813:, the judges would exchange their views informally on the salient legal points of the case, and a time limit for producing a judgment would then be set. Then, each judge would write an anonymous summary containing his opinion; the opinions would be circulated among the court for 2 or 3 days before the president drafted a judgment containing a summary of those submitted by individual judges. The court would then agree on the decision that they wished to reach, along with the main points of argument they wished to use. Once this was done, a committee of four, including the president, the registrar and two judges elected by secret ballot, drafted a final judgment, which was then voted on by the entire court. Once a final judgment was set, it was given to the public and the press. Every judgment contained the reasons behind the decision and the judges assenting; dissenting judges were allowed to deliver their own judgment, with all judgments read in open court before the agents of the parties to the dispute. Judgments could not be revised except on the discovery of some fact unknown when the court sat but not if the fact was known but not discussed because of negligence.
653:, who would put them before the Council and Assembly for election. The Council and Assembly were to bear in mind that the elected panel of judges was to represent every major legal tradition in the league, along with "every major civilisation". Each member state was allowed to recommend 4 potential judges, with a maximum of 2 from its own nation. Judges were elected by a straight majority vote, held independently in the Council and Assembly. The judges served for a period of nine years, with their term limits all expiring at the same time, necessitating a completely new set of elections. The judges were independent and rid themselves of their nationality for the purposes of hearing cases, owing allegiance to no individual member state, but it was forbidden to have more than one judge from the same state. As a sign of their independence from national ties, judges were given full diplomatic immunity when engaged in court business. The only requirements for judges were "high moral character" and "the qualifications required in their respective countries the highest judicial offices" or to be "jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law".
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received by judges of the court) and
Sections D and E of the official journal, comprising the legislative clauses conferring jurisdiction on the court and the court's Annual Report. The second editing secretary, known as the oral secretary, was mainly responsible for the oral interpretation and translation of the court's discussions. For public hearings, he was assisted by interpreters, but for private meetings, only he, the registrar and the deputy-registrar were admitted. As a result of this duty, the oral secretary was also tasked with writing Section C of the official journal, which comprised the oral interpretations of court minutes, along with cases and questions put before the court. The third secretary, known as the written secretary, was tasked with the written translations of the court's business, which were "both numerous and voluminous". He was assisted in this by the other secretaries and by translators for languages not his own; all secretaries were expected to speak English and French fluently and to have working knowledge of German and Spanish.
43:
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850:, was initially tasked with drawing up a plan to create an efficient secretariat, using the smallest number of staff possible and costing as little as possible. As a result, he decided to have each member of the secretariat as the head of a particular department, so the numbers of actual employees could be increased or decreased as necessary without impacting on the actual registry. In 1927, the post of deputy-registrar was created, tasked with dealing with legal research for the court and answering all diplomatic correspondence received by the registry.
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at this issue, and it reported that "where there are in fact contending parties, the difference between contentious cases and advisory cases is only nominal... so the view that advisory opinions are not binding is more theoretical than real". In practice, advisory opinions were usually followed, mostly due to the fear that if this "revolutionary" international court's decisions were not followed, it would undermine its authority. The court retained the discretion to avoid giving an advisory opinion, which it used on occasion.
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563:, to come into effect in 1935. That did not directly affect the court, since the protocol accepting court jurisdiction was separately ratified, but it influenced whether a nation would be willing to bring a case before it, as evidenced by Germany's withdrawal from two pending cases. There were few cases in 1934 since the world's governments were more concerned with the growing international tension. The court's business continued to be small in 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 although 1937 was marked by
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suitable disputes being over the interpretation of an international treaty, a question on international law, the validity of facts, which, if true, would breach international obligations and the nature of any reparations to be made for breaching international obligations. The original statutes of the court provided that all 11 judges were required to sit in every case. There were three exceptions: when reviewing Labour
Clauses from a peace treaty such as the
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court was sitting, with 150 for the vice-president. This duty allowance was limited to 20,000 florins a year for the judges and 30,000 florins for the vice-president; as such, it provided for 200 days of court hearings, with no allowance provided if the court sat for longer. The deputy judges received no salary but, when called up for service, were provided with travel expenses, 50 florins a day for living expenses and 150 florins a day as a duty allowance.
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873:, was created to allow the circulation of the court's publishings. The Copying Department comprised shorthand, typing and copying services, and included secretaries for the registrar and judges, emergency reporters capable of taking notes down verbatim and copyists; the smallest of the departments, it comprised between 12 and 40 staff depending on the business of the court.
250:, allowed the league to investigate setting up an international court. In June 1920, an Advisory Committee of jurists appointed by the League of Nations finally established a working guideline for the appointment of judges, and the committee was then authorised to draft a constitution for a permanent court not of arbitration but of justice. The
346:, which was not presented with a case for its first six terms. The court was given nine cases during 1922, however, with judgments called "cases" and advisory opinions called "questions". Three cases were disposed of during the court's first session, one during an extraordinary sitting between 8 January and 7 February 1923 (the
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those three categories. The court could issue either judgments or advisory opinions. Judgments were directly binding but not advisory opinions. In practice, member states of the League of
Nations followed advisory opinions anyway for fear of possibly undermining the moral and legal authority of the court and the league.
238:. At the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907, a draft convention for a permanent Court of Arbitral Justice was written although disputes and other pressing business at the Conference meant that such a body was never established, owing to difficulties agreeing on a procedure to select the judges. The outbreak of the
820:", which arose from Article 14 of the covenant creating the court, which provided, "The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute referred to it by the Council or Assembly". Goodrich interprets that as indicating that the drafters intended a purely advisory capacity for the court, not a binding one.
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difficult departments to organise. The
Accounting and Establishment Department dealt with the requests for and allocation of the court's yearly budget, which was drawn up by the registrar, approved by the court and submitted to the League of Nations. The Printing Department, run from a single printing plant in
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international treaties". The
Optional Clause was a clause attached to the protocol establishing the court and required all signatories to refer certain classes of dispute to the court, with compulsory judgments resulting. There were approximately 30 international conventions under which the court had
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The proviso that the court was for disputes that could not "be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy" never made it require evidence that diplomatic discussions had been attempted before bringing the case. In the Loan Cases, it asserted jurisdiction despite the fact that there was no alleged breach of
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argued that in certain situations, an advisory opinion could be binding on the League of
Nations Council and, under certain circumstances, some states; M. Politis agreed, saying that the court's advisory opinions were equivalent to a binding judgment. In 1927, the court appointed a committee to look
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a month later. On 14 February the court was officially opened, and rules of procedure were established on 24 March, when the court ended its first session. The court first sat to decide cases on 15 June. During its first year of business, the court issued three advisory opinions, all related to the
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allowed it to have jurisdiction in cases over "the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of international obligations" and argued that since the fact "may be of any kind", it had jurisdiction if the dispute is one of municipal law. It had been long established that
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The registry was split into several departments: the
Archives, the Accounting and Establishment, the Printing Service and the Copying Department. The Archives included a distribution service for the court's documents and the legal texts used by the court itself and was described as one of the most
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Judges were paid 15,000 Dutch florins a year, with daily expenses of 50 florins to pay for living expenses, and an additional 45,000 florins for the president, who was required to live at The Hague. Travelling expenses were also provided, and a "duty allowance" of 100 florins was provided when the
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The court was unable to meet between 1941 and 1944, but the framework remained intact, and it soon became apparent that the court would be dissolved. In 1943, an international panel met to consider "the question of the
Permanent Court of International Justice", meeting from 20 March to 10 February
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The court's mandatory jurisdiction came from three sources: the
Optional Clause of the League of Nations, general international conventions and special bipartite international treaties. Cases could also be submitted directly by states, but they were not bound to submit material unless it fell into
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Throughout its existence, the court widened its jurisdiction as much as possible. Strictly speaking, the court's jurisdiction was only for disputes between states, but it regularly accepted disputes that were between a state and an individual if a second state brought the individual's case to the
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Under the
Covenant of the League of Nations, all League members agreed that if there was a dispute between states they "recognize to be suitable for submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy", the matter would be submitted to the court for arbitration, with
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Between 1922 and 1940 the court heard a total of 29 cases and delivered 27 separate advisory opinions. With the heightened international tension in the 1930s, the court became less used. By a resolution from the League of Nations on 18 April 1946, both the court and the league ceased to exist and
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The three principal officers of the registry, after the registrar and deputy-registrar, were the three editing secretaries. The first editing secretary, known as the drafting secretary, was tasked with drafting the court's publications (including the Confidential Bulletin, a document exclusively
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The court's jurisdiction was largely optional, but there were some situations in which they had "compulsory jurisdiction", and states were required to refer cases to them. That came from three sources: the Optional Clause of the League of Nations, general international conventions and "special
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judge, selected by the member state, was expected to fulfil all the requirements of a normal judge; the president of the court had ultimate discretion over whether to authorise him to sit. The court was mandated to open on 15 June each year and continue until all cases were finished, with
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of Norway was eventually appointed. Deputy judges were only substitutes for absent judges and were not afforded a vote in altering court procedure or contributing at other times. As such, they were allowed to act as counsel in international cases where they were not sitting as judges.
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Other than the judges, the court also included a registrar and his secretariat, the registry. When the court met for its initial session, opened on 30 January 1922 to allow for the establishment of procedure and the appointment of court officials, the secretary-general of the
790:(which was done by a special chamber of 5 judges, appointed every 3 years), when reviewing cases on communications or transport arising from a peace treaty (which used a similar procedure) and when hearing summary procedure cases, which were reviewed by a panel of 3 judges.
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wrote that "the one dream of our ages has been realised in our time". Much praise was heaped upon the appointment of an American judge despite the fact that the United States had not become a signatory to the court's protocol, and it was thought that it would soon do so.
431:. 1926 saw reduced business, with only one ordinary session and one extraordinary session; it was, however, the first year that all 11 judges had been present to hear cases. The court heard two cases, providing one judgment and one advisory opinion; a second
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extraordinary sessions if required; by 1927, there were more extraordinary sessions than ordinary ones. The court's business being conducted in English and French as official languages, and hearings were public unless it was otherwise specified.
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judge of their own nationality to hear the case. In a full court hearing, that increased the number to 12; in one of the 5-man chambers, the new judge took the place of one of the original 5. That did not apply to summary procedure cases. The
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attributes the failure to a strong isolationist element in the US Senate, arguing that the ineffectiveness shown by US nonparticipation in the court and other international institutions could be linked to the start of the Second World War.
193:. Created in 1920 (although the idea of an international court was several centuries old), the court was initially well-received from states and academics alike, with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation.
595:, to succeed the Permanent Court of International Justice. As a result of these conferences and others, the judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice officially resigned in October 1945 and, via a resolution by the
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1925 was an exceedingly busy year for the court, which sat for 210 days, with four extraordinary sessions as well as the ordinary session, producing 3 judgments and 4 advisory opinions. The first judgment was given in the
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The United States never joined the World Court, primarily because enemies of the League of Nations in the Senate argued that the court was too closely linked to the League of Nations. The leading opponent was Senator
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1161:. It was also foreseen that there would be clauses inserted in bipartite international treaties, which would allow the referral of disputes to the court; that occurred, with such provisions found in treaties between
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Despite the reduction of work in 1926, 1927 was another busy year, the court sitting continuously from 15 June to 16 December, handing down 4 orders, 4 judgments and 1 advisory opinion. The judgments were in the
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became the second president of the court. Judicial pensions were created at the same time, with a judge being given 1/30th of his annual pay for every year he had served once he had both retired and turned 65.
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To prevent the appearance of any bias in the court's makeup, if there was a judge belonging to one member state on the panel and the other member state was not "represented", they had the ability to select an
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In 1930, the number of judges was increased to 15, and a new set of elections were held. The election was held on 25 September 1930, with 14 candidates receiving a majority on the first ballot and a 15th,
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did not risk his political capital and gave only passive support even though a two-thirds vote of approval was needed in the Senate. A barrage of telegrams flooded Congress, inspired by attacks made by
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242:, and, in particular, its conclusion made it clear to many academics that some kind of world court was needed, and it was widely expected that one would be established. Article 14 of the Covenant of the
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1944. The panel agreed that the name and functioning of the court should be preserved but for some future court rather than a continuation of the current one. Between 21 August and 7 October 1944, the
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had first suggested US involvement in 1923, and on 9 December 1929, three court protocols were signed. The U.S. demanded a veto over cases involving the U.S. but other nations rejected the idea.
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567:'s acceptance of the court protocol. The court's judicial output in 1940 consisted entirely of a set of orders, completed in a meeting between 19 and 26 February, caused by the beginning of
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824:(who sat as a judge) said that an advisory opinion "was what it purported to be. It is advisory. It is not in any sense a judgement... hence it is not in any way binding on any state", but
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passed an emergency resolution through the Assembly, which designated an official of the league and his staff as the registrar and registry respectively, with the first registrar being
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municipal law may be considered as a side point to a dispute over international law, but the Loan Cases discussed municipal law without the application of any international points.
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390:. During the same year, a new president and vice-president were elected, since they were mandated to serve for a term of three years. At the elections on 4 September 1924,
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in 1899, where it was declared that arbitration between states was the easiest solution to disputes, providing a temporary panel of judges to arbitrate in such cases, the
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269:, covering preliminary business during the first session (such as establishing procedure and appointing officers) Nine judges sat, along with three deputies, since
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international law, and it could not be shown that there was any international element to the claim. The court justified itself by saying that the Covenant of the
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The United States finally accepted the court's jurisdiction on 28 December 1935, but the treaty was never ratified, and the U.S. never joined.
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of the United Kingdom were elected by a majority vote of both the Council and Assembly on the first ballot taken. The second ballot elected
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was selected to succeed him. Olivan resigned in 1931 to take over from Hammarskjöld as registrar, and was replaced by M. L. J. H. Jorstad.
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523:, Republican of Idaho. The United States finally recognised the court's jurisdiction, following a long and drawn out process. President
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The court faced increasing work as it went on, allaying the fears of those commentators who had believed the court would become like the
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said, "May we not as lawyers regard the establishment of an International Court of Justice as an advance in the science that we pursue?"
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1752:[Analysis and visualization of networks in history. The example of the intellectual cooperation of the League of Nations].
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Kahn, Gilbert N. "Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight."
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Gilbert N. Kahn, "Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight."
559:. This period was marked by growing international tension, however, with Japan and Germany announcing their withdrawal from the
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The seal of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The successor International Court of Justice adopted the seal as well.
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Hudson, Manley O. (1957). "The Succession of the International Court of Justice to the Permanent Court of International".
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on 10 September 1923. The workload the following year was reduced, containing two judgments and one advisory opinion; the
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court. It argued that the second state assertsled its rights, and the cases therefore became one between two states.
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The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921, with the 4 deputies being elected on the 16th. On the first vote,
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Goodrich, Leland M. (1938). "The Nature of the Advisory Opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Competence of the International Labour Organisation to Regulate Incidentally the Personal Work of the Employer 1926
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on 16 July, the president and registrar left the Netherlands and moved to Switzerland, accompanied by their staff.
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1601:"Signature and Ratification of the Protocol of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) Member States"
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491:) left the court increasingly understaffed. Replacements for Moore and Finlay were elected on 19 September 1929;
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Hudson, Manley O. (July 1923). "The Work and the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Jacoby, Sidney B. (1936). "Some Aspects of the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Dunne, Michael. "Isolationism of a Kind: Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States."
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The United States and The World Court as a "Supreme Court of the Nations": Dreams, Illusions and Disillusion
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The United States and The World Court as a "Supreme Court of the Nations": Dreams, Illusions and Disillusion
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Hudson, Manley O. (January 1936). "The Fourteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 1922–1946 Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders in PDF
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579:. Informed that the situation would not be tolerated after diplomatic missions from other nations left
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said that the creation of the court "should have given every lawyer a thrill of cosmic vibration", and
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Scott, James Brown (1921). "The Election of Judges for the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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The initial reaction to the court was good, from politicians, practising lawyers and academics alike.
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Hudson, Manley O. (1930). "The Election of Members of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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After the second round of elections in September 1930, the court was reorganised. On 16 January 1931
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Hudson, Manley O. (January 1923). "The First Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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The court initially consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges, recommended by member states of the
338:, who had first suggested American involvement; the U.S. demanded a veto, however, and never joined.
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Hudson, Manley O. (1945). "The Twenty-Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1939). "The Seventeenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1941). "The Nineteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1940). "The Eighteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1935). "The Thirteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (Jan 1930). "The Eighth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Moore, John Bassett (1922). "The Organization of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1938). "The Sixteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1937). "The Fifteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1933). "The Eleventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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of Yugoslavia were elected. The Assembly and Council disagreed on the fourth deputy judge, but
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Hudson, Manley O. (1934). "The Twelfth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1929). "The Seventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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1933 was a busy year for the court, which cleared its 20th case (and "greatest triumph"); the
374:(who had died on 1 March 1923 without hearing any cases) was also found, with the election of
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Hudson, Manley O. (1926). "The Fourth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1924). "The Second Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Interpretation of the Convention of 1919 concerning Employment of Women during the Night 1932
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Hudson, Manley O. (1932). "The Tenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1931). "The Ninth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1928). "The Sixth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1927). "The Fifth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hudson, Manley O. (1925). "The Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hill, Norman L. (1931). "National Judges in the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Hammarskjold, A. (1923). "The Early Work of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Bustamante Y Sirven, Antonio S. de (1923). "The Permanent Court of International Justice".
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in 1623. An idea of an international court of justice arose in the political world at the
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was elected vice-president on 12 September 1928 to succeed Weiss, while a second death (
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Hammarskjold, A. (1927). "Sidelights on the Permanent Court of International Justice".
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on 18 April 1946, the court and the league both ceased to exist, being replaced by the
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435:, this time a judgment rather than an advisory opinion, and an advisory opinion on the
350:), four during the second ordinary sitting between 15 June 1923 and 15 September 1923 (
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Accinelli, Robert D. "The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat, 1935."
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366:) and one during a second extraordinary session from 12 November to 6 December 1923 (
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Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the Oder River Case 1929
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was held, which, among other things, created an international court attached to the
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Hudson, Manley O. (1922). "The Permanent Court of International Justice".
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Scott, James Brown (1920). "A Permanent Court of International Justice".
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The Permanent Court (bottom left) in the League of Nations organisation.
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Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York
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Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)
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Searchable text of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and PCIJ documentation
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2335:
2298:
2253:
1761:
173:, Netherlands, home to the Permanent Court of International Justice
1220:
725:, receiving a majority on the second. The full court was Urrutia,
539:
and others. The treaty failed by seven votes on January 29, 1935.
19:"PCIJ" redirects here. For the Philippine media organization, see
1044:
1033:
3431:
3427:
1054:
983:
979:
944:
870:
796:
564:
255:
471:. This year saw another set of elections; on 6 December, with
1040:
634:
479:
elected vice-president. Weiss died the following year, and
1118:
Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland Question 1931
551:
Growing international tension and dissolution of the court
415:. The 4 advisory opinions issued by the court were in the
970:
Legal Status of the South-Eastern Territory of Greenland
809:
After receiving files in a case calculated to lead to a
1109:
Access to German Minority Schools in Upper Silesia 1931
252:
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice
630:
Judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice
2969:(2). American Society of International Law: 233–255.
2367:(4). American Society of International Law: 670–683.
2248:(4). American Society of International Law: 738–758.
1094:
Jurisdiction of the European Commission of the Danube
1165:
and Austria, and between Czechoslovakia and Poland.
1121:
Interpretation of the Greco-Bulgarian Agreement 1932
433:
question on German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia
2837:(1). American Society of International Law: 11–38.
2618:(1). American Society of International Law: 26–35.
2552:(1). American Society of International Law: 48–75.
2208:
1113:
Customs Regime between Germany and Austria Question
461:
Competence of the European Commission on the Danube
3186:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–11.
3141:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–22.
3104:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–11.
3059:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–18.
3014:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–16.
2882:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–18.
2684:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–29.
2507:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–37.
2183:
1106:Interpretation of the Greco-Turkish Agreement 1928
1082:the Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question
3332:
1125:Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex
941:Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex
903:Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case 1924
429:German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia Question
3450:
2234:The United States and the World Court, 1920–1935
1579:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 132–33.
1572:
913:Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia
3399:, vol. 580, World Peace Foundation, 1925,
261:The court first sat on 30 January 1922, at the
222:An international court had long been proposed;
1198:Permanent Court of International Justice cases
1017:Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case
421:Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question
405:Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case
21:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
281:were unable to attend, the last being at the
3383:(4). American Society of International Law.
3362:(4). American Society of International Law.
3252:(3). American Society of International Law.
3231:(1). American Society of International Law.
2948:(1). American Society of International Law.
2927:(1). American Society of International Law.
2792:(1). American Society of International Law.
2771:(1). American Society of International Law.
2750:(4). American Society of International Law.
2729:(1). American Society of International Law.
2663:(1). American Society of International Law.
2597:(1). American Society of International Law.
2470:(3). Academy of Political Science: 115–123.
2321:
2284:
1103:Greco-Bulgarian "Communities" Question 1930
513:
409:Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case
384:Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case
3479:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1946
857:; after his resignation on 17 August 1928,
846:. The registrar, required to reside within
217:
651:Secretary general of the League of Nations
364:Acquisition of Polish Nationality Question
3377:The American Journal of International Law
3356:The American Journal of International Law
3246:The American Journal of International Law
3225:The American Journal of International Law
3180:The American Journal of International Law
3135:The American Journal of International Law
3098:The American Journal of International Law
3053:The American Journal of International Law
3008:The American Journal of International Law
2963:The American Journal of International Law
2942:The American Journal of International Law
2921:The American Journal of International Law
2876:The American Journal of International Law
2831:The American Journal of International Law
2786:The American Journal of International Law
2765:The American Journal of International Law
2744:The American Journal of International Law
2723:The American Journal of International Law
2678:The American Journal of International Law
2657:The American Journal of International Law
2612:The American Journal of International Law
2591:The American Journal of International Law
2546:The American Journal of International Law
2501:The American Journal of International Law
2361:The American Journal of International Law
2242:The American Journal of International Law
2213:(9). University of Minnesota Law School.
1747:
1098:Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig Case
1070:Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
832:
459:. 3 of the advisory opinions were on the
293:as vice-president; Huber was replaced by
35:Cour permanente de justice internationale
3474:Courts and tribunals established in 1922
3459:Permanent Court of International Justice
2239:
1221:Permanent Court of International Justice
1076:Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question
633:
614:
469:German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia
417:Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question
329:
179:Permanent Court of International Justice
160:
29:Permanent Court of International Justice
1013:Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway case 1939
185:, existed from 1922 to 1946. It was an
3451:
3397:World Peace Foundation Pamphlet Series
3243:
3222:
3177:
3132:
3095:
3050:
3005:
2960:
2939:
2918:
2873:
2828:
2783:
2762:
2741:
2720:
2675:
2654:
2609:
2588:
2543:
2498:
2461:
2440:
2403:
1002:Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case
700:of Switzerland. As the deputy judges,
682:Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven
457:Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions Case
449:Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzow
413:Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case
380:Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case
311:Attorney General for England and Wales
271:Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven
3374:
3353:
3339:. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 132–33.
3295:
2181:
995:Minority Schools in Albania case 1935
935:Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia
394:was again elected vice-president and
302:created by the Treaty of Versailles.
16:International court from 1922 to 1946
2358:
2186:World politics and international law
1548:Republican foreign policy, 1921–1933
1145:similar jurisdiction, including the
1022:Société Commerciale de Belgique 1939
692:of the United States, and the sixth
3304:(6). Columbia Law School: 497–526.
1603:. Archives of the League of Nations
13:
3484:International courts and tribunals
573:German invasion of the Netherlands
348:Tunis-Morocco Nationality Question
344:Supreme Court of the United States
325:
14:
3495:
3412:
1064:Monastery of Saint-Naoum Question
907:Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions
898:Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions
437:International Labour Organization
388:Monastery of Saint-Naoum Question
300:International Labour Organization
3464:Organisations based in The Hague
41:
2182:Boyle, Francis Anthony (1985).
2167:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1593:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1283:League of Nations Treaty Series
1188:Commissions of the Danube River
1157:and all mandates signed by the
1134:
1087:the Treaty of Lausanne Question
1010:Phosphates in Morocco case 1938
853:The first deputy-registrar was
610:
1297:
1288:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1214:
1039:Nationality Decrees Issued in
601:International Court of Justice
236:Permanent Court of Arbitration
199:International Court of Justice
1:
1208:
1026:
506:was appointed president, and
465:Jurisdiction of Danzig Courts
3424:Decisions of the World Court
780:
232:First Hague Peace Conference
7:
2227:Journal of American Studies
2017:Hudson (January 1923) p. 17
1181:
467:. The 4 orders were on the
425:Treaty of Lausanne Question
283:Washington Naval Conference
10:
3500:
3333:Pomerance, Michla (1996).
2134:Hudson (January 1923) p.24
2116:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 350
2107:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 347
2098:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 345
2089:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 344
2080:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 343
2071:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 342
2035:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 341
2008:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 340
1999:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 329
1748:Grandjean, Martin (2017).
1348:Hudson (January 1923) p.28
1339:Hudson (January 1923) p.27
1330:Hudson (January 1923) p.19
1312:Hudson (January 1923) p.16
1294:Hudson (January 1923) p.15
1193:League of Nations archives
881:
627:
455:and a continuation of the
212:
18:
1990:Hammarskjold (1927) p.338
1954:Hammarskjold (1927) p.331
1945:Hammarskjold (1927) p.334
1936:Hammarskjold (1927) p.330
1918:Hammarskjold (1927) p.328
1657:Hudson (January 1936) p.1
1573:Michla Pomerance (1996).
1321:Hammarskjold (1923) p.704
1151:Air Navigation Convention
623:
589:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
514:United States never joins
463:, and the 4th was on the
226:suggested it in 1305 and
118:
108:
100:
92:
56:
52:
40:
33:
28:
2143:Hudson (July 1923) p.122
2125:Hudson (July 1923) p.121
2026:Bustamante (1923) p. 132
876:
755:Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns
731:Rafael Altamira y Crevea
658:Rafael Altamira y Crevea
360:German Settlers Question
352:Eastern Carelia Question
218:Founding and early years
143:52.0866000°N 4.2955000°E
76:52.0866000°N 4.2955000°E
1227:, accessed 4 March 2021
937:(Minority Schools) 1928
919:Factory at ChorzĂłw case
816:The court also issued "
763:Michał Jan Rostworowski
411:, and the third in the
3432:Contents & Indexes
1528:Hudson (Jan 1930) p.39
1519:Hudson (Jan 1930) p.38
1285:, vol. 6, pp. 380–413.
833:Registrar and registry
723:Francisco José Urrutia
642:
620:
557:Eastern Greenland Case
475:elected president and
339:
258:on December 13, 1920.
174:
2229:21#3 (1987): 327–351.
2192:Duke University Press
2178:40.3 (1978): 463–478.
1981:Goodrich (1938) p.740
1972:Goodrich (1938) p.739
1963:Goodrich (1938) p.738
1155:Treaty of St. Germain
747:José Gustavo Guerrero
637:
618:
532:Franklin D. Roosevelt
370:). A replacement for
356:S.S. "Wimbledon" case
333:
197:were replaced by the
164:
148:52.0866000; 4.2955000
81:52.0866000; 4.2955000
3292:4.2 (1980): 137–160.
2211:Minnesota Law Review
1563:4.2 (1980): 137–160.
1147:Treaty of Versailles
1007:Borchgrave case 1937
955:Brazilian Loans case
822:Manley Ottmer Hudson
788:Treaty of Versailles
668:of the Netherlands,
285:. The court elected
248:Treaty of Versailles
246:, created after the
3298:Columbia Law Review
2324:Michigan Law Review
2161:Jacoby (1936) p.237
2152:Jacoby (1936) p.234
2053:Hudson (1937) p. 15
1792:Hudson (1930) p.719
1738:Hudson (1957) p.569
1729:Hudson (1957) p.571
1720:Hudson (1957) p.570
1263:Hudson (1922) p.247
1254:Hudson (1922) p.246
1236:Hudson (1922) p.245
826:Charles De Visscher
710:Michaelo Yovanovich
577:diplomatic immunity
187:international court
181:, often called the
139: /
72: /
3442:2018-10-23 at the
3290:Diplomatic History
2443:Harvard Law Review
2406:Harvard Law Review
2287:Harvard Law Review
2062:Hudson (1932) p. 2
2044:Hudson (1929) p.29
1927:Moore (1922) p.507
1900:Moore (1922) p.506
1891:Moore (1922) p.501
1882:Moore (1922) p.500
1873:Moore (1922) p.506
1864:Hudson (1931) p.23
1855:Hudson (1931) p.22
1846:Hudson (1931) p.21
1837:Moore (1922) p.509
1828:Moore (1922) p.508
1819:Scott (1921) p.558
1810:Scott (1921) p.557
1801:Moore (1922) p.504
1783:Scott (1921) p.556
1639:Hudson (1934) p.18
1561:Diplomatic History
1510:Hudson (1929) p.28
1501:Hudson (1928) p.26
1492:Hudson (1928) p.22
1483:Hudson (1928) p.21
1474:Hudson (1928) p.10
1456:Hudson (1927) p.30
1447:Hudson (1927) p.27
1438:Hudson (1927) p.26
1429:Hudson (1926) p.19
1411:Hudson (1925) p.58
1402:Hudson (1925) p.57
1393:Hudson (1925) p.48
1384:Hudson (1925) p.55
1375:Hudson (1924) p.33
1303:Hudson (1925) p.49
1272:Scott (1920) p.582
1245:Scott (1920) p.581
1032:Status of Eastern
998:Losinger case 1936
961:Serbian Loans case
859:Julio Lopez Olivan
739:Willem van Eysinga
735:Dionisio Anzilotti
714:Frederik Beichmann
690:John Bassett Moore
662:Dionisio Anzilotti
643:
621:
481:John Bassett Moore
473:Dionisio Anzilotti
445:Belgium-China Case
368:Jaworznia Question
340:
315:John Henry Wigmore
175:
2201:978-0-8223-0655-9
1909:Hill (1931) p.673
1754:Memoria e Ricerca
1711:Hudson (1945) p.1
1702:Hudson (1941) p.2
1693:Hudson (1941) p.1
1684:Hudson (1938) p.1
1675:Hudson (1940) p.1
1666:Hudson (1939) p.1
1648:Hudson (1935) p.1
1630:Hudson (1933) p.1
1621:Boyle (1985) p.54
1537:Hudson (1932) p.1
1465:Hudson (1928) p.1
1420:Hudson (1926) p.6
1366:Hudson (1924) p.2
1357:Hudson (1924) p.1
1175:League of Nations
1159:League of Nations
840:League of Nations
818:advisory opinions
767:Walther SchĂĽcking
727:Mineichiro Adachi
706:Demetre Negulesco
647:League of Nations
597:League of Nations
561:League of Nations
525:Warren G. Harding
504:MineichirĹŤ Adachi
336:Warren G. Harding
319:James Brown Scott
289:as president and
244:League of Nations
191:League of Nations
159:
158:
3491:
3426:Relevant to the
3407:
3392:
3371:
3350:
3329:
3285:
3240:
3219:
3174:
3129:
3092:
3047:
3002:
2957:
2936:
2915:
2870:
2825:
2780:
2759:
2738:
2717:
2672:
2651:
2606:
2585:
2540:
2495:
2458:
2437:
2400:
2355:
2318:
2281:
2232:Dunne, Michael.
2222:
2205:
2189:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:(1968) pp 70–75.
1546:L. Ethan Ellis,
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1218:
990:Oscar Chinn case
844:Åke Hammarskjöld
759:Frank B. Kellogg
537:Charles Coughlin
510:vice-president.
508:Gustavo Guerrero
254:was accepted in
189:attached to the
155:
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
88:
87:
86:
84:
83:
82:
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
45:
26:
25:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3449:
3448:
3444:Wayback Machine
3415:
3410:
3395:
3347:
3310:10.2307/1111551
3258:10.2307/2195063
3192:10.2307/2192595
3147:10.2307/2192961
3110:10.2307/2190835
3065:10.2307/2190628
3020:10.2307/2190710
2975:10.2307/2191089
2888:10.2307/2190290
2843:10.2307/2189781
2798:10.2307/2190212
2690:10.2307/2190232
2624:10.2307/2188593
2558:10.2307/2189082
2513:10.2307/2189220
2476:10.2307/1171805
2418:10.2307/1329614
2373:10.2307/2189917
2336:10.2307/1328280
2299:10.2307/1279363
2254:10.2307/2190594
2202:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
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2079:
2075:
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2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
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1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
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1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
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1787:
1782:
1778:
1772:English summary
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
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1634:
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1587:
1571:
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1558:
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1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
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493:Henri Fromageot
376:Epitácio Pessoa
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1036:Question 1923
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666:Bernard Loder
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131:52°05′11.76″N
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2185:
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1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
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1605:. Retrieved
1595:
1575:
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1547:
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1506:
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1488:
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1224:
1216:
1171:
1167:
1138:
1135:Jurisdiction
926:
889:
867:
863:
855:Paul Ruegger
852:
836:
815:
808:
802:
795:
792:
784:
775:
719:
684:of Cuba and
655:
644:
611:Organisation
585:
569:World War II
554:
541:
529:
517:
501:
441:
401:
341:
304:
263:Peace Palace
260:
228:Émeric Crucé
221:
207:
195:
182:
178:
176:
167:Peace Palace
134:4°17′43.80″E
67:4°17′43.80″E
34:
3430:(2010) and
976:Lighthouses
949:Switzerland
751:Cecil Hurst
686:Lord Finlay
680:of France,
678:André Weiss
672:of Brazil,
670:Ruy Barbosa
497:Cecil Hurst
489:Lord Finlay
477:André Weiss
392:André Weiss
372:Ruy Barbosa
295:André Weiss
275:Ruy Barbosa
183:World Court
146: /
120:Coordinates
93:Established
79: /
3453:Categories
3346:9041102043
1770:(PDF) and
1766:See also:
1607:22 January
1586:9041102043
1209:References
1027:Advisories
704:of China,
676:of Japan,
674:Yorozu Oda
664:of Italy,
660:of Spain,
530:President
483:resigned;
453:Lotus Case
3405:426522229
3389:0002-9300
3368:0002-9300
3318:0010-1958
3282:146855383
3266:0002-9300
3237:0002-9300
3216:146862789
3200:0002-9300
3171:147181932
3155:0002-9300
3118:0002-9300
3089:146815934
3073:0002-9300
3044:147117212
3028:0002-9300
2999:146929876
2983:0002-9300
2954:0002-9300
2933:0002-9300
2912:146934110
2896:0002-9300
2867:146921184
2851:0002-9300
2822:147498530
2806:0002-9300
2777:0002-9300
2756:0002-9300
2735:0002-9300
2714:147335984
2698:0002-9300
2669:0002-9300
2648:147439381
2632:0002-9300
2603:0002-9300
2582:147690767
2566:0002-9300
2537:147068086
2521:0002-9300
2484:1548-7237
2455:0017-811X
2426:0026-2234
2397:147690819
2381:0002-9300
2344:0017-811X
2307:0026-2234
2278:147163061
2262:0002-9300
2219:0026-5535
2176:Historian
1142:bipartite
890:Wimbledon
848:The Hague
781:Procedure
698:Max Huber
639:Max Huber
581:The Hague
485:Max Huber
396:Max Huber
291:Max Huber
267:The Hague
171:The Hague
113:The Hague
101:Dissolved
3440:Archived
1281:Text in
1182:See also
811:judgment
603:and the
427:and the
201:and the
109:Location
3326:1111551
3274:2195063
3208:2192595
3163:2192961
3126:2190835
3081:2190628
3036:2190710
2991:2191089
2904:2190290
2859:2189781
2814:2190212
2706:2190232
2640:2188593
2574:2189082
2529:2189220
2492:1171805
2434:1329614
2389:2189917
2352:1328280
2315:1279363
2270:2190594
2236:(1988).
1045:Morocco
1034:Carelia
649:to the
213:History
3428:UNCLOS
3403:
3387:
3366:
3343:
3324:
3316:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3235:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3124:
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3087:
3079:
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2997:
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2260:
2217:
2198:
1583:
1153:, the
1149:, the
1055:Poland
984:Greece
980:France
945:France
871:Leiden
803:ad hoc
797:ad hoc
624:Judges
565:Monaco
451:, the
447:, the
423:, the
419:, the
382:, the
256:Geneva
3322:JSTOR
3278:S2CID
3270:JSTOR
3212:S2CID
3204:JSTOR
3167:S2CID
3159:JSTOR
3122:JSTOR
3085:S2CID
3077:JSTOR
3040:S2CID
3032:JSTOR
2995:S2CID
2987:JSTOR
2908:S2CID
2900:JSTOR
2863:S2CID
2855:JSTOR
2818:S2CID
2810:JSTOR
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