325:
36:
349:
299:
333:
287:
412:
341:
386:. Each Contracting Party may appoint up to four persons "of known competency in questions of international law, of the highest moral reputation and disposed to accept the duties of arbitrators" for a renewable 6-year term. In addition to forming a panel of potential arbitrators, the Members of the Court from each Contracting Party constitute a “national group,” which is entitled to nominate candidates for the election to the
1331:
The
International Court of Justice (ICJ) wishes to draw the attention of the media and the public to the fact that the Award in the South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China) was issued by an Arbitral Tribunal acting with the secretarial assistance
662:
Arbitration between two states takes place when two member states of the PCA decide to submit a dispute for arbitration to a PCA Tribunal. The
Tribunal consists of five arbitrators: two (one of whom may be a national of the party concerned) are selected by each party to the arbitration; these four
1332:
of the
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). The relevant information can be found on the PCA's website (www.pca-cpa.org). The ICJ, which is a totally distinct institution, has had no involvement in the above mentioned case and, for that reason, there is no information about it on the ICJ's website.
424:
In the
Articles 30–57 of the Hague Convention of 1899 the rules of arbitration procedure are outlined. These rules are an adapted version of pre-existing treaties among the states. They were amended in 1907, the creation of a summary procedure for simple cases being the most conspicuous change, and
356:
The PCA is not a court in the conventional understanding of that term but an administrative organization with the object of having permanent and readily available means to serve as the registry for purposes of international arbitration and other related procedures, including commissions of enquiry
452:
Parties to arbitration have to pay the expenses of the arbitral tribunal set up to hear the case, including the salary of the arbitrators, registry and administrative functions, but not including overheads of the organization. The costs of arbitration vary from case to case and discussions may be
432:
The decision is published as an award, along with any dissenting opinions. Early Court decisions were countersigned by the arbitrators themselves, but in 1907, that responsibility was passed to the president and secretary (of the PCA). The award is read in a public session in the presence of the
653:
arbitration rules (e.g. because one of the parties refuses to designate an arbitrator, or when the designated arbitrators are unable to agree on designation of a third arbitrator), the PCA Secretary-General may be requested to serve as an appointing authority. This option is also open for other
428:
The first act of parties before the PCA is the submission of the so-called "compromisis", stating the issue and the competence of the arbitrator(s). Proceedings are then conducted in two phases: written pleadings and oral discussion. The Court retires once the debate is over to deliberate and
240:. Unlike a judicial court in the traditional sense, the PCA provides administrative support in international arbitrations involving various combinations of States, State entities, international organizations and private parties. The cases span a range of legal issues involving territorial and
640:
PCA tribunals have jurisdiction for disputes based on the PCA founding documents (the
Conventions on Pacific Settlement of International Disputes), or based on bilateral and multilateral treaties. Its Secretary General furthermore acts as an appointing authority for arbitration.
470:
Parties to the
Convention on the Pacific Settlement of disputes of 1899 (71 Parties) and 1907 (101 Parties) are automatically parties to the PCA. As 51 are parties to both conventions, the PCA has 122 Contracting Parties: 120 members of the United Nations, as well as
1159:
Built between 1907 and 1913 for the
Permanent Court of Arbitration thanks to a donation from Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish-born industrialist who made his fortune in the United States, the Peace Palace is situated in seven hectares of parkland in the heart of the
1514:
The costs of arbitration vary from case to case. To promote maximum flexibility in each case, the PCA has no fixed fee schedule. The PCA assists the parties and tribunal in finding a fee arrangement that is most appropriate for the
444:
The budget of PCA comes from the contributions of its
Contracting Parties and income through arbitration cases. The distribution of the amounts to be paid by the individual Contracting Parties is based on the system in use by the
697:
If two member states have elected different dispute resolution measures, the third option is to be used. As of August 2016, the PCA has administered twelve of the thirteen cases initiated by states under Annex VII to the
1434:
252:, international investment, and international and regional trade. The PCA is constituted through two separate multilateral conventions with a combined membership of 123 Contracting Parties. The PCA is not a
503:"with the object of seeking the most objective means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a real and lasting peace, and above all, of limiting the progressive development of existing armaments".
271:“with the object of seeking the most objective means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a real and lasting peace, and above all, of limiting the progressive development of existing armaments.”
1068:
492:
1108:
1663:
1073:
The United
Nations clarified on its Chinese microblog yesterday that the tribunal that ruled against China's historic claims over the disputed South China Sea was not a UN agency.
372:, who is also a Contracting Party. It is responsible for the "direction and control" of the International Bureau, directs the organisation's budget and reports on its activities.
1572:
718:) clauses. The PCA may play a role in such proceedings as appointing authority for arbitrators, by use of its arbitration rules or by providing support to the arbitration case.
496:
1989:
1442:
344:
Prinsegracht 71, The Hague, a building dating from about 1728, which was the seat of the PCA between 1901 and 1913, when the construction of the Peace Palace was completed.
379:
is the
Secretariat of the PCA and is headed by the Secretary-General. It provides linguistic, research, administrative and financial support to PCA arbitration tribunals.
465:
1093:
1974:
953:
415:
Public Hearing in the Administrative Council Chamber of the PCA in Case No. 2012-04 (Arbitration between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Slovenia)
1199:
Shabtai Rosenne, "The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration: Reports and Documents", T.M.C. Asser Press (2001), page xxi.
1635:
1188:
He made his donation under the condition that the Peace Palace would not only house the Permanent Court of Arbitration, but also a public legal library
865:
1064:
1344:
408:, which also has its seat in the Peace Palace. The PCA is not part of the UN system, holding observer status in the UN General Assembly since 1993.
746:
714:
provide for a mechanism to resolve disputes between investors and states through arbitration through so-called investor-state dispute settlement (
672:
52:
1738:
263:
The PCA was established by the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, concluded at The Hague in 1899 during the first
1172:
992:
679:
1212:
845:
840:
Hulley Enterprises Limited (Cyprus), Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) and Veteran Petroleum Limited (Cyprus) v. the Russian Federation
368:) is a body composed of all the diplomatic representatives of the Contracting Parties accredited to the Netherlands. It is presided by the
1708:
1670:
1285:
1250:
1994:
1984:
1694:
1606:
1580:
1979:
369:
515:, who was elected on 14 February 2022 by the PCA Administrative Council for a term of 5 years (from 1 June 2022 until 31 May 2027).
124:
654:
arbitration agreements, in which the Secretary General is designated. Between 2011, and 2015, 257 of such requests were submitted.
1964:
675:(UNCLOS) provides for a dispute resolution mechanism regarding maritime boundaries in which member states can choose either the
1042:
1377:
1315:
1143:
1942:
1846:
1804:
1782:
1556:
1128:
872:
433:
agents and lawyers of the parties to the case. The decision is binding on the parties, and there is no mechanism for appeal.
1395:
773:
1085:
557:
1969:
904:
858:
264:
964:
324:
1473:
876:
576:
1922:– The relevant chapter includes information about a number of cases referred to the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
889:
786:
487:
The PCA is the oldest institution for international dispute resolutions. It was established in 1899 by the first
35:
401:
Parties to a dispute may, but are not obliged to, select arbitrators from the list of the Members of the Court.
1872:
1628:
1418:
899:
684:
405:
391:
387:
225:
1020:
736:
352:
North Atlantic Fisheries Arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Prinsegracht 71, The Hague, 1910.
1999:
839:
806:
117:
1498:
1348:
802:
348:
500:
1746:
894:
1463:
Art. 85 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (Hague I), October 18, 1907.
1176:
1216:
928:
760:
257:
1716:
1293:
1258:
488:
446:
159:
1546:
518:
The below table lists all the Secretaries-General who have served the PCA since its founding.
1917:
1865:"Cases | PCA-CPA — Cairn Energy PLC & Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India"
753:
253:
812:
742:
United States of America v. United Kingdom (The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case) (1910)
711:
8:
332:
298:
286:
95:
495:. At the second Hague Peace Conference, the earlier Convention was revised by the 1907
425:
were relevant in the 1920s development of rules for the Court of International Justice.
476:
1602:
1892:
Judge George H. Aldrich, "The Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal" in P. Hamilton et al., ed.,
1688:
1552:
1414:
1373:
1124:
1034:
826:
819:
411:
395:
241:
1894:
The Permanent Court of Arbitration: International Arbitration and Dispute Resolution
1319:
1147:
1937:
1909:
1116:
1850:
1786:
336:
Public Hearing in PCA Case No. 2015-28, the Enrica Lexie Incident (Italy v. India)
1391:
512:
200:
1603:"1907 The Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes"
1120:
1958:
1115:, Cambridge Companions to Law, Cambridge University Press, pp. 349–388,
796:
340:
139:
126:
67:
54:
1361:... they confuse the PCA with the UN's International Court of Justice (ICJ).
993:"Polak nowym Sekretarzem Generalnym Stałego Trybunału Arbitrażowego w Hadze"
278:, was built from 1907 to 1913 to house the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
291:
275:
249:
229:
1477:
846:
Cairn Energy PLC & Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India
268:
245:
237:
110:
693:
a special arbitral tribunal (constituted in accordance with Annex VIII).
649:
When problems arise in designating arbitrators for an arbitration under
394:) are among a handful of groups entitled to nominate candidates for the
767:
657:
1527:
1949:
493:
Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
233:
106:
1864:
690:
arbitral tribunal (constituted in accordance with Annex VII, UNCLOS)
1832:
1818:
1800:
1768:
1016:
650:
456:
The fixed costs for action as an appointing authority are €3000.
799:
v. European Union (Atlanto-Scandian Herring Arbitration) (2014)
699:
497:
Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
472:
267:
of 1899. The Conference had been convened at the initiative of
1912:(June 1943). "Chapter 1. The Permanent Court of Arbitration".
1502:
1109:"The Permanent Court of Arbitration: From 1899 to the Present"
861:) in the early 1980s the PCA helped set up the claims tribunal
1411:
The Peace Palace: residence for justice, domicile of learning
792:
Bangladesh v. India (Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary) (2014)
663:
arbitrators then choose the fifth and presiding arbitrator.
453:
held between the PCA and the parties over fee arrangements.
715:
1932:
185:
666:
466:
List of parties to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
390:. The Members of the Court (along with the judges of the
1548:
Arbitration Rules-International Institutions-3rd Edition
1065:"United Nations stresses separation from Hague tribunal"
868:) (2009) Claims Commission was organized through the PCA
1914:
The Permanent Court of International Justice 1920-1942
1990:
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
705:
1392:"General Assembly of the United Nations - Observers"
1113:
The Cambridge Companion to International Arbitration
658:
Interstate arbitration based on the Hague Convention
499:. The Conference was convened at the initiative of
441:
Between 2007 and 2008, the budget was €1.8 million.
1544:
506:
1709:"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"
1629:"United Nations Convention on the law of the sea"
1374:"A/RES/48/3 29th plenary meeting 13 October 1993"
429:conclude the case by a simple majority of votes.
1956:
1146:. International Court of Justice. Archived from
1573:"PCA Secretary-General as Appointing Authority"
673:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1975:International arbitration courts and tribunals
923:
921:
919:
370:Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
302:Parties of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
752:United States of America v. The Netherlands (
680:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
1538:
511:The current Secretary-General of the PCA is
1107:Schofield, Garth (2021), Lim, C. L. (ed.),
916:
1938:Conventions regarding establishment of PCA
1896:, Kluwer Law International (1999), p. 208.
1565:
1009:
1701:
1408:
1106:
404:The PCA sometimes gets confused with the
313: according to the convention of 1899
307: according to the convention of 1907
1427:
1236:
1234:
948:
946:
410:
347:
339:
331:
323:
297:
285:
1280:
1278:
1276:
644:
1957:
1908:
1693:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1621:
1551:. Juris Publishing, Inc. p. 300.
667:Interstate arbitration based on UNCLOS
540:Baron L.P.M.H. Michiels van Verduynen
459:
1380:from the original on 24 January 2006.
1231:
1207:
1205:
943:
1875:from the original on 3 February 2020
1641:from the original on 9 November 2015
1435:"The Permanent Court of Arbitration"
1273:
987:
985:
735:United States of America v. Mexico (
491:under Articles 20 to 29 of the 1899
1609:from the original on 16 August 2011
1376:. United Nations General Assembly.
1045:from the original on 27 August 2016
1027:
726:Examples of cases are shown below:
382:The third organ of the PCA are the
13:
1995:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
1902:
1871:. Permanent Court of Arbitration.
1857:
1739:"INSTRUMENTS REFERRING TO THE PCA"
1243:
1202:
1173:"Peace Palace Carnegie Foundation"
905:International Court of Arbitration
873:Sudan People's Liberation Movement
866:Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
859:Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
706:Investor–state investment disputes
436:
14:
2011:
1985:Organizations established in 1899
1926:
1545:Loukas A. Mistelis (1 May 2010).
1086:"Intergovernmental Organizations"
1071:from the original on 2016-07-16.
982:
1980:Organisations based in The Hague
1807:from the original on 2010-12-13.
1398:from the original on 2017-06-16.
1345:"Arbitral court not a UN agency"
1316:"International Court of Justice"
1096:from the original on 2017-05-23.
1023:from the original on 2016-06-22.
558:Aarnout Marinus Snouck Hurgronje
366:Permanent Administrative Council
34:
1886:
1839:
1825:
1811:
1793:
1775:
1761:
1731:
1656:
1595:
1528:"Fees and costs | PCA-CPA"
1520:
1491:
1466:
1457:
1441:. November 2008. Archived from
1402:
1384:
1366:
1337:
1308:
1193:
1165:
890:Ligue internationale de la paix
787:Barbados v. Trinidad and Tobago
507:List of PCA Secretaries-General
281:
1965:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1920:. pp. 3–36 Sections 1–32.
1577:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1175:. Peace Palace. Archived from
1136:
1100:
1078:
1057:
961:Permanent Court of Arbitration
900:International Court of Justice
685:International Court of Justice
406:International Court of Justice
392:International Court of Justice
388:International Court of Justice
226:intergovernmental organization
218:Permanent Court of Arbitration
22:Permanent Court of Arbitration
16:Intergovernmental organization
1:
910:
737:Pious Fund of the Californias
1474:"Schedule of Fees and Costs"
807:Chagos Marine Protected Area
781:Interstate: Annex VII UNCLOS
766:Belgium v. The Netherlands (
635:
419:
294:("Vredespaleis"), The Hague.
274:The PCA's headquarters, the
7:
1144:"ICJ Practical Information"
883:
803:Mauritius v. United Kingdom
618:Mr. Christiaan M.J. Kröner
577:Jean Pierre Adrien François
524:Baron R. Melvil van Lynden
28:Cour permanente d'arbitrage
10:
2016:
1409:Eyffinger, Arthur (1988).
795:Denmark in respect of the
610:Mr. Tjaco T. van den Hout
586:Baron E.O. van Boetzelaar
501:Czar Nicholas II of Russia
482:
463:
177:Maximum 4 per member state
1970:Foreign direct investment
1413:. Carnegie. p. 136.
1121:10.1017/9781108635752.023
895:International arbitration
745:France v. Great Britain (
269:Tsar Nicolas II of Russia
206:
196:
191:
181:
173:
165:
155:
116:
102:
91:
83:
49:
45:
33:
26:
21:
1943:List of linked PCA cases
1916:(A Treatise). New York:
1213:"Administrative Council"
721:
513:Dr. Hab. Marcin Czepelak
857:United States v. Iran (
818:Netherlands v. Russia (
761:Hanish Islands conflict
258:United Nations observer
1833:"Cases | PCA-CPA"
1819:"Cases | PCA-CPA"
1769:"Cases | PCA-CPA"
1286:"Members of the Court"
1251:"International Bureau"
489:Hague Peace Conference
447:Universal Postal Union
416:
362:Administrative Council
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
295:
265:Hague Peace Conference
160:Hague Peace Conference
1918:The Macmillan Company
1476:. PCA. Archived from
1318:. ICJ. Archived from
1215:. PCA. Archived from
954:"115th Annual Report"
929:"Contracting Parties"
864:Eritrea v. Ethiopia (
754:Island of Palmas Case
712:free trade agreements
532:Mr. L.H. Ruyssenaers
414:
351:
343:
335:
327:
301:
290:Seat of the PCA: The
289:
254:United Nations agency
228:headquartered at the
1950:Hague Justice Portal
1445:on 14 September 2016
1017:"Services - PCA-CPA"
813:Philippines v. China
645:Appointing authority
626:Mr. Hugo H. Siblesz
384:Members of the Court
377:International Bureau
2000:Peace organizations
774:Croatia v. Slovenia
602:Mr. P.J.H. Jonkman
548:Dr. M.A. Crommelin
460:Contracting Parties
242:maritime boundaries
174:Number of positions
169:6 years (renewable)
136: /
64: /
759:Eritrea v. Yemen (
417:
357:and conciliation.
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
296:
140:52.0866°N 4.2955°E
68:52.0866°N 4.2955°E
1910:Hudson, Manley O.
1749:on 27 August 2016
1719:on 27 August 2016
1583:on 27 August 2016
1558:978-1-933833-56-9
1439:City of The Hague
1296:on 27 August 2016
1261:on 27 August 2016
1219:on 27 August 2016
1130:978-1-108-48059-8
970:on 27 August 2016
877:Abyei Arbitration
827:Enrica Lexie case
820:MV Arctic Sunrise
633:
632:
396:Nobel Peace Prize
319: not a party
256:, but has been a
214:
213:
192:Secretary-General
166:Judge term length
2007:
1921:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:. Archived from
1843:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1785:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1745:. Archived from
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1715:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1669:. Archived from
1668:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:. Archived from
1569:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1501:. Archived from
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1347:. Archived from
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1292:. Archived from
1282:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
989:
980:
979:
977:
975:
969:
963:. Archived from
958:
950:
941:
940:
938:
936:
925:
825:Italy v. India (
594:Mr. J. Varekamp
521:
520:
318:
312:
306:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
79:
78:
76:
75:
74:
69:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
38:
19:
18:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1955:
1954:
1929:
1905:
1903:Further reading
1900:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1664:"Archived copy"
1662:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1352:
1351:on 16 July 2016
1343:
1342:
1338:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1105:
1101:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
991:
990:
983:
973:
971:
967:
956:
952:
951:
944:
934:
932:
927:
926:
917:
913:
886:
724:
708:
669:
660:
647:
638:
509:
485:
468:
462:
439:
437:Budget and fees
422:
320:
316:
314:
310:
308:
304:
284:
201:Marcin Czepelak
145:52.0866; 4.2955
144:
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292:Peace Palace
282:Organization
276:Peace Palace
273:
262:
260:since 1993.
250:human rights
230:Peace Palace
221:
217:
215:
92:Jurisdiction
27:
1933:PCA website
1869:pca-cpa.org
1651:article 287
1532:pca-cpa.org
246:sovereignty
238:Netherlands
186:pca-cpa.org
143: /
118:Coordinates
111:Netherlands
84:Established
71: /
1959:Categories
1879:2021-07-22
1680:2016-07-13
1509:2016-07-14
1484:2016-07-27
1420:9066113316
1326:2016-07-14
1240:Article 49
1183:2018-12-23
1154:2018-12-23
1090:www.un.org
1002:2022-02-17
911:References
768:Iron Rhine
730:Interstate
629:2012-2022
621:2008-2011
613:1999-2008
605:1990-1999
597:1981-1990
589:1968-1980
581:1954-1968
570:1951-1953
562:1948-1951
551:1929-1947
543:1905-1929
535:1901-1905
527:1900-1901
128:52°05′12″N
56:52°05′12″N
1847:"PCA-CPA"
1801:"PCA-CPA"
1783:"PCA-CPA"
1035:"History"
871:Sudan v.
636:Functions
556:Jonkheer
477:Palestine
420:Procedure
234:The Hague
197:Currently
131:4°17′44″E
107:The Hague
96:Worldwide
59:4°17′44″E
1873:Archived
1805:Archived
1689:cite web
1636:Archived
1607:Archived
1396:Archived
1378:Archived
1300:2 August
1265:2 August
1094:Archived
1069:Archived
1049:2 August
1043:Archived
1021:Archived
935:3 August
884:See also
879:) (2009)
829:) (2020)
822:) (2017)
809:) (2015)
763:) (1999)
756:) (1928)
749:) (1911)
739:) (1902)
651:UNCITRAL
103:Location
1753:31 July
1723:31 July
1645:31 July
1613:31 July
1587:30 July
1449:31 July
1355:20 July
1223:30 July
974:30 July
483:History
182:Website
1555:
1417:
1394:. UN.
1127:
842:(2015)
815:(2016)
789:(2006)
776:(2017)
700:UNCLOS
575:Prof.
473:Kosovo
317:
311:
305:
1674:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1639:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1515:case.
968:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
931:. PCA
852:Other
722:Cases
710:Many
232:, in
207:Since
1755:2016
1725:2016
1695:link
1647:2016
1615:2016
1589:2016
1553:ISBN
1451:2016
1415:ISBN
1357:2016
1302:2016
1267:2016
1225:2016
1160:city
1125:ISBN
1051:2016
976:2016
937:2019
716:ISDS
671:The
475:and
375:The
360:The
216:The
210:2022
87:1899
1743:PCA
1713:PCA
1290:PCA
1255:PCA
1117:doi
1039:PCA
997:PCA
222:PCA
1961::
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