Sovereign state - Knowledge

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considered as territories sufficient for statehood. The term "permanent population" defines the community that has the intention to inhabit the territory permanently and is capable to support the superstructure of the State, though there is no requirement of a minimum population. The government must be capable of exercising effective control over a territory and population (the requirement known in legal theory as "effective control test") and guarantee the protection of basic human rights by legal methods and policies. The "capacity to enter into relations with other states" reflects the entity's degree of independence.

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on which it operated, and it has not accepted the allegation that the "TRNC" courts as a whole lacked independence and/or impartiality". On 3 February 2017, The United Kingdom's High Court stated "There was no duty in the United Kingdom law upon the Government to refrain from recognizing Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates co-operation between the two parts of the island". and revealed that the co-operation between the United Kingdom police and law agencies in Northern Cyprus is legal.

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which states do not have (though their territories have a spatial position, states are distinct from their territories), and abstract objects have a position in neither time nor space, which does not fit the supposed characteristics of states either, since states do have a temporal position (they can be created at certain times and then become extinct at a future time). Therefore, it has been argued that states belong to a third category, the quasi-abstract, that has recently begun to garner philosophical attention, especially in the area of

758: 744: 102: 247:, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law. The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized. 1882: 694:, an ontological theory that seeks to understand the role of documents in understanding all of social reality. Quasi-abstract objects, such as states, can be brought into being through document acts, and can also be used to manipulate them, such as by binding them by treaty or surrendering them as the result of a war. 175:

the international system of special internal and external security and legitimization of the dilemma. Recently, the concept of the international community has been formed to refer to a group of States that have established rules, procedures and institutions for the implementation of relations. Thus, the foundation for

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Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused. Up until the 19th century, the radicalised concept of a "standard of civilization" was routinely deployed to determine that certain people in the world were "uncivilized", and lacking organised societies. That position was reflected and constituted in

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includes more than 200 sovereign states, most of which are represented in the United Nations. These states exist in a system of international relations, where each state takes into account the policies of other states by making its own calculations. From this point of view, States are integrated into

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on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and

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decided that "notwithstanding the lack of international recognition of the regime in the northern area, a de facto recognition of its acts may be rendered necessary for practical purposes. Thus the adoption by the authorities of the "TRNC" of civil, administrative or criminal law measures, and their

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State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches. International law does not require a state to recognise other states. Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach

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if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states, as long as the sovereignty was

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purportedly operates as a democratic republic with a president, prime minister, legislature and judiciary". On 2 September 2015, ECtHR decided that "...the court system set up in the "TRNC" was to be considered to have been "established by law" with reference to the "constitutional and legal basis"

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One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognise a new entity, but other states do not. Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that a state must grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when

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Named after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, the Westphalian System of state sovereignty, according to Bryan Turner, "made a more or less clear separation between religion and state, and recognized the right of princes "to confessionalize" the state, that is, to determine the religious affiliation of

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Scholars in international relations can be broken up into two different practices, realists and pluralists, of what they believe the ontological state of the state is. Realists believe that the world is one of only states and interstate relations and the identity of the state is defined before any

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said, "There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning, which was universally agreed

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It has been argued that one potential reason as to why the existence of states has been controversial is because states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract. Characteristically, concrete objects are those that have a position in time and space,

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Generally speaking, states are durable entities, though they can become extinguished, either through voluntary means or outside forces, such as military conquest. Violent state abolition has virtually ceased since the end of World War II. Because states are non-physical juridical entities, it has

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of international law if, and only if, it is recognised as sovereign by at least one other state. This theory of recognition was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognised it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become

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State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be either expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.

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A "territory" in the international law context consists of land territory, internal waters, territorial sea, and air space above the territory. There is no requirement on strictly delimited borders or minimum size of the land, but artificial installations and uninhabitable territories cannot be

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due to having a political system in which the sovereignty of the state was subject to limitations both internal (West Germany's federal system and the role of civil society) and external (membership in the European Community and reliance on its alliance with the United States and NATO for its

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Since the end of World War II, the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged. Some research suggests that the existence of international and regional organisations, the greater availability of economic aid, and greater acceptance of the norm of self-determination have

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Sovereignty is most commonly conceptualised as something categorical, which is either present or absent, and the coherence of any intermediate position in that binary has been questioned, especially in the context of international law. In spite of this, some authors admit the concept of a

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wrote that the "perfect equality and absolute independence of sovereigns" has created a class of cases where "every sovereign is understood to waive the exercise of a part of that complete exclusive territorial jurisdiction, which has been stated to be the attribute of every nation".

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that the increase in the number of states can partly be credited to a more peaceful world, greater free trade and international economic integration, democratisation, and the presence of international organisations that co-ordinate economic and political policies.

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In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory, that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.

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International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International

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Since the end of the 19th century, almost the entire globe has been divided into sections (countries) with more or less defined borders assigned to different states. Previously, quite large plots of land were either unclaimed or deserted, or inhabited by

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states in World War I and explained that "since recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing State to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or of an established government."

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recognised only 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result, it was firmly established that in the future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the

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In the case of Northern Cyprus, recognition was withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus. International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence, and the recognition of a country is a political issue. On 2 July 2013,

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international relations with other states. On the other hand, pluralists believe that the state is not the only actor in international relations and interactions between states and the state is competing against many other actors.

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and Northern Cyprus are good examples of this, the former only having been recognized by South Africa, and the latter only recognized by Turkey. In the case of Rhodesia, recognition was widely withheld when the white minority

660:" is predicated upon that distinction. States are non-physical juridical entities, not organisations of any kind. However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty. 324:

No definition is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal. L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and

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Wilde, Ralph (2009). "From Trusteeship to Self-Determination and Back Again: The Role of the Hague Regulations in the Evolution of International Trusteeship, and the Framework of Rights and Duties of Occupying Powers".

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The Committee considers that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty;

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by statute, which explicitly limits jurisdictional immunity to public acts, but not private or commercial ones, though there is no precise definition by which public acts can easily be distinguished from private ones.

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been argued that their extinction cannot be due to physical force alone. Instead, the physical actions of the military must be associated with the correct social or judiciary actions for a state to be abolished.

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Absolute sovereign immunity is no longer as widely accepted as it has been in the past, and some countries, including the United States, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan and South Africa, have introduced

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application or enforcement within that territory, may be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention". On 9 October 2014, the US's Federal Court stated that "the

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subjected to a more powerful neighbour; Belarus, in its relationship with Russia, has been proposed as a contemporary example of a semi-sovereign state. In a somewhat different sense, the term

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Although the terms "state" and "government" are often used interchangeably, international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government; and in fact, the concept of "

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part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognised nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them. In 1815, at the

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status of the state has been a subject of debate, especially, whether or not the state, being an object that no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect, actually exists.

485:, and their representatives are elected in the Assembly of Northern Cyprus. As a country, Northern Cyprus became an observer member in various international organizations (the 2787: 994:

A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.

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Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention declares that political statehood is independent of recognition by other states, and the state is not prohibited from defending itself.

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within territorial boundaries. Based on this, the jurisprudence has developed along the lines of affording immunity from prosecution to foreign states in domestic courts. In

167:(and some of them are still not in constant contact). Additionally, there are states where de facto control is contested or where it is not exercised over their whole area. 706:

Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual, or "mystical entity" with its own being, distinct from the members of the state. The German

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judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognise another state if it is to their advantage.

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such as Somaliland because its government can interact diplomatically internationally in an informal way. A unrecognized state often has difficulty engaging in

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increased the desire of political units to secede and can be credited for the increase in the number of states in the international system. Harvard economist

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The President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Hisashi Owada (2010): "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence."

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The hegemony of this system, at least until recent years, is what created the possibility of a de facto state as an anomaly existing outside of it - or in

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the notion that their "sovereignty" was either completely lacking or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of the "civilized" people".

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International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity

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sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states,

3860: 631:, a state which is officially acknowledged as sovereign but whose theoretical sovereignty is significantly impaired in practice, such as by being 3237:, "Part Three. The Philosophy of the State" (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1954 ). 507 pgs. 23 cm. LOC classification: JA66 .S35 482: 2252: 714:(1770–1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory. The Hegelian definition of the state is "the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth". 431:, which found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states. 3489: 2322: 3910: 811: 570:

states only according to their own law and by states that recognise them. For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state.

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are sometimes recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. For example, during the

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Pellet, Alain (1992). "The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples".

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Hoch, Tomáš (2018). "Legitimization of Statehood and its Impact on Foreign Policy in De Facto States: A Case Study of Abkhazia".

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So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.

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resulted in the emergence of numerous such entities, several of which, including Abkhazia, Transdniester, South Ossetia and the

4547: 2098:"Michali Toumazou, Nicolas Kantzilaris and Maroulla Tompazou versus Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" 1422: 1008: 3227: 3167: 3097: 2904: 2597: 2522: 2483: 2409: 2235: 2195: 1957: 1826: 1781: 1669: 1633: 1484: 1406: 1317: 1292: 1039: 946: 3062: 2528: 2489: 2415: 2353: 2167: 2045: 4761: 3799: 2026: 284: 4490: 4766: 4194: 3698: 3109:"States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD)" 3020: 2946:

Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (March 2014). "Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood".

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De facto states can be understood as a product of the very system that excludes the possibility of their existence: the

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Schwebel, Stephen M. (1963). "The Story of the U.N.'s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources".

516: 4716: 4656: 4616: 4522: 4500: 4284: 3939: 3934: 3605: 2097: 119: 2705: 2075: 1452: 179:, diplomacy between officially recognized sovereign states, their organizations and formal regimes has been laid. 72:

with other sovereign states due to their lack of official international recognition. When referring to a specific

4781: 4542: 3706: 802: 606: 460: 222:, "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all". 5223: 4776: 4025: 3956: 3135:

The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States

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that were not organized into states. However, even in modern states, there are large remote areas, such as the

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Criminals fleeing British justice can no longer use Cyprus as a safe haven, judges rule, in landmark decision

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Legal opinion by the Negotiations Support Unit in the Palestinian Authority on transitional sovereignty

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as having a permanent population, defined territory, a government not under another, and the capacity

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Robinson, Edward Heath (2010). "An ontological analysis of states: Organizations vs. legal persons".

2267: 588: 260: 198: 3474: 1883:"The Status of Unrecognized Quasi-States and Their Responsibilities Under the Montevideo Convention" 421:

A similar opinion about "the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state" is expressed by the

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Hancock, Kathleen J. (April 2006). "The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire".

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information on tracking, evaluating and managing sovereign risk for trade and permanent investment

2227: 1284: 4564: 4424: 4402: 4167: 3759: 3506: 3313: 605:'s memorable phrase, as "temporary technical errors within the system of international law." The 559: 219: 188: 171: 112: 54: 5003: 1537: 5080: 4916: 4911: 4441: 4279: 4179: 3915: 3835: 547: 240: 65: 3178: 2174:

The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States, p.149

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control over a territory but lack international recognition; these may be considered by the

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Fowler, Michael Ross; Bunck, Julie Marie (1996). "What constitutes the sovereign state?".

8: 5151: 4988: 4646: 4574: 4269: 4227: 4115: 4045: 4020: 3807: 3754: 3567: 3562: 1912: 931: 782: 657: 617:, survived in the margins of international relations for decades despite non-recognition. 614: 534:(i.e., they exist both according to law and in practice). However, states which are only 446:

of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the international community of

337:, however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognised as sovereign. 202: 85: 2563: 2292: 1065: 1046:

adjective ... (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.

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from the judicial process, derived from the concepts of sovereignty and the Westphalian

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Robinson, Edward Heath (August 2013). "The Distinction Between State and Government".

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Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of

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Núñez, Jorge Emilio (2013). "About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty".

1313: 1288: 1235: 1114: 1035: 942: 847: 787: 334: 267: 236: 176: 164: 160: 46: 2814: 1572:"Globalization and Sovereignty: Why do States Abandon their Sovereign Prerogatives?" 5070: 4868: 4431: 4337: 4090: 3974: 3845: 3825: 3789: 3662: 3633: 3572: 3353: 3120: 2955: 2802: 2739: 2649: 2622: 2567: 2446: 2223: 1657: 1621: 1618:

Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order

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Turner, Bryan S. (July 2007). "Islam, Religious Revival and the Sovereign State".

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Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in

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Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign State

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Oshisanya, An Almanac of Contemporary and Comperative Judicial Restatement, 2016

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Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)

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not gained by military force. The declarative model was expressed in the 1933

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system of sovereign and equal states covering every centimeter of the globe.

289: 3058: 2377:"The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: The life and death of an unrecognized state" 5171: 5163: 5158: 5123: 4631: 4626: 4537: 4007: 3657: 3619: 3552: 3433: 3423: 3408: 3373: 1711:, UNESCO Series, Mohammed Bedjaoui(ed), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991, 1684: 899:

Philpott, Daniel (1995). "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History".

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p.64: The ICJ maintained that ... the issue of recognition was apolitical.

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Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-sovereign State,

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Akweenda, Sackey (1997). "Sovereignty in cases of Mandated Territories".

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State

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International law and the protection of Namibia's territorial integrity

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Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004). "State Death in the International System".

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James Ker-Lindsay (UN SG's Former Special Representative for Cyprus)

163:, that are either uninhabited or inhabited exclusively or mainly by 101: 4883: 4853: 4683: 4606: 4517: 4329: 4107: 3817: 3438: 3428: 3358: 3159:

Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept

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The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution

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of several states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the

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described as the creation of an "illegal racist minority régime".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the Ontological Status of the State".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the ontological status of the state".

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Padgett, Stephen; Jeffery, C.; Bulmer, Simon (14 January 2014).

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The Reality of International LawEssays in Honour of Ian Brownlie

1814: 550:, notwithstanding that their countries were under occupation by 5218: 5208: 5203: 5138: 5092: 5008: 4878: 4863: 4858: 4848: 4532: 4139: 3721: 3388: 1881:

Bachmann, Sascha Dov; Prazauskas, Martinas (19 December 2019).

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

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Links to the best political risk websites, ipoliticalrisk.com

3204:(Second ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education. 2401:

Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law

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Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law

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was famously applied to West Germany by political scientist

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Butcher, Charles R.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (17 January 2020).

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and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as

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and Tufts economist Enrico Spolaore argue in their book,

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Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan (14 October 1999).

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society

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Czapliński, W.; Kleczkowska, A.; Scholar, W.N. (2019).

1740:, Mala Tabory eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990, 1275:

Talmon, Stefan (2001). "Recognition and its Variants".

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adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.

958:(d) capacity to enter into relations with other states' 828:

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

64:. A sovereign state can exist without being officially 3003:

Alesina, Alberto; Spolaore, Enrico (7 November 2003).

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Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia

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See B. Broms, "IV Recognition of States", pp 47–48 in

1429:. Secretariat of The Organization of American States. 1139: 483:

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)

2293:"The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon" 1268: 16:

State that has the highest authority over a territory

2583: 2581: 2510: 2253:"De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland" 1423:"Chapter IV Fundamental Rights and Duties of States" 1172: 739: 3176: 3053:(2nd printing ed.). Bruce Publishing Company. 3046: 2880: 2868: 2398:Grant, John P.; Barker, J. Craig (2 October 2009). 1654:

The State Immunity Controversy in International Law

378:said the following, regarding constitutive theory: 4821: 3260:With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007. 3047:Schmandt, Henry J.; Steinbicker, Paul G. (1956) . 2974:"The State of Secession in International Politics" 2217: 2076:"Property Spat Over Turk-|Controlled Cyprus Fails" 1880: 1841: 1453:"Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States" 1096: 672: 80:" may also refer to a constituent country such as 3301:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 799–801. 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2578: 717: 455:and attempted to form a state along the lines of 5285: 3106: 2352:. Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine. Archived from 1222:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 381–404. 1007:(4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, 499:Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (TURKPA) 245:Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States 3002: 1616:Simpson, Gerry (2004). "Sovereign Equalities". 1277:Recognition of Governments in International Law 278:, the powers of the state are considered to be 2945: 2855: 2674:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 2323:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 2013:United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 2002:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 1427:Charter of the Organization of American States 1335:International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 520:De facto map of control of the world, May 2019 504: 3490: 3321: 3233:Schmandt, Henry J., and Paul G. Steinbicker. 3085: 2347: 1709:International law: achievements and prospects 255:their kingdoms on the pragmatic principle of 3266:by Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck 3155: 5268:List of administrative divisions by country 3220:Statehood and the Law of Self-determination 3142:The Creation of States in International Law 2845:European Journal of International Relations 2836: 2732:European Journal of International Relations 2590:The Creation of States in International Law 2471: 2397: 1913:"Convention on Rights and Duties of States" 1848:. Cambridge University Press. p. 419. 1736:See Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1989, 1401:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 40. 1213: 1102: 3497: 3483: 3328: 3314: 2187:Unrecognised Subjects in International Law 2143:The decision of 02.09.2015. paragraph 237. 1941: 1821:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 135. 1582: 1250:"Countries Not in the United Nations 2024" 992:. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. 469:The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 193:Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of 182: 3124: 2592:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2228:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268376.003.0023 1815:Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh (2005). 1647: 1645: 1285:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248391.003.0003 1163: 874:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 652:Relationship between state and government 142:Learn how and when to remove this message 3535: 2889:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (2012) . 2785: 2688: 2612: 2587: 2549: 2404:. Oxford University Press. p. 552. 2190:. Scholar Publishing House. p. 26. 2064:The decision of 02.07.2013. paragraph 29 1509: 1396: 969:. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. 898: 621: 515: 201:, and organizations that began with the 4473: 3288: 2923:. SAGE Publications. pp. 294–295. 2842: 2729: 2436: 2350:"France recognises de facto Somaliland" 1948:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 1769: 1765: 1763: 1696:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 1615: 1307: 1254:World Population by Country 2024 (Live) 823:List of states with limited recognition 441:List of states with limited recognition 316:List of states with limited recognition 5286: 2374: 2295:. Foreign Policy Magazine. July 2007. 2250: 2073: 1773:Sourcebook on Public International Law 1651: 1642: 1588: 1569: 1274: 1145: 1088:Grant, Thomas D. (1999). "Chapter 1". 1083: 1081: 1051: 965:Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, ed. (1995). 937:. Cambridge University Press. p. 583:in early 2024, Laurence Broers wrote: 340: 266:Before 1900, sovereign states enjoyed 4820: 4472: 3534: 3517: 3478: 3309: 3264:What constitutes the sovereign state? 3222:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. 3023:from the original on 17 November 2016 2984:from the original on 17 November 2016 2927:from the original on 17 November 2016 2888: 2639: 2260:Yale Journal of International Affairs 2130:from the original on 21 October 2023. 2108:from the original on 20 October 2023. 2086:from the original on 21 October 2023. 1367: 1332: 1087: 1054:European Journal of International Law 387: 3197: 3065:from the original on 15 January 2023 2531:from the original on 15 January 2023 2492:from the original on 15 January 2023 2418:from the original on 15 January 2023 2299:from the original on 13 January 2009 1972: 1862:from the original on 15 January 2023 1760: 1551:from the original on 4 December 2018 1465:from the original on 17 October 2013 1178: 1127:from the original on 15 January 2023 928: 434: 124:adding citations to reliable sources 95: 66:recognized by other sovereign states 3251:A Brief Primer on International Law 2375:Broers, Laurence (2 January 2024). 1078: 1066:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035802 1011:from the original on 7 October 2015 663: 487:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 13: 3335: 3079: 1371:Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev 14: 5315: 3518: 3244: 3144:. Oxford University Press, 2005. 2698:The Journal of Military Geography 1433:from the original on 9 April 2012 1092:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 967:Perspectives on international law 868:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 491:Economic Cooperation Organization 285:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon 4285:Organized incorporated territory 3180:Recognition in International Law 2921:"The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy" 2451:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x 2329:from the original on 3 June 2010 2074:Abbott, Ryan (13 October 2014). 1923:from the original on 29 May 2019 1845:Recognition in International Law 1603:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00187.x 1512:American Bar Association Journal 1487:. United Nations. Archived from 1458:. UN Treaty Organization. 1949. 1310:Sovereignty: Organised Hypocrisy 1106:Recognition in International Law 901:Journal of International Affairs 756: 742: 481:gained "observer status" in the 347:constitutive theory of statehood 100: 62:a sovereign state is independent 5273:Slavic administrative divisions 3086:Angie, Antony (26 April 2007). 2996: 2966: 2939: 2913: 2895:. Courier Corporation. p. 2887:, trans. J. Sibree ); see also 2881:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2874: 2869:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2763: 2723: 2689:Robinson, Edward Heath (2011). 2682: 2633: 2606: 2543: 2504: 2465: 2430: 2391: 2368: 2341: 2311: 2285: 2244: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2112: 2090: 2067: 2055: 2036: 2017: 2006: 1995: 1982: 1935: 1905: 1874: 1835: 1808: 1790: 1730: 1701: 1678: 1609: 1563: 1530: 1503: 1477: 1445: 1415: 1390: 1381: 1361: 1326: 1301: 1216:Review of International Studies 803:List of former sovereign states 702:The state as "spiritual entity" 673:Ontological status of the state 524:Most sovereign states are both 461:United Nations Security Council 400:declarative theory of statehood 111:needs additional citations for 60:It is commonly understood that 4822:Non-English terms or loanwords 4026:Direct-controlled municipality 3183:. Cambridge University Press. 3156:Dieter Grimm (21 April 2015). 3092:. Cambridge University Press. 2472:Katzenstein, Peter J. (1987). 1312:. Princeton University Press. 1031:New Oxford American Dictionary 978: 919: 892: 718:Trends in the number of states 428:Badinter Arbitration Committee 309: 1: 4151:Special administrative region 3162:. Columbia University Press. 3126:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199 2883:, p. 71 (citing Hegel's 2319:"Overview of De-facto States" 1818:International Law: A Treatise 1776:. Routledge. pp. 201–2. 929:Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). 880: 685:The state as "quasi-abstract" 495:Organization of Turkic States 55:to interact with other states 4051:Mountain resort municipality 3928:Intermediate school district 3911:Educational service district 3767:Regional county municipality 3177:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 2948:International Studies Review 2807:10.1080/14650045.2014.913027 2786:Robinson, Edward H. (2014). 2348:Wiren, Robert (April 2008). 1308:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999). 1103:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 885: 843:Rule according to higher law 566:states. They are considered 7: 4382:Autonomous territorial unit 2773:(London: Allen & Unwin) 2744:10.1177/1354066196002004002 2656:(inactive 27 August 2024). 2478:. Temple University Press. 2222:. Oxford University Press. 1942:Castellino, Joshua (2000). 1842:Hersch Lauterpacht (2012). 735: 573:Outlining the concept of a 423:European Economic Community 404:person in international law 294:United States Supreme Court 10: 5320: 4263:National capital territory 3984:Indian reserve/reservation 3851:Indian government district 3505:Designations for types of 3239:Fundamentals of government 3235:Fundamentals of Government 3201:Modern Political Geography 3113:International Interactions 3050:Fundamentals of Government 3039: 2642:International Organization 1652:Bankas, Ernest K. (2005). 1111:Cambridge University Press 554:. Other entities may have 438: 391: 313: 199:multinational corporations 186: 91: 5253:Autonomous administration 5240: 5106: 4831: 4827: 4816: 4709: 4483: 4479: 4468: 4392: 4366: 4328: 4305: 4258:Federal capital territory 4243: 4203: 4138: 4106: 4071: 4006: 3983: 3955: 3871:Non-metropolitan district 3861:Local government district 3816: 3798: 3780: 3720: 3697: 3643: 3618: 3604: 3581: 3545: 3541: 3530: 3526: 3513: 3344: 2978:E-International Relations 2892:The Philosophy of History 2654:10.1017/S0020818304582048 2517:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1347:10.1007/s11196-013-9333-x 1228:10.1017/s0260210500118637 1193:10.1163/1573384X-20180406 1165:10.1177/00108367211007876 261:whose realm, his religion 214:upon." In the opinion of 161:Amazon's tropical forests 4063:Specialized municipality 3740:Consolidated city-county 3289:Barclay, Thomas (1911). 3256:10 November 2016 at the 2170:14 November 2022 at the 2153:The Telegraph 03.02.2017 2048:14 November 2022 at the 1887:The International Lawyer 1754:14 November 2022 at the 1724:14 November 2022 at the 1626:10.1017/CBO9780511494185 1152:Cooperation and Conflict 808:List of sovereign states 773:List of sovereign states 257:cuius regio eius religio 4425:Military exclusion zone 4403:Exclusive economic zone 4168:National capital region 3760:Non-metropolitan county 3507:administrative division 3298:Encyclopædia Britannica 2704:: 17–29. Archived from 2439:Foreign Policy Analysis 2266:: 60–79. Archived from 2251:Arieff, Alexis (2008). 2080:Courthouse News Service 1988:Opinion No. 10. of the 1181:Iran & the Caucasus 988:Wheaton, Henry (1836). 560:international community 274:. First articulated by 220:High Court of Australia 189:Westphalian sovereignty 183:Westphalian sovereignty 172:international community 4442:Self-administered zone 4280:Incorporated territory 4147:Administrative region 3916:Local service district 3836:Congressional district 3198:Muir, Richard (1981). 1146:Visoka, Gëzim (2022). 619: 521: 457:Apartheid South Africa 385: 241:United Nations Charter 4413:Special economic zone 4097:Praetorian prefecture 4081:Autonomous prefecture 4041:Regional municipality 4031:District municipality 3866:Metropolitan district 3730:Administrative county 3712:Residential community 3558:Local government area 3275:1 August 2012 at the 2980:. 23 September 2016. 2885:Philosophy of History 2588:Crawford, J. (2006). 1800:Taming the Sovereigns 1770:Hillier, Tim (1998). 1690:14 April 2019 at the 1662:10.1007/3-540-27883-4 1570:Grinin, L. E (2008). 1187:(4). Brill: 382–407. 955:Montevideo Convention 622:Semi-sovereign states 603:Alexander Iskandaryan 589:post-Second World War 585: 519: 409:Montevideo Convention 402:defines a state as a 394:Montevideo Convention 380: 349:defines a state as a 31:that has the supreme 5004:Njësi administrative 4036:Neutral municipality 3975:Subdivision of India 3707:Autonomous community 3596:Metropolitan borough 3536:Common English terms 3414:Night-watchman state 3349:Administrative state 2627:10.3233/AO-2010-0077 1797:Kalevi Jaakko Holsti 1576:Age of Globalization 838:Non-Aligned Movement 648:national security). 629:semi-sovereign state 544:governments-in-exile 303:restrictive immunity 120:improve this article 70:diplomatic relations 5299:Political geography 4647:Autonomous republic 4575:Enclave and exclave 4474:Other English terms 4270:Dependent territory 4116:Autonomous province 4046:Resort municipality 4021:County municipality 3808:Overseas department 3755:Metropolitan county 3568:Unincorporated area 3006:The Size of Nations 2711:on 19 February 2018 2564:2013GComp...7..556R 2273:on 13 December 2011 2029:22 May 2018 at the 1491:on 18 February 2011 1279:. pp. 44–112. 984:See the following: 925:See the following: 783:Dependent territory 658:government-in-exile 341:Constitutive theory 203:Peace of Westphalia 86:dependent territory 5263:Electoral district 4580:Federal dependency 4408:Free economic zone 4292:Overseas territory 4175:Development region 4058:Rural municipality 3991:Indian reservation 3883:Municipal district 3841:Electoral district 3681:Free imperial city 3369:Civilization state 2960:10.1111/misr.12099 2572:10.1111/gec3.12065 611:Yugoslav collapses 522: 459:, a move that the 388:Declarative theory 376:L. F. L. Oppenheim 356:Congress of Vienna 272:equality of states 227:self-determination 49:defines sovereign 5294:International law 5281: 5280: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5231: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4378:Territorial unit 4275:Federal territory 4253:Capital territory 4158:Autonomous region 4122:Overseas province 4016:City municipality 3907:Service district 3903:Sanitary district 3893:Regional district 3878:Military district 3735:Autonomous county 3668:Incorporated city 3472: 3471: 3454:Territorial state 3228:978-90-411-1890-5 3169:978-0-231-53930-2 3152:, pp. 15–24. 3140:Crawford, James. 3133:Chen, Ti-chiang. 3099:978-0-521-82892-5 2906:978-0-486-11900-7 2769:A. James (1986). 2599:978-0-19-826002-8 2552:Geography Compass 2524:978-1-349-58924-1 2485:978-0-87722-264-4 2411:978-0-19-987491-0 2356:on 25 August 2018 2237:978-0-19-826837-6 2197:978-83-7383-964-9 1959:978-90-411-1409-9 1901:– via SSRN. 1828:978-1-58477-609-3 1783:978-1-85941-050-9 1671:978-3-540-25695-3 1635:978-0-521-82761-4 1408:978-90-411-0412-0 1319:978-0-691-00711-3 1294:978-0-19-924839-1 1041:978-0-19-517077-1 953:Article 1 of the 948:978-0-5215-3183-2 933:International law 848:Stateless society 812:by formation date 788:Exclusive mandate 643:in his 1987 book 641:Peter Katzenstein 435:State recognition 398:By contrast, the 335:international law 268:absolute immunity 237:international law 177:international law 165:indigenous people 152: 151: 144: 47:International law 25:sovereign country 5311: 4869:Regierungsbezirk 4829: 4828: 4818: 4817: 4481: 4480: 4470: 4469: 4432:Free speech zone 4338:Charter township 4091:Super-prefecture 3935:Special district 3846:Federal district 3826:Capital district 3790:Overseas country 3663:Independent city 3634:Imperial capital 3573:Unorganized area 3543: 3542: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3514: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3354:Capitalist state 3330: 3323: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3215: 3194: 3173: 3130: 3128: 3103: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2853: 2852: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2823: 2817:. Archived from 2792: 2783: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2695: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2615:Applied Ontology 2610: 2604: 2603: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2257: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2181: 2175: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2040: 2034: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1812: 1806: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1767: 1758: 1734: 1728: 1705: 1699: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1591:The Muslim World 1586: 1580: 1579: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1550: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1464: 1457: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1076: 1073: 1048: 1023: 1018: 1016: 996: 982: 976: 973: 960: 936: 923: 917: 916: 896: 778:Associated state 766: 761: 760: 752: 747: 746: 729:Size of Nations, 664:State extinction 540:Second World War 479:Turkish Cypriots 426:Opinions of the 288:, Chief Justice 280:suprema potestas 235:norms of modern 147: 140: 136: 133: 127: 104: 96: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5258:Census division 5228: 5102: 4823: 4796: 4747:Imperial Circle 4705: 4475: 4456: 4450:Free-trade zone 4388: 4362: 4353:Survey township 4324: 4301: 4297:Union territory 4239: 4234:Sovereign state 4199: 4190:Overseas region 4134: 4102: 4067: 4002: 3993:(United States) 3979: 3970:Police division 3965:Census division 3951: 3923:School district 3888:Police district 3812: 3794: 3776: 3716: 3693: 3688:Royal free city 3653:Autonomous city 3639: 3628:Federal capital 3614: 3600: 3577: 3537: 3522: 3509: 3503: 3473: 3468: 3449:Sovereign state 3340: 3334: 3277:Wayback Machine 3258:Wayback Machine 3247: 3212: 3191: 3170: 3137:. London, 1951. 3100: 3082: 3080:Further reading 3077: 3068: 3066: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3017: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2856: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2824:on 3 March 2016 2821: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2768: 2764: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2667: 2666: 2638: 2634: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2586: 2579: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2525: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2486: 2470: 2466: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2182: 2178: 2172:Wayback Machine 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2050:Wayback Machine 2041: 2037: 2031:Wayback Machine 2022: 2018: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1879: 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state 17: 12: 11: 5: 5317: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4420:Exclusion zone 4417: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4399:Economic zone 4396: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4358:Urban township 4355: 4350: 4348:Paper township 4345: 4343:Civil township 4340: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4163:Capital region 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4129:Roman province 4125: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3997:Indian reserve 3994: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3947:Urban district 3944: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3898:Rural district 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3591:County borough 3587: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3524: 3523: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3246: 3245:External links 3243: 3242: 3241: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3195: 3189: 3174: 3168: 3153: 3138: 3131: 3119:(2): 291–308. 3104: 3098: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3015: 2995: 2965: 2938: 2912: 2905: 2873: 2854: 2835: 2801:(3): 461–489. 2775: 2762: 2738:(4): 439–466. 2722: 2681: 2648:(2): 311–344. 2632: 2621:(2): 109–125. 2605: 2598: 2577: 2558:(8): 556–566. 2542: 2523: 2503: 2484: 2464: 2445:(2): 117–136. 2429: 2410: 2390: 2367: 2340: 2310: 2284: 2243: 2236: 2210: 2196: 2176: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2111: 2089: 2066: 2054: 2035: 2016: 2005: 1994: 1981: 1965: 1958: 1934: 1904: 1873: 1854: 1834: 1827: 1807: 1789: 1782: 1759: 1738:Yoram Dinstein 1729: 1700: 1677: 1670: 1641: 1634: 1608: 1597:(3): 405–418. 1581: 1562: 1529: 1518:(5): 463–469. 1502: 1476: 1444: 1414: 1407: 1389: 1380: 1360: 1341:(4): 645–664. 1325: 1318: 1300: 1293: 1267: 1256:. 26 June 1945 1241: 1206: 1171: 1158:(2): 133–151. 1138: 1119: 1113:. p. 64. 1095: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1060:(1): 178–185. 1049: 1040: 1024: 997: 977: 975: 974: 962: 947: 918: 907:(2): 353–368. 890: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 876: 871: 865: 863:Princely state 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 769: 768: 767: 753: 737: 734: 719: 716: 703: 700: 686: 683: 674: 671: 665: 662: 653: 650: 637:semi-sovereign 623: 620: 513: 503: 436: 433: 392:Main article: 389: 386: 342: 339: 311: 308: 187:Main article: 184: 181: 150: 149: 108: 106: 99: 93: 90: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5316: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948:Kommun/Kunta 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:Roman diocese 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4612:Neighbourhood 4610: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4491:Alpine resort 4489: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4374:Regional unit 4372: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4223:Federal state 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4086:Subprefecture 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3856:Land district 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831:City district 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3674:Imperial city 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3520:English terms 3516: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3465: 3464:Welfare state 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3379:Confederation 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3292:"State" 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3211:9781349860760 3207: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3190:9781107609433 3186: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3150:0-19-825402-4 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3022: 3018: 3016:9780262012041 3012: 3009:. MIT Press. 3008: 3007: 2999: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2954:(1): 79–106. 2953: 2949: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2378: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2328: 2325:. July 2008. 2324: 2320: 2314: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1861: 1857: 1855:9781107609433 1851: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1766: 1764: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746:0-7923-0450-0 1743: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717:92-3-102716-6 1714: 1710: 1704: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685:"Recognition" 1681: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1547: 1543: 1542:www.ohchr.org 1539: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1461: 1454: 1448: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1271: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1126: 1122: 1120:9781107609433 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027:"sovereign", 1025: 1022: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 991: 986: 985: 981: 972: 968: 963: 959: 956: 950: 944: 940: 935: 934: 927: 926: 922: 914: 910: 906: 902: 895: 891: 875: 872: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 853:Unitary state 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 765: 759: 754: 751: 745: 740: 733: 730: 726: 715: 713: 709: 699: 695: 693: 692:Documentality 682: 680: 670: 661: 659: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 596: 594: 593:post-colonial 590: 584: 582: 581: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 518: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 470: 464: 462: 458: 454: 449: 442: 432: 430: 429: 424: 419: 416: 412: 410: 405: 401: 395: 384: 379: 377: 372: 368: 366: 361: 357: 352: 348: 338: 336: 331: 328: 322: 317: 307: 304: 298: 295: 291: 290:John Marshall 287: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 252: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233: 228: 223: 221: 217: 212: 206: 204: 200: 196: 190: 180: 178: 173: 168: 166: 162: 158: 146: 143: 135: 125: 121: 115: 114: 109:This section 107: 103: 98: 97: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 5243: 5164:Maalaiskunta 5124:Heerlijkheid 4964:Län (Sweden) 4632:Protectorate 4627:Principality 4548:Constituency 4437:Neutral zone 4233: 4232: 4127: 4120: 4095: 4008:Municipality 3686: 3679: 3672: 3658:Charter city 3632: 3563:Special area 3553:Insular area 3448: 3434:Principality 3424:Pariah state 3409:Nation state 3374:Client state 3296: 3234: 3219: 3200: 3179: 3158: 3141: 3134: 3116: 3112: 3088: 3067:. Retrieved 3049: 3025:. Retrieved 3005: 2998: 2986:. Retrieved 2977: 2968: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2929:. Retrieved 2915: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2871:, p. 71 2848: 2844: 2838: 2828:16 September 2826:. Retrieved 2819:the original 2798: 2794: 2770: 2765: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2713:. Retrieved 2706:the original 2701: 2697: 2684: 2670:cite journal 2645: 2641: 2635: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2589: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2533:. Retrieved 2513: 2506: 2494:. Retrieved 2474: 2467: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2420:. Retrieved 2400: 2393: 2381:. Retrieved 2379:. EurasiaNet 2370: 2358:. Retrieved 2354:the original 2343: 2331:. Retrieved 2313: 2301:. Retrieved 2287: 2275:. Retrieved 2268:the original 2263: 2259: 2246: 2219: 2213: 2201:. Retrieved 2186: 2179: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2123: 2114: 2101: 2092: 2079: 2069: 2057: 2038: 2019: 2008: 1997: 1984: 1968: 1944: 1937: 1925:. Retrieved 1916: 1907: 1895:. Retrieved 1893:(3): 400–410 1890: 1886: 1876: 1864:. Retrieved 1844: 1837: 1817: 1810: 1799: 1792: 1772: 1732: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1680: 1653: 1617: 1611: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1575: 1565: 1553:. Retrieved 1541: 1532: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1493:. Retrieved 1489:the original 1479: 1467:. Retrieved 1447: 1435:. Retrieved 1426: 1417: 1398: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1309: 1303: 1276: 1270: 1258:. Retrieved 1253: 1244: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1129:. 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V. 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