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predetermine the roles of their members, in which the commonality of interests and intents due to a shared local identity creates a predictability of discrete intent and therefore a simplification of verbal utterances. Such environments may include military, religious, and legal atmospheres, criminal and prison subcultures, long-term married relationships and friendships between children. Due to the strong bonds between speakers, explicit verbal communication is often rendered unnecessary and individual expression irrelevant. However, simplification is not a sign of a lack of intelligence or complexity within the code; rather, communication is performed more through extraverbal means (facial expression, touch, etc.) in order to affirm the speakers' bond. Bernstein notes the example of a young man asking a stranger to dance: there is an established manner of asking, and yet communication is performed through physical graces and the exchange of glances. As such, implied meaning plays a greater role in this code than in the elaborated code. Restricted code also operates to unify speakers and foster solidarity.
970:: the researcher is trying to elicit the style of speech that would be used if the interviewer were not present. To this end, a variety of techniques may be used to reduce the subject's attention to the formality and artificiality of the interview setting. For example, the researcher may attempt to elicit narratives of memorable events from the subject's life, such as fights or near-death experiences; the subject's emotional involvement in telling the story is thought to distract their attention from the formality of the context. Some researchers interview multiple subjects together, in order to allow them to converse more casually with each other than they would with the interviewer alone. The researcher may then study the effects of
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exposure to both codes. While there is no inherent lack of value to restricted code, a child without exposure to elaborated code may encounter difficulties upon entering formal education, in which standard, clear verbal communication and comprehension is necessary for learning and effective interaction both with instructors and other students from differing backgrounds. As such, it may be beneficial for children who have been exposed solely to restricted code to enter pre-school training in elaborated code in order to acquire a manner of speaking that is considered appropriate and widely comprehensible within the education environment.
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association of this code with upper classes (while restricted code is associated with lower classes), where the abundance of available resources allows persons to choose their social roles, warning, however, that studies associating the codes with separate social classes used small samples and were subject to significant variation. He also asserts that elaborated code originates due to differences in social context rather than intellectual advantages; as such, elaborated code differs from restricted code according to the context-based emphasis on individual advancement over assertion of social/community ties.
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in-group marker. Historically, humans tend to favor those who look and sound like them, and the use of non-standard varieties (even exaggeratedly so) expresses neighborhood pride and group and class solidarity. There will thus be a considerable difference in use of non-standard varieties when going to the pub or having a neighborhood barbecue compared to going to the bank. One is a relaxed setting, likely with familiar people, and the other has a business aspect to it in which one feels the need to be more professional.
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1127:, while the lower, middle, and upper middle class will, in turn, speak closer to the standard. However, the upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less' standard than the middle class. This is because not only class but class aspirations, are important. One may speak differently or cover up an undesirable accent to appear to have a different social status and fit in better with either those around them, or how they wish to be perceived.
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1194:, a well-known British socio-linguist, devised in his book, 'Elaborated and restricted codes: their social origins and some consequences,' a method for categorizing language codes according to variable emphases on verbal and extraverbal communication. He claimed that factors like family orientation, social control, verbal feedback, and possibly social class contributed to the development of the two codes: elaborated and restricted.
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1059:; certain speech habits are assigned a positive or a negative value, which is then applied to the speaker. This can operate on many levels. It can be realized on the level of the individual sound/phoneme, as Labov discovered in investigating pronunciation of the post-vocalic /r/ in the North-Eastern US, or on the macro scale of language choice, as realized in the various
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middle classes (having been exposed to both restricted and elaborated codes). Additionally, studies by
Bernstein, Venables, and Ravenette, as well as a 1958 Education Council report, show a relative lack of success on verbal tasks in comparison to extraverbal in children from lower working classes (having been exposed solely to restricted code).
913:. Sociolinguists also study language on a national level among large populations to find out how language is used as a social institution. William Labov, a Harvard and Columbia University graduate, is often regarded as one of the founders of the study of sociolinguistics. He focuses on the quantitative analysis of
1246:, meaning that humans are born with an innate capacity for linguistic skills like sentence-building. This theory has been criticized by several scholars of linguistic backgrounds because of the lack of proven evolutionary feasibility and the fact that different languages do not have universal characteristics.
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Variation may also be associated with gender. Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women use a particular speaking style more than men do is akin to saying that men are taller
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was pioneered through the study of language variation in urban areas. Whereas dialectology studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class. Class and occupation are among the most important linguistic markers found in
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Studies, such as those by
William Labov in the 1960s, have shown that social aspirations influence speech patterns. This is also true of class aspirations. In the process of wishing to be associated with a certain class (usually the upper class and upper middle class) people who are moving in that
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on language by comparing a subject's speech style in more vernacular contexts, such as narratives of personal experience or conversation between subjects, with the more careful style produced when the subject is more attentive to the formal interview setting. The correlations of demographic features
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depending on how members interact with each other. For instance, an office or factory may be considered a tight community because all members interact with each other. A large course with 100+ students would be a looser community because students may only interact with the instructor and maybe 1–2
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It is generally assumed that non-standard language is low-prestige language. However, in certain groups, such as traditional working-class neighborhoods, standard language may be considered undesirable in many contexts. This is because the working class dialect is generally considered a powerful
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framework states that a linguistically appropriate translation cannot be wholly sufficient to achieve the communicative effect of the source language; the translation must also incorporate the social practices and cultural norms of the target language. To reveal social practices and cultural norms
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The looseness or tightness of a social network may affect speech patterns adopted by a speaker. For instance, Sylvie Dubois and
Barbara Horvath found that speakers in one Cajun Louisiana community were more likely to pronounce English "th" as (or as ) if they participated in a relatively dense
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allows for sociolinguistics to examine the relationship between socialization, competence, and identity. Since identity is a very complex structure, studying language socialization is a means to examine the micro-interactional level of practical activity (everyday activities). The learning of a
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is the term given to the use of different varieties of language depending on the social situation. This is commonly used among the
African-American population in the United States. There are several different types of age-based variation one may see within a population as well such as age range,
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Additionally, Bernstein notes several studies in language development according to social class. In 1963, the
Committee for Higher Education conducted a study on verbal IQ that showed a deterioration in individuals from lower working classes ages 8–11 and 11–15 years in comparison to those from
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Bernstein explains language development according to the two codes in light of their fundamentally different values. For instance, a child exposed solely to restricted code learns extraverbal communication over verbal, and therefore may have a less extensive vocabulary than a child raised with
1211:
Basil
Bernstein defined 'elaborated code' according to its emphasis on verbal communication over extraverbal. This code is typical in environments where a variety of social roles are available to the individual, to be chosen based upon disposition and temperament. Most of the time, speakers of
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and demonstrate less syntactic predictability than speakers of restricted code. The lack of predetermined structure and solidarity requires explicit verbal communication of discrete intent by the individual in order to achieve educational and career success. Bernstein notes, with caution, the
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is the foundational method of collecting data for sociolinguistic studies, allowing the researcher to collect large amounts of speech from speakers of the language or dialect being studied. The interview takes the form of a long, loosely-structured conversation between the researcher and the
1202:
According to Basil
Bernstein, the restricted code exemplified the predominance of extraverbal communication, with an emphasis on interpersonal connection over individual expression. His theory places this code within environments that operate according to established social structures that
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age-graded variation, and indications of linguistic change in progress. The use of slang can be a variation based on age. Younger people are more likely to recognize and use today's slang while older generations may not recognize new slang, but might use slang from when they were younger.
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A social network may apply to the macro level of a country or a city, but also to the interpersonal level of neighborhoods or a single family. Recently, social networks have been formed by the
Internet through online chat rooms, Facebook groups, organizations, and online dating services.
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that exist throughout the world, where Swiss-German/High German is perhaps most well known. An important implication of the sociolinguistic theory is that speakers 'choose' a variety when making a speech act, whether consciously or subconsciously.
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than women (i.e., men are on average taller than women, but some women are taller than some men). Other variations in speech patterns of men and women include differences in pitch, tone, speech fillers, interruptions, use of euphemisms, etc.
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studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. Sociolinguists concerned with grammatical and phonological features that correspond to regional areas are often called dialectologists.
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Demographic characteristics such as areas or locations have helped to create speech community boundaries in speech community concept. Those characteristics can assist exact descriptions of specific groups' communication patterns.
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society. One of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to disprove, is that class and language variety are related. Members of the working class tend to speak less of what is deemed
1041:
language is greatly influenced by family, but it is supported by the larger local surroundings, such as school, sports teams, or religion. Speech communities may exist within a larger community of practice.
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community is one in which members have multiple relationships with each other. For instance, in some neighborhoods, members may live on the same street, work for the same employer and even intermarry.
1011:. That is, the speaker has the ability to use language in a way that is appropriate in the given situation. It is possible for a speaker to be communicatively competent in more than one language.
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method: an acronym for setting, participants, ends, act sequence, keys, instrumentalities, norms, and genres that is widely recognized as a tool to analyze speech events in their cultural context.
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A sociolinguist might study how social attitudes determine what is considered appropriate language use or inappropriate language use in a particular setting. Sociolinguists might also study the
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in which language is embedded. A social network is another way of describing a particular speech community in terms of relations between individual members in a community. A network could be
1143:
In any contact situation, there is a power dynamic, be it a teacher-student or employee-customer situation. This power dynamic results in a hierarchical differentiation between languages.
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is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a distinct group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves. This is sometimes referred to as a
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Studies in the field of sociolinguistics typically collect data through conversational interviews with members of a population of interest; researchers then assess the realization of
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social network (i.e. had strong local ties and interacted with many other speakers in the community), and less likely if their networks were looser (i.e. fewer local ties).
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1564:(1976). "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages]. In Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston (eds.).
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1140:, which involves overcorrecting their speech to the point of introducing new errors. The same is true for individuals moving down in socio-economic status.
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Intelligence, personality and social class: an investigation into the patterns of intelligence and personality of working-class secondary school children
2009:
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875:, one of the founders of linguistic anthropology, is credited with developing an ethnography-based sociolinguistics and is the founder of the journal
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1276:. The variations will determine some of the aspects of language like the sound, grammar, and tone in which people speak, and even non-verbal cues.
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direction socio-economically may adjust their speech patterns to sound like them. However, not being native upper-class speakers, they often
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The terms acrolectal (high) and basilectal (low) are also used to distinguish between a more standard dialect and a dialect of less prestige.
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While the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which many sociolinguistic inquiries depend.
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in
Switzerland in the early 1900s, but none received much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of
2320:. In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 538–580.
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Gumperz, John J.; Cook-Gumperz, Jenny (2008). "Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?".
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or specialized jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities. This is evident in the use of lingo within sports teams.
766:(in which listeners share their evaluations of linguistic features they hear), dialect surveys, and analysis of preexisting corpora.
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The social aspects of language were in the modern sense first studied by Indian and
Japanese linguists in the 1930s, and also by
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barriers (a mountain range, a desert, a river, etc.). Such studies also examine how such differences in usage and differences in
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such as age, gender, and ethnicity with speech behavior may be studied by comparing the speech of different interview subjects.
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745:. As the usage of a language varies from place to place, language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these
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Deckert, Sharon K. and Caroline H. Vikers. (2011). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Society and Identity. Page 44
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beyond lexical and syntactic levels, the framework includes empirical testing of the translation using methods such as
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2019:
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Bernstein, Basil (1958). "Some sociological determinants of perception: An enquiry into sub-cultural differences".
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From Language Shift to Language Revitalization and Sustainability. A Complexity Approach to Linguistic Ecology
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1568:. Zeitschrift fĂĽr Dialektologie and Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. p. 310.
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The idea of these social language codes from Bernstein contrast with famous linguist Noam Chomsky's ideas.
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Sociolinguistics' historical interrelation with anthropology can be observed in studies of how language
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Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten
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1816:"Adapting and Improving Methods to Manage Cognitive Pretesting of Multilingual Survey Instruments"
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Variation in language can also come from ethnicity, economic status, level of education, etc.
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Venables, Ethel (1962). "The reserve of ability in part-time technical college courses".
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German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties
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1516:(1968). "A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism". In
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associated with everyday, casual conversation. This goal is complicated by the
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Gumperz, John (1964). "Linguistic and social interaction in two communities".
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The study of sociolinguistics in the West was pioneered by linguists such as
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1595:] (in German). Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1–11.
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is concerned with social constraints determining language in its contextual
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Understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the
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Elaborated and restricted codes: their social origins and some consequences
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T. C. Hodson and the Origins of British Socio-linguistics by John E. Joseph
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like high school students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit groups like
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in the title of his 1939 article "Sociolinguistics in India" published in
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Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance
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Bernstein, Basil (1960). "Language and social class: A research note".
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Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized
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1242:, deemed the "father of modern linguistics", argues that there is a
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2014:. Vol. 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
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within languages, making sociolinguistics a scientific discipline.
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introduced the basic concepts for the sociolinguistic theory of
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is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of
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Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia
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Sociolinguistics Symposium 15, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, April 2004
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and friends. Members of speech communities will often develop
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Report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (1958).
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1960:
Let's tink about dat: Interdental Fricatives in Cajun English
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To be considered part of a speech community, one must have a
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A commonly studied source of variation is regional dialects.
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of the late 19th century. The first attested use of the term
2413:
The Early Days of Sociolinguistics: Memories and Reflections
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Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung
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differ between groups separated by social variables (e.g.,
2454:
Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society
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An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Society and Identity
2191:(unpublished PhD thesis). University of London Library.
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interview subject; the researcher's primary goal is to
2411:
Paulston, Christina Bratt; Tucker, G. Richard (2010).
2250:. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
1480:
Paulston, Christine Bratt and G. Richard Tucker, eds.
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Crucial to sociolinguistic analysis is the concept of
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The Social Stratification of English in New York City
1873:
Annals of the International Communication Association
1853:
Deckert, Sharon K. and Caroline H. Vikers. (2011).
762:. Other research methods in sociolinguistics include
2039:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
1962:." Language Variation and Change 10 (3), pp 245–61.
1453:
2351:
2335:(3 volume set ed.). Malden: Wiley Blackwell.
1869:"Speech Community: Reflections Upon Communication"
1706:"Sociolinguistics | Linguistic Society of America"
1220:
2576:Sociolinguistics: an interview with William Labov
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690:and the ways it is used. It can overlap with the
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2011:The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich
787:, on the other hand, has its foundation in the
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1958:Dubois, Sylvie and Horvath, Barbara. (1998). "
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1952:
1164:It looks as if it isn't going to rain today.
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2569:The North Carolina Language and Life Project
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1939:
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2394:Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation
1735:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
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1778:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation
1118:Sociolinguistics as a field distinct from
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1524:. The Hague, Paris: Mouton. p. 534.
3176:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology
2548:) is being considered for deletion. See
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2392:Milroy, Lesley; Gordon, Matthew (2008).
2283:Linguistic Diversity in Canadian Society
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2007:
1482:Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings
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1161:It looks like it ain't gonna rain today.
1045:High prestige and low prestige varieties
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1980:
1866:
1844:
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978:
835:varieties differ between nations, e.g.
14:
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2074:Committee on Higher Education (1963).
1913:
1814:Sha, Mandy; Pan, Yuling (2013-12-01).
1813:
1775:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (2019-07-09).
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1743:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.364
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924:For example, a sociolinguistics-based
885:contributed to his development of the
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2034:
1770:
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1522:Readings in the Sociology of Language
1484:. Malden, Ma.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.
27:Study of how society affects language
2432:Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation
1995:10.1525/aa.1964.66.suppl_3.02a00100
1946:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
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986:
24:
2358:. University of California Press.
2298:Hernández-Campoy, Juan M. (2016).
2238:
2174:10.1111/j.1468-2273.1962.tb00980.x
1840:from the original on Dec 28, 2022.
1765:
1415:Sociolinguistics of sign languages
1212:elaborated code utilize a broader
1206:
1197:
25:
3192:
2565:"About sociolinguistic fieldwork"
2552:to help reach a consensus. ›
2490:
2285:. Edmonton: Linguistic Research.
1729:Gordon, Matthew J. (2017-05-24).
1293:Complimentary language and gender
1233:
1180:You have to do it the right way.
1156:(associated with higher classes)
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3145:
3144:
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2525:
2244:Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2019).
2063:. Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 55–67.
1914:Colman, Andrew M. (2009-02-26).
1686:from the original on 1 June 2012
1468:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00378.x
237:
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2664:Computer-mediated communication
2333:Principles of Linguistic Change
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2206:. London: H.M.S.O. p. 376.
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2001:
1974:
1965:
1907:
1860:
1807:
1221:The codes and child development
1151:(associated with lower classes)
909:, and other aspects of various
892:
881:. His focus on ethnography and
751:that sociolinguistics studies.
743:social or socioeconomic classes
2475:. Cambridge University Press.
2434:. Cambridge University Press.
2350:Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (2000).
1885:10.1080/23808985.2004.11679041
1722:
1698:
1607:
1580:
1554:
1506:
1487:
1474:
1447:
1345:Interactional sociolinguistics
1108:Differences according to class
329:Functional theories of grammar
13:
1:
2537:
2415:. Dallas: SIL International.
2076:Higher Education Appendix One
1867:Milburn, Trudy (2004-01-01).
1441:
1172:You gave it to me yesterday.
837:regional varieties of English
774:
2786:Text and conversation theory
2516:Resources in other libraries
2375:Introducing Sociolinguistics
2127:British Journal of Sociology
2092:British Journal of Sociology
2057:Bernstein, Basil B. (1967).
1177:Y'gotta do it the right way.
1169:You give it to me yesterday.
845:regional standards of German
7:
2316:Kadochnikov, Denis (2016).
2266:. Malden: Wiley Blackwell.
1948:, New York: Wiley-Blackwell
1456:Journal of Sociolinguistics
1410:Sociohistorical linguistics
1305:Anthropological linguistics
1297:
1051:Prestige (sociolinguistics)
770:Sociolinguistics in history
10:
3197:
2578:ReVEL, vol. 5, n. 9, 2007.
2471:Watts, Richard J. (2003).
2430:Tagliamonte, Sali (2006).
2373:Meyerhoff, Miriam (2011).
2219:"Gender and Communication"
1944:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006),
1917:A Dictionary of Psychology
1400:Real-time sociolinguistics
1290:
1253:
1111:
1048:
990:
962:style of speech—i.e., the
933:with a sample population.
698:and is closely related to
663:
3140:
2929:
2808:
2797:
2637:
2619:
2511:Resources in your library
2396:. John Wiley & Sons.
1530:10.1515/9783110805376.531
1405:Sociocultural linguistics
1250:Sociolinguistic variation
951:sociolinguistic interview
945:Sociolinguistic interview
819:in the UK. In the 1960s,
212:Sociocultural linguistics
2744:Nonviolent communication
2674:History of communication
2550:templates for discussion
2377:. Taylor & Francis.
2262:Chambers, J. K. (2009).
2208:Cited in Bernstein 1967.
2080:Cited in Bernstein 1967.
2008:Trudgill, Peter (1974).
1625:Language and Nationalism
1009:communicative competence
883:communicative competence
664:Not to be confused with
3181:Linguistics terminology
2739:Nonverbal communication
2729:Models of communication
2331:Labov, William (2010).
2281:Darnell, Regna (1971).
2035:Labov, William (1966).
1983:American Anthropologist
1435:Category:Sociolinguists
1256:Variation (linguistics)
700:linguistic anthropology
611:Linguistic prescription
571:Linguistic anthropology
423:Descriptive linguistics
294:Theoretical linguistics
207:Linguistic anthropology
124:Phono-semantic matching
2300:Sociolinguistic Styles
2187:Ravenette, T. (1963).
1989:(6, part 2): 137–153.
1587:Ammon, Ulrich (1995).
1390:Mutual intelligibility
1380:Linguistic marketplace
1268:The study of language
931:cognitive interviewing
841:pluricentric "English"
831:, which describes how
829:pluricentric languages
606:History of linguistics
601:Ethnolinguistic groups
202:Historical linguistics
144:Linguistic description
114:Homophonic translation
2891:Mediated cross-border
2613:Communication studies
1833:10.29115/SP-2013-0024
1791:10.4324/9780429294914
1710:linguisticsociety.org
1420:Sociology of language
1370:Language secessionism
1330:Discursive psychology
1320:Axiom of categoricity
1291:Further information:
1187:Social language codes
1114:Linguistic insecurity
1112:Further information:
1038:Community of Practice
867:versus pluricentric "
849:pluricentric "German"
807:Western contributions
692:sociology of language
678:, including cultural
666:Sociology of language
217:Sociology of language
2826:Communication theory
2821:Communication design
2534:at Wikimedia Commons
2162:University Quarterly
1637:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
1620:Jezik i nacionalizam
1375:Linguistic landscape
1149:Non-standard dialect
979:Fundamental concepts
797:Thomas Callan Hodson
756:linguistic variables
741:produce and reflect
682:, expectations, and
561:Language development
544:Language acquisition
2555:Applied Linguistics
2302:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2204:Fifteen to Eighteen
1264:Language and gender
878:Language in Society
764:matched-guise tests
739:beliefs about usage
556:Language assessment
197:Applied linguistics
2856:Discourse analysis
2781:Telecommunications
2724:Meta-communication
2078:. London: H.M.S.O.
1514:Stewart, William A
1499:2009-02-10 at the
1325:Discourse analysis
1092:other students. A
968:Observer's Paradox
628:Linguistics portal
566:Language education
243:Linguistics portal
139:Language varieties
134:Discourse analysis
119:Macaronic language
3158:
3157:
2530:Media related to
2497:Library resources
2482:978-0-521-79406-0
2463:978-0-14-192630-8
2441:978-0-521-77818-3
2422:978-1-55671-253-1
2403:978-0-470-75820-5
2384:978-1-135-28443-5
2365:978-0-520-92807-7
2342:978-1-4443-2788-5
2326:978-1-137-32505-1
2309:978-1-118-73764-4
2273:978-1-4051-5246-4
2256:978-84-9168-316-2
1800:978-0-429-29491-4
1752:978-0-19-938465-5
1646:978-953-188-311-5
1539:978-3-11-080537-6
1518:Fishman, Joshua A
1360:Language planning
1355:Language ideology
1244:universal grammar
1184:
1183:
1125:standard language
833:standard language
758:in the resulting
662:
661:
616:List of linguists
581:Psycholinguistics
279:
278:
63:Language planning
58:Language ideology
16:(Redirected from
3188:
3171:Sociolinguistics
3148:
3147:
2803:
2754:Public relations
2649:Biocommunication
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2532:Sociolinguistics
2529:
2502:Sociolinguistics
2486:
2467:
2452:, Peter (2000).
2445:
2426:
2407:
2388:
2369:
2357:
2354:The Language War
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1615:Kordić, Snježana
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1395:Raciolinguistics
1335:Folk linguistics
1154:Standard dialect
1146:
1145:
1131:Class aspiration
998:Speech community
993:Speech community
987:Speech community
793:sociolinguistics
672:Sociolinguistics
654:
647:
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594:Related articles
576:Neurolinguistics
496:and experimental
479:Sociolinguistics
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1430:T–V distinction
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1254:Main articles:
1252:
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1207:Elaborated code
1200:
1198:Restricted code
1192:Basil Bernstein
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1081:social networks
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895:
821:William Stewart
817:Basil Bernstein
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785:language change
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733:, etc.) and/or
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2226:. Retrieved
2223:ResearchGate
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1734:
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1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1624:
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1562:Kloss, Heinz
1556:
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1283:
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1260:Dialectology
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1138:hypercorrect
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1120:dialectology
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893:Applications
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810:
801:Man in India
800:
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746:
735:geographical
704:
671:
670:
520:Evolutionary
478:
318:Quantitative
40:Key concepts
33:
2816:Closed-loop
2679:Information
2641:terminology
2538:‹ The
2456:. Penguin.
1274:environment
1022:, distinct
926:translation
861:Montenegrin
825:Heinz Kloss
725:, level of
515:Contrastive
442:Comparative
404:Orthography
285:Linguistics
3165:Categories
3132:Wertheimer
3012:Horkheimer
2749:Propaganda
2704:Mass media
2699:Journalism
2639:Topics and
2473:Politeness
2228:2021-04-23
1781:. London:
1758:2021-04-19
1715:2021-04-19
1655:2011520778
1442:References
1002:Sprechbund
960:vernacular
911:sociolects
907:vocabulary
873:Dell Hymes
789:wave model
775:Beginnings
748:sociolects
696:pragmatics
463:Graphetics
447:Historical
393:Graphemics
388:Pragmatics
345:Morphology
307:Generative
154:Pragmatics
2916:Technical
2901:Political
2809:Subfields
2734:New media
2168:: 60–75.
1901:151534135
1893:2380-8985
1857:. Page 59
1783:Routledge
1671:15270636W
1663:729837512
1270:variation
1094:multiplex
1061:diglossia
915:variation
903:phonetics
727:education
711:ethnicity
707:varieties
474:Phonetics
458:Etymology
409:Semiotics
377:Semantics
340:Phonology
302:Cognitive
109:Diglossia
78:Variation
3150:Category
3102:Richards
3027:Jakobson
3007:Habermas
2962:Castells
2952:Benjamin
2930:Scholars
2540:template
2450:Trudgill
1838:Archived
1681:Archived
1617:(2010).
1601:33981055
1497:Archived
1340:In-group
1298:See also
1057:prestige
1028:families
964:register
887:SPEAKING
857:Croatian
715:religion
688:language
536:Internet
531:Forensic
233:Category
164:Soramimi
149:Loanword
129:Register
73:Prestige
3122:Tankard
3117:Shannon
3112:Schramm
3097:Quebral
3092:Postman
3082:Packard
3062:McLuhan
3057:Marcuse
3052:Luhmann
3047:Lippman
3042:Kincaid
3037:Johnson
3002:Goffman
2997:Gerbner
2987:Flusser
2967:Chomsky
2947:Bateson
2942:Barthes
2911:Science
2841:Climate
2791:Writing
2759:Reading
2709:Meaning
2629:Outline
2624:History
2542:below (
1574:2598722
1520:(ed.).
1240:Chomsky
1214:lexicon
899:grammar
865:Serbian
853:Bosnian
847:versus
839:versus
795:was by
684:context
676:society
494:Applied
104:Dialect
3127:Tannen
3107:Rogers
3087:Peirce
3072:Morgan
3017:Huxley
2992:Gasset
2982:Fisher
2937:Adorno
2921:Visual
2871:Health
2866:Global
2836:Crisis
2769:Symbol
2764:Speech
2559:Curlie
2545:Curlie
2499:about
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1262:, and
1020:jargon
956:elicit
919:change
863:, and
723:gender
719:status
361:Syntax
172:People
159:Pidgin
94:Accent
3032:Janis
3022:Innis
2977:Ellul
2972:Craig
2957:Burke
2714:Media
2143:JSTOR
2108:JSTOR
1897:S2CID
1826:(4).
1684:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1623:[
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1089:tight
1085:loose
1032:slang
686:, on
680:norms
372:Lexis
3067:Mead
2906:Risk
2881:Mass
2774:list
2477:ISBN
2458:ISBN
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2287:OCLC
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