International Court of Justice

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Council require the General Assembly's authorization to request an advisory opinion of the ICJ. These organs of the UN only request an advisory opinion regarding the matters that fall within the scope of their activities. On receiving a request, the court decides which states and organizations might provide useful information and gives them an opportunity to present written or oral statements. Advisory opinions were intended as a means by which UN agencies could seek the court's help in deciding complex legal issues that might fall under their respective mandates.

65: 1639: 1215: 77: 7793: 1396: 2962:, with permanent members of the Security Council being able to veto enforcement of cases, even those to which they consented to be bound. Because the jurisdiction does not have binding force itself, in many cases, the instances of aggression are adjudicated by Security Council by adopting a resolution, etc. There is, therefore, a likelihood for the permanent member states of Security Council to avoid the legal responsibility brought up by International Court of Justice, as shown in the example of 2045: 1900: 1784: 1523: 2190: 1958: 1309: 905:(Canada/US). In that case, the parties made clear they would withdraw the case unless the court appointed judges to the chamber acceptable to the parties. Judgments of chambers may have either less authority than full Court judgments or diminish the proper interpretation of universal international law informed by a variety of cultural and legal perspectives. On the other hand, the use of chambers might encourage greater recourse to the court and thus enhance international 632:, in the United States, published a proposal in October 1944 that called for the establishment of an intergovernmental organization that would include an international court. A meeting was subsequently convened in Washington, D.C., in April 1945, involving 44 jurists from around the world to draft a statute for the proposed court. The draft statute was substantially similar to that of the PCIJ, and it was questioned whether a new court should even be created. During the 1367: 6224: 3006: 6212: 2992: 1465: 751:. The election process is set out in Articles 4–19 of the ICJ Statute. Elections are staggered, with five judges elected every three years to ensure continuity within the court. Should a judge die in office, the practice has generally been to elect a judge in a special election to complete the term. Historically, deceased judges have been replaced by judges from the same region, though not —as often wrongly asserted— necessarily from the same nationality. 2681:

limited by the unwillingness of the losing party to abide by the court's ruling and by the Security Council's unwillingness to impose consequences. However, in theory, "so far as the parties to the case are concerned, a judgment of the Court is binding, final and without appeal", and "by signing the Charter, a State Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with any decision of the International Court of Justice in a case to which it is a party."

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non-binding under the Statute of the court. This non-binding character does not mean that advisory opinions are without legal effect, because the legal reasoning embodied in them reflects the court's authoritative views on important issues of international law. In arriving at them, the court follows essentially the same rules and procedures that govern its binding judgments delivered in contentious cases submitted to it by sovereign states.

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Article 17 requires that judges do not show any prior biases on cases before them, specifically, "No member may participate in the decision of any case in which he has previously taken part as agent, counsel, or advocate for one of the parties, or as a member of a national or international court, or of a commission of enquiry, or in any other capacity."

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will render a judgment. Respondents normally file preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the court and/or the admissibility of the case. Inadmissibility refers to a range of arguments about factors the court should take into account in deciding jurisdiction, such as the fact that the issue is not justiciable or that it is not a "legal dispute".

6890: 4124:: 539–611, 2002. Kluwer Law International. Printed in the Netherlands, pp. 575–576. "Over the decades, developing countries have significantly changed their attitudes toward the ICJ, to the point that while their participation accounted for 50% of the contentious cases filed in the 1960s, in the 1990s they were the source of 86% of the cases". 625:—issued a joint declaration recognizing the necessity "of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving States, and open to membership by all such States, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security". 2431:, submitted an application to the court to indicate interim measures. Incidental jurisdiction of the court derives from the Article 41 of its Statute. Similar to the final judgment, the order for interim measures of the court are binding on state parties to the dispute. The ICJ has competence to indicate interim measures only if the 479:. Although the proceedings would be supported by a permanent bureau—whose functions would be equivalent to that of a secretariat or court registry—the arbitrators would be appointed by the disputing states from a larger pool provided by each member of the convention. The PCA was established in 1900 and began proceedings in 1902. 5144:

ICJ judges ought to be impartial and not act as extensions of their countries. In the past though, judges have voted in line with their countries' politics. In 2022, when the bench voted in favour of the decision to order Russia out of Ukraine, judges from Russia and China were the only two who voted

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Judges of the International Court of Justice are entitled to the style of His/Her Excellency. Judges are not able to hold any other post or act as counsel. In practice, members of the court have their own interpretation of these rules and many have chosen to remain involved in outside arbitration and

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The International Court of Justice cannot hear the cases of organizations, private enterprises, and individuals. Furthermore, UN agencies are unable to raise a case except in the circumstance of a non-binding advisory opinion. The national states are the only ones who are able to bring cases for and

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Article 94 establishes the duty of all UN members to comply with decisions of the court involving them. If parties do not comply, the issue may be taken before the Security Council for enforcement action. There are obvious problems with such a method of enforcement. If the judgment is against one of

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is a function of the court open only to specified United Nations bodies and agencies. The UN Charter grants the General Assembly or the Security Council the power to request the court to issue an advisory opinion on any legal question. Organs of the UN other than the General Assembly or the Security

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The court has been accused of exhibiting a political bias, with past research finding "strong evidence" that judges at the ICJ "favour the state that appoints them", "favour states whose wealth level is close to that of the judges' own state", and "favour states whose political system is similar to

2955:, are not under the umbrella of the International Court. Unlike ICJ, international thematic courts like ICC work independently from United Nations. Such dualistic structure between various international courts sometimes makes it hard for the courts to engage in effective and collective jurisdiction. 2657:

to safeguard its rights, which, it alleged, were being infringed by the threat of economic sanctions by the United Kingdom and United States. The problem was that these sanctions had been authorized by the Security Council, which resulted in a potential conflict between the Chapter VII functions of

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effectively put an end to the court, which held its last public session in December 1939 and issued its last orders in February 1940. In 1942 the United States and United Kingdom jointly declared support for establishing or re-establishing an international court after the war, and in 1943, the U.K.

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A respondent that does not wish to submit to the jurisdiction of the court may raise preliminary objections. Any such objections must be ruled upon before the court can address the merits of the applicant's claim. Often, a separate public hearing is held on the preliminary objections and the court

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regarded as appropriate since the action was ordered by the Security Council. In accordance with Article 103 of the UN Charter, obligations under the Charter took precedence over other treaty obligations. Nevertheless, the court declared the application admissible in 1998. A decision on the merits

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Optional clause declarations accepting the court's jurisdiction. Also known as Article 36(2) jurisdiction, it is sometimes misleadingly labeled "compulsory", though such declarations are voluntary. Many such declarations contain reservations that exclude from jurisdiction certain types of disputes

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or "special agreement", in which parties provide explicit consent to the court's jurisdiction by referring cases to it. While not true compulsory jurisdiction, this is perhaps the most effective jurisdictional basis, because the parties concerned have a desire for the dispute to be resolved by the

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The system may seem strange when compared with domestic court processes, but its purpose is to encourage states to submit cases. For example, if a state knows that it will have a judicial officer who can participate in deliberation and offer other judges local knowledge and an understanding of the

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Unlike the ICJ, the PCIJ was not part of the league, nor were members of the league automatically a party to its Statute. The United States, which played a key role in both the second Hague Peace Conference and the Paris Peace Conference, was notably not a member of the league. However, several of

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called for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which would be responsible for adjudicating any international dispute submitted to it by the contesting parties, as well as to provide an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the League of

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In addition, objections may be made because all necessary parties are not before the court. If the case necessarily requires the court to rule on the rights and obligations of a state that has not consented to the court's jurisdiction, the court does not proceed to issue a judgment on the merits.

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Cases before the ICJ will follow a standard pattern. The case is lodged by the applicant, which files a written memorial setting out the basis of the court's jurisdiction and the merits of its claim. The respondent may accept the court's jurisdiction and file its own memorial on the merits of the

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Should either party fail "to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court", the Security Council may be called upon to "make recommendations or decide upon measures" if the Security Council deems such actions necessary. In practice, the court's powers have been

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In principle, the court's advisory opinions are only consultative in character but they are influential and widely respected. Certain instruments or regulations can provide in advance that the advisory opinion shall be specifically binding on particular agencies or states, but inherently they are

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judges sit on contentious cases before the court. The system allows any party to a contentious case (if it otherwise does not have one of that party's nationals sitting on the court) to select one additional person to sit as a judge on that case only. It is thus possible that as many as seventeen

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From its first session in 1922 until 1940, the PCIJ dealt with 29 interstate disputes and issued 27 advisory opinions. The court's widespread acceptance was reflected by the fact that several hundred international treaties and agreements conferred jurisdiction upon it over specified categories of

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to the court's statute. Non-UN members may also become parties to the court's statute under the Article 93(2) procedure, which was used by Switzerland in 1948 and Nauru in 1988, prior to either joining the UN. Once a state is a party to the court's statute, it is entitled to participate in cases

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contain such clauses to provide for dispute resolution by the ICJ. Cases founded on compromissory clauses have not been as effective as cases founded on special agreement, since a state may have no interest in having the matter examined by the court and may refuse to comply with a judgment. For

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To insure impartiality, Article 16 of the Charter requires independence from their national governments or other interested parties, stating, "No member of the Court may exercise any political or administrative function, or engage in any other occupation of a professional nature." In addition,

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Article 6 of the Statute provides that all judges should be "elected regardless of their nationality among persons of high moral character" who are either qualified for the highest judicial office in their home states or known as lawyers with sufficient competence in international law. Judicial

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Generally, the court sits as full bench, but in the last fifteen years, it has on occasion sat as a chamber. Articles 26–29 of the statute allow the court to form smaller chambers, usually 3 or 5 judges, to hear cases. Two types of chambers are contemplated by Article 26: firstly, chambers for

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Once deliberation has taken place, the court issues a majority opinion. Individual judges may issue concurring opinions (if they agree with the outcome reached in the judgment of the court but differ in their reasoning) or dissenting opinions (if they disagree with the majority). No appeal is

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directing Russia to halt its offensive. Russian representatives refused to appear. On 16 March, the ICJ ordered Russia to "immediately suspend the military operations", on a 13–2 vote with the Russian and Chinese judges in opposition. The order is binding on Russia, but the ICJ cannot enforce

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may further limit jurisdiction, as Article 36(2) holds that such declaration may be made "in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation...". As of January 2018, seventy-four states had a declaration in force, up from sixty-six in February 2011; of the permanent Security Council

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In December 1920, following several drafts and debates, the Assembly of the league unanimously adopted the statute of the PCIJ, which was signed and ratified the following year by a majority of members. Among other things, the new Statute resolved the contentious issues of selecting judges by

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Consequently, the PCIJ convened for the last time in October 1945 and resolved to transfer its archives to its successor, which would take its place at the Peace Palace. The judges of the PCIJ all resigned on 31 January 1946, with the election of the first members of the ICJ taking place the

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Wilde, Ralph; Charlesworth, Hilary; Schrijver, Nico; Krisch, Nico; Chimni, B. S.; Gowlland-Debbas, Vera; Klabbers, Jan; Yee, Sienho; Shearer, Ivan (11 December 2011). "United Nations Reform Through Practice: Report of the International Law Association Study Group on United Nations Reform".

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In cases in which a third state's interests are affected, that state may be permitted to intervene in the case and participate as a full party. Under Article 62, a state "with an interest of a legal nature" may apply; however, it is within the court's discretion whether or not to allow the

497:, which was established in 1908 as one of the earliest regional judicial bodies. Various plans and proposals were made between 1911 and 1919 for the establishment of an international judicial tribunal, which would not be realized in the formation of a new international system following the 2372:

case, declarations made by developing countries have increased, reflecting a growing confidence in the court. However, even those industrialized countries that have invoked optional declarations have sometimes increased exclusions or rescinded them altogether. Notable examples include the

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providing that the judges be elected by both the council and the Assembly of the league concurrently but independently. The makeup of the PCIJ would reflect the "main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world". The PCIJ would be permanently placed at the

2750:("out of equality, and for the good"), granting the ICJ the freedom to make an equitable decision based on what is fair under the circumstances. That provision has not been used in the court's history. So far, the International Court of Justice has dealt with about 180 cases. 795:

being withdrawn as a candidate for election for a second nine-year term on the bench in 2017, leaving no judges from the United Kingdom on the court. Greenwood had been supported by the UN Security Council but failed to get a majority in the UN General Assembly. Indian judge

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Article 3 states that no two judges may be nationals of the same country. According to Article 9, the membership of the court is supposed to represent the "main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world". This has been interpreted to include

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Advisory opinions have often been controversial because the questions asked are controversial or the case was pursued as an indirect way of bringing what is really a contentious case before the court. Examples of advisory opinions can be found in the section

2483: 2936:, many critics and opponents of the court refer to the general authority assigned to the body by member states through its Charter, rather than to specific problems with the composition of judges or their rulings. Major criticisms include the following: 2782:

If the court decides it has jurisdiction and the case is admissible, the respondent then is required to file a Memorial addressing the merits of the applicant's claim. Once all written arguments are filed, the court holds a public hearing on the merits.

636:, which took place from 25 April to 26 June 1945 and involved 50 countries, it was decided that an entirely new court should be established as a principal organ of the new United Nations. The statute of this court would form an integral part of the 7415: 4746:

Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, International Court of Justice, 27 February

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The United States played a major role in setting up the PCIJ but never joined. Presidents Wilson, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover, and Roosevelt all supported membership, but it was impossible to get a two-thirds majority in the Senate for a treaty.

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entitled "International Court of Justice and Disputes Involving the Interests of Third Parties to the Proceedings or the Common Interests of the International Community as a Whole or of the Community Established by a Convention" in the

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Until rendering a final judgment, the court has competence to order interim measures for the protection of the rights of a party to a dispute. One or both parties to a dispute may apply the ICJ for issuing interim measures. In the

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the Security Council and the judicial function of the court. The court decided, by eleven votes to five, that it could not order the requested provisional measures because the rights claimed by Libya, even if legitimate under the

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civil law, one of Anglophone common law and one Arab), two for Eastern European states, three for Asian states and two for Latin American and Caribbean states. For most of the court's history, the five permanent members of the

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does not apply to the decisions of the ICJ. The court's decision binds only the parties to that particular controversy. Under 38(1)(d), however, the court may consider its own previous decisions and frequently cites them.

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case that there is no necessary inconsistency between action by the Security Council and adjudication by the ICJ. However, when there is room for conflict, the balance appears to be in favour of the Security Council.

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state's perspective, it may be more willing to submit to the jurisdiction of the court. Although this system does not sit well with the judicial nature of the body, it is usually of little practical consequence.

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of El Salvador, who had served as the last president of the PCIJ. The court also appointed members of its Registry, mainly drawn from that of the PCIJ, and held an inaugural public sitting later that month.

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chambers to hear particular disputes. In 1993, a special chamber was established, under Article 26(1) of the ICJ statute, to deal specifically with environmental matters (although it has never been used).

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There was a marked reluctance on the part of a majority of the court to become involved in a dispute in such a way as to bring it potentially into conflict with the Council. The court stated in the

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A judge can be dismissed only by a unanimous vote of the other members of the court. Despite these provisions, the independence of ICJ judges has been questioned. For example, during the

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and did not comply with the judgment. Since the 1970s, the use of such clauses has declined; many modern treaties set out their own dispute resolution regime, often based on forms of

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disputes. In addition to helping resolve several serious international disputes, the PCIJ helped clarify several ambiguities in international law that contributed to its development.

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In contentious cases (adversarial proceedings seeking to settle a dispute), the ICJ produces a binding ruling between states that agree to submit to the ruling of the court. Only

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in contentious cases. The key principle is that the ICJ has jurisdiction only on the basis of consent. Under Article 36, there are four foundations for the court's jurisdiction:

6969: 6557: 3923: 3691: 2410:(U.K. v. Albania), in which the court held that a letter from Albania stating that it submitted to the jurisdiction of the ICJ was sufficient to grant the court jurisdiction. 3849:"General Assembly, in Second Secret Ballot Round, Elects Five Judges to Serve Nine-Year-Long Terms on International Court of Justice | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 583:

Following a peak of activity in 1933, the PCIJ began to decline in its activities due to the growing international tension and isolationism that characterized the era. The

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the five permanent members of the Security Council or its allies, any resolution on enforcement could then be vetoed by that member. That occurred, for example, after the

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act as defendants for these individuals. As a result, victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and minority groups may not have the support of their national state.

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to enforce Court rulings. However, such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five permanent members of the council, which the United States used in the

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for nine-year terms. No more than one judge of each nationality may be represented on court at the same time, and judges collectively must reflect the principal

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An advisory opinion derives its status and authority from the fact that it is the official pronouncement of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

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before the court. However, being a party to the statute does not automatically give the court jurisdiction over disputes involving those parties. The issue of

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Bowett, D W. The International court of justice : process, practice and procedure (British Institute of International and Comparative Law: London, 1997).

2723: 2709: 7576: 7162: 6764: 5436:: summary of the procedural history, list of selected preparatory documents and audiovisual material related to the negotiations and adoption of the Statute. 2474: 2402:). In the absence of clear jurisdiction under Article 36, jurisdiction is established if the respondent accepts ICJ jurisdiction explicitly or simply pleads 7529: 7479: 7277: 6880: 6823: 6493: 3999: 3469: 3049: 645: 4845:

Ridi, Niccolò (1 June 2019). "The Shape and Structure of the 'Usable Past': An Empirical Analysis of the Use of Precedent in International Adjudication".

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members, only the United Kingdom has a declaration. In the court's early years, most declarations were made by industrialized countries. Since the 1986

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In 2023, judges elected to take office from 2024 did not include a Russian member, so for the first time, from 2024 there will be no member from the

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Creamer, Cosette & Godzmirka, Zuzanna. "The Job Market for Justice: Screening and Selecting Candidates for the International Court of Justice",

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entitled "Some Salient Features of the Contemporary International Disputes in the Precedents of the International Court of Justice" in the

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Even though the ICJ ruling is legally binding, any judgments by the ICJ cannot be enforced on a country without the approval of the state.

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entitled "The Present and Future Role of the International Court of Justice in the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes" in the

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chaired a panel of jurists from around the world, the "Inter-Allied Committee", to discuss the matter. Its 1944 report recommended that:

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For example, the United States had previously accepted the court's compulsory jurisdiction upon its creation in 1946 but in 1984, after

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Van Der Wolf W. & De Ruiter D., "The International Court of Justice: Facts and Documents About the History and Work of the Court" (

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2011: A complaint by the Republic of North Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) that Greece's vetoing of its accession to

5448: 5013:"Impunity, Lack of Humanitarian Intervention, and International Apathy: The Blockade of the Lachin Corridor in Historical Perspective" 3931: 2879: 7832: 6976: 6684: 6463: 6402: 6019: 6004: 5994: 5984: 5959: 5939: 3683: 2632: 2346: 714: 713:), the United States withdrew from compulsory jurisdiction in 1986 to accept the court's jurisdiction only on a discretionary basis. 547:

Unlike previous international arbitral tribunals, it was a permanent body governed by its statutory provisions and rules of procedure

5442: : See also, a tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression 5429: 7690: 7524: 6811: 6749: 6709: 6597: 6261: 6024: 5999: 5979: 5969: 5954: 5944: 5934: 4354: 4272: 4161: 3169:"The Hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907; a series of lectures delivered before the Johns Hopkins University in the year 1908" 2822:

possible, but any party may ask for the court to clarify if there is a dispute as to the meaning or scope of the court's judgment.

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Kahn, Gilbert N. "Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight."

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Critical Analysis on the Ineffectiveness of the ICJ in the Settlement of Disputes between States: The Example of Nicaragua Case

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pending the hearing of the case. Such orders are known as Provisional (or Interim) Measures and are analogous to interlocutory

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The PCIJ Statute was the first to list sources of law it would draw upon, which in turn became sources of international law

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may be parties in contentious cases; individuals, corporations, component parts of a federal state, NGOs, UN organs, and

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has not been given since the parties (United Kingdom, United States, and Libya) settled the case out of court in 2003.

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are by majority, and, in the event of an equal division, the president's vote becomes decisive, which occurred in the

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The International Court has been criticized with respect to its rulings, its procedures, and its authority. As with

2605:, to which both Ukraine and Russia are parties, by falsely claiming genocide as a pretext for invading Ukraine. The 7669: 6838: 4355:"Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America)" 4038:

Reservations in Unilateral Declarations Accepting the Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice

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violates the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 between the two countries. The complaint was decided in favour of

2285:

is considered in the three types of ICJ cases: contentious issues, incidental jurisdiction, and advisory opinions.

1741: 3544: 351: 7425: 6843: 6828: 6397: 6373: 6047: 6042: 2941: 2647: 788: 744: 740: 718: 696:, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the court. 475:, which set forth the institutional and procedural framework for arbitral proceedings, which would take place in 405: 401: 3459: 3255: 881:

judges usually (but not always) vote in favour of the state that appointed them and thus cancel each other out.

7847: 7023: 6547: 6483: 4332: 4185: 2857: 2554: 775: 748: 524: 456: 5287:

Dunne, Michael. "Isolationism of a Kind: Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States",

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intervention. Intervention applications are rare, and the first successful application occurred only in 1991.

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Once a case has been filed, any party (usually the applicant) may seek an order from the court to protect the

844:

In its 77 years of history, only five women have been elected to the Court, with former UN Special Rapporteur

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Judges were more representative of the world and its legal systems than any prior international judicial body

556:

It was accessible to all states and could be declared by states to have compulsory jurisdiction over disputes

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entitled "The International Court of Justice as the Principal Judicial Organ of the United Nations" in the

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See Charney J "Compromissory Clauses and the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice" (1987) 81

3927: 3019: 2952: 2703: 2345:, Iran refused to participate in a case brought by the US based on a compromissory clause contained in the 520: 177: 31: 20: 3198:

Eyffinger, Arthur (2007). "A Highly Critical Moment: Role and Record of the 1907 Hague Peace Conference".

672: 6699: 6518: 6858: 1654: 7494: 7457: 7452: 7038: 6786: 6458: 6346: 6072: 5180:"A Reluctant Guardian: The International Court of Justice and the Concept of 'International Community'" 4092: 2964: 2686: 2625: 2368: 2315: 824: 709: 455:

The first permanent institution established for the purpose of settling international disputes was the

24: 2798:. Article 41 of the statute allows the court to make such orders. The court must be satisfied to have 2532:

1982: A dispute between Tunisia and Libya over the delimitation of the continental shelf between them.

2314:

groups are excluded from direct participation, although the court may receive information from public

553:

Its proceedings were largely public, including pleadings, oral arguments, and all documentary evidence

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Article 36(5) provides for jurisdiction on the basis of declarations made under the Statute of the

1683: 1388: 841:(Opinion requested by WHO), ICJ Reports 66. Judges may also deliver separate dissenting opinions. 760: 633: 606: 5358:

Yee, Sienho. "Article 38 of the ICJ Statute and Applicable Law: Selected Issues in Recent Cases",

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and that the DRC had lost billions of dollars worth of resources was decided in favour of the DRC.

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The Hague Peace Conferences, and the ideas that emerged therefrom, influenced the creation of the

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Zimmermann, Andreas; Christian Tomuschat, Karin Oellers-Frahm & Christian J. Tams (eds.),

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Accinelli, Robert D. (1978). "The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat, 1935".

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The court's workload covers a wide range of judicial activity. After the court ruled that the

550:

It had a permanent registry that served as a liaison with governments and international bodies

7778: 7750: 7742: 7539: 7437: 7150: 6592: 6313: 6034: 5232: 4892:"An Overview of the Challenges Facing the International Court of Justice in the 21st Century" 4488: 4419: 3227: 2546:

1984: A dispute over the course of the maritime boundary dividing the U.S. and Canada in the

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Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)

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International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World

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The ICJ is vested with the power to make its own rules. Court procedure is set out in the

660:

The first case was submitted in May 1947 by the United Kingdom against Albania concerning

8: 7469: 5887: 2602: 2536: 2513: 2342: 2243: 1207: 377:, the League and the PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ, respectively. The 335: 152: 6285: 5494:

entitled "Reflections on the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice" in the

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Accinelli, R. D. "Peace Through Law: The United States and the World Court, 1923–1935".

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The PCIJ represented a major innovation in international jurisprudence in several ways:

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Suh, Il Ro (April 1969). "Voting Behavior of National Judges in International Courts".

4827: 4519: 4329:"Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)" 3335: 3294: 3290: 3215: 3168: 2972: 2598:, by a Pakistani military court (based on alleged espionage and subversive activities). 2540: 2407: 2311: 906: 661: 436: 378: 5561: 833:

Judges may deliver joint judgments or give their own separate opinions. Decisions and

64: 7611: 7566: 7546: 7431: 7201: 7095: 7033: 6833: 6294: 6152: 5545: 5464: 5347: 5044: 5032: 4981: 4954: 4831: 4817: 3966: 3955: 3502: 3340: 3219: 2795: 2595: 2591: 2525:

1980: A complaint by the United States that Iran was detaining American diplomats in

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jurisdiction to hear the merits of the case before it grants provisional measures.

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chambers are more frequently convened. For example, chambers were used to hear the

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International justice and developing countries (continued): a qualitative analysis

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hold professional posts as long as there is no conflict of interest. Former judge

76: 6530: 6216: 5707: 5692: 5680: 5665: 5653: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5591: 5579: 5568: 5556: 5541: 5529: 5514: 5502: 5487: 5471: 5452: 5433: 5422: 5410: 5397: 5309: 5165: 4495: 4475: 4129: 3910: 3789: 3778: 2997: 2646:, and the separation of their powers, was considered by the court in 1992 in the 2573: 2307: 2147: 2031: 1538: 1480: 1301: 1062: 975: 652:

was formally dissolved, and the ICJ, in its first meeting, was elected President

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As stated in Article 93 of the UN Charter, all 193 UN members are automatically

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List of treaties that confer jurisdiction on the International Court of Justice

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calling for states to take seriously questions of representation in the bench.

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The statute of any new international court should be based on that of the PCIJ;

389:; however, advisory proceedings may be submitted only by certain UN organs and 355: 5700: 5673: 5619: 5595: 5572: 5549: 5522: 5495: 4813: 4804:

Ridi, Niccolò (30 November 2021). "Rule of Precedent and Rules on Precedent".

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Zimmermann, Andreas; Tomuschat, Christian; Oellers-Frahm, Karin, eds. (2006).

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The unprecedented bloodshed of the First World War led to the creation of the

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