221:
552:
45:
1811:
143:. Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment.
512:
in
October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security
119:
The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence, but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute.
664:. On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days.
200:. There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches. The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit
120:
An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict, but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates
641:
told the UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of the
Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war.
208:
It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to
1745:
Clayton
Govinda, Nygård Håvard Mokleiv, Strand Håvard, Rustad Siri Aas, Wiehler Claudia, Sagård Tora, Landsverk Peder, Ryland Reidun, Sticher Valerie, Wink Emma, Bara Corrine. 2022. “Introducing the Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset.”
131:). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about the adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict.
593:
will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against
Palestinians anywhere." On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause
598:, allow for the release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 Hamas held hostages are to be released while Israel will release 150 Palestinian prisoners.
1125:
95:
in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions, often due to mediation by a third party. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors.
513:
Council under
Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up the dedicated
522:
127:
The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g.
1327:
521:, a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the
1660:
625:
331:, US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty.
1679:
1205:
514:
248:
517:, which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a
922:
189:
1227:
311:, who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not. Upon agreeing to the ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the
451:
673:
387:
139:
Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower
889:
1449:
104:, but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a
1760:
Colletta, Nat. (2011). "Mediating ceasefires and cessations of hostilities agreements in the framework of peace processes." In
1475:
1410:
937:
49:
A truce—not a compromise, but a chance for high-toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war
1278:
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955:
865:
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467:
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146:
By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020.
491:
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220:
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509:
1303:
1158:
1108:
534:
1385:
564:
225:
546:
435:
204:, it quickly spread up and down the Western Front. One account described the development in the following words:
154:
Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a
109:
1768:
572:
1201:
525:(UNMOGIP) to monitor the ceasefire line. India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018.
113:
1048:
Bailey, Sydney D. (1977). "Cease-Fires, Truces, and
Armistices in the Practice of the UN Security Council".
698:
551:
1836:
631:
439:
181:
1428:
537:
held several
Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict.
1846:
505:
304:
296:
256:
38:
508:(also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in
446:, the war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President
1851:
1476:"Qatar announces Israel-Hamas truce-for-hostages deal that would pause Gaza fighting, bring more aid"
324:
124:
that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented.
811:
Forster, Robert A. (2019), "Ceasefires", in
Romaniuk, Scott; Thapa, Manish; Marton, PĂ©ter (eds.),
292:
121:
656:
The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United
Nations Secretary-General
427:
328:
155:
31:
1718:"Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call"
1268:
1245:
471:
185:
17:
1806:
247:
of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and
Pakistan, supervised by the
1661:"Exclusive: Putin's suggestion of Ukraine ceasefire rejected by United States, sources say"
1622:
1202:"Document for July 27th: Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State"
660:
on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations' response to the COVID-19
607:
595:
463:
272:
8:
1841:
1177:
War Or Peace on the Line of Control?: The India-Pakistan Dispute Over Kashmir Turns Fifty
1126:"The Christmas Truce miracle: Soldiers put down their guns to sing carols and drink wine"
431:
300:
1623:"Xi Jinping Hosts Brazil's Lula in Controversial Diplomatic Push for Ukraine Cease-Fire"
1267:
Kollontai, Ms Pauline; Kim, Professor Sebastian C. H.; Hoyland, Revd Greg (2013-05-28).
657:
1571:
1522:
1356:
1081:
1073:
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901:
834:
788:
688:
589:
will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister
576:
455:
434:
signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991. Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the
407:
364:
58:
1812:
Search for ceasefire agreements on the Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990-2015.
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447:
238:
1542:"Between the Bombs: Exploring Partial Ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017"
1602:
1553:
1514:
1057:
994:
984:
943:
897:
816:
770:
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747:
Clayton, Govinda; NygĂĄrd, HĂĄvard Mokleiv; Rustad, Siri Aas; Strand, HĂĄvard (2023).
651:
613:
391:
368:
1558:
1541:
1518:
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Clayton, Govinda; NygĂĄrd, HĂĄvard Mokleiv; Rustad, Siri A.; Strand, HĂĄvard (2022).
820:
1627:
1360:
1241:
1175:
383:
214:
177:
167:
1787:
A latent variable approach to measuring and explaining peace agreement strength.
585:
publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President
1717:
1101:
The Long Shadow of Emile Cailliet: Faith, Philosophy, and Theological Education
775:
475:
201:
1607:
1590:
989:
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442:
unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the
1830:
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1008:
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105:
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1099:
Evans, Abigail; Bartollas, Clemens; Graham, Gordon; Henke, Kenneth (2011).
718:
638:
590:
459:
340:
320:
308:
128:
947:
1693:
708:
582:
579:
556:
403:
228:
and the surrounding area, negotiated during a temporary truce, April 1945
173:
53:
1591:"Local Ceasefires and De-escalation: Evidence From the Syrian Civil War"
1589:
Lundgren, Magnus; Svensson, Isak; Karakus, Dogukan Cansin (2020-05-18).
454:
as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the
1786:
1503:"Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016"
1077:
999:
973:"Costs and Cover: Explaining the Onset of Ceasefires in Civil Conflict"
518:
360:
288:
276:
224:
British and German officers after arranging the German handover of the
1821:
678:
348:
197:
76:
1785:
Williams, R., Gustafson, D., Gent, S., & Crescenzi, M. (2021). "
1061:
1502:
501:
443:
44:
1680:"'I could end Ukraine war in 24 hours', Donald Trump tells UK TV"
1232:
252:
88:
1822:
Search for women and ceasefire agreements in PA-X Women Database
630:
Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the
1237:
939:
Redefining Ceasefires: Wartime Order and Statebuilding in Syria
568:
470:. The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces
423:
347:
and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the
101:
1365:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, pp. 68–69,
1817:
Search for ceasefire agreements in the UN Peacemaker Database
1780:
Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace
1755:
Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study
1643:"Putin Quietly Signals He Is Open to a Cease-Fire in Ukraine"
1447:
858:
Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace
523:
United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan
497:
355:
did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion,
316:
284:
1386:"India declares ceasefire in Kashmir - Global Village Space"
612:
Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the
398:, with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in
438:
passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its
419:
1098:
970:
746:
92:
1588:
466:, and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by the US during
319:
to participate in continued peace talks, the principal
280:
1540:
Karakus, Dogukan Cansin; Svensson, Isak (2020-05-18).
1298:(1st ed.). New York: Ballantine. pp. 3, 13.
1270:
Peace and Reconciliation: In Search of Shared Identity
1448:
Wedeman, Ben; Raz, Guy; Koppel, Andrea (2005-02-07).
626:
Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1773:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
813:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
1474:Federman, Josef; Jeffrey, Jack (21 November 2023).
1266:
327:(DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint
299:(PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the
749:"Ceasefires in Civil Conflict: A Research Agenda"
287:'s proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the
1828:
1411:"I.R.A. Provisionals Announce a Christmas Truce"
1293:
1220:
515:United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan
249:United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan
1677:
1539:
1473:
540:
100:Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal
378:ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in
1151:Cultural Heritage of the Great War in Britain
450:by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait;
307:on July 27, 1953 but South Korean President
213:There was no peace treaty signed during the
30:"Truce" redirects here. For other uses, see
921:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
575:on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief
496:A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between
1807:University of Edinburgh Ceasefires Tracker
1296:1968 : the year that rocked the world
402:. By January 27, 1973, all parties of the
1694:"S/RES/2532(2020) - E - S/RES/2532(2020)"
1606:
1557:
1355:
1103:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1050:The American Journal of International Law
998:
988:
935:
774:
764:
674:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement
1500:
1273:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 111.
1123:
645:
550:
219:
217:, and the war resumed after a few days.
43:
1791:Political Science Research and Methods,
1173:
1124:Brockell, Gillian (December 24, 2017).
810:
559:in Washington, D.C. on 24 December 2023
406:signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the
14:
1829:
1328:"BBC News | Saddam's Iraq: Key events"
1148:
1047:
855:
619:
275:, went to Korea to see how to end the
149:
1450:"Mideast cease-fire expected Tuesday"
555:Christmas Eve Ceasefire Vigil at the
462:'s bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during
176:, on December 24, 1914, there was an
1762:Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory
1429:"IRA Declares Usual Christmas Truce"
1208:from the original on 19 October 2012
851:
849:
847:
806:
804:
802:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
363:. The Viet Cong would also attack a
251:, establishing a cease-fire line in
232:
91:of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a
658:AntĂłnio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres
601:
528:
492:UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute
481:
357:Republic of Vietnam Marine Division
112:resolutions via Chapter VII of the
24:
1739:
1031:"How the War in Ukraine Might End"
426:by US-led coalition forces during
374:On January 15, 1973, US President
25:
1863:
1800:
844:
799:
731:
563:An example of a ceasefire in the
27:Temporary agreement to stop a war
1546:Terrorism and Political Violence
1228:"Korean War Armistice Agreement"
504:, on 1 January 1949, ending the
226:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
1778:Fortna, Virginia Page. (2004).
1710:
1686:
1671:
1653:
1635:
1615:
1582:
1533:
1494:
1467:
1441:
1421:
1403:
1378:
1349:
1320:
1287:
1260:
1194:
1167:
1153:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 74.
1142:
1117:
894:Oxford Public International Law
488:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
359:, 10 minutes after midnight in
110:United Nations Security Council
1748:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1678:Soraya Ebrahimi (4 May 2023).
1595:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1244:. 27 July 1953. Archived from
1092:
1041:
1023:
977:Journal of Conflict Resolution
964:
942:. Cambridge University Press.
929:
902:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690
882:
860:. Princeton University Press.
856:Fortna, Virginia Page (2004).
753:Journal of Conflict Resolution
573:Palestinian National Authority
452:Iraq being bombed in June 1993
390:to the President, returned to
334:
161:
13:
1:
1782:. Princeton University Press.
1559:10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416
1519:10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377
821:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_8-2
724:
267:On November 29, 1952, the US
262:
1507:Contemporary Security Policy
565:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
541:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
62:, February 17, 1877, p. 132.
7:
1767:Forster, Robert A. (2019).
667:
632:Russian invasion of Ukraine
547:2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire
440:weapons of mass destruction
413:
371:, causing more casualties.
323:of the war established the
303:. These parties signed the
134:
10:
1868:
936:Sosnowski, Marika (2023).
815:, Springer, pp. 1–8,
699:Korean Armistice Agreement
649:
623:
605:
544:
506:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
485:
382:. The decision came after
305:Korean Armistice Agreement
257:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
236:
165:
39:Ceasefire (disambiguation)
36:
29:
1608:10.1177/00220027221148655
1501:Lundgren, Magnus (2016).
1294:Kurlansky, Mark. (2004).
990:10.1177/00220027221129195
766:10.1177/00220027221128300
388:National Security Advisor
325:Korean Demilitarized Zone
1174:Wirsing, Robert (1998).
339:On New Years Day, 1968,
291:on the one side and the
468:Operation Desert Strike
367:fire support base near
297:People's Volunteer Army
1753:Akebo, Malin. (2016).
567:was announced between
560:
478:'s regime from power.
428:Operation Desert Storm
329:Republic of Korea Army
229:
211:
114:United Nations Charter
63:
32:Truce (disambiguation)
1452:. CNN. Archived from
1149:Wilson, Ross (2016).
948:10.1017/9781009347204
904:(inactive 2024-05-05)
646:2020 global ceasefire
554:
535:Irish Republican Army
436:U.N. Security Council
223:
206:
47:
1390:Global Village Space
662:coronavirus pandemic
608:Syrian peace process
464:Operation Desert Fox
293:Korean People's Army
273:Dwight D. Eisenhower
178:unofficial ceasefire
37:For other uses, see
1764:. Praeger, 135–147.
1667:. 13 February 2024.
1649:. 23 December 2023.
1437:. 24 December 1993.
1417:. 21 December 1974.
1362:Kashmir in Conflict
1357:Schofield, Victoria
1240:and United States:
1180:. IBRU. p. 9.
776:20.500.11850/576568
620:Russo-Ukrainian War
432:UN Security Council
301:38th parallel north
150:Historical examples
122:bargaining problems
1837:Military diplomacy
1647:The New York Times
1601:(7–8): 1350–1375.
1482:. Associated Press
1415:The New York Times
983:(7–8): 1296–1324.
759:(7–8): 1279–1295.
689:Demilitarized zone
561:
456:Iraqi no-fly zones
422:was driven out of
408:Paris Peace Accord
315:, North Korea and
230:
64:
1847:Military strategy
1434:Los Angeles Times
1280:978-1-4094-7798-3
1187:978-1-897643-31-0
957:978-1-009-34722-8
867:978-0-691-18795-2
830:978-3-319-74336-3
448:George H. W. Bush
283:'s acceptance of
245:Karachi Agreement
239:Karachi Agreement
233:Karachi Agreement
108:or be imposed by
70:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
1859:
1852:Peace mechanisms
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1682:. The Nationals.
1675:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:. 12 April 2023.
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1586:
1580:
1579:
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1537:
1531:
1530:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1334:. Archived from
1324:
1318:
1317:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1002:
992:
968:
962:
961:
933:
927:
926:
920:
912:
910:
909:
886:
880:
879:
853:
842:
841:
808:
797:
796:
778:
768:
744:
652:Global ceasefire
614:Syrian Civil War
602:Syrian Civil War
529:Northern Ireland
482:Kashmir conflict
392:Washington, D.C.
21:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1827:
1826:
1803:
1742:
1740:Further reading
1737:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1700:
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1687:
1676:
1672:
1659:
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1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1587:
1583:
1538:
1534:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1442:
1427:
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1409:
1408:
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1383:
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1341:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1292:
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1281:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1248:on 5 March 2014
1242:Thomson Reuters
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1200:
1199:
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1188:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1147:
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1132:
1130:Washington Post
1122:
1118:
1111:
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1093:
1062:10.2307/2200012
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1024:
969:
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914:
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670:
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628:
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610:
604:
549:
543:
531:
494:
486:Main articles:
484:
458:, US President
430:, Iraq and the
416:
384:Henry Kissinger
337:
269:president-elect
265:
241:
235:
215:Christmas truce
202:Christmas trees
170:
168:Christmas truce
164:
152:
137:
59:Harper's Weekly
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
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5:
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1801:External links
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1552:(4): 681–700.
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1513:(2): 273–288.
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1377:
1372:978-1860648984
1371:
1348:
1332:news.bbc.co.uk
1319:
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