25:
2621:
2635:
539:, includes a statement as to whether the claim was denied or approved. If the company denied the claim, it has to provide an explanation for the reason why under regional laws. The company also often sends an explanation of benefits that includes detailed information about how each service included in the claim was settled. Insurance companies will then send out payments to the providers if the claims are approved or to the provider's billing service.
556:
418:
279:, Australia, to allow for the rapid determination of progress claims under building contracts or sub-contracts and contracts for the supply of goods or services in the building industry. This process was designed to ensure cash flow to businesses in the building industry, without parties getting tied up in lengthy and expensive litigation or arbitration. It is regulated by the
321:(ANB) to appoint one. The "Scheme for Construction Contracts" set up under the Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 contains a set of adjudication provisions which are to apply to a construction contract unless the contract itself includes arrangements for adjudication which comply in full with statutory requirements.
348:"smash and grab" claim refers to the practice of submitting a large interim payment application at the end of the construction phase of a project, but before completion of the final account, and the term "'smash and grab' adjudication" has been used in relation to several adjudication decisions regarding liability for interim payment of such claims.
357:"wholly unnecessary" to resolve as far as the initial adjudication was concerned. In other circumstances, an adjudicator's ruling is binding and a point which has been resolved cannot be raised again, but where the adjudicator went outside the scope of the adjudication referred to them, their comments were not a binding part of the ruling.
683:: "Adjudication is the review and consideration of all available information to ensure an individual's loyalty, reliability, and trustworthiness are such that entrusting an individual with national security information or assigning an individual to sensitive duties is clearly in the best interest of national security."
404:. Their skills are as likely (if not more likely) to lie in other disciplines. The task of the adjudicator is not to act as arbitrator or judge. The time constraints within which he is expected to operate are proof of that. The task of the adjudicator is to find an interim solution which meets the needs of the case."
356:
In a 2010 case involving two consecutive adjudications in relation to a construction contract for homeowner
Charles Wishart, the High Court allowed the second adjudicator's ruling on an issue which the first adjudicator had commented on and purported to have resolved, but which was not part of, and
531:
to process claims and make a decision or doing so manually. If it is done automatically using software or a web-based subscription, the claim process is called auto-adjudication. Automating claims often improve efficiency and reduce expenses required for manual claims adjudication. Many claims are
347:
The phrase "true value adjudication" is sometimes used in relation to the role of an adjudicator, meaning that the adjudicator is asked to determine the true value of a completed construction where this may be different from the value claimed by the contractor and/or paid by the client. The term
335:
Section 108(3) of the 1996 Act and paragraph 23(2) of the Scheme for
Construction Contracts state that "the decision of the adjudicator shall be binding on the parties, and they shall comply with it until the dispute is finally determined by legal proceedings, by arbitration ... or by agreement
202:
in 1999. There is very little harmony between the legislation in each jurisdiction regarding the scope of contract covered and the adjudication procedure. However, in all jurisdictions, adjudications are interim pending final resolution of the dispute under the relevant terms of the contract.
367:, Matt Molloy notes that there can be a distinction between "statutory adjudication", applying the processes set out in legislation, and "contractual adjudication", where a complainant exercises a right provided for in their contract. In this case, which related to a
727:
defines a dually adjudicated child as "a child who is found to be dependent or temporarily subject to court jurisdiction pending an adjudication of a dependency petition and who is alleged or found to have committed a delinquent or incorrigible act". According to
219:
on 26 March 2000 and applies to all construction contracts commenced on or after that date. It is not possible to contract out of the legislation. Amendments to the Act made in 2013 are not retrospective, however, earlier amendments are. The Act does not apply to
258:
in
October, 2004. Through a statutory-based adjudication process a claimant can seek to resolve payment on account disputes. The act covers construction, and related supply of goods and services, contracts, whether written or verbal. BCIPA is regulated by the
526:
industry to refer to the process of paying claims submitted or denying them after comparing claims to the benefit or coverage requirements. The adjudication process consists of receiving a claim from an insured person and then utilizing
331:
For there to be a dispute capable of being addressed by adjudication, "it must be clear that a point has emerged from the process of discussion or negotiation that has ended and that there is something which needs to be decided".
251:
260:
807:
regards it as "resolved" that where there is any difference between contractual adjudication arrangements and statutory requirements, the contractual arrangements fall and the Scheme is applied "in its
716:
732:, "adjudicated" means that the Juvenile Court has entered an order declaring that a child "is neglected, abused, dependent, a minor requiring authoritative intervention, a delinquent minor or an
535:
After the claims adjudication process is complete, the insurance company often sends a letter to the person filing the claim describing the outcome. The letter, which is sometimes referred to as
1141:
676:. It may be determined that the person is not suitable for a public trust position, but is suitable for a non-sensitive position. However, a person may be deemed unsuitable for any position.
309:
Any party to a construction contract has the right to refer a dispute arising under the contract to a third party for adjudication, whose decision shall be binding unless the courts or an
177:
of all the parties there to have been considered and set at rest." In some cases, an application for adjudication is an alternative legal process instead of applying for a court hearing.
917:
303:
280:
224:
work, however, construction work ancillary to the operation of a mine is covered. The Act also does not apply to work undertaken for a resident owner within the meaning of the
264:
699:
that set off an alarm and assessing the potential threat that the material or device might pose with corresponding implications for the need to take further action."
313:
have already made a determination on the referred issue. The Act does not define "adjudication" or an "adjudicator", but an adjudicator's obligation is to act "
299:
680:
317:" (section 108(2)(e)). The parties can agree between themselves who will undertake the adjudication, but where they cannot agree, either party may ask an
1173:
1344:
Michael J. Gorr and
Sterling Harwood, eds., Controversies in Criminal Law: Philosophical Essays on Responsibility and Procedure (Westview Press, 1992).
238: has allowed an adjudicator's determination for a non-jurisdictional error to be overturned through judicial review. The case went against
39:
1115:
711:
can refer to children that are under a court's jurisdiction, usually as a result of having engaged in delinquent behavior and not having a
286:
Builders, sub-contractors and suppliers need to carefully choose a nominating authority to which they make an adjudication application.
1347:
Michael J. Gorr and
Sterling Harwood, eds., Crime and Punishment: Philosophic Explorations (Wadsworth Publishing Co., 2000; originally
930:
2602:
1034:
379:, the court determined that the adjudicator had exceeded his jurisdiction and the adjudicator's ruling was therefore not upheld.
1237:
Fiscal Year 2011: Homeland
Security Grant Program Supplemental Resource: Preventive Radiological / Nuclear Detection Guidance
1377:
John T. Noonan and
Kenneth I. Winston, eds., The Responsible Judge: Readings in Judicial Ethics (Praeger Publishers, 1993).
628:
490:
1204:
600:
462:
383:
191:
242:(2004), which had held that judicial intervention was limited to cases of a breach of essential and basic requirements.
899:
341:
2028:
1586:
1485:
1038:
881:
647:
509:
73:
607:
585:
469:
447:
371:-removal agreement requiring the contractor to remove the remains of a boat sunk to stop torpedoes being fired into
2142:
2011:
998:
842:
2597:
1944:
1845:
2104:
1738:
750:
581:
443:
400:
reminded litigants that in the UK context, "the majority of adjudicators are not chosen for their expertise as
614:
476:
1457:
1348:
577:
439:
2264:
1743:
1308:
1273:
344:
argued that the wording would have been clearer if had said "unless and until" instead of merely "until".
2680:
2259:
596:
458:
2234:
1733:
1387:
Harry H. Wellington, Interpreting the
Constitution: The Supreme Court and the Process of Adjudication (
1368:
946:
126:
and at other competitive forums, by which competitors are evaluated and ranked and a winner is found.
2317:
903:
672:
position, which is a job that requires a very knowledgeable and responsible person, often related to
2685:
2112:
2094:
1357:
Sterling
Harwood, Judicial Activism: A Restrained Defense (Austin & Winfield Publishers, 1993).
1328:
1236:
990:
692:
661:
566:
428:
392:
55:
2446:
664:
where the investigation results are reviewed to determine whether a candidate should be awarded a
2675:
2487:
2274:
1763:
1748:
1360:
Allan C. Hutchinson, It's All in the Game: A Nonfoundationalist
Account of Law and Adjudication (
1338:
1102:
1055:
958:
570:
432:
173:
on the factual issue(s) involved; it may be equivalent to a determination. It indicates that the
542:
The process of claims adjudication, in this context, is also called "medical billing advocacy".
2542:
2527:
35:
977:
691:
Adjudication is the "process of identifying, with reasonable certainty, the type or nature of
115:, to come to a decision which determines rights and obligations between the parties involved.
2646:
2239:
1917:
1728:
1405:
1388:
1361:
1298:
1253:
1086:
1073:
993:
Brodyn Pty. Ltd. t/as Time Cost and Quality v. Davenport & Anor. [2004] NSWCA 394
919:
International Best Legal Practice in Project and Construction Agreements: Security of payment
397:
1142:
The Future of 'Smash and Grab' Adjudications and what it means for the Construction Industry
2367:
1713:
276:
1221:
1176:, case reference: EWHC 3366 (TCC), published 22 December 2010, accessed 23 September 2023
1131:(2018) EWHC 123 (TCC), paragraph 13, published 27 February 2018, accessed 16 December 2021
621:
483:
198:
legislation which provide for adjudication of progress construction claims, starting with
157:; also the judgment or decision given. The entry of a decree by a court in respect to the
8:
2522:
1662:
1579:
1422:
1128:
764:
363:
195:
1191:
1018:
980: (15 June 2016), Supreme Court New South Wales: Equity – Technology and Construction
2337:
1996:
1850:
1835:
1813:
1557:
1537:
1490:
1480:
1022:
904:
Aspect Contracts (Asbestos) Limited (Respondent) v Higgins Construction Plc (Appellant)
769:
745:
665:
338:
Aspect Contracts (Asbestos) Limited (Respondent) v Higgins Construction Plc (Appellant)
139:
47:
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1773:
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1532:
1450:
1314:
877:
673:
536:
119:
51:
1144:, Penningtons Manches Cooper LLP, published 23 April 2020, accessed 16 December 2021
1019:
Text of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (1996 Chapter 53)
2327:
2294:
1793:
1657:
1652:
1617:
1381:
1318:
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can also result in a determination that a child is in need of services. Different
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1297:, The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, 2nd ed. (
729:
216:
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174:
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1968:
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1324:
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295:
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143:
104:
1418:
1374:
David Lyons, Moral Aspects of Legal Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
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1431:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
1430:
1414:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
1413:
1307:, Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities (Ann Arbor:
1021:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
804:
779:
372:
162:
147:
135:
108:
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2357:
2050:
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2016:
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1612:
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1522:
1500:
1443:
1334:
1304:
784:
669:
328:, the Scheme for Construction Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 1998 apply.
314:
166:
1194:(2012) EWHC 84 (TCC), published 26 January 2012, accessed 16 November 2022
1074:
The Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998
1058: at para. 29 (6 December 2011), High Court (England and Wales)
2561:
2502:
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2122:
2023:
1939:
1898:
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376:
275:
Adjudication is a relatively new process introduced by the government of
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96:
87:
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2554:
2434:
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2117:
2038:
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1991:
1973:
1961:
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1427:
The Merits (and Demerits) of International Adjudication and Arbitration
1380:
Kathleen M. Sullivan and Gerald Gunther, Constitutional Law, 15th ed. (
850:
821:, June 2001, quoted in High Court (Technology and Construction Court).
660:
In the United States, adjudication is the process directly following a
310:
255:
1105: at para. 24 (22 May 2003), High Court (England and Wales)
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2497:
2439:
2414:
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1983:
1956:
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523:
388:
368:
123:
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1289:
Darren Noble, Users' Guide to Adjudication in Victoria (Anstat 2009)
555:
532:
submitted on paper and are processed manually by insurance workers.
417:
2581:
2566:
2269:
2154:
1951:
1495:
528:
325:
233:
112:
1190:
England and Wales High Court (Technology and Construction Court),
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England and Wales High Court (Technology and Construction Court),
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2347:
2159:
2077:
1893:
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773:
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that could be entrusted with being responsible for him or her. A
1354:
H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford University Press, 1961).
1224: (16 November 2005), Court of Appeal (England and Wales)
2571:
2424:
2169:
2060:
2055:
2001:
1672:
947:
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999
723:
have different processes for declaring a child as adjudicated.
401:
304:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
281:
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002
221:
213:
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999
2512:
2456:
2362:
2203:
2006:
1505:
1087:
Scheme for Construction Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 1998
974:
Probuild Constructions (Aust) Pty Ltd v Shade Systems Pty Ltd
151:
111:, including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or
100:
906:, Trinity Term UKSC 38, paragraph 15, accessed 5 April 2021
2394:
2342:
2198:
1596:
1512:
1192:
Herbosh-Kiere Marine Contractors Ltd v Dover Harbour Board
1466:
1218:
Carillion Construction Ltd v Devonport Royal Dockyard Ltd
926:
545:
1207:, published 14 February 2012, accessed 16 November 2022
1076:, SI 649/1998, made 6 March 1998, accessed 5 April 2021
298:
in regard to construction in the United Kingdom is the
1435:
300:
Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996
1276:". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
681:
Department of the Navy Central Adjudication Facility
252:
Building and Construction Industry Payments Act 2004
236:
Constructions (Aust) Pty Ltd v Shade Systems Pty Ltd
915:
876:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 118.
847:Washington State Office of Administrative Hearings
302:(1996 Chapter 53), later amended by Part 8 of the
261:Building and Construction Industry Payments Agency
2667:
1205:Adjudication "torpedoed" by adjudicator's frolic
118:Adjudication can also refer to the processes at
1317:, Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies (
1174:Redwing Construction Limited v Charles Wishart
916:McNair, Damian; PwC Australia (January 2016),
522:"Claims adjudication" is a phrase used in the
382:In the same case, reference is made to a 2006
1451:
1154:Benfield Construction v Trudson (Hatton) Ltd.
32:The examples and perspective in this article
1410:International Law in the Age of Adjudication
871:
1337:, Principles of Human Rights Adjudication (
1050:
874:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 1
584:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
446:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1458:
1444:
1129:Grove Developments Ltd v S&T (UK) Ltd.
969:
967:
872:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005).
1367:David Lyons, Ethics and the Rule of Law (
1216:
1068:
1066:
648:Learn how and when to remove this message
510:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
2603:History of the American legal profession
1186:
1184:
1182:
1035:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
895:
893:
817:Lloyd QC, in the unreported decision of
717:child dependency or neglect adjudication
142:. The formal giving or pronouncing of a
1260:. Justia. 2005. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
964:
702:
362:Herbosh-Kiere Marine Contractors Ltd v
2668:
1063:
843:"Glossary for Administrative Hearings"
546:Background investigations (employment)
1439:
1179:
1052:Sprunt Ltd v London Borough of Camden
983:
890:
686:
336:between the parties". In the case of
1241:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
582:adding citations to reliable sources
549:
444:adding citations to reliable sources
411:
134:Adjudication may be defined as "the
18:
1162:Redwing Construction Ltd. v Wishart
180:
13:
1283:
1158:Barr Ltd v Klin Investment UK Ltd.
1103:[2003] EWHC 1187 (TCC)
1056:[2011] EWHC 3191 (TCC)
900:Supreme Court of England and Wales
342:Supreme Court of England and Wales
206:
129:
14:
2697:
1587:Restitution and unjust enrichment
351:
289:
95:is the legal process by which an
2634:
2633:
2619:
1116:More on True Value Adjudications
999:Supreme Court of New South Wales
554:
416:
23:
2598:History of the legal profession
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707:Referring to a minor, the term
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909:
865:
835:
751:Alternative dispute resolution
1:
1349:Jones and Bartlett Publishers
828:
407:
245:
1309:University of Michigan Press
1270:Illinois Administrative Code
1222:[2005] EWCA Civ 1358
1160:, 2009, both referred to in
1060:, accessed 22 November 2023.
360:In relation to a 2012 case,
265:Queensland Building Services
254:(BCIPA) came into effect in
185:
7:
1395:
1327:, Taking Rights Seriously (
1118:, accessed 12 November 2021
739:
319:Adjudicator Nominating Body
270:
50:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2702:
2265:International legal theory
1744:International slavery laws
1739:International human rights
1734:International criminal law
1369:Cambridge University Press
1114:Addleshaw Goddard (2019),
1099:Orange EBS Ltd. v ABB Ltd.
240:Brodyn Pty Ltd v Davenport
85:
36:the English-speaking world
2613:
2590:
2480:
2318:Administration of justice
2303:
2212:
2103:
1982:
1884:
1605:
1473:
1406:Sir Christopher Greenwood
1331:, 2005, originally 1977).
1274:Section 304.2 Definitions
1041:, accessed on 1 July 2024
978:[2016] NSWSC 770
231:In NSW, the 2016 case of
2095:Basic structure doctrine
1945:Natural and legal rights
1826:Public international law
1329:Harvard University Press
1226:accessed 21 August 2023.
790:
662:background investigation
393:Devonport Royal Dockyard
161:in a case. It implies a
2275:Principle of typicality
1749:International trade law
1465:
1339:Oxford University Press
1258:Arizona Revised Statues
961:, accessed 25 June 2018
949:, accessed 25 June 2018
679:From the United States
668:, or is suitable for a
38:and do not represent a
959:Home Building Act 1989
389:Carillion Construction
226:Home Building Act 1989
2270:Principle of legality
2029:Delegated legislation
1729:Intellectual property
1389:Yale University Press
1362:Duke University Press
1299:Yale University Press
1039:Adjudication Services
398:Lord Justice Chadwick
340:, heard in 2015, the
2488:Barristers' chambers
2430:Legal representation
2368:Justice of the peace
1714:Financial regulation
703:Referring to a minor
578:improve this section
440:improve this section
215:came into effect in
56:create a new article
48:improve this article
34:deal primarily with
2523:Election commission
2235:Expressive function
1764:Landlord–tenant law
1663:Consumer protection
1423:Stephen M. Schwebel
765:Collateral estoppel
364:Dover Harbour Board
196:security of payment
192:state and territory
140:resolving a dispute
2681:Administrative law
2481:Legal institutions
2348:Lawsuit/Litigation
2338:Dispute resolution
2143:Catholic canon law
1851:State of emergency
1814:Will and testament
1538:Law of obligations
1491:Constitutional law
1481:Administrative law
1254:§8-271 Definitions
1023:legislation.gov.uk
995:(3 November 2004)"
936:on 8 November 2022
770:Dispute resolution
746:Administrative law
730:Illinois state law
687:Emergency response
666:security clearance
263:, a branch of the
165:by a court, after
120:dance competitions
2663:
2662:
2323:Constitutionalism
2245:Law and economics
2083:Act of parliament
1821:Product liability
1774:Legal archaeology
1699:Environmental law
1693:Entertainment law
1533:International law
1315:Erwin Chemerinsky
1172:Fenwick Elliott,
819:Sindall v Solland
725:Arizona state law
674:national security
658:
657:
650:
632:
537:remittance advice
520:
519:
512:
494:
84:
83:
76:
58:, as appropriate.
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2638:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2447:Question of fact
2328:Criminal justice
1658:Construction law
1653:Conflict of laws
1618:Agricultural law
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1382:Foundation Press
1319:Aspen Publishers
1295:Alexander Bickel
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1085:UK Legislation,
1083:
1077:
1072:UK Legislation,
1070:
1061:
1059:
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1005:
987:
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935:
929:, archived from
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849:. Archived from
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181:Construction law
122:, in television
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2577:Political party
2550:Legal education
2538:Law enforcement
2518:Court of equity
2476:
2452:Question of law
2405:Practice of law
2385:Judicial review
2299:
2250:Legal formalism
2230:Comparative law
2225:Contract theory
2208:
2128:Legal pluralism
2099:
2088:Act of Congress
2012:Executive order
1978:
1880:
1799:Nationality law
1724:Immigration law
1648:Competition law
1601:
1469:
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1284:Further reading
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1474:Core subjects
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883:9780787663742
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805:Peter Coulson
800:
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609:
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602:
599: –
598:
594:
593:Find sources:
587:
583:
579:
573:
572:
568:
563:This section
561:
557:
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543:
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538:
533:
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503:
500:November 2023
492:
489:
485:
482:
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475:
471:
468:
464:
461: –
460:
456:
455:Find sources:
449:
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441:
435:
434:
430:
425:This section
423:
419:
414:
413:
405:
403:
399:
395:
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373:Dover Harbour
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307:
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294:The relevant
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30:
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20:
16:Legal process
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2390:Jurisdiction
2358:Legal remedy
2313:Adjudication
2312:
2213:Legal theory
2051:Ratification
2046:Promulgation
2017:Proclamation
1997:Codification
1930:Human rights
1918:Divine right
1908:Constitution
1876:Women in law
1794:Military law
1789:Marriage law
1784:Maritime law
1683:Election law
1623:Aviation law
1613:Abortion law
1565:Property law
1501:Criminal law
1426:
1409:
1335:Conor Gearty
1305:Gad Barzilai
1269:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1217:
1212:
1203:Molloy, M.,
1199:
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1123:
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1094:
1081:
1051:
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1014:
1002:. Retrieved
992:
985:
973:
954:
942:
931:the original
918:
911:
873:
867:
855:. Retrieved
851:the original
846:
837:
818:
813:
799:
785:Res judicata
708:
706:
690:
678:
670:public trust
659:
644:
635:
625:
618:
611:
604:
592:
576:Please help
564:
541:
534:
521:
506:
497:
487:
480:
473:
466:
454:
438:Please help
426:
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293:
285:
274:
249:
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194:has enacted
189:
133:
117:
93:Adjudication
92:
91:
70:
61:
33:
2562:Legislature
2493:Bureaucracy
2290:Rule of man
2285:Rule of law
2260:Libertarian
2123:Chinese law
2024:Legislation
1974:Regulations
1962:Law reports
1940:Natural law
1836:Reparations
1831:Refugee law
1754:Jurimetrics
1695:(Media law)
1633:Banking law
1628:Amnesty law
1606:Disciplines
1543:Private law
1156:(2008) and
755:Arbitration
709:adjudicated
638:August 2023
396:, in which
377:World War I
315:impartially
296:legislation
88:Adjudicator
2670:Categories
2555:Law school
2435:Prosecutor
2373:Magistrate
2160:Jewish law
2118:Common law
2039:Rulemaking
2034:Regulation
1984:Law making
1923:Divine law
1899:Legal code
1846:Sports law
1769:Law of war
1719:Health law
1704:Family law
1688:Energy law
1638:Bankruptcy
1575:Punishment
1570:Public law
1004:2 December
829:References
808:entirety".
608:newspapers
470:newspapers
408:Healthcare
311:arbitrator
256:Queensland
246:Queensland
155:proceeding
124:game shows
86:See also:
2533:Judiciary
2528:Executive
2503:The bench
2440:Solicitor
2415:Barrister
2295:Sociology
2280:Pseudolaw
2220:Anarchist
2177:Roman law
2165:Parsi law
2150:Hindu law
2138:Canon law
2113:Civil law
2066:Concordat
1957:Precedent
1866:Trust law
1841:Space law
1678:Drugs law
1548:Procedure
1486:Civil law
1425:entitled
1408:entitled
759:Mediation
721:US states
565:does not
524:insurance
427:does not
186:Australia
113:litigants
52:talk page
2640:Category
2582:Tribunal
2567:Military
2410:Attorney
2380:Judgment
2240:Feminist
2155:Jain law
1952:Case law
1673:Cyberlaw
1580:Corporal
1558:Criminal
1528:Evidence
1518:Doctrine
1496:Contract
1396:Lectures
1391:, 1992).
1384:, 2004).
1371:, 1984).
1364:, 2000).
1351:, 1996).
1341:, 2005).
1321:, 2006).
1311:, 2003).
1301:, 1986).
1243:. p. 11.
902:(2015),
740:See also
736:minor".
734:addicted
693:material
529:software
386:ruling,
326:Scotland
277:Victoria
271:Victoria
234:Probuild
144:judgment
105:evidence
103:reviews
64:May 2023
46:You may
2654:Outline
2591:History
2498:The bar
2472:Verdict
2420:Counsel
2400:Justice
2255:History
2078:Statute
1894:Charter
1856:Tax law
1804:Probate
1429:in the
1419:Lecture
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1402:Lecture
857:16 July
774:Lawsuit
622:scholar
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571:sources
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2002:Decree
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1809:Estate
1759:Labour
1523:Equity
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753:(e.g.
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175:claims
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2007:Edict
1553:Civil
1506:Crime
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