Sovereign state - Knowledge

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considered as territories sufficient for statehood. The term "permanent population" defines the community that has the intention to inhabit the territory permanently and is capable to support the superstructure of the State, though there is no requirement of a minimum population. The government must be capable of exercising effective control over a territory and population (the requirement known in legal theory as "effective control test") and guarantee the protection of basic human rights by legal methods and policies. The "capacity to enter into relations with other states" reflects the entity's degree of independence.

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on which it operated, and it has not accepted the allegation that the "TRNC" courts as a whole lacked independence and/or impartiality". On 3 February 2017, The United Kingdom's High Court stated "There was no duty in the United Kingdom law upon the Government to refrain from recognizing Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates co-operation between the two parts of the island". and revealed that the co-operation between the United Kingdom police and law agencies in Northern Cyprus is legal.

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which states do not have (though their territories have a spatial position, states are distinct from their territories), and abstract objects have a position in neither time nor space, which does not fit the supposed characteristics of states either, since states do have a temporal position (they can be created at certain times and then become extinct at a future time). Therefore, it has been argued that states belong to a third category, the quasi-abstract, that has recently begun to garner philosophical attention, especially in the area of

769: 755: 113: 258:, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law. The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized. 1893: 705:, an ontological theory that seeks to understand the role of documents in understanding all of social reality. Quasi-abstract objects, such as states, can be brought into being through document acts, and can also be used to manipulate them, such as by binding them by treaty or surrendering them as the result of a war. 186:

the international system of special internal and external security and legitimization of the dilemma. Recently, the concept of the international community has been formed to refer to a group of States that have established rules, procedures and institutions for the implementation of relations. Thus, the foundation for

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Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused. Up until the 19th century, the radicalised concept of a "standard of civilization" was routinely deployed to determine that certain people in the world were "uncivilized", and lacking organised societies. That position was reflected and constituted in

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includes more than 200 sovereign states, most of which are represented in the United Nations. These states exist in a system of international relations, where each state takes into account the policies of other states by making its own calculations. From this point of view, States are integrated into

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on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and

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decided that "notwithstanding the lack of international recognition of the regime in the northern area, a de facto recognition of its acts may be rendered necessary for practical purposes. Thus the adoption by the authorities of the "TRNC" of civil, administrative or criminal law measures, and their

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State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches. International law does not require a state to recognise other states. Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach

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if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states, as long as the sovereignty was

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purportedly operates as a democratic republic with a president, prime minister, legislature and judiciary". On 2 September 2015, ECtHR decided that "...the court system set up in the "TRNC" was to be considered to have been "established by law" with reference to the "constitutional and legal basis"

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One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognise a new entity, but other states do not. Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that a state must grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when

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Named after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, the Westphalian System of state sovereignty, according to Bryan Turner, "made a more or less clear separation between religion and state, and recognized the right of princes "to confessionalize" the state, that is, to determine the religious affiliation of

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Scholars in international relations can be broken up into two different practices, realists and pluralists, of what they believe the ontological state of the state is. Realists believe that the world is one of only states and interstate relations and the identity of the state is defined before any

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said, "There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning, which was universally agreed

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It has been argued that one potential reason as to why the existence of states has been controversial is because states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract. Characteristically, concrete objects are those that have a position in time and space,

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Generally speaking, states are durable entities, though they can become extinguished, either through voluntary means or outside forces, such as military conquest. Violent state abolition has virtually ceased since the end of World War II. Because states are non-physical juridical entities, it has

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of international law if, and only if, it is recognised as sovereign by at least one other state. This theory of recognition was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognised it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become

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State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be either expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.

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A "territory" in the international law context consists of land territory, internal waters, territorial sea, and air space above the territory. There is no requirement on strictly delimited borders or minimum size of the land, but artificial installations and uninhabitable territories cannot be

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due to having a political system in which the sovereignty of the state was subject to limitations both internal (West Germany's federal system and the role of civil society) and external (membership in the European Community and reliance on its alliance with the United States and NATO for its

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Since the end of World War II, the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged. Some research suggests that the existence of international and regional organisations, the greater availability of economic aid, and greater acceptance of the norm of self-determination have

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Sovereignty is most commonly conceptualised as something categorical, which is either present or absent, and the coherence of any intermediate position in that binary has been questioned, especially in the context of international law. In spite of this, some authors admit the concept of a

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wrote that the "perfect equality and absolute independence of sovereigns" has created a class of cases where "every sovereign is understood to waive the exercise of a part of that complete exclusive territorial jurisdiction, which has been stated to be the attribute of every nation".

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that the increase in the number of states can partly be credited to a more peaceful world, greater free trade and international economic integration, democratisation, and the presence of international organisations that co-ordinate economic and political policies.

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In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory, that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.

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International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International

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Since the end of the 19th century, almost the entire globe has been divided into sections (countries) with more or less defined borders assigned to different states. Previously, quite large plots of land were either unclaimed or deserted, or inhabited by

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states in World War I and explained that "since recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing State to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or of an established government."

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recognised only 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result, it was firmly established that in the future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the

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In the case of Northern Cyprus, recognition was withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus. International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence, and the recognition of a country is a political issue. On 2 July 2013,

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international relations with other states. On the other hand, pluralists believe that the state is not the only actor in international relations and interactions between states and the state is competing against many other actors.

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and Northern Cyprus are good examples of this, the former only having been recognized by South Africa, and the latter only recognized by Turkey. In the case of Rhodesia, recognition was widely withheld when the white minority

671:" is predicated upon that distinction. States are non-physical juridical entities, not organisations of any kind. However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty. 335:

No definition is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal. L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and

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Wilde, Ralph (2009). "From Trusteeship to Self-Determination and Back Again: The Role of the Hague Regulations in the Evolution of International Trusteeship, and the Framework of Rights and Duties of Occupying Powers".

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The Committee considers that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty;

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by statute, which explicitly limits jurisdictional immunity to public acts, but not private or commercial ones, though there is no precise definition by which public acts can easily be distinguished from private ones.

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been argued that their extinction cannot be due to physical force alone. Instead, the physical actions of the military must be associated with the correct social or judiciary actions for a state to be abolished.

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Absolute sovereign immunity is no longer as widely accepted as it has been in the past, and some countries, including the United States, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan and South Africa, have introduced

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application or enforcement within that territory, may be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention". On 9 October 2014, the US's Federal Court stated that "the

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subjected to a more powerful neighbour; Belarus, in its relationship with Russia, has been proposed as a contemporary example of a semi-sovereign state. In a somewhat different sense, the term

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Although the terms "state" and "government" are often used interchangeably, international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government; and in fact, the concept of "

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part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognised nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them. In 1815, at the

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status of the state has been a subject of debate, especially, whether or not the state, being an object that no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect, actually exists.

496:, and their representatives are elected in the Assembly of Northern Cyprus. As a country, Northern Cyprus became an observer member in various international organizations (the 2798: 1005:

A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.

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Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention declares that political statehood is independent of recognition by other states, and the state is not prohibited from defending itself.

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within territorial boundaries. Based on this, the jurisprudence has developed along the lines of affording immunity from prosecution to foreign states in domestic courts. In

178:(and some of them are still not in constant contact). Additionally, there are states where de facto control is contested or where it is not exercised over their whole area. 717:

Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual, or "mystical entity" with its own being, distinct from the members of the state. The German

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judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognise another state if it is to their advantage.

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such as Somaliland because its government can interact diplomatically internationally in an informal way. A unrecognized state often has difficulty engaging in

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increased the desire of political units to secede and can be credited for the increase in the number of states in the international system. Harvard economist

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The President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Hisashi Owada (2010): "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence."

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The hegemony of this system, at least until recent years, is what created the possibility of a de facto state as an anomaly existing outside of it - or in

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the notion that their "sovereignty" was either completely lacking or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of the "civilized" people".

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International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity

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sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states,

3871: 642:, a state which is officially acknowledged as sovereign but whose theoretical sovereignty is significantly impaired in practice, such as by being 3248:, "Part Three. The Philosophy of the State" (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1954 ). 507 pgs. 23 cm. LOC classification: JA66 .S35 493: 2263: 725:(1770–1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory. The Hegelian definition of the state is "the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth". 442:, which found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states. 3500: 2333: 3921: 822: 581:

states only according to their own law and by states that recognise them. For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state.

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are sometimes recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. For example, during the

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Pellet, Alain (1992). "The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples".

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Hoch, Tomáš (2018). "Legitimization of Statehood and its Impact on Foreign Policy in De Facto States: A Case Study of Abkhazia".

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So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.

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resulted in the emergence of numerous such entities, several of which, including Abkhazia, Transdniester, South Ossetia and the

4558: 2109:"Michali Toumazou, Nicolas Kantzilaris and Maroulla Tompazou versus Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" 1433: 1019: 3238: 3178: 3108: 2915: 2608: 2533: 2494: 2420: 2246: 2206: 1968: 1837: 1792: 1680: 1644: 1495: 1417: 1328: 1303: 1050: 957: 3073: 2539: 2500: 2426: 2364: 2178: 2056: 4772: 3810: 2037: 295: 4501: 4777: 4205: 3709: 3120:"States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD)" 3031: 2957:

Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (March 2014). "Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood".

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De facto states can be understood as a product of the very system that excludes the possibility of their existence: the

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Schwebel, Stephen M. (1963). "The Story of the U.N.'s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources".

527: 4727: 4667: 4627: 4533: 4511: 4295: 3950: 3945: 3616: 2108: 130: 17: 2716: 2086: 1463: 190:, diplomacy between officially recognized sovereign states, their organizations and formal regimes has been laid. 83:

with other sovereign states due to their lack of official international recognition. When referring to a specific

4792: 4553: 3717: 813: 617: 471: 233:, "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all". 5234: 4787: 4036: 3967: 3146:

The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States

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that were not organized into states. However, even in modern states, there are large remote areas, such as the

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Criminals fleeing British justice can no longer use Cyprus as a safe haven, judges rule, in landmark decision

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Legal opinion by the Negotiations Support Unit in the Palestinian Authority on transitional sovereignty

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as having a permanent population, defined territory, a government not under another, and the capacity

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Robinson, Edward Heath (2010). "An ontological analysis of states: Organizations vs. legal persons".

2278: 599: 271: 209: 3485: 1894:"The Status of Unrecognized Quasi-States and Their Responsibilities Under the Montevideo Convention" 432:

A similar opinion about "the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state" is expressed by the

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Hancock, Kathleen J. (April 2006). "The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire".

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information on tracking, evaluating and managing sovereign risk for trade and permanent investment

2238: 1295: 4575: 4435: 4413: 4178: 3770: 3517: 3324: 616:'s memorable phrase, as "temporary technical errors within the system of international law." The 570: 230: 199: 182: 123: 65: 5014: 1548: 5091: 4927: 4922: 4452: 4290: 4190: 3926: 3846: 558: 251: 76: 3189: 2185:

The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States, p.149

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control over a territory but lack international recognition; these may be considered by the

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Fowler, Michael Ross; Bunck, Julie Marie (1996). "What constitutes the sovereign state?".

8: 5162: 4999: 4657: 4585: 4280: 4238: 4126: 4056: 4031: 3818: 3765: 3578: 3573: 1923: 942: 793: 668: 628:, survived in the margins of international relations for decades despite non-recognition. 625: 545:(i.e., they exist both according to law and in practice). However, states which are only 457:

of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the international community of

348:, however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognised as sovereign. 213: 96: 2574: 2303: 1076: 1057:

adjective ... (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.

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from the judicial process, derived from the concepts of sovereignty and the Westphalian

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Robinson, Edward Heath (August 2013). "The Distinction Between State and Government".

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Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of

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Núñez, Jorge Emilio (2013). "About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty".

1324: 1299: 1246: 1125: 1046: 953: 858: 798: 345: 278: 247: 187: 175: 171: 57: 2825: 1583:"Globalization and Sovereignty: Why do States Abandon their Sovereign Prerogatives?" 5081: 4879: 4442: 4348: 4101: 3985: 3856: 3836: 3800: 3673: 3644: 3583: 3364: 3131: 2966: 2813: 2750: 2660: 2633: 2578: 2457: 2234: 1668: 1632: 1629:

Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order

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Turner, Bryan S. (July 2007). "Islam, Religious Revival and the Sovereign State".

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Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in

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Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign State

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Oshisanya, An Almanac of Contemporary and Comperative Judicial Restatement, 2016

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Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)

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not gained by military force. The declarative model was expressed in the 1933

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system of sovereign and equal states covering every centimeter of the globe.

300: 3069: 2388:"The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: The life and death of an unrecognized state" 5182: 5174: 5169: 5134: 4642: 4637: 4548: 4018: 3668: 3630: 3563: 3444: 3434: 3419: 3384: 1722:, UNESCO Series, Mohammed Bedjaoui(ed), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991, 1695: 910:

Philpott, Daniel (1995). "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History".

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p.64: The ICJ maintained that ... the issue of recognition was apolitical.

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Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-sovereign State,

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Akweenda, Sackey (1997). "Sovereignty in cases of Mandated Territories".

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State

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International law and the protection of Namibia's territorial integrity

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Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004). "State Death in the International System".

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James Ker-Lindsay (UN SG's Former Special Representative for Cyprus)

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Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept

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The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution

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of several states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the

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described as the creation of an "illegal racist minority régime".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the Ontological Status of the State".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the ontological status of the state".

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Padgett, Stephen; Jeffery, C.; Bulmer, Simon (14 January 2014).

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The Reality of International LawEssays in Honour of Ian Brownlie

1825: 561:, notwithstanding that their countries were under occupation by 5229: 5219: 5214: 5149: 5103: 5019: 4889: 4874: 4869: 4859: 4543: 4150: 3732: 3399: 1892:

Bachmann, Sascha Dov; Prazauskas, Martinas (19 December 2019).

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

509: 84: 4974: 881:, a rare example of a contemporary sovereign, non-state entity 5224: 5209: 5194: 5071: 5056: 5046: 5031: 5009: 5004: 4939: 4737: 4679: 4563: 3414: 3394: 3281:

Links to the best political risk websites, ipoliticalrisk.com

3215:(Second ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education. 2412:

Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law

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Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law

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was famously applied to West Germany by political scientist

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Butcher, Charles R.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (17 January 2020).

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and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as

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and Tufts economist Enrico Spolaore argue in their book,

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Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan (14 October 1999).

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society

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Czapliński, W.; Kleczkowska, A.; Scholar, W.N. (2019).

1751:, Mala Tabory eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990, 1286:

Talmon, Stefan (2001). "Recognition and its Variants".

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adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.

969:(d) capacity to enter into relations with other states' 839:

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

75:. A sovereign state can exist without being officially 3014:

Alesina, Alberto; Spolaore, Enrico (7 November 2003).

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Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia

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See B. Broms, "IV Recognition of States", pp 47–48 in

1440:. Secretariat of The Organization of American States. 1150: 494:

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)

2304:"The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon" 1279: 27:

State that has the highest authority over a territory

2594: 2592: 2521: 2264:"De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland" 1434:"Chapter IV Fundamental Rights and Duties of States" 1183: 750: 3187: 3064:(2nd printing ed.). Bruce Publishing Company. 3057: 2891: 2879: 2409:Grant, John P.; Barker, J. Craig (2 October 2009). 1665:

The State Immunity Controversy in International Law

389:said the following, regarding constitutive theory: 4832: 3271:With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007. 3058:Schmandt, Henry J.; Steinbicker, Paul G. (1956) . 2985:"The State of Secession in International Politics" 2228: 2087:"Property Spat Over Turk-|Controlled Cyprus Fails" 1891: 1852: 1464:"Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States" 1107: 683: 91:" may also refer to a constituent country such as 3312:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 799–801. 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2589: 728: 466:and attempted to form a state along the lines of 5296: 3117: 2363:. Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine. Archived from 1233:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 381–404. 1018:(4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, 510:Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (TURKPA) 256:Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States 3013: 1627:Simpson, Gerry (2004). "Sovereign Equalities". 1288:Recognition of Governments in International Law 289:, the powers of the state are considered to be 2956: 2866: 2685:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 2334:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 2024:United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 2013:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 1438:Charter of the Organization of American States 1346:International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 531:De facto map of control of the world, May 2019 515: 3501: 3332: 3244:Schmandt, Henry J., and Paul G. Steinbicker. 3096: 2358: 1720:International law: achievements and prospects 266:their kingdoms on the pragmatic principle of 3277:by Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck 3166: 5279:List of administrative divisions by country 3231:Statehood and the Law of Self-determination 3153:The Creation of States in International Law 2856:European Journal of International Relations 2847: 2743:European Journal of International Relations 2601:The Creation of States in International Law 2482: 2408: 1924:"Convention on Rights and Duties of States" 1859:. Cambridge University Press. p. 419. 1747:See Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1989, 1412:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 40. 1224: 1113: 3508: 3494: 3339: 3325: 2198:Unrecognised Subjects in International Law 2154:The decision of 02.09.2015. paragraph 237. 1952: 1832:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 135. 1593: 1261:"Countries Not in the United Nations 2024" 1003:. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. 480:The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 204:Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of 193: 3135: 2603:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2239:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268376.003.0023 1826:Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh (2005). 1658: 1656: 1296:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248391.003.0003 1174: 885:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 663:Relationship between state and government 153:Learn how and when to remove this message 3546: 2900:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (2012) . 2796: 2699: 2623: 2598: 2560: 2415:. Oxford University Press. p. 552. 2201:. Scholar Publishing House. p. 26. 2075:The decision of 02.07.2013. paragraph 29 1520: 1407: 980:. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. 909: 632: 526: 212:, and organizations that began with the 4484: 3299: 2934:. SAGE Publications. pp. 294–295. 2853: 2740: 2447: 2361:"France recognises de facto Somaliland" 1959:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 1780: 1776: 1774: 1707:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 1626: 1318: 1265:World Population by Country 2024 (Live) 834:List of states with limited recognition 452:List of states with limited recognition 327:List of states with limited recognition 14: 5297: 2385: 2306:. Foreign Policy Magazine. July 2007. 2261: 2084: 1784:Sourcebook on Public International Law 1662: 1653: 1599: 1580: 1285: 1156: 1099:Grant, Thomas D. (1999). "Chapter 1". 1094: 1092: 1062: 976:Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, ed. (1995). 948:. Cambridge University Press. p. 594:in early 2024, Laurence Broers wrote: 351: 277:Before 1900, sovereign states enjoyed 4831: 4483: 3545: 3528: 3489: 3320: 3275:What constitutes the sovereign state? 3233:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. 3034:from the original on 17 November 2016 2995:from the original on 17 November 2016 2938:from the original on 17 November 2016 2899: 2650: 2271:Yale Journal of International Affairs 2141:from the original on 21 October 2023. 2119:from the original on 20 October 2023. 2097:from the original on 21 October 2023. 1378: 1343: 1098: 1065:European Journal of International Law 398: 3208: 3076:from the original on 15 January 2023 2542:from the original on 15 January 2023 2503:from the original on 15 January 2023 2429:from the original on 15 January 2023 2310:from the original on 13 January 2009 1983: 1873:from the original on 15 January 2023 1771: 1562:from the original on 4 December 2018 1476:from the original on 17 October 2013 1189: 1138:from the original on 15 January 2023 939: 445: 135:adding citations to reliable sources 106: 77:recognized by other sovereign states 3262:A Brief Primer on International Law 2386:Broers, Laurence (2 January 2024). 1089: 1077:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035802 1022:from the original on 7 October 2015 674: 498:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 24: 3346: 3090: 1382:Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev 25: 5326: 3529: 3255: 3155:. Oxford University Press, 2005. 2709:The Journal of Military Geography 1444:from the original on 9 April 2012 1103:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 978:Perspectives on international law 879:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 502:Economic Cooperation Organization 296:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon 4296:Organized incorporated territory 3191:Recognition in International Law 2932:"The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy" 2462:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x 2340:from the original on 3 June 2010 2085:Abbott, Ryan (13 October 2014). 1934:from the original on 29 May 2019 1856:Recognition in International Law 1614:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00187.x 1523:American Bar Association Journal 1498:. United Nations. Archived from 1469:. UN Treaty Organization. 1949. 1321:Sovereignty: Organised Hypocrisy 1117:Recognition in International Law 912:Journal of International Affairs 767: 753: 492:gained "observer status" in the 358:constitutive theory of statehood 111: 73:a sovereign state is independent 5284:Slavic administrative divisions 3097:Angie, Antony (26 April 2007). 3007: 2977: 2950: 2924: 2906:. Courier Corporation. p. 2898:, trans. J. Sibree ); see also 2892:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2885: 2880:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2774: 2734: 2700:Robinson, Edward Heath (2011). 2693: 2644: 2617: 2554: 2515: 2476: 2441: 2402: 2379: 2352: 2322: 2296: 2255: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2123: 2101: 2078: 2066: 2047: 2028: 2017: 2006: 1993: 1946: 1916: 1885: 1846: 1819: 1801: 1741: 1712: 1689: 1620: 1574: 1541: 1514: 1488: 1456: 1426: 1401: 1392: 1372: 1337: 1312: 1227:Review of International Studies 814:List of former sovereign states 713:The state as "spiritual entity" 684:Ontological status of the state 535:Most sovereign states are both 472:United Nations Security Council 411:declarative theory of statehood 122:needs additional citations for 71:It is commonly understood that 4833:Non-English terms or loanwords 4037:Direct-controlled municipality 3194:. Cambridge University Press. 3167:Dieter Grimm (21 April 2015). 3103:. Cambridge University Press. 2483:Katzenstein, Peter J. (1987). 1323:. Princeton University Press. 1042:New Oxford American Dictionary 989: 930: 903: 729:Trends in the number of states 439:Badinter Arbitration Committee 320: 13: 1: 4162:Special administrative region 3173:. Columbia University Press. 3137:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199 2894:, p. 71 (citing Hegel's 2330:"Overview of De-facto States" 1829:International Law: A Treatise 1787:. Routledge. pp. 201–2. 940:Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). 891: 696:The state as "quasi-abstract" 506:Organization of Turkic States 66:to interact with other states 4062:Mountain resort municipality 3939:Intermediate school district 3922:Educational service district 3778:Regional county municipality 3188:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 2959:International Studies Review 2818:10.1080/14650045.2014.913027 2797:Robinson, Edward H. (2014). 2359:Wiren, Robert (April 2008). 1319:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999). 1114:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 896: 854:Rule according to higher law 577:states. They are considered 7: 4393:Autonomous territorial unit 2784:(London: Allen & Unwin) 2755:10.1177/1354066196002004002 2667:(inactive 27 August 2024). 2489:. Temple University Press. 2233:. Oxford University Press. 1953:Castellino, Joshua (2000). 1853:Hersch Lauterpacht (2012). 746: 584:Outlining the concept of a 434:European Economic Community 415:person in international law 305:United States Supreme Court 10: 5331: 4274:National capital territory 3995:Indian reserve/reservation 3862:Indian government district 3516:Designations for types of 3250:Fundamentals of government 3246:Fundamentals of Government 3212:Modern Political Geography 3124:International Interactions 3061:Fundamentals of Government 3050: 2653:International Organization 1663:Bankas, Ernest K. (2005). 1122:Cambridge University Press 565:. Other entities may have 449: 402: 324: 210:multinational corporations 197: 102: 5264:Autonomous administration 5251: 5117: 4842: 4838: 4827: 4720: 4494: 4490: 4479: 4403: 4377: 4339: 4316: 4269:Federal capital territory 4254: 4214: 4149: 4117: 4082: 4017: 3994: 3966: 3882:Non-metropolitan district 3872:Local government district 3827: 3809: 3791: 3731: 3708: 3654: 3629: 3615: 3592: 3556: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3524: 3355: 2989:E-International Relations 2903:The Philosophy of History 2665:10.1017/S0020818304582048 2528:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1358:10.1007/s11196-013-9333-x 1239:10.1017/s0260210500118637 1204:10.1163/1573384X-20180406 1176:10.1177/00108367211007876 272:whose realm, his religion 225:upon." In the opinion of 172:Amazon's tropical forests 4074:Specialized municipality 3751:Consolidated city-county 3300:Barclay, Thomas (1911). 3267:10 November 2016 at the 2181:14 November 2022 at the 2164:The Telegraph 03.02.2017 2059:14 November 2022 at the 1898:The International Lawyer 1765:14 November 2022 at the 1735:14 November 2022 at the 1637:10.1017/CBO9780511494185 1163:Cooperation and Conflict 819:List of sovereign states 784:List of sovereign states 268:cuius regio eius religio 4436:Military exclusion zone 4414:Exclusive economic zone 4179:National capital region 3771:Non-metropolitan county 3518:administrative division 3309:Encyclopædia Britannica 2715:: 17–29. Archived from 2450:Foreign Policy Analysis 2277:: 60–79. Archived from 2262:Arieff, Alexis (2008). 2091:Courthouse News Service 1999:Opinion No. 10. of the 1192:Iran & the Caucasus 999:Wheaton, Henry (1836). 571:international community 285:. First articulated by 231:High Court of Australia 200:Westphalian sovereignty 194:Westphalian sovereignty 183:international community 4453:Self-administered zone 4291:Incorporated territory 4158:Administrative region 3927:Local service district 3847:Congressional district 3209:Muir, Richard (1981). 1157:Visoka, Gëzim (2022). 630: 532: 468:Apartheid South Africa 396: 252:United Nations Charter 4424:Special economic zone 4108:Praetorian prefecture 4092:Autonomous prefecture 4052:Regional municipality 4042:District municipality 3877:Metropolitan district 3741:Administrative county 3723:Residential community 3569:Local government area 3286:1 August 2012 at the 2991:. 23 September 2016. 2896:Philosophy of History 2599:Crawford, J. (2006). 1811:Taming the Sovereigns 1781:Hillier, Tim (1998). 1701:14 April 2019 at the 1673:10.1007/3-540-27883-4 1581:Grinin, L. E (2008). 1198:(4). Brill: 382–407. 966:Montevideo Convention 633:Semi-sovereign states 614:Alexander Iskandaryan 600:post-Second World War 596: 530: 420:Montevideo Convention 413:defines a state as a 405:Montevideo Convention 391: 360:defines a state as a 42:that has the supreme 5015:Njësi administrative 4047:Neutral municipality 3986:Subdivision of India 3718:Autonomous community 3607:Metropolitan borough 3547:Common English terms 3425:Night-watchman state 3360:Administrative state 2638:10.3233/AO-2010-0077 1808:Kalevi Jaakko Holsti 1587:Age of Globalization 849:Non-Aligned Movement 659:national security). 640:semi-sovereign state 555:governments-in-exile 314:restrictive immunity 131:improve this article 81:diplomatic relations 5310:Political geography 4658:Autonomous republic 4586:Enclave and exclave 4485:Other English terms 4281:Dependent territory 4127:Autonomous province 4057:Resort municipality 4032:County municipality 3819:Overseas department 3766:Metropolitan county 3579:Unincorporated area 3017:The Size of Nations 2722:on 19 February 2018 2575:2013GComp...7..556R 2284:on 13 December 2011 2040:22 May 2018 at the 1502:on 18 February 2011 1290:. pp. 44–112. 995:See the following: 936:See the following: 794:Dependent territory 669:government-in-exile 352:Constitutive theory 214:Peace of Westphalia 97:dependent territory 5274:Electoral district 4591:Federal dependency 4419:Free economic zone 4303:Overseas territory 4186:Development region 4069:Rural municipality 4002:Indian reservation 3894:Municipal district 3852:Electoral district 3692:Free imperial city 3380:Civilization state 2971:10.1111/misr.12099 2583:10.1111/gec3.12065 622:Yugoslav collapses 533: 470:, a move that the 399:Declarative theory 387:L. F. L. Oppenheim 367:Congress of Vienna 283:equality of states 238:self-determination 60:defines sovereign 5305:International law 5292: 5291: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4389:Territorial unit 4286:Federal territory 4264:Capital territory 4169:Autonomous region 4133:Overseas province 4027:City municipality 3918:Service district 3914:Sanitary district 3904:Regional district 3889:Military district 3746:Autonomous county 3679:Incorporated city 3483: 3482: 3465:Territorial state 3239:978-90-411-1890-5 3180:978-0-231-53930-2 3163:, pp. 15–24. 3151:Crawford, James. 3144:Chen, Ti-chiang. 3110:978-0-521-82892-5 2917:978-0-486-11900-7 2780:A. James (1986). 2610:978-0-19-826002-8 2563:Geography Compass 2535:978-1-349-58924-1 2496:978-0-87722-264-4 2422:978-0-19-987491-0 2367:on 25 August 2018 2248:978-0-19-826837-6 2208:978-83-7383-964-9 1970:978-90-411-1409-9 1912:– via SSRN. 1839:978-1-58477-609-3 1794:978-1-85941-050-9 1682:978-3-540-25695-3 1646:978-0-521-82761-4 1419:978-90-411-0412-0 1330:978-0-691-00711-3 1305:978-0-19-924839-1 1052:978-0-19-517077-1 964:Article 1 of the 959:978-0-5215-3183-2 944:International law 859:Stateless society 823:by formation date 799:Exclusive mandate 654:in his 1987 book 652:Peter Katzenstein 446:State recognition 409:By contrast, the 346:international law 279:absolute immunity 248:international law 188:international law 176:indigenous people 163: 162: 155: 58:International law 36:sovereign country 16:(Redirected from 5322: 4880:Regierungsbezirk 4840: 4839: 4829: 4828: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4480: 4443:Free speech zone 4349:Charter township 4102:Super-prefecture 3946:Special district 3857:Federal district 3837:Capital district 3801:Overseas country 3674:Independent city 3645:Imperial capital 3584:Unorganized area 3554: 3553: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3525: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3365:Capitalist state 3341: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3226: 3205: 3184: 3141: 3139: 3114: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2864: 2863: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2834: 2828:. Archived from 2803: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2676: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2626:Applied Ontology 2621: 2615: 2614: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2268: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2192: 2186: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2051: 2045: 2032: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1823: 1817: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1778: 1769: 1745: 1739: 1716: 1710: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1602:The Muslim World 1597: 1591: 1590: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1096: 1087: 1084: 1059: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1007: 993: 987: 984: 971: 947: 934: 928: 927: 907: 789:Associated state 777: 772: 771: 763: 758: 757: 740:Size of Nations, 675:State extinction 551:Second World War 490:Turkish Cypriots 437:Opinions of the 299:, Chief Justice 291:suprema potestas 246:norms of modern 158: 151: 147: 144: 138: 115: 107: 21: 18:Sovereign states 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5269:Census division 5239: 5113: 4834: 4807: 4758:Imperial Circle 4716: 4486: 4467: 4461:Free-trade zone 4399: 4373: 4364:Survey township 4335: 4312: 4308:Union territory 4250: 4245:Sovereign state 4210: 4201:Overseas region 4145: 4113: 4078: 4013: 4004:(United States) 3990: 3981:Police division 3976:Census division 3962: 3934:School district 3899:Police district 3823: 3805: 3787: 3727: 3704: 3699:Royal free city 3664:Autonomous city 3650: 3639:Federal capital 3625: 3611: 3588: 3548: 3533: 3520: 3514: 3484: 3479: 3460:Sovereign state 3351: 3345: 3288:Wayback Machine 3269:Wayback Machine 3258: 3223: 3202: 3181: 3148:. London, 1951. 3111: 3093: 3091:Further reading 3088: 3079: 3077: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2867: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2835:on 3 March 2016 2832: 2801: 2795: 2788: 2779: 2775: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2678: 2677: 2649: 2645: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2597: 2590: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2536: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2497: 2481: 2477: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2193: 2189: 2183:Wayback Machine 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2061:Wayback Machine 2052: 2048: 2042:Wayback Machine 2033: 2029: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1890: 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32:sovereign state 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5328: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4431:Exclusion zone 4428: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410:Economic zone 4407: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4369:Urban township 4366: 4361: 4359:Paper township 4356: 4354:Civil township 4351: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4174:Capital region 4171: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4140:Roman province 4136: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4008:Indian reserve 4005: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3958:Urban district 3955: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3916: 3911: 3909:Rural district 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3602:County borough 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3535: 3534: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3297: 3291: 3278: 3272: 3257: 3256:External links 3254: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3206: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3164: 3149: 3142: 3130:(2): 291–308. 3115: 3109: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3026: 3006: 2976: 2949: 2923: 2916: 2884: 2865: 2846: 2812:(3): 461–489. 2786: 2773: 2749:(4): 439–466. 2733: 2692: 2659:(2): 311–344. 2643: 2632:(2): 109–125. 2616: 2609: 2588: 2569:(8): 556–566. 2553: 2534: 2514: 2495: 2475: 2456:(2): 117–136. 2440: 2421: 2401: 2378: 2351: 2321: 2295: 2254: 2247: 2221: 2207: 2187: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2122: 2100: 2077: 2065: 2046: 2027: 2016: 2005: 1992: 1976: 1969: 1945: 1915: 1884: 1865: 1845: 1838: 1818: 1800: 1793: 1770: 1749:Yoram Dinstein 1740: 1711: 1688: 1681: 1652: 1645: 1619: 1608:(3): 405–418. 1592: 1573: 1540: 1529:(5): 463–469. 1513: 1487: 1455: 1425: 1418: 1400: 1391: 1371: 1352:(4): 645–664. 1336: 1329: 1311: 1304: 1278: 1267:. 26 June 1945 1252: 1217: 1182: 1169:(2): 133–151. 1149: 1130: 1124:. p. 64. 1106: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1071:(1): 178–185. 1060: 1051: 1035: 1008: 988: 986: 985: 973: 958: 929: 918:(2): 353–368. 901: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 887: 882: 876: 874:Princely state 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 779: 778: 764: 748: 745: 730: 727: 714: 711: 697: 694: 685: 682: 676: 673: 664: 661: 648:semi-sovereign 634: 631: 524: 514: 447: 444: 403:Main article: 400: 397: 353: 350: 322: 319: 198:Main article: 195: 192: 161: 160: 119: 117: 110: 104: 101: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5327: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959:Kommun/Kunta 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Roman diocese 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Neighbourhood 4621: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4502:Alpine resort 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4385:Regional unit 4383: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234:Federal state 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4097:Subprefecture 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3867:Land district 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3842:City district 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3685:Imperial city 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531:English terms 3527: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3475:Welfare state 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390:Confederation 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3304: 3303:"State" 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3222:9781349860760 3218: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3201:9781107609433 3197: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3161:0-19-825402-4 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3033: 3029: 3027:9780262012041 3023: 3020:. MIT Press. 3019: 3018: 3010: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2965:(1): 79–106. 2964: 2960: 2953: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2405: 2389: 2382: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2339: 2336:. July 2008. 2335: 2331: 2325: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1972: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1949: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1866:9781107609433 1862: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757:0-7923-0450-0 1754: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728:92-3-102716-6 1725: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696:"Recognition" 1692: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1558: 1554: 1553:www.ohchr.org 1550: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1472: 1465: 1459: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1332: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1137: 1133: 1131:9781107609433 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1038:"sovereign", 1036: 1033: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 997: 996: 992: 983: 979: 974: 970: 967: 961: 955: 951: 946: 945: 938: 937: 933: 925: 921: 917: 913: 906: 902: 886: 883: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 864:Unitary state 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 776: 770: 765: 762: 756: 751: 744: 741: 737: 726: 724: 720: 710: 706: 704: 703:Documentality 693: 691: 681: 672: 670: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 607: 605: 604:post-colonial 601: 595: 593: 592: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 539: 529: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 481: 475: 473: 469: 465: 460: 453: 443: 441: 440: 435: 430: 427: 423: 421: 416: 412: 406: 395: 390: 388: 383: 379: 377: 372: 368: 363: 359: 349: 347: 342: 339: 333: 328: 318: 315: 309: 306: 302: 301:John Marshall 298: 297: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 263: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 244: 239: 234: 232: 228: 223: 217: 215: 211: 207: 201: 191: 189: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 157: 154: 146: 136: 132: 126: 125: 120:This section 118: 114: 109: 108: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5254: 5175:Maalaiskunta 5135:Heerlijkheid 4975:Län (Sweden) 4643:Protectorate 4638:Principality 4559:Constituency 4448:Neutral zone 4244: 4243: 4138: 4131: 4106: 4019:Municipality 3697: 3690: 3683: 3669:Charter city 3643: 3574:Special area 3564:Insular area 3459: 3445:Principality 3435:Pariah state 3420:Nation state 3385:Client state 3307: 3245: 3230: 3211: 3190: 3169: 3152: 3145: 3127: 3123: 3099: 3078:. Retrieved 3060: 3036:. Retrieved 3016: 3009: 2997:. Retrieved 2988: 2979: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2926: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2882:, p. 71 2859: 2855: 2849: 2839:16 September 2837:. Retrieved 2830:the original 2809: 2805: 2781: 2776: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2724:. Retrieved 2717:the original 2712: 2708: 2695: 2681:cite journal 2656: 2652: 2646: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2600: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2524: 2517: 2505:. Retrieved 2485: 2478: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2431:. Retrieved 2411: 2404: 2392:. Retrieved 2390:. EurasiaNet 2381: 2369:. Retrieved 2365:the original 2354: 2342:. Retrieved 2324: 2312:. Retrieved 2298: 2286:. Retrieved 2279:the original 2274: 2270: 2257: 2230: 2224: 2212:. Retrieved 2197: 2190: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2134: 2125: 2112: 2103: 2090: 2080: 2068: 2049: 2030: 2019: 2008: 1995: 1979: 1955: 1948: 1936:. Retrieved 1927: 1918: 1906:. Retrieved 1904:(3): 400–410 1901: 1897: 1887: 1875:. Retrieved 1855: 1848: 1828: 1821: 1810: 1803: 1783: 1743: 1719: 1714: 1706: 1691: 1664: 1628: 1622: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1586: 1576: 1564:. Retrieved 1552: 1543: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1504:. Retrieved 1500:the original 1490: 1478:. Retrieved 1458: 1446:. Retrieved 1437: 1428: 1409: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1320: 1314: 1287: 1281: 1269:. Retrieved 1264: 1255: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1140:. 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V. 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