550:of 168 long tons (171 t) of
2436:Map of the Western Front, 1915–16
2399:
2094:Map of the Western Front and the
2016:of 1918 was made possible by the
1137:
8752:Second Battle of the Piave River
8374:Russian invasion of East Prussia
7066:The German Army at Passchendaele
6913:. University of Nebraska Press.
6693:Verdun 1916: They Shall Not Pass
6611:Lupfer, Timothy T. (July 1981).
5969:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
5833:Aces and Aircraft of World War I
5665:Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1989).
3938:
3929:
3919:
3190:From 31 July to 10 November the
2694:During the autumn of 1915, the "
2124:
2106:
1073:
1063:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
841:
831:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
613:
596:
565:
544:
524:
503:
479:
456:
438:
424:
409:
394:
379:
364:
349:
334:
319:
301:
283:
271:
259:
247:
235:
223:
205:
54:
9823:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
9023:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
7757:
7719:National Film and Sound Archive
7700:'That Contemptible Little Army'
7182:. London: Wordsworth Editions.
7068:. London: Pen and Sword Books.
6830:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
6652:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
5778:World War I: An Outline History
5757:Bailey, Jonathan B. A. (2004).
5657:
5429:, pp. 2, 31, 242, 245–246.
3906:
3890:
3881:
2679:offensive to capture Vimy Ridge
2590:gas in 1915, then the infamous
2492:Chemical weapons in World War I
2047:The unstoppable advance of the
1973:. The attacks employed massive
9886:Austria-Hungary in World War I
9646:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
9505:Deportations from East Prussia
9302:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
6734:Massimiliano, Fassero (2015).
6719:. New York: Ballantine Books.
6328:. London: St. Martin's Press.
6258:. Cambridge University Press.
6235:Griffiths, William R. (2003).
5831:Campbell, Christopher (1981).
5731:Ayres, L. P. (1 August 1919).
5690:. Cambridge University Press.
4053:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999
3957:
3872:
3200:Second Battle of Passchendaele
3030:of the First Army, fought the
2974:Map of the Western Front, 1917
2836:on 7 June and with the aid of
2758:unrestricted submarine warfare
2597:
2485:
2328:along the coast, known as the
13:
1:
9921:United Kingdom in World War I
9896:British Empire in World War I
9557:Ukrainian Canadian internment
7386:. New York: Greenwood Press.
6953:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
6577:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
6345:Forging the Collective Memory
6125:Canada and the Two World Wars
5759:Field Artillery and Firepower
5686:Alexander, Martin S. (2003).
5625:Chickering & Förster 2000
4539:Granatstein & Morton 2003
3897:
3860:
3828:French war planning 1920–1940
3786:
3783:as a reaction to the treaty.
3740:
3718:
3708:
3653:
3461:
3442:
3335:Armistice of 11 November 1918
3196:First Battle of Passchendaele
2532:Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg
2482:, despite the early success.
2372:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
2057:Armistice of 11 November 1918
9926:United States in World War I
9906:German Empire in World War I
9712:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
9011:Estonian War of Independence
8679:Southern Palestine offensive
7447:Resources in other libraries
7180:Mons: The Retreat to Victory
7161:The First World War: To Arms
6650:World War I: A Short History
6383:Hosch, William, ed. (2010).
5905:Cockfield, Jamie H. (1999).
5270:, pp. 393–397, 400–401.
4505:, pp. 182–183, 210–211.
3951:
3399:
3123:American Expeditionary Force
3117:American Expeditionary Force
75:; British soldier carries a
7:
9881:Western Front (World War I)
9666:USA against Austria-Hungary
9065:Turkish War of Independence
9017:Latvian War of Independence
8742:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
8333:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
7611:
7433:Western Front (World War I)
7261:. Barsnley: Pen and Sword.
7242:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio.
7240:Encyclopedia of World War I
6108:. New York: Da Capo Press.
5924:Corkerry, S., ed. (2001) .
5835:. Dorset: Blandford Press.
3748:
3738:
3733:
3716:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3438:
3088:The same month, the French
2966:Western Front tactics, 1917
2242:ensued, which included the
2229:British Expeditionary Force
1600:Western Front tactics, 1917
10:
9957:
9749:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
9297:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
8757:Second Battle of the Marne
8644:Second battle of the Aisne
8513:Second Battle of Champagne
8354:German invasion of Belgium
7584:Principal Events 1914–1918
7321:Watson, Alexander (2008).
7257:Uffindell, Andrew (2015).
6648:Lyons, Michael J. (2000).
6324:Herwig, Holger H. (1997).
6256:The Origins of World War I
5888:Churchill, W. S. (1938) .
4938:Dockrill & French 1996
4188:Hamilton & Herwig 2003
4152:Hamilton & Herwig 2003
4104:Grebler & Winkler 1940
3944:plus another 3,500 missing
3825:
3790:
3403:
3370:Prince Maximilian of Baden
3349:Second Battle of the Marne
3327:Second Battle of the Marne
3324:
3279:
3214:
3137:
3098:Second Battle of the Aisne
3061:
2959:
2913:
2854:
2792:
2717:Second Battle of Champagne
2601:
2489:
2440:Between the coast and the
2403:
2355:
2273:
2175:, leaving the garrison of
2075:
2020:that ended the war of the
9855:
9814:
9735:
9674:
9636:
9580:
9569:
9530:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
9473:
9445:
9393:
9315:
9289:
9241:
9134:
9127:
9059:Irish War of Independence
8955:
8837:
8802:Armistice of Villa Giusti
8787:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
8712:
8614:
8541:
8442:
8399:First Battle of the Marne
8346:
8308:
8243:
8234:
8177:
8051:
8040:
8006:
7978:
7940:
7892:
7845:
7838:
7765:
7632:10.1108/00251740510572489
7556:Stanford University Press
7548:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
7493:Our Part in the Great War
7466:. Yale University Press.
7442:Resources in your library
7401:Zuckerman, Larry (2004).
7340:Wiest, Andrew A. (2005).
7024:Sheffield, Gary (2002) .
6934:. Yale University Press.
6888:Neiberg, Michael (2008).
6869:Neiberg, Michael (2004).
6854:. Dulles: Potomac Books.
5531:, pp. 743 & 760.
5391:Tucker & Roberts 2005
4359:Robinson & Beard 1930
3793:Casualties of World War I
3343:Italian regiments in 1918
3321:Allied counter-offensives
3140:Battle of Messines (1917)
3072:1917 French Army mutinies
2496:All sides had signed the
2282:First Battle of the Marne
2276:First Battle of the Marne
2270:First Battle of the Marne
1651:
1147:
917:
814:
627:
180:
112:
53:
41:
36:
9682:Constantinople Agreement
8975:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
8838:Co-belligerent conflicts
8807:Second Romanian campaign
8777:Third Transjordan attack
8488:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
8394:Battle of Grand Couronné
7690:The Western Front Museum
7519:Hernâni, Donato (1996).
7490:Gleason, Arthur (1917).
7455:
7276:War Office, The (1922).
7043:Sheffield, Gary (2014).
7005:Samuels, Martin (1995).
6907:Palazzo, Albert (2000).
6691:Martin, William (2001).
6554:Knox, MacGregor (2007).
6197:Griffith, Paddy (1994).
6178:Griffith, Paddy (2004).
6065:The World War I Databook
6046:The World War I Databook
6006:Edmonds, J. E. (1994) .
5892:. London: Odhams Press.
5776:Baldwin, Hanson (1962).
5234:, pp. 13–15, 32–35.
4178:, pp. 22–24, 25–26.
3865:
3406:Aftermath of World War I
3347:In July, Foch began the
3306:German spring offensives
3276:German spring offensives
3185:gas for chemical warfare
3173:On 11 July 1917, during
2828:to the offensive-minded
2645:, the most famous being
2463:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
2038:"hurricane" bombardments
1977:bombardments and massed
1909:Indian and Pacific Ocean
61:Clockwise from top left:
9916:Portugal in World War I
9745:Modus vivendi of Acroma
9697:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
9005:Greater Poland Uprising
8905:National Protection War
8782:Meuse–Argonne offensive
8732:German spring offensive
8727:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
8503:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
8478:Second Battle of Artois
8359:Battle of the Frontiers
7723:australianscreen online
7711:Australian War Memorial
7462:Cabanes, Bruno (2016).
7302:Warner, Philip (2000).
7178:Terraine, John (2002).
7140:Stevenson, D. (2005) .
6949:Rawson, Andrew (2014).
6892:. London: Amber Books.
6826:Murphy, Justin (2005).
6468:Jones, Ian (May 2019).
6127:. Toronto: Key Porter.
6067:. London: Aurum Press.
6048:. London: Aurum Press.
5712:]. Bruxelles. 1922.
4875:Prior & Wilson 2005
4236:Horne & Kramer 2001
3414:Western Front 1914–1918
3360:, commanded by General
3282:German spring offensive
3259:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3243:
2955:
2924:The Hindenburg Line at
2742:
2703:Allied held territory.
2700:reconnaissance aircraft
2675:Second Battle of Artois
2604:Aviation in World War I
2514:Battle of Humin-Bolimów
2427:
2240:Battle of the Frontiers
2086:Battle of the Frontiers
2066:
2036:. Using short, intense
2018:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2014:German spring offensive
2002:new military technology
1995:Battle of Passchendaele
1488:German spring offensive
107:Meuse–Argonne offensive
98:; American troops with
9770:Paris Peace Conference
9758:Ukraine–Central Powers
9552:Massacres of Albanians
9520:Late Ottoman genocides
9327:Bulgarian occupations
9035:Third Anglo-Afghan War
8999:Hungarian–Romanian War
8817:Naval Victory Bulletin
8812:Armistice with Germany
8762:Hundred Days Offensive
8689:Battle of La Malmaison
8639:Second battle of Arras
8606:Battle of Transylvania
8460:Second Battle of Ypres
8328:Sarajevo assassination
8217:South African Republic
7382:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
6988:Robinson, James Harvey
6972:. London: Leo Cooper.
6763:Maurel, Henri (2001).
6668:Marshall, Samuel L. A.
6596:. London: Leo Cooper.
6592:Liddle, Peter (2013).
6573:Liddle, P. H. (1997).
6535:Kennedy, Paul (1989).
6082:Foley, R. T. (2007) .
6025:Ekins, Ashley (2010).
5780:. London: Hutchinson.
3760:Paris Peace Conference
3366:Hundred Days Offensive
3344:
3331:Hundred Days Offensive
3298:
3253:
3198:and culminated in the
3176:Unternehmen Strandfest
3153:
3085:
3064:Battle of Arras (1917)
3015:
2975:
2929:
2870:
2804:
2752:
2713:Third Battle of Artois
2670:
2647:Manfred von Richthofen
2575:Gas attacks at Hulluch
2540:Second Battle of Ypres
2527:
2525:Second Battle of Ypres
2437:
2415:
2309:and 40 percent of the
2252:general Allied retreat
2149:Treaty of London, 1839
2099:
2053:Hundred Days Offensive
1962:, stretching from the
628:Commanders and leaders
73:First day on the Somme
9901:France in World War I
9780:Treaty of St. Germain
9753:Russia–Central Powers
9707:Sykes–Picot Agreement
9535:Pontic Greek genocide
9510:Destruction of Kalisz
9486:Eastern Mediterranean
9047:Polish–Lithuanian War
8829:Armistice of Belgrade
8792:Armistice of Salonica
8722:Operation Faustschlag
8669:Third Battle of Oituz
8591:Baranovichi offensive
8559:Lake Naroch offensive
8533:Battle of Robat Karim
8508:Vistula–Bug offensive
8483:Battles of the Isonzo
8414:First Battle of Ypres
7709:Watch clips from the
7348:. London: Brassey's.
7159:Strachan, H. (2001).
6497:Jones, Simon (2002).
6159:Gray, Randal (1991).
5850:Carlyon, Les (2006).
5671:. London: Routledge.
5174:, pp. 35–36, 39.
4779:Jones & Hook 2007
4493:, pp. 69–73, 88.
3835:Stab-in-the-back myth
3762:. The result was the
3374:Chancellor of Germany
3342:
3289:
3251:
3192:Third Battle of Ypres
3151:
3144:Third Battle of Ypres
3079:
3013:
2973:
2923:
2864:
2802:
2775:escadrilles de chasse
2750:
2664:
2579:16th (Irish) Division
2522:
2435:
2413:
2364:First Battle of Ypres
2358:First Battle of Ypres
2352:First Battle of Ypres
2264:Battle of St. Quentin
2093:
1751:Sinai & Palestine
918:Casualties and losses
794:Conrad von Hötzendorf
9911:Italy in World War I
9775:Treaty of Versailles
9491:Mount Lebanon famine
9406:in the United States
9374:Russian occupations
9088:Turkish–Armenian War
9029:Polish–Ukrainian War
8969:Ukrainian–Soviet War
8916:Central Asian Revolt
8699:Armistice of Focșani
8429:Battle of Sarikamish
8379:Battle of Tannenberg
7775:Military engagements
7363:Wise, S. F. (1981).
7121:Spick, Mike (2002).
7083:Sheldon, J. (2012).
7064:Sheldon, J. (2007).
7009:. Psychology Press.
6968:Richter, D. (1994).
6445:Jackson, J. (2001).
6273:Hart, Peter (2005).
6220:. Wayne, NJ: Avery.
6063:Ellis, John (2001).
6044:Ellis, John (1993).
3764:Treaty of Versailles
3238:infiltration tactics
3032:Battle of Vimy Ridge
2480:Shell Crisis of 1915
2476:artillery ammunition
2376:Generalfeldmarschall
2368:Erich von Falkenhayn
2305:, 24 percent of its
2061:Treaty of Versailles
2042:infiltration tactics
1926:was one of the main
1595:French Army mutinies
1590:1914 Christmas truce
1360:Hohenzollern Redoubt
1047:Military casualties:
927:Military casualties:
758:Erich von Falkenhayn
148:north-eastern France
9842:They shall not pass
9765:Treaty of Bucharest
9722:Treaty of Bucharest
9661:USA against Germany
9638:Declarations of war
9342:German occupations
9255:British casualties
9114:Soviet–Georgian War
9041:Egyptian Revolution
8981:Armeno-Georgian War
8845:Somaliland campaign
8797:Armistice of Mudros
8674:Battle of Caporetto
8664:Battle of Mărășești
8634:Zimmermann telegram
8629:February Revolution
8574:Battle of the Somme
8498:Bug-Narew Offensive
8473:Battle of Gallipoli
8465:Sinking of the RMS
8257:Scramble for Africa
8251:Franco-Prussian War
7907:Sinai and Palestine
7704:E. Alexander Powell
7620:Management Decision
7000:. Ginn and Company.
6846:Neiberg, Michael S.
6784:Miles, W. (1992) .
5456:, pp. 426–428.
5441:, pp. 266–302.
5417:, pp. 155–156.
5366:, pp. 141–143.
5354:, pp. 353–357.
5342:, pp. 544–545.
5330:, pp. 140–141.
5282:, pp. 139–140.
5258:, pp. 176–248.
5222:, pp. vi, 316.
5114:, pp. 101–102.
4988:, pp. 144–145.
4952:, pp. 288–289.
4916:, pp. 246–252.
4877:, pp. 280–281.
4865:, pp. 245–249.
4853:, pp. 140–158.
4733:, pp. 236–237.
4721:, pp. 207–208.
4709:, pp. 295–296.
4625:, pp. 168–171.
4601:, pp. 155–156.
4529:, pp. 349–350.
4517:, pp. 326–327.
4433:, pp. 148–151.
4361:, pp. 324–325.
4349:, pp. 105–110.
4337:, pp. 273–278.
4301:, pp. 265–266.
4274:, pp. 242–262.
4130:, pp. 361–363.
3416:
3411:Military Casualties
3304:, the first of the
3127:divisional strength
3096:(also known as the
2857:Battle of the Somme
2851:Battle of the Somme
2534:, commander of the
2379:Paul von Hindenburg
2307:steel manufacturing
2303:pig-iron production
2256:Battle of Le Cateau
2244:Battle of Charleroi
2153:Alexander von Kluck
1991:Battle of the Somme
1952:Battle of the Marne
1860:North-West Frontier
1584:Associated articles
1301:Hartmannswillerkopf
1161:Invasion of Belgium
770:Paul von Hindenburg
18:Western Front (WWI)
9802:Treaty of Lausanne
9717:Paris Economy Pact
9651:UK against Germany
9581:Entry into the war
9547:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
9266:Ottoman casualties
9076:Franco-Turkish War
8956:Post-War conflicts
8940:Russian Revolution
8922:Invasion of Darfur
8887:Kelantan rebellion
8875:Kurdish rebellions
8851:Mexican Revolution
8684:October Revolution
8649:Kerensky offensive
8624:Capture of Baghdad
8601:Monastir offensive
8586:Brusilov offensive
8424:Battle of Kolubara
8263:Russo-Japanese War
7678:Krause, Jonathan:
7645:Leavenworth Papers
7304:The Battle of Loos
7125:. Zenith Imprint.
6951:The Somme Campaign
6803:Miles, W. (1991).
6771:on 19 January 2008
6695:. Oxford: Osprey.
6520:. Oxford: Osprey.
6501:. Oxford: Osprey.
6347:. Berghahn Books.
6182:. Oxford: Osprey.
6102:Fuller, John F. C.
6086:. Cambridge: CUP.
5615:, pp. 87–127.
5051:, pp. 91–114.
5003:, pp. 99–100.
4469:, pp. 95–121.
4262:, pp. 78–175.
3410:
3345:
3315:Battle of Cantigny
3299:
3254:
3154:
3134:Flanders offensive
3090:Commander-in-chief
3086:
3048:Royal Flying Corps
3016:
2984:Operation Alberich
2976:
2942:Eingreif divisions
2930:
2871:
2805:
2753:
2722:aerial photography
2671:
2651:anti-aircraft fire
2528:
2438:
2416:
2322:Battle of the Yser
2205:Battle of Mulhouse
2100:
2051:armies during the
1756:Hejaz & Levant
746:Helmuth von Moltke
69:going over the top
65:Royal Irish Rifles
9868:
9867:
9851:
9850:
9835:The Golden Virgin
9829:Mutilated victory
9810:
9809:
9790:Treaty of Trianon
9785:Treaty of Neuilly
9692:Damascus Protocol
9565:
9564:
9525:Armenian genocide
9482:Allied blockades
9454:Belgian refugees
9237:
9236:
9147:Strategic bombing
9123:
9122:
9108:Franco-Syrian War
9082:Greco-Turkish War
9070:Anglo-Turkish War
9053:Polish–Soviet War
8987:German Revolution
8963:Russian Civil War
8946:Finnish Civil War
8772:Battle of Megiddo
8747:Battle of Goychay
8694:Battle of Cambrai
8654:Battle of Mărăști
8569:Battle of Jutland
8549:Erzurum offensive
8404:Siege of Przemyśl
8384:Siege of Tsingtao
8369:Battle of Galicia
8299:Second Balkan War
8287:Italo-Turkish War
8244:Pre-War conflicts
8230:
8229:
8120:Portuguese Empire
8036:
8035:
7998:German New Guinea
7980:Asian and Pacific
7713:'s collection of
7565:978-0-804-73222-2
7532:978-8-534-80034-1
7428:Library resources
7412:978-0-8147-9704-4
7393:978-0-8371-5029-1
7374:978-0-8020-2379-7
7355:978-1-57488-684-9
7332:978-0-521-88101-2
7313:978-1-84022-229-6
7268:978-1-78303-034-7
7210:978-0-8153-3351-7
7189:978-1-84022-243-2
7170:978-0-19-926191-8
7151:978-0-14-026817-1
7132:978-0-7603-1343-5
7113:978-0-521-66631-2
7094:978-1-84884-466-7
7075:978-1-84415-564-4
7056:978-1-4738-3466-8
7035:978-0-7472-7157-4
7016:978-0-7146-4570-4
6992:Beard, Charles A.
6979:978-0-85052-388-1
6960:978-1-78303-051-4
6941:978-0-300-10694-7
6920:978-0-8032-8774-7
6899:978-1-906626-12-9
6880:978-0-41532-718-3
6861:978-1-57488-551-4
6837:978-1-85109-488-2
6818:978-0-89839-162-6
6795:978-0-901627-76-6
6726:978-0-345-40878-5
6711:Massie, Robert K.
6702:978-1-85532-993-5
6683:978-0-517-38555-5
6659:978-0-13-020551-3
6603:978-1-4738-1708-1
6584:978-0-85052-588-5
6565:978-0-521-87860-9
6546:978-0-679-72019-5
6539:. Vintage Books.
6527:978-1-84603-151-9
6508:978-1-84603-151-9
6460:978-0-19-820706-1
6416:978-0-521-84193-1
6394:978-1-61530-048-8
6375:978-0-300-08975-2
6354:978-1-57181-862-1
6335:978-0-340-67753-7
6303:978-0-313-30625-9
6284:978-0-297-84621-5
6265:978-0-521-81735-6
6246:978-0-7570-0158-1
6227:978-0-89529-312-1
6208:978-0-300-06663-0
6189:978-1-84176-760-4
6170:978-0-8160-2139-0
6134:978-1-55263-509-4
6115:978-0-306-80467-0
6093:978-0-521-04436-3
6074:978-1-85410-766-4
6055:978-1-85410-766-4
6036:978-1-921497-42-1
6017:978-0-89839-211-1
5998:978-0-89839-166-4
5976:978-0-674-01880-8
5954:978-1-85285-099-9
5935:978-0-85420-250-8
5916:978-0-312-22082-2
5880:978-0-521-77352-2
5861:978-1-4050-3799-0
5842:978-0-7137-0954-4
5823:978-1-4020-0433-9
5804:978-0-7735-2949-6
5768:978-1-59114-029-0
5697:978-0-521-52429-2
5678:978-0-415-90716-3
5603:, pp. 47–61.
5555:, pp. 25–26.
5039:, pp. 11–13.
4817:, pp. 71–72.
4781:, pp. 23–24.
4769:, pp. 28–83.
4589:, pp. 26–27.
4553:, pp. 79–80.
4481:, pp. 22–23.
4457:, pp. 81–95.
4445:, pp. 172–3.
4409:, pp. 166–7.
4286:, pp. 31–37.
4238:, pp. 1–608.
4214:, pp. 29–30.
4142:, pp. 44–45.
4118:, pp. 45–58.
4080:Massimiliano 2015
3755:
3754:
3744: 15,158,783
3657: 10,029,670
3415:
3386:Imperial Monarchy
3378:German Revolution
3372:was appointed as
3362:Alberico Albricci
3358:Italian 2nd Corps
3302:Operation Michael
3223:Battle of Cambrai
3217:Battle of Cambrai
3211:Battle of Cambrai
3094:Nivelle Offensive
3068:Nivelle Offensive
3058:Nivelle Offensive
2928:seen from the air
2824:defensive-minded
2684:La Ville-aux-Bois
2393:(11–25 November),
2260:Siege of Maubeuge
2117:(1913 photograph)
1917:
1916:
1785:South West Africa
1608:
1607:
1434:Nivelle offensive
1208:Trouée de Charmes
1106:
1105:
278:Equatorial Africa
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
9948:
9795:Treaty of Sèvres
9687:Treaty of London
9578:
9577:
9356:Northeast France
9287:
9286:
9259:Parliamentarians
9192:
9191:
9154:Chemical weapons
9132:
9131:
8893:Senussi campaign
8863:Muscat rebellion
8857:Maritz rebellion
8825:
8767:Vardar offensive
8596:Battle of Romani
8564:Battle of Asiago
8554:Battle of Verdun
8518:Kosovo offensive
8293:First Balkan War
8241:
8240:
8140:Russian Republic
8049:
8048:
7843:
7842:
7785:Economic history
7752:
7745:
7738:
7729:
7728:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7655:. Archived from
7635:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7577:
7544:
7515:
7485:
7473:978-0-30022494-8
7416:
7397:
7378:
7359:
7347:
7336:
7317:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7282:. London: HMSO.
7272:
7253:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7193:
7174:
7155:
7136:
7117:
7098:
7079:
7060:
7039:
7020:
7001:
6983:
6964:
6945:
6924:
6903:
6884:
6865:
6841:
6822:
6799:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6767:. Archived from
6759:
6757:
6755:
6749:
6742:
6730:
6706:
6687:
6663:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6619:
6607:
6588:
6569:
6550:
6531:
6512:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6441:
6420:
6398:
6379:
6358:
6339:
6320:
6307:
6288:
6269:
6250:
6231:
6212:
6193:
6174:
6155:
6138:
6119:
6097:
6078:
6059:
6040:
6021:
6002:
5980:
5958:
5939:
5920:
5901:
5890:The World Crisis
5884:
5865:
5846:
5827:
5808:
5789:
5772:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5727:
5721:
5713:
5701:
5682:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5553:Adamthwaite 1989
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4661:, pp. 4–31.
4656:
4650:
4647:Hartesveldt 2005
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4577:, pp. 1–36.
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4082:, p. 23-24.
4077:
4071:
4065:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3961:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3839:Dolchstoßlegende
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3745:
3742:
3723:
3720:
3713:
3712: 5,129,113
3710:
3658:
3655:
3466:
3465: 3,000,500
3463:
3447:
3446: 6,000,000
3444:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3353:Battle of Amiens
3102:Russian brigades
2884:Battle of Albert
2809:Battle of Verdun
2795:Battle of Verdun
2789:Battle of Verdun
2726:defence-in-depth
2707:Autumn offensive
2689:defence in depth
2657:Spring offensive
2631:fighter aircraft
2619:interrupter gear
2506:chemical weapons
2394:
2389:Erich Ludendorff
2128:
2110:
2008:, aircraft, and
1987:Battle of Verdun
1954:. Following the
1646:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1547:St Quentin Canal
1142:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
996:
988:
987:
986:
978:
977:
976:
968:
967:
966:
958:
957:
956:
948:
947:
946:
937:
906:
905:
904:
896:
895:
894:
886:
885:
884:
876:
875:
874:
866:
865:
864:
856:
855:
854:
846:
845:
844:
836:
835:
834:
825:
806:Ludwig Goiginger
804:
803:
802:
792:
791:
790:
782:Erich Ludendorff
780:
779:
778:
768:
767:
766:
756:
755:
754:
744:
743:
742:
728:John J. Pershing
726:
725:
724:
714:
713:
712:
702:
701:
700:
690:
689:
688:
678:
677:
676:
666:
665:
664:
654:
653:
652:
642:
641:
640:
623:
619:
617:
616:
606:
602:
600:
599:
576:
570:
569:
568:
557:
554:
550:
548:
547:
535:
529:
528:
527:
516:
513:
509:
507:
506:
494:
493:
489:
485:
483:
482:
463:
461:
460:
443:
442:
441:
434:
430:
428:
427:
419:
415:
413:
412:
404:
400:
398:
397:
389:
385:
383:
382:
374:
370:
368:
367:
359:
355:
353:
352:
344:
340:
338:
337:
329:
325:
323:
322:
312:
307:
305:
304:
288:
287:
286:
276:
275:
274:
264:
263:
262:
252:
251:
250:
240:
239:
238:
228:
227:
226:
217:
215:
211:
209:
208:
155:
125:11 November 1918
114:
113:
85:Battle of Ginchy
58:
44:European theatre
34:
33:
21:
9956:
9955:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9945:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9847:
9806:
9738:
9731:
9702:Treaty of Darin
9670:
9632:
9588:Austria-Hungary
9574:
9561:
9542:Rape of Belgium
9469:
9441:
9389:
9383:Western Armenia
9378:Eastern Galicia
9311:
9285:
9249:
9248:Civilian impact
9247:
9233:
9190:
9119:
8951:
8881:Ovambo Uprising
8833:
8819:
8708:
8610:
8537:
8455:Battle of Łomża
8438:
8434:Christmas truce
8409:Race to the Sea
8342:
8304:
8226:
8197:Austria-Hungary
8173:
8108:Empire of Japan
8045:
8043:
8032:
8016:U-boat campaign
8002:
7974:
7936:
7888:
7834:
7815:Popular culture
7761:
7756:
7675:
7662:
7660:
7659:on 5 March 2017
7614:
7601:
7599:
7566:
7558:. p. 593.
7533:
7504:
7474:
7458:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7424:
7422:Further reading
7419:
7413:
7394:
7375:
7356:
7333:
7314:
7292:
7290:
7269:
7250:
7228:
7226:
7211:
7190:
7171:
7152:
7133:
7114:
7095:
7076:
7057:
7036:
7017:
6980:
6961:
6942:
6921:
6900:
6881:
6862:
6838:
6819:
6796:
6774:
6772:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6727:
6703:
6684:
6660:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6617:
6604:
6585:
6566:
6547:
6528:
6509:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6461:
6417:
6403:Hull, Isabel V.
6395:
6376:
6355:
6336:
6304:
6285:
6266:
6247:
6228:
6209:
6190:
6171:
6135:
6116:
6094:
6075:
6056:
6037:
6018:
5999:
5977:
5955:
5936:
5917:
5881:
5862:
5843:
5824:
5805:
5769:
5747:
5745:
5715:
5714:
5698:
5679:
5660:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5393:, p. 1254.
5389:
5385:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5214:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4673:, p. xvii.
4669:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4017:War Office 1922
4015:
4011:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3847:Weimar Republic
3830:
3824:
3816:14,661 merchant
3815:
3811:
3808:1,260 civilians
3807:
3806:civilian dead;
3803:
3795:
3789:
3743:
3721:
3711:
3656:
3464:
3445:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3394:Friedrich Ebert
3390:General Groener
3388:collapsed when
3337:
3325:Main articles:
3323:
3297:, 21 March 1918
3284:
3278:
3246:
3219:
3213:
3159:began to mutiny
3146:
3138:Main articles:
3136:
3119:
3074:
3062:Main articles:
3060:
3020:Battle of Arras
2980:Hindenburg Line
2968:
2962:Hindenburg Line
2960:Main articles:
2958:
2918:
2916:Hindenburg Line
2912:
2910:Hindenburg line
2859:
2853:
2826:Philippe Pétain
2797:
2791:
2783:air superiority
2745:
2709:
2659:
2606:
2600:
2571:countermeasures
2494:
2488:
2472:counterattacked
2430:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2360:
2354:
2291:Race to the Sea
2278:
2272:
2236:Sir John French
2213:Rape of Belgium
2196:Alsace–Lorraine
2165:Battle of Liège
2141:Schlieffen Plan
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2096:Race to the Sea
2088:
2078:Schlieffen Plan
2074:
2069:
1956:Race to the Sea
1932:First World War
1928:theatres of war
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1609:
1604:
1581:
1385:Vimy Ridge 1916
1262:Race to the Sea
1230:1st St. Quentin
1152:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1102:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1002:
994:
992:
984:
982:
974:
972:
964:
962:
954:
952:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
931:
910:
902:
900:
892:
890:
882:
880:
872:
870:
862:
860:
852:
850:
842:
840:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
810:
800:
798:
788:
786:
776:
774:
764:
762:
752:
750:
740:
738:
732:
722:
720:
710:
708:
698:
696:
686:
684:
674:
672:
668:Philippe Pétain
662:
660:
650:
648:
638:
636:
621:Austria-Hungary
614:
612:
610:
597:
595:
579:
574:
566:
564:
560:
555:
545:
543:
538:
533:
525:
523:
519:
514:
504:
502:
497:
491:
480:
478:
475:
471:
455:
453:
449:
439:
437:
425:
423:
410:
408:
395:
393:
380:
378:
365:
363:
350:
348:
335:
333:
320:
318:
314:
313:
302:
300:
298:
294:
284:
282:
272:
270:
260:
258:
248:
246:
236:
234:
224:
222:
219:
218:
206:
204:
201:
197:
164:
153:Alsace-Lorraine
151:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9954:
9944:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9862:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9826:
9818:
9816:
9812:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9767:
9762:
9761:
9760:
9755:
9747:
9741:
9739:
9737:Peace treaties
9736:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9678:
9676:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9642:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9623:United Kingdom
9620:
9615:
9613:Ottoman Empire
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9584:
9582:
9575:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9517:
9515:Sack of Dinant
9512:
9507:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9479:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9463:United Kingdom
9460:
9451:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9423:
9417:POW locations
9415:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9399:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9372:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9333:
9325:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9293:
9291:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9268:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9252:
9250:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9231:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9217:United Kingdom
9214:
9212:Ottoman Empire
9209:
9204:
9198:
9196:
9189:
9188:
9186:Trench warfare
9183:
9182:
9181:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9138:
9136:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9099:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9085:
9079:
9073:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8966:
8959:
8957:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8902:
8899:Volta-Bani War
8896:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8841:
8839:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8826:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8737:Zeebrugge Raid
8734:
8729:
8724:
8718:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8620:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8530:
8528:Battle of Loos
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8446:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8419:Black Sea raid
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8321:Historiography
8312:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8275:Bosnian Crisis
8272:
8269:Tangier Crisis
8266:
8260:
8254:
8247:
8245:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8202:Ottoman Empire
8199:
8194:
8189:
8183:
8181:
8179:Central Powers
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8162:British Empire
8157:United Kingdom
8154:
8149:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8135:Russian Empire
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8053:Entente Powers
8046:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8021:North Atlantic
8012:
8010:
8004:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7946:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7932:Central Arabia
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7896:
7894:Middle Eastern
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7869:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7851:
7849:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7795:Historiography
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7755:
7754:
7747:
7740:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7707:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7674:
7673:External links
7671:
7670:
7669:
7636:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7578:
7564:
7545:
7531:
7516:
7502:
7487:
7472:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7411:
7398:
7392:
7379:
7373:
7360:
7354:
7337:
7331:
7318:
7312:
7299:
7273:
7267:
7254:
7248:
7235:
7209:
7194:
7188:
7175:
7169:
7156:
7150:
7137:
7131:
7118:
7112:
7099:
7093:
7080:
7074:
7061:
7055:
7040:
7034:
7021:
7015:
7002:
6984:
6978:
6965:
6959:
6946:
6940:
6925:
6919:
6904:
6898:
6885:
6879:
6866:
6860:
6842:
6836:
6823:
6817:
6800:
6794:
6781:
6760:
6731:
6725:
6707:
6701:
6688:
6682:
6664:
6658:
6645:
6608:
6602:
6589:
6583:
6570:
6564:
6551:
6545:
6532:
6526:
6513:
6507:
6494:
6465:
6459:
6442:
6421:
6415:
6399:
6393:
6380:
6374:
6359:
6353:
6340:
6334:
6321:
6308:
6302:
6289:
6283:
6270:
6264:
6251:
6245:
6239:. Square One.
6232:
6226:
6213:
6207:
6194:
6188:
6175:
6169:
6156:
6139:
6133:
6120:
6114:
6098:
6092:
6079:
6073:
6060:
6054:
6041:
6035:
6022:
6016:
6003:
5997:
5985:Edmonds, J. E.
5981:
5975:
5963:Doughty, R. A.
5959:
5953:
5940:
5934:
5921:
5915:
5902:
5885:
5879:
5866:
5860:
5847:
5841:
5828:
5822:
5809:
5803:
5790:
5773:
5767:
5754:
5728:
5702:
5696:
5683:
5677:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5651:, p. 180.
5649:Alexander 2003
5641:
5639:, p. 460.
5629:
5627:, p. 297.
5617:
5605:
5593:
5591:, p. 269.
5581:
5579:, p. 100.
5569:
5567:, p. 292.
5557:
5545:
5543:, p. 787.
5533:
5521:
5509:
5507:, p. 558.
5505:Churchill 1938
5494:
5492:, p. 270.
5482:
5480:, p. 446.
5470:
5468:, p. 163.
5466:Griffiths 1986
5458:
5443:
5431:
5419:
5415:Griffiths 1986
5407:
5395:
5383:
5381:, p. 146.
5368:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5306:, p. 543.
5296:
5294:, p. 140.
5284:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5210:, p. 216.
5208:Sheffield 2002
5200:
5198:, p. 103.
5188:
5186:, p. 112.
5176:
5164:
5152:
5150:, p. 227.
5140:
5138:, p. 144.
5128:
5126:, p. 124.
5124:Griffiths 1986
5116:
5101:
5089:
5087:, p. 292.
5077:
5075:, p. 243.
5065:
5061:Uffindell 2015
5053:
5049:Cockfield 1999
5041:
5029:
5017:
5013:Sheffield 2014
5005:
4990:
4986:Griffiths 1986
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4928:, p. 290.
4918:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4815:Griffiths 1986
4807:
4795:
4793:, p. 224.
4783:
4771:
4759:
4757:, p. 143.
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4697:, p. 153.
4687:
4685:, p. 141.
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4613:, p. 245.
4603:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4565:, p. 165.
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4397:, p. 112.
4387:
4385:, p. 110.
4375:
4373:, p. 165.
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4288:
4284:Griffiths 1986
4276:
4264:
4252:
4248:Zuckerman 2004
4240:
4228:
4216:
4212:Griffiths 1986
4204:
4200:Griffiths 2003
4192:
4190:, p. 254.
4180:
4176:Griffiths 1986
4168:
4156:
4154:, p. 159.
4144:
4140:Stevenson 2005
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4094:, p. 137.
4084:
4072:
4057:
4045:
4043:, p. 219.
4033:
4031:, p. 105.
4021:
4019:, p. 742.
4009:
3994:
3982:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3918:
3905:
3903:in air raids.
3889:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3823:
3822:Economic costs
3820:
3791:Main article:
3788:
3785:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3722: 779,403
3715:
3705:
3700:
3698:Central Powers
3694:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:Austro-Hungary
3680:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3459:
3456:
3455:United Kingdom
3452:
3451:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3404:Main article:
3401:
3398:
3322:
3319:
3310:Ferdinand Foch
3280:Main article:
3277:
3274:
3245:
3242:
3215:Main article:
3212:
3209:
3204:II ANZAC Corps
3181:Sulfur mustard
3163:Messines Ridge
3135:
3132:
3118:
3115:
3059:
3056:
3024:Canadian Corps
2988:scorched earth
2957:
2954:
2914:Main article:
2911:
2908:
2855:Main article:
2852:
2849:
2830:Robert Nivelle
2814:Fort Douaumont
2793:Main article:
2790:
2787:
2777:with superior
2763:national pride
2744:
2741:
2733:Battle of Loos
2708:
2705:
2696:Fokker Scourge
2658:
2655:
2615:Anthony Fokker
2602:Main article:
2599:
2596:
2583:Battle of Loos
2548:a lethal cloud
2490:Main article:
2487:
2484:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2406:Trench warfare
2404:Main article:
2401:
2400:Trench warfare
2398:
2356:Main article:
2353:
2350:
2295:Swiss frontier
2274:Main article:
2271:
2268:
2248:Battle of Mons
2211:known as the "
2157:Karl von Bülow
2130:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2115:bayonet charge
2112:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2022:Central Powers
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:Naval theatres
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:Central Arabia
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1577:Lys and Escaut
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1306:Neuve Chapelle
1303:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1279:Winter actions
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:Grand Couronné
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:Civilian dead:
1091:
1086:Military dead:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:Civilian dead:
1029:
1025:Military dead:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
934:
933:
932:
930:
929:
923:
920:
919:
915:
914:
911:
909:
908:
898:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
822:
821:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
748:
735:
733:
731:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
680:Ferdinand Foch
670:
658:
656:Robert Nivelle
646:
633:
630:
629:
625:
624:
609:
608:
591:
587:Central Powers
582:
580:
578:
577:
561:
559:
558:
539:
537:
536:
520:
518:
517:
498:
496:
495:
472:
470:
469:
450:
448:
447:
435:
420:
405:
390:
375:
360:
345:
330:
327:United Kingdom
309:British Empire
297:
296:
295:
293:
292:
280:
268:
256:
244:
232:
200:
199:
198:
196:
195:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:Allied victory
170:
166:
165:
140:Central Europe
134:
132:
128:
127:
118:
110:
109:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9953:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9844:
9843:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9803:
9800:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9629:
9628:United States
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9579:
9576:
9573:
9568:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9499:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9392:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9364:
9363:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9288:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9245:
9240:
9230:
9229:United States
9227:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9179:Convoy system
9177:
9176:
9175:
9174:Naval warfare
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9126:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9089:
9086:
9083:
9080:
9077:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9039:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8954:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8934:Kaocen revolt
8932:
8929:
8928:Easter Rising
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8900:
8897:
8894:
8891:
8888:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8867:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8836:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8613:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8540:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8493:Great Retreat
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8364:Battle of Cer
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8281:Agadir Crisis
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8169:United States
8167:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8087:
8086:French Empire
8084:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8039:
8029:
8028:Mediterranean
8026:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8009:
8008:Naval warfare
8005:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7884:Italian Front
7882:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7872:Eastern Front
7870:
7868:
7867:Western Front
7865:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7825:Puppet states
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7760:
7753:
7748:
7746:
7741:
7739:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7680:Western Front
7677:
7676:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7616:
7615:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7503:9781508654254
7499:
7495:
7494:
7488:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7460:
7459:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7346:
7345:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7249:1-85109-420-2
7245:
7241:
7236:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7105:
7100:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6872:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6746:
6739:
6738:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6480:
6473:
6472:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6237:The Great War
6233:
6229:
6223:
6219:
6218:The Great War
6214:
6210:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:. Continuum.
5946:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5909:. Macmillan.
5908:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5852:The Great War
5848:
5844:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5650:
5645:
5638:
5637:Marshall 1964
5633:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5530:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5405:, p. 24.
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5352:Marshall 1964
5348:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5324:
5318:, p. 69.
5317:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5269:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5246:, p. 88.
5245:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5209:
5204:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5162:, p. 87.
5161:
5156:
5149:
5144:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5099:, p. 53.
5098:
5093:
5086:
5085:Marshall 1964
5081:
5074:
5069:
5063:, p. 26.
5062:
5057:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5027:, p. 71.
5026:
5025:Campbell 1981
5021:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4982:
4976:, p. 46.
4975:
4970:
4964:, p. 99.
4963:
4958:
4951:
4950:Marshall 1964
4946:
4940:, p. 68.
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4901:, p. 88.
4900:
4899:Corkerry 2001
4895:
4889:, p. 11.
4888:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4852:
4847:
4841:, p. 79.
4840:
4835:
4829:, p. 42.
4828:
4827:Campbell 1981
4823:
4816:
4811:
4805:, p. 28.
4804:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4751:
4745:, p. 40.
4744:
4743:Campbell 1981
4739:
4732:
4731:Marshall 1964
4727:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4649:, p. 17.
4648:
4643:
4637:, p. 66.
4636:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4599:Griffith 1994
4595:
4588:
4587:Campbell 1981
4583:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4541:, p. 40.
4540:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4335:Strachan 2001
4331:
4325:, p. 27.
4324:
4319:
4313:, p. 17.
4312:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4272:Strachan 2001
4268:
4261:
4260:Terraine 2002
4256:
4250:, p. 23.
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4226:, p. 33.
4225:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4202:, p. 30.
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4164:Griffith 2004
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4106:, p. 78.
4105:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4007:, p. 29.
4006:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3941:
3932:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3871:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3819:
3812:908 civilians
3801:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3543:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3488:United States
3487:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3454:
3453:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:. The German
3383:
3382:Armistice Day
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3250:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:included the
3193:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:in April 1917
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:fortification
2934:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2867:Ernest Brooks
2863:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:Le Mort Homme
2817:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:Max Immelmann
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2610:Roland Garros
2605:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:no man's land
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:Eastern Front
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2381:, commanding
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:West Flanders
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:coal industry
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:Field Marshal
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:Joseph Joffre
2218:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2127:
2116:
2109:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:Eastern Front
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Western Front
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Mediterranean
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:Eastern Front
1666:
1664:
1663:Western Front
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Meuse-Argonne
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Passchendaele
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:2nd Champagne
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:1st Champagne
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:Great Retreat
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:Western Front
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1071:
1069:5,490,300
1061:
1060:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
959:2,264,200
951:
949:4,808,000
941:
940:
928:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
912:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
857:2,200,000
849:
847:5,399,563
839:
837:7,935,000
829:
828:
819:
818:
813:
807:
797:
795:
785:
783:
773:
771:
761:
759:
749:
747:
737:
736:
734:
729:
719:
717:
707:
705:
695:
693:
683:
681:
671:
669:
659:
657:
647:
645:
644:Joseph Joffre
635:
634:
632:
631:
626:
622:
607:
605:
592:
590:
588:
584:
583:
581:
573:
563:
562:
553:
541:
540:
532:
522:
521:
512:
500:
499:
490:
488:
487:United States
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
459:
452:
451:
446:
436:
433:
421:
418:
406:
403:
391:
388:
376:
373:
361:
358:
346:
343:
331:
328:
316:
315:
311:
310:
291:
281:
279:
269:
267:
257:
255:
245:
243:
233:
231:
221:
220:
216:
214:
194:
192:
191:Allied Powers
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
171:
168:
167:
163:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:2 August 1914
119:
116:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:Western Front
35:
30:
19:
9840:
9833:
9821:
9428: /
9360:
9195:Conscription
9159:Cryptography
9096:Iraqi Revolt
8523:Siege of Kut
8466:
8044:participants
7993:German Samoa
7927:South Arabia
7866:
7661:. Retrieved
7657:the original
7644:
7626:(1): 56–71.
7623:
7619:
7600:. Retrieved
7583:
7550:
7521:
7492:
7463:
7432:
7402:
7383:
7364:
7343:
7322:
7303:
7291:. Retrieved
7278:
7258:
7239:
7227:. Retrieved
7199:
7179:
7160:
7141:
7122:
7103:
7084:
7065:
7045:
7025:
7006:
6996:
6969:
6950:
6930:
6909:
6889:
6870:
6850:
6827:
6804:
6785:
6773:. Retrieved
6769:the original
6752:. Retrieved
6736:
6715:
6692:
6672:
6649:
6637:. Retrieved
6613:
6593:
6574:
6555:
6536:
6517:
6498:
6486:. Retrieved
6470:
6448:
6429:
6425:
6406:
6384:
6364:
6344:
6325:
6316:
6312:
6293:
6274:
6255:
6236:
6217:
6198:
6179:
6160:
6143:
6124:
6105:
6083:
6064:
6045:
6026:
6007:
5988:
5966:
5944:
5925:
5906:
5889:
5870:
5851:
5832:
5816:. Springer.
5813:
5794:
5777:
5758:
5746:. Retrieved
5733:
5709:
5705:
5687:
5667:
5658:Bibliography
5644:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5560:
5548:
5536:
5529:Carlyon 2006
5524:
5512:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5439:Kennedy 1989
5434:
5427:Edmonds 1994
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5379:Baldwin 1962
5364:Baldwin 1962
5359:
5347:
5340:Carlyon 2006
5335:
5328:Baldwin 1962
5323:
5311:
5304:Carlyon 2006
5299:
5292:Baldwin 1962
5287:
5280:Baldwin 1962
5275:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5220:Sheldon 2007
5215:
5203:
5196:Baldwin 1962
5191:
5179:
5172:Sheldon 2007
5167:
5160:Edmonds 1991
5155:
5143:
5136:Baldwin 1962
5131:
5119:
5112:Baldwin 1962
5097:Neiberg 2003
5092:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5020:
5015:, Chapter 7.
5008:
5001:Baldwin 1962
4981:
4974:Neiberg 2004
4969:
4962:Baldwin 1962
4957:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4894:
4882:
4870:
4858:
4846:
4839:Baldwin 1962
4834:
4822:
4810:
4803:Jackson 2001
4798:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4678:
4666:
4654:
4642:
4635:Palazzo 2000
4630:
4623:Samuels 1995
4618:
4606:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4503:Richter 1994
4498:
4491:Richter 1994
4486:
4474:
4467:Sheldon 2012
4462:
4455:Sheldon 2012
4450:
4438:
4431:Doughty 2005
4426:
4421:, p. 7.
4419:Richter 1994
4414:
4402:
4390:
4383:Neiberg 2008
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4323:Baldwin 1962
4318:
4306:
4299:Kennedy 1989
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4166:, p. 9.
4159:
4147:
4135:
4128:Edmonds 1991
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4012:
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3959:
3940:
3931:
3921:
3908:
3901: 1,000
3892:
3883:
3874:
3855:Maginot Line
3851:
3838:
3831:
3800:Adolf Hitler
3796:
3756:
3750:c. 1,536,710
3749:
3739:
3735:c. 4.034,720
3734:
3729:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3600:South Africa
3346:
3300:
3270:
3265:Stosstruppen
3263:
3255:
3233:Stosstruppen
3231:
3220:
3189:
3175:
3172:
3155:
3120:
3106:
3087:
3052:Bloody April
3039:Valenciennes
3036:
3028:5th Division
3017:
2999:
2996:
2977:
2935:
2931:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2872:
2842:
2818:
2806:
2774:
2771:
2754:
2737:Douglas Haig
2730:
2710:
2693:
2672:
2638:
2626:
2607:
2568:
2529:
2495:
2459:British Army
2439:
2417:
2382:
2375:
2361:
2332:, along the
2318:Entente side
2315:
2279:
2209:
2189:
2137:
2046:
2004:, including
1999:
1968:
1923:
1921:
1865:Central Asia
1838:Asia-Pacific
1812:North Africa
1790:South Africa
1761:South Arabia
1662:
1642:Theatres of
1583:
1582:
1542:Saint-Mihiel
1510:Belleau Wood
1493:
1481:
1480:
1471:La Malmaison
1427:
1415:
1414:
1380:Kink Salient
1348:
1347:
1343:Gas: Wieltje
1289:
1288:
1149:
1139:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1046:
1032:
1024:
926:
704:Douglas Haig
593:
585:
476:
465:
454:
417:Newfoundland
387:South Africa
299:
202:
189:
181:Belligerents
96:heavy bomber
60:
42:Part of the
29:
9936:World War I
9458:Netherlands
9435:Switzerland
9316:Occupations
9307:Spanish flu
9084:(1919–1922)
9078:(1918–1921)
9072:(1918–1923)
9061:(1919–1921)
9055:(1919–1921)
9049:(1919–1920)
9025:(1918–1920)
9019:(1918–1920)
9013:(1918–1920)
8995:(1918–1920)
8977:(1918–1920)
8971:(1917–1921)
8965:(1917–1921)
8912:(1916-1918)
8910:Arab Revolt
8901:(1915–1917)
8895:(1915–1917)
8883:(1914-1917)
8877:(1914–1917)
8871:(1914–1921)
8865:(1913–1920)
8853:(1910–1920)
8847:(1900–1920)
8820: [
8338:July Crisis
8259:(1880–1914)
7922:Mesopotamia
7800:Home fronts
7759:World War I
5613:Herwig 1996
5601:Hersch 1927
5541:Massie 2004
5519:, p. .
5478:Herwig 1997
5454:Herwig 1997
5316:Murphy 2005
5268:Herwig 1997
5184:Liddle 2013
5148:Bostyn 2002
4914:Herwig 1997
4887:Watson 2008
4851:Rawson 2014
4767:Martin 2001
4659:Warner 2000
4611:Bailey 2004
4575:Lupfer 1981
4563:Herwig 1997
4443:Fuller 1992
4407:Fuller 1992
4371:Fuller 1992
4116:Liddle 1997
4068:Maurel 2001
3730:Grand Total
3530:New Zealand
3420:Nationality
3291:German tank
2875:River Somme
2598:Air warfare
2592:mustard gas
2486:Gas warfare
2461:fought the
2145:French Army
1983:barbed wire
1936:German Army
1930:during the
1807:East Africa
1746:Mesopotamia
1719:Middle East
1644:World War I
1562:2nd Cambrai
1400:Boar's Head
1390:Mont Sorrel
969:286,330
867:380,000
692:John French
575:(from 1918)
556:(from 1918)
534:(from 1916)
515:(from 1916)
492:(from 1917)
372:New Zealand
266:West Africa
91:; A German
63:Men of the
48:World War I
9875:Categories
9675:Agreements
9475:War crimes
9351:Luxembourg
9244:Casualties
8115:Montenegro
7950:South West
7830:Technology
7820:Propaganda
7810:Opposition
7482:1129923334
6639:16 January
6029:. Exisle.
5589:Ellis 1993
5517:Jones 2019
5490:Ellis 2001
5403:Ekins 2010
5256:Miles 1991
5244:Miles 1991
5232:Miles 1991
5073:Lyons 2000
4926:Wynne 1976
4863:Miles 1992
4791:Foley 2007
4755:Lyons 2000
4719:Foley 2007
4683:Lyons 2000
4671:Wiest 2005
4515:Spick 2002
4479:Jones 2002
4395:Lyons 2000
4347:Foley 2007
4092:Jones 2019
4041:Hosch 2010
4029:Ayres 1919
3990:Jones 2019
3914:war crimes
3861:References
3826:See also:
3787:Casualties
3777:Scapa Flow
3772:Kiel Canal
3663:c. 757,310
3257:1918, the
2992:War Office
2950:St Quentin
2926:Bullecourt
2892:small unit
2838:diphosgene
2623:Fokker E.I
2556:asphyxiate
2502:tear gases
2454:Tenth Army
2342:Nieuwpoort
2330:Yser Front
2223:, and the
2161:Luxembourg
2076:See also:
2006:poison gas
1940:Luxembourg
1904:Baltic Sea
1855:New Guinea
1824:Somaliland
1375:Wulverghem
1338:3rd Artois
1316:2nd Artois
1284:1st Artois
999:15,000
989:22,120
979:93,100
913:13,250,000
897:40,000
887:44,292
877:55,000
824:15,900,000
160:, western
158:Luxembourg
100:Renault FT
93:Gotha G.IV
9572:Diplomacy
9279:Olympians
9202:Australia
9169:Logistics
9102:Vlora War
9031:(1918–19)
9007:(1918–19)
9001:(1918–19)
8989:(1918–19)
8936:(1916–17)
8918:(1916–17)
8869:Zaian War
8859:(1914–15)
8579:first day
8467:Lusitania
8295:(1912–13)
8289:(1911–12)
8277:(1908–09)
8271:(1905–06)
8253:(1870–71)
8042:Principal
7902:Gallipoli
7805:Memorials
7790:Geography
7780:Aftermath
7653:463454950
7574:469729065
7541:491067508
7288:924169428
6931:The Somme
6626:784236109
6152:254453292
5987:(1991) .
5743:869902118
5718:cite book
5565:Gray 1991
5037:Hart 2005
4707:Hull 2005
4695:Knox 2007
4527:Wise 1981
3952:Footnotes
3703:1,593,779
3675:5,116,000
3672:1,593,000
3648:2,440,941
3502:Australia
3439:1,395,000
3400:Aftermath
3080:Ruins of
3044:air crews
3005:submarine
3000:Lusitania
2948:south to
2834:Fort Vaux
2665:Ruins of
2639:Eindecker
2627:Eindecker
2613:engineer
2446:Compiègne
2299:North Sea
2225:divisions
2192:Plan XVII
2169:retreated
2082:Plan XVII
2063:in 1919.
1975:artillery
1964:North Sea
1899:Black Sea
1884:North Sea
1741:Gallipoli
1736:Kurdistan
1700:Macedonia
1557:5th Ypres
1537:2nd Somme
1515:2nd Marne
1505:3rd Aisne
1454:The Hills
1449:2nd Aisne
1410:Fromelles
1405:1st Somme
1355:The Bluff
1321:Hébuterne
1311:2nd Ypres
1272:1st Ypres
1252:1st Aisne
1247:1st Marne
1220:Le Cateau
1198:Charleroi
1183:Frontiers
1088:1,495,000
1056:5,500,000
1027:2,041,000
1009:4,542
936:7,500,000
357:Australia
290:Indochina
9860:Category
9447:Refugees
9413:Italians
9402:Germans
9362:Ober Ost
9142:Aviation
8236:Timeline
8207:Bulgaria
7988:Tsingtao
7965:Togoland
7912:Caucasus
7847:European
7839:Theatres
7612:Journals
7597:17673086
7512:12893987
7223:Archived
7219:40417794
6994:(1930).
6848:(2003).
6745:Archived
6713:(2004).
6670:(1964).
6630:Archived
6479:Archived
6405:(2005).
6104:(1992).
5965:(2005).
5577:ASB 1922
4005:ILO 1925
3975:12 April
3969:Archived
3781:scuttled
3678:774,000
3614:Portugal
3558:Pakistan
3469:223,600
3450:508,000
3227:fascines
3110:Mutinies
3026:and the
2779:Nieuport
2588:phosgene
2552:chlorine
2536:4th Army
2468:reserves
2384:Ober Ost
2346:Boezinge
2338:Ieperlee
2336:and the
2262:and the
2246:and the
2217:Ardennes
2181:Brussels
2024:against
1979:infantry
1960:trenches
1889:Atlantic
1845:Tsingtao
1829:Ethiopia
1802:Cameroon
1797:Togoland
1726:Caucasus
1567:Courtrai
1522:Soissons
1461:Messines
1428:Alberich
1237:Maubeuge
1193:Ardennes
1188:Lorraine
1156:Moresnet
815:Strength
716:Albert I
511:Portugal
445:Rhodesia
131:Location
9598:Germany
9498:Germany
9426:Germany
9346:Belgium
9331:Albania
9290:Disease
9270:Sports
9222:Ireland
9135:Warfare
9128:Aspects
8316:Origins
8309:Prelude
8212:Senussi
8192:Germany
8187:Leaders
8125:Romania
8066:Belgium
8061:Leaders
7960:Kamerun
7942:African
7877:Romania
7855:Balkans
7770:Outline
7717:on the
7663:4 March
7602:3 March
7293:4 March
6754:6 March
6488:6 March
6438:6445561
5898:4945014
5748:4 March
3669:Germany
3525:10,200
3522:144,700
3516:Belgium
3508:175,900
3494:330,100
3491:117,000
3480:259,700
3458:700,600
3426:Wounded
2880:Picardy
2845:barrage
2667:Carency
2450:salient
2316:On the
2297:to the
2227:of the
2173:Antwerp
2113:French
2032:on the
2030:Romania
1944:Belgium
1712:Ireland
1690:Balkans
1678:Finland
1673:Romania
1532:Ailette
1500:The Lys
1494:Michael
1476:Cambrai
1370:Hulluch
1365:St Eloi
1257:Antwerp
1099:424,000
1037:534,500
604:Germany
466:Belgium
432:Bermuda
254:Morocco
242:Tunisia
230:Algeria
162:Germany
144:Belgium
136:Western
77:wounded
71:on the
9618:Russia
9593:France
9421:Canada
9336:Serbia
9207:Canada
9164:Horses
9116:(1921)
9110:(1920)
9104:(1920)
9098:(1920)
9090:(1920)
9043:(1919)
9037:(1919)
8983:(1918)
8948:(1918)
8942:(1917)
8930:(1916)
8924:(1916)
8889:(1915)
8301:(1913)
8283:(1911)
8265:(1905)
8222:Darfur
8147:Serbia
8130:Russia
8093:Greece
8081:France
8071:Brazil
7917:Persia
7860:Serbia
7682:, in:
7651:
7595:
7572:
7562:
7539:
7529:
7510:
7500:
7480:
7470:
7430:about
7409:
7390:
7371:
7352:
7329:
7310:
7286:
7265:
7246:
7229:8 July
7217:
7207:
7186:
7167:
7148:
7129:
7110:
7091:
7072:
7053:
7032:
7013:
6976:
6957:
6938:
6917:
6896:
6877:
6858:
6834:
6815:
6792:
6775:8 July
6723:
6699:
6680:
6656:
6624:
6600:
6581:
6562:
6543:
6524:
6505:
6457:
6436:
6413:
6391:
6372:
6351:
6332:
6300:
6281:
6262:
6243:
6224:
6205:
6186:
6167:
6150:
6131:
6112:
6090:
6071:
6052:
6033:
6014:
5995:
5973:
5951:
5932:
5913:
5896:
5877:
5858:
5839:
5820:
5801:
5786:988365
5784:
5765:
5741:
5694:
5675:
3804:16,829
3692:5,403
3689:13,113
3643:Allies
3623:6,680
3620:13,750
3609:2,220
3592:10,500
3578:20,000
3572:Russia
3567:1,090
3564:15,750
3553:1,090
3550:15,750
3536:34,800
3533:12,900
3519:80,200
3505:48,900
3497:4,430
3477:56,400
3474:Canada
3436:France
3423:Killed
3333:, and
3070:, and
3022:. The
2767:Verdun
2442:Vosges
2258:, the
2231:under
2098:, 1914
2084:, and
2049:Allied
2026:Russia
1948:France
1879:U-boat
1778:Africa
1731:Persia
1705:Greece
1695:Serbia
1656:Europe
1572:Sambre
1527:Amiens
1395:Verdun
1225:Étreux
1171:Dinant
1079:19,295
618:
601:
549:
531:Russia
508:
484:
429:
414:
399:
384:
369:
354:
342:Canada
339:
324:
306:
213:France
210:
169:Result
89:bunker
9815:Other
9608:Japan
9603:Italy
9430:camps
9274:Rugby
8824:]
8103:Japan
8098:Italy
8076:China
7970:North
7456:Books
6748:(PDF)
6741:(PDF)
6633:(PDF)
6618:(PDF)
6482:(PDF)
6475:(PDF)
6428:[
5708:[
4070:, §1.
3926:dead.
3866:Notes
3617:1,290
3606:8,720
3603:3,250
3589:4,500
3586:Italy
3575:7,542
3561:6,670
3547:6,670
3544:India
3082:Arras
2946:Arras
2677:, an
2564:panic
2510:Ypres
2340:from
2286:Aisne
2185:siege
2177:Namur
2010:tanks
1971:front
1850:Samoa
1817:Libya
1685:Italy
1439:Arras
1422:Ancre
1176:Namur
1166:Liège
907:1,284
552:Italy
402:India
103:tanks
81:Somme
9395:POWs
8714:1918
8616:1917
8542:1916
8443:1915
8347:1914
8152:Siam
7955:East
7665:2017
7649:OCLC
7604:2017
7593:OCLC
7589:HMSO
7570:OCLC
7560:ISBN
7537:OCLC
7527:ISBN
7508:OCLC
7498:ISBN
7478:OCLC
7468:ISBN
7407:ISBN
7388:ISBN
7369:ISBN
7350:ISBN
7327:ISBN
7308:ISBN
7295:2017
7284:OCLC
7263:ISBN
7244:ISBN
7231:2018
7215:OCLC
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