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matter. Courts normally will not conduct a case on a hypothetical question. However, under
Article 55, the Court is enjoined to give an Opinion where Cabinet, and only Cabinet, desires an interpretation or effect of a provision of the Constitution where the question has arisen or appears to the Cabinet likely to arise .
186:
apply to intervene. The parties make detailed written submissions to the Court, which then holds a hearing. It typically reserves its decision, later releasing a written opinion. The Court has a discretion to refuse to answer questions which are too ambiguous or will not provide an answer with any meaning.
328:
The referral provision in the
Constitution is an unusual process, not always available under other written constitutions but, nevertheless, Article 55 has been used on a number of occasions in Nauru. It is unusual in that Courts will not normally exercise jurisdiction in a case without a justiciable
334:
On account of the nature of
Article 55, the Court must limit itself to the questions asked. Whilst the Court gives what is termed an Opinion, one must realise that it is a constitutional opinion based on law. Such an Opinion carries legal weight, so far as it goes, but it must itself be susceptible
232:
1. If at any time it appears to the
President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration
185:
on any questions of law. The
Supreme Court then has jurisdiction to hold a hearing on the reference, just like an appeal. The Attorney General of Canada participates in a federal reference. The provincial and territorial Attorneys General have the right to intervene, and interested parties may
696:
Statutory or constitutional provisions in
Alabama, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and South Dakota allow their highest courts to issue advisory opinions in some circumstances. Several other states, including Kentucky, Minnesota,
237:
2. The
President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to article 131, refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
656:
to "require the
Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices." In other words, Jay informed President Washington that the President ought to turn to the
228:, the President of India may refer to the Supreme Court of India, a question of law or fact which, he thinks, is of public importance. It is not binding on the Supreme Court to answer questions raised in the reference. For an analysis of this provision, see
189:
The
Provincial governments and some of the territories have a similar power to refer questions to their highest appeal courts for an opinion. This power is set out in their respective provincial laws defining the powers of the appellate courts. The
280:
for its opinion any question concerning the interpretation or effect of any provision of this
Constitution which has arisen or appears to the Cabinet likely to arise, and the Supreme Court shall pronounce in open court its opinion on the question."
676:
are not subject to U.S. Constitution's Article III case or controversy limitation. Many state courts are barred from issuing advisory opinions by their own constitutions, although there are often specific exceptions to these limitations. Some
225:
284:
This article has been put to use on six occasions, in the following cases, in which the Cabinet sought an advisory opinion from the Supreme Court on hypothetical cases relating to an interpretation of constitutional provisions:
617:
from issuing advisory opinions. Accordingly, before the court will hear a case, it must find that the parties have a tangible interest at stake in the matter, the issue presented must be "mature for judicial resolution" or
704:
by one court to another, which are permissible. U.S. federal courts, when confronted with real cases or controversies in which the federal court's decision will turn in whole or in part on a question of state law (e.g.
720:), occasionally ask the highest court of the relevant state to give an authoritative answer to the state-law question, which the federal court will then apply to its resolution of the federal case (see e.g.
626:
issue must remain before the court throughout the course of the lawsuit. While this doctrine is still in full force, there has been a liberalization of these requirements in recent years.
588:
146:
from issuing advisory opinions; a binding determination requires a controversy between two or more parties. There have been occasions in Australia's legal history, such as the
797:
727:). Because the state court in such circumstances is giving an opinion that affects an actual case, it is not considered to be issuing an advisory opinion.
117:. It is also empowered to give advice on domestic laws and proposed legislation, and whether or not they are compatible with the Convention's provisions.
689:
supreme court. Also, some states require their supreme court to give advisory opinions on particular matters, such as whether proposed amendments to the
581:
46:, but which merely legally advises on its opinion as to the constitutionality or interpretation of a law. Some countries have procedures by which the
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649:
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and perhaps other Cabinet secretaries when they require legal advice concerning American law. Over a century later the Court dismissed
2119:
921:
Lucas Moench, State Court Advisory Opinions: Implications for Legislative Power and Prerogatives, 97 B.U. L. Rev. 2243, 2246 (2017)
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for an advisory opinion. In other countries or specific jurisdictions, courts may be prohibited from issuing advisory opinions.
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362:
42:, is a decision or opinion of the body but which is non-binding in law and does not have the effect of adjudicating a specific
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Missouri, and Vermont, once allowed for advisory opinions by statute or constitution, but have since abandoned the practice.
560:
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gives an automatic right of appeal from a reference decision of a provincial Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.
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for the Supreme Court to provide such an opinion, noting that the president could rely on advice from anyone within the
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17:
1659:
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933:
RICHARD H. FALLON, JR. ET AL., HART AND WECHSLER'S THE FEDERAL COURTS AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM 50-51 (7th ed. 2015).
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to the normal canons of interpretation in the event of a particular disputed question brought before the Court.
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because there was no "actual controversy" between the parties; thus, any opinion rendered would be advisory.
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and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
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In the Matter of Article 55 & 45 (and Article 36 & 40) of the Constitution
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In the Matter of Article 55 & 45 (and Article 36 & 40) of the Constitution
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Three Questions Referred under Articles 36 & 55 of the Constitution
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Constitutional Reference; In re Dual Nationality and Other Questions
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made the following remarks in relation to the nature of article 55:
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Constitutional Reference; In re Dual Nationality and Other Questions
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Constitutional Reference; In re Dual Nationality and Other Questions
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944:ââGhosts that Slayâ: A Contemporary Look at State Advisory Opinions
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to provide its advice on certain matters. This procedure is called
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89:) when requested to do so by certain organs or agencies of the
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Constitutional Reference; In re Article 55 of the Constitution
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gives the federal Cabinet the power to refer questions to the
123:
Advisory Opinions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
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1973:
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Four Questions Referred under Article 55 of the Constitution
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894:"Letter to George Washington From John Jay, Chief Justice"
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or a Minister may, in accordance with the approval of the
983:
96:
73:
International Court of Justice § Advisory opinions
952:
831:"Presidential references and their precedential value"
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Cowen and Zines's Federal Jurisdiction in Australia
113:or other instruments governing human rights in the
911:https://www.oyez.org/cases/1901-1939/1910/1910_330
66:
2184:
775:, Administrative Law, Pearson Law Briefs, p. 36.
172:mechanism is equivalent to an advisory opinion.
863:Selected case law of the Supreme Court of Nauru
611:Article Three of the United States Constitution
700:Advisory opinions should not be confused with
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865:, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
650:Article Two of the United States Constitution
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77:List of International Court of Justice cases
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38:or other government authority, such as an
2120:History of the American legal profession
946:, 37 CONN. L. REV. 1155, 1168-69 (2005).
226:Article 143 of the Constitution of India
61:
14:
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956:
741:within a specific case or controversy
561:Adequate and independent state ground
148:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
109:regarding the interpretation of the
103:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
97:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
640:replied that it would violate the
111:American Convention on Human Rights
24:
243:Article 143, Constitution of India
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93:. These opinions are non-binding.
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466:Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
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693:violate the U.S. Constitution.
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107:Organization of American States
2193:International Court of Justice
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820:, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26, s. 53.
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83:International Court of Justice
67:International Court of Justice
13:
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652:which expressly permits the
101:The advisory function of the
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54:may refer questions to the
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763:(1921) 29 CLR 257 at 265.
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144:Constitution of Australia
1612:Basic structure doctrine
1462:Natural and legal rights
1343:Public international law
907:Muskrat v. United States
605:has determined that the
410:Constitutional avoidance
259:
255:Supreme Court of Ireland
222:"Presidential Reference"
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1792:Principle of typicality
1266:International trade law
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815:August 6, 2014, at the
183:Supreme Court of Canada
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882:Supreme Court of Nauru
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218:Supreme Court of India
204:Supreme Court of India
87:United Nations Charter
1787:Principle of legality
1546:Delegated legislation
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852:Constitution of Nauru
609:requirement found in
450:Amount in controversy
363:United States federal
266:Constitution of Nauru
230:
142:is prohibited by the
27:Type of legal opinion
2005:Barristers' chambers
1947:Legal representation
1885:Justice of the peace
1231:Financial regulation
737:Declaratory judgment
642:separation of powers
62:International courts
52:legislative branches
2040:Election commission
1752:Expressive function
1281:Landlordâtenant law
1180:Consumer protection
874:Barry Connell CJ.,
702:certified questions
607:case or controversy
537:Anti-Injunction Act
405:Political questions
40:election commission
1998:Legal institutions
1865:Lawsuit/Litigation
1855:Dispute resolution
1660:Catholic canon law
1368:State of emergency
1331:Will and testament
1055:Law of obligations
1008:Constitutional law
998:Administrative law
691:state constitution
542:Sovereign immunity
264:Article 55 of the
214:President of India
170:reference question
160:Reference question
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1600:Act of parliament
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2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Civil society
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Trier of fact
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Legal opinion
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Court-martial
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1822:Jurisprudence
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Statutory law
1709:
1707:
1706:Socialist law
1704:
1700:
1699:Byzantine law
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:Religious law
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1622:Legal systems
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:Statutory law
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Statutory law
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Transport law
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Legal fiction
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Financial law
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Corporate law
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Statutory law
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
991:Core subjects
989:
985:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
958:
955:
945:
939:
932:
927:
918:
912:
908:
903:
895:
889:
883:
879:
878:
871:
864:
859:
853:
848:
840:
836:
832:
826:
819:
818:
814:
811:
805:
799:
794:
787:
781:
774:
769:
762:
757:
753:
742:
738:
735:
734:
728:
726:
724:
719:
715:
713:
708:
703:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
666:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
627:
625:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
572:
570:
569:
562:
558:
556:
554:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
526:
522:
521:
519:
518:
515:
512:
511:
502:
501:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
483:
482:
481:
480:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
417:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
380:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
364:
361:
360:
356:
352:
351:
341:United States
336:
332:
330:
326:
325:
324:
322:
321:Barry Connell
319:
318:Chief Justice
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
282:
279:
278:Supreme Court
275:
271:
267:
256:
239:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
205:
195:
193:
187:
184:
180:
179:
173:
171:
167:
161:
151:
149:
145:
141:
124:
120:
119:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2169:
2162:
2148:
2134:
1907:Jurisdiction
1875:Legal remedy
1830:Adjudication
1730:Legal theory
1568:Ratification
1563:Promulgation
1534:Proclamation
1514:Codification
1447:Human rights
1435:Divine right
1425:Constitution
1393:Women in law
1311:Military law
1306:Marriage law
1301:Maritime law
1200:Election law
1140:Aviation law
1130:Abortion law
1082:Property law
1018:Criminal law
943:
938:
930:
926:
917:
902:
888:
875:
870:
858:
847:
825:
808:
804:
793:
785:
780:
768:
756:
740:
722:
711:
699:
695:
683:Rhode Island
674:State courts
672:
669:State courts
628:
600:
552:
524:
500:Quasi in rem
498:
491:
484:
455:Supplemental
420:Jurisdiction
384:
333:
327:
313:
311:
306:
305:(2007); and
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
263:
236:
231:
221:
207:
191:
188:
176:
174:
166:Canadian law
163:
137:
100:
80:
31:
29:
2079:Legislature
2010:Bureaucracy
1807:Rule of man
1802:Rule of law
1777:Libertarian
1640:Chinese law
1541:Legislation
1491:Regulations
1479:Law reports
1457:Natural law
1353:Reparations
1348:Refugee law
1271:Jurimetrics
1212:(Media law)
1150:Banking law
1145:Amnesty law
1123:Disciplines
1060:Private law
624:justiciable
486:In personam
2187:Categories
2072:Law school
1952:Prosecutor
1890:Magistrate
1677:Jewish law
1635:Common law
1556:Rulemaking
1551:Regulation
1501:Law making
1440:Divine law
1416:Legal code
1363:Sports law
1286:Law of war
1236:Health law
1221:Family law
1205:Energy law
1155:Bankruptcy
1092:Punishment
1087:Public law
748:References
725:abstention
718:bankruptcy
613:prohibits
547:Abrogation
532:Abstention
514:Federalism
253:See also:
202:See also:
158:See also:
71:See also:
44:legal case
2050:Judiciary
2045:Executive
2020:The bench
1957:Solicitor
1932:Barrister
1812:Sociology
1797:Pseudolaw
1737:Anarchist
1694:Roman law
1682:Parsi law
1667:Hindu law
1655:Canon law
1630:Civil law
1583:Concordat
1474:Precedent
1383:Trust law
1358:Space law
1195:Drugs law
1065:Procedure
1003:Civil law
707:diversity
631:President
445:Diversity
369:doctrines
270:President
134:Australia
56:judiciary
48:executive
2157:Category
2099:Tribunal
2084:Military
1927:Attorney
1897:Judgment
1757:Feminist
1672:Jain law
1469:Case law
1190:Cyberlaw
1097:Corporal
1075:Criminal
1045:Evidence
1035:Doctrine
1013:Contract
880:(2004),
839:44283695
813:Archived
731:See also
714:doctrine
638:John Jay
622:, and a
555:doctrine
527:doctrine
476:Personal
400:Mootness
395:Ripeness
390:Standing
316:(2004),
309:(2008).
301:(2004);
297:(2003);
293:(1977);
289:(1977);
241:â
121:List of
115:Americas
2171:Outline
2108:History
2015:The bar
1989:Verdict
1937:Counsel
1917:Justice
1772:History
1595:Statute
1411:Charter
1373:Tax law
1321:Probate
723:Pullman
681:, like
648:under
460:Removal
274:Cabinet
249:Ireland
2089:Police
2060:Agency
1942:Lawyer
1687:Sharia
1578:Treaty
1573:Repeal
1519:Decree
1430:Custom
1326:Estate
1276:Labour
1040:Equity
837:
788:p. 16.
679:states
663:a case
493:In rem
212:, the
168:, the
164:Under
154:Canada
75:, and
2164:Index
2030:Court
1974:Trial
1880:Judge
1721:Yassa
1524:Edict
1070:Civil
1023:Crime
835:JSTOR
687:state
260:Nauru
210:India
198:India
36:court
34:of a
1912:Jury
1860:Fiqh
1716:Xeer
1114:Tort
1030:Deed
712:Erie
620:ripe
601:The
525:Erie
175:The
138:The
81:The
984:Law
931:See
312:In
208:In
50:or
30:An
2189::
1418:/
909:,
833:.
976:e
969:t
962:v
896:.
841:.
743:.
590:e
583:t
576:v
20:)
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