Hòa Hảo - Knowledge

1171:, and outside organization influence, which caused an increase in violence as the various internal factions engaged in conflicts among themselves. The religious group split into four factions, each led by a former military subordinate of Sổ, while Soái assumed the title of commander in chief of the Hòa Hảo armed forces. The factionalized leaders were far more violent, resorting to public burnings, beheadings, and mass executions of ethnic Khmers and Vietnamese. None of the military commanders were concerned with anything other than their own self-promotion, and none of the civilian leaders had Sổ's capacity to guide them or preach moderation. Their violence was not limited to South Vietnam; they would cross borders and pillage Cambodian villages. Local Khmers responded by creating defense groups to fight the Hòa Hảo, while others converted to assure their safety. Despite this, the Hòa Hảo declared eternal war against the Communists. Haseman argues that Sổ's assassination was a major miscalculation on the part of the Việt Minh, who falsely believed at the time that the Hòa Hảo lacked the strength to fight both the French and the Communists. By mid-1947, the Hoahaoists were committed to armed combat against the Việt Minh. During the First Indochina War, because of their shared antipathy towards the Việt Minh and the need to find a source of financial support to replace French wartime subsidies, Hòa Hảo maintained a level of cooperation with Cao Đài and Bình Xuyên. In the months leading up to the Franco–Việt Minh ceasefire, these shared interests held the factions together. They temporarily halted their conflicts with the French, signing a military treaty with them on 8 May 1947, less than a month after Sổ's assassination. 969: 1547:, who took power in 1967, started to face domestic opposition. After some street protests, he started to crackdown on any opposition, including the Hòa Hảo militia. Following this, six major Hòa Hảo factions signed a declaration in Hòa Hảo village, calling for an end to all separate activities that were harmful to unity, and formed an opposition to Saigon. They sheltered and protected hundreds of thousands of ARVN draft dodgers and deserters, and organized them into their own army, supplying them with American weaponry obtained from corrupt ARVN commanders. The Hòa Hảo, having created a "Civil Guard Force", became a formidable foe for Thiệu, who declared the dissolution of the Hòa Hảo militia on 30 January 1975. The Thiệu government assaulted the Hòa Hảo for the first time since 1963. They arrested Lê Trung Tuấn, the director of the Hòa Hảo Central Institute, and Trần Hữu Bẩy, the commander of the Bảo An military wing, which was later banned by the government. The men were sent before a Cần Thơ military court, where they were sentenced to six years of hard labor. Government forces had arrested as many as 600 Hoahaoists by February. Clashes erupted in the Mekong Delta; ARVN troops killed seven Hòa Hảo militiamen and wounded sixteen others after surrounding ten thousand Hòa Hảo, including militiamen from the now-banned Bảo An military wing who dug in around a pagoda. Lương Trọng Tường, the Hòa Hảo's leader, and members of the movement's high council were among those besieged. Despite all these, An Giang, the religion's home province, became a government stronghold until the last months of the war. 1274:

unchallenged and had to intervene to put an end to them. He advised Diệm to reach an agreement with the UFNF in order to persuade its members to becoming government loyalists. Initially, Diệm agreed to negotiate with the UFNF leaders, but when they stated that their demands were non-negotiable, he abandoned the idea. He was certain that the VNA would carry out his orders to suppress any opposition group, as he had gained the loyalty of many army officers in recent months and had replaced many others who had not. Collins, however, underestimated the army's support for Diệm and advised him to avoid using brute force and instead seek a compromise. Though Collins discouraged Diệm from executing his plans against Bình Xuyên, the latter, suspicious of a VNA attack, made a move on Diệm loyalists without first seeking America's consent. This resulted in a conflict between the two that temporarily halted with a ceasefire enforced by the French Commissioner-General

1492:'s government in the mid-1960s, the Hòa Hảo were left alone in the Miền Tây and gained tacit permission to establish a form of sovereignty in exchange for acknowledging South Vietnam's authority. They resumed their conflict with the Communists as they were no longer forced to commit their military to the campaign against the central authority. The tacit agreement with the South Vietnamese government removed the necessity for keeping a reserve force. The Hòa Hảo used their new independence to launch a total war on the Việt Cộng. The ARVN aided the Hòa Hảo militia in their fight against the Communists by tying down the Việt Cộng's main force in nearby locations, allowing the militia to focus on fighting Communist guerrillas and infrastructure cadres. The anti-Communist campaign of the Hòa Hảo was accompanied by ruthless butchery, and the Communists retaliated in kind. 1459:(ARVN), spent much of 1956 fighting the Hòa Hảo insurgents, who continued to harass the government. Also, the Việt Minh established a few of their own units, disguising them with religious names like the "Hòa Hảo Liberation Company". The ARVN targeted the remaining Hòa Hảo rebels in the western Mekong Delta near the beginning of the year, inflicting crippling losses. Soái returned to Vietnam, but he and his 4,600-strong force surrendered in February. In April, a government patrol caught Ba Cụt, the last remaining rebel leader. After being convicted of a series of murders in court, he was guillotined in Cần Thơ on 13 July 1956, despite Lansdale's urges, as he worried that the execution would solidify Cụt's followers' hostility to the South Vietnamese government. Indeed, the bulk of Hòa Hảo followers joined the 1725:

beliefs in the intrinsic evil of big cities, but also from his recognition that they provided an escape for individuals seeking to avoid the stresses of communal life. The majority of modern problems were credited to Western civilization, which manifested itself in the urban lifestyle. People's notion of community was said to have been disrupted by urban living. City inhabitants were accused of dishonesty, oversophistication, and an obsession with material values and appearances. Sổ regarded urbanization and industrialization as the result of the colonial conquest and thus something that could be reversed with the end of colonial rule. Despite a platform that advocated for equal treatment and the abolition of special privileges, he was a staunch opponent of

1261:, supported the UFNF and assured the Americans that Diệm was completely incapable of fulfilling his job. When Diệm and the Americans sought to buy Bảo Đại's support, he turned them down since they offered less money than he was receiving from the Bình Xuyên. The UFNF tried to seek U.S. support in deposing Diệm, though the Americans rejected this and threatened that if anyone attempted to topple Diệm, they would back him up. The UFNF then looked for ways to destabilize Diệm's government without staging a coup. The movement's leaders presented him with an ultimatum, demanding representation in the South Vietnamese government and funding for their military, which were required to maintain control over the regional fiefdoms they ruled; this was refused by Diệm. 1133:

religious leadership's main goal was territorial political hegemony. The Hòa Hảo's alliance with the French lasted only as long as was necessary to obtain French arms. The Hòa Hảo, having the patronage of the colonial power, were able to hold off the Việt Minh during the latter's rise to dominance in the NUF. The Hòa Hảo repudiated the colonialists in 1947 and cautiously approached the NUF. The Hòa Hảo had suspicions for NUF for a long time; their transition in allegiance from the colonialists to the NUF was not a huge break. Their effort was primarily aimed at securing control of the western Mekong Delta. The Hòa Hảo, bolstered by French arms, revolted against the French because they believed that colonial control in Vietnam would be overthrown by

1011:(1904–1977), and Sổ's younger brother, but with their antiquated weapons, the Hòa Hảo were defeated and Sổ's men were massacred by the Việt Minh-controlled Advanced Guard Youth, who were reportedly aided by a nearby Japanese garrison. The slaughter, characterized by its savagery, prompted a retaliatory campaign of mass killing against the Communists from the Hòa Hảo delta strongholds. The bodies of Communist cadres' were bound together and dumped in rivers and canals. In villages where the Hòa Hảo were in charge, corpses were also displayed in public to test outsiders' political inclinations. Those who expressed their discomfort with the sight were assumed to be Việt Minh sympathizers. 1517: 939:

were used as village patrols, called self-defense forces. They then created battle formations to fight landlords, authorities, and French forces across the delta. This led to the Hòa Hảo becoming less of a religious and more of a military-political movement, as people such as landowners converted in the hope that they could gain protection. Under Japanese protection, the religious movement grew quickly. Though Sổ was unable to leave Saigon, his missionaries recruited on his behalf, using the combination of doom-laden prophesies and veiled threats against those who would not join, as well as the distribution of cures and amulets. They supported

1240:, also had direct dealings with religious leaders. While key figures of the movement agreed to support the government in exchange for millions of U.S. dollars, others were less receptive to Diệm's pleadings, and many grew bitter when they discovered Diệm expected them to relinquish their autonomy. They were especially concerned about Diệm's demand that Soái hand over control of his administrative region to the Saigon government, and also Diệm's response to Soái's refusal; Diệm dispatched the VNA to the region and threatened to level Soái's headquarters if the Hòa Hảo forces resisted. The government also relocated around a hundred thousand 1653: 1391: 1558:, and hundreds of thousands of Hòa Hảo served in ARVN units across the country. Thousands more trained soldiers were stationed in the provinces of An Giang and Châu Đốc. Many of these soldiers joined guerrilla forces on the outskirts of the Hòa Hảo homeland, which was relatively unscathed by war. After the war, there were reports of a major anti-Communist military insurgency in the Mekong Delta, though not much is known due to the country's secretive nature at the time. In November 1977, a government decree specified that religious activities must be consistent with 1199: 1508:. Those in the Popular Force were only allowed to be assigned to areas within the district they resided, while those in the Regional Force were only allowed to be assigned to areas within the province they resided. This was a tremendous opportunity for the Hòa Hảo to establish a robust, unified force to defend their land and fight the Việt Cộng efficiently. Locals used to make up the Hòa Hảo's armed force, which was financed by local taxes levied on the devotees. Now, the Hòa Hảo were being paid by the Saigon government to defend themselves. 1463:, while the government obliterated Cụt's remaining guerrilla troops by May. By now, Sổ's younger sister Huỳnh Thị Kim Biên was the movement's new religious leader, and the Hòa Hảo were eventually destroyed by Saigon's considerably larger forces. ARVN's final operations in 1962 wiped out the Hòa Hảo military might. American historian Jessica M. Chapman argues that the infrastructure of the Hòa Hảo-controlled territories was not strong enough to function without foreign backing, as the previous French subsidies were the organization's "lifeblood". 1772:, and that inner faith was more important than external rites. The faith requires no expensive statues or instruments as the faith believes that a deceased believer who lived a "correct" life just needs a simple funeral to expedite him to the afterlife. Such precepts were critical in lowering the cost of religion for the peasantry. It has earned the descriptor "poor man's Buddhism" because of its outward simplicity. Hòa Hảo temples are often a simple stucco structure with a thatched roof. Religious adornments are similarly simple. 984:

and received a Communist cadre to assist him in training his followers. The Japanese requested from Sổ and his followers more crops, but instead, he advised peasants to stop farming, putting his new alliance with the ICP in jeopardy, as the Communists regarded southern rice as critical to ending the northern famine. Peasants were persuaded to partially restore production levels by local Communists, and the ICP maintained its precarious unity with the Hòa Hảo in the common cause of independence. The Hòa Hảo, Việt Minh, and

539: 1581: 1472: 992:. The Việt Minh proclaimed themselves to be Vietnam's legitimate government. The French, alongside the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo, other local political organizations, and the Binh Xuyen forces all disputed this claim. Thus, the Hòa Hảo clashed with Việt Minh as well as the Cao Đài. Militarily superior to the Việt Minh, the Hòa Hảo became the main political power in the Mekong Delta region, constituting a huge threat to the Communists. The religious leadership was unwilling to toe the Việt Minh line from 333: 40: 1805: 1070: 1183:, elected their own officials, and built significant infrastructure for collecting taxes and recruiting armed forces. Soái formed an alliance with the French, providing Hòa Hảo troops as auxiliary forces; however, several other Hòa Hảo leaders refused to recognize Soái's leadership, and the religion continued to be riven by rivalries and factionalism. Nevertheless, it transformed into a French-backed 20,000-strong army. They ruled most of the upper central delta, and, along with the Cao Đài and 872: 1902: 1562:. Individual Hòa Hảo practices were allowed, but no explicit reference to Sổ was permitted, and his written works were outlawed. Vietnamese Communist authorities reported military operations to defeat the remaining forces in January 1978. They were assumed to be Hòa Hảo insurgents by the American media, who numbered in the thousands. Nevertheless, the Hòa Hảo claimed to have three million adherents in 1978. They were marked for special attention in the 1893:

from the community, and they are solely responsible for their actions. The village management boards fell under the jurisdiction of an interprovincial board and, ultimately, a central management board, which was in charge of Buddhist education and the application of the conditions of admittance into the faith, beginning in the late 1940s. However, because it was controlled by military factions, historian Pascal Bourdeaux argues that it lacked genuine representativeness.

1317: 1917:'s 2019 International Religious Freedom Report, Vietnam's total population was 97.9 million, based on estimates from the US government; Vietnam's government statistics from January 2018 found that the Hoahaoists made about 1.5% of the Vietnamese population. Official estimates put the number of Hoahaoists at 1.3 million, although "unofficial" estimates put it at more than 2 million. Other sources estimate 500,000–1 million, 4–5 million or 8 million Hòa Hảo followers. 1306: 10602: 952:

offensive throughout the western Mekong Delta. Sổ and the Hòa Hảo began to mobilize against Japanese military troops in order to demonstrate their credentials as a resolute nationalist organization hostile to all foreign powers, having obtained the military strength required to ensure the religious community's survival. During the Japanese patronage, Sổ wrote new religious texts that no longer referenced catastrophic millenarian notions, but rather to a

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not follow the state-sanctioned branch. Local rights groups have said that authorities in An Giang harass unapproved devotees on a regular basis, prohibit public readings of the Hòa Hảo founder's writings, and discourage worshipers from visiting Hòa Hảo pagodas in An Giang and adjoining provinces. The collective expression of particular Hòa Hảo commemorations, pilgrimage traditions, and freedom of publication are disfavored by the authorities. The

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the brutal guerilla warfare that engulfed the rest of the Mekong Delta, An Giang remained a haven of peace until the very end of the conflict. No ARVN division was ever assigned to conduct full-time combat operations in the province, and its efforts were limited to preventing Communist infiltration routes and camps in neighboring provinces. Moreover, throughout the Mekong Delta, An Giang's territorial forces had the lowest rate of desertions.

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willing to form alliances with the colonialists; they did not see such an agreement as a betrayal of their nationalist ideals because the ultimate goal of religious independence was not jeopardized. The Hòa Hảo periodically tied Việt Minh sympathizers together and threw them into the river to drown. The Việt Minh were worried by Sổ's nationalist credentials and social structure, and attempted to co-opt him into a National Unified Front (NUF).

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outcome of his own reasoned reconsideration. As a result, this revision was as disorganized as the critical attacks. Therefore, Hòa Hảo thought isn't a well-considered revision of an out-of-date set of ideas. The religious and secular aspects of Hòa Hảo philosophy are inextricably linked. Spiritual values have secular ramifications, and religious solutions are frequently suggested to what would be considered social and political concerns.

1747:(mạt pháp). The closer humanity gets to the conclusion of the 'base era' (hạ ngươn), the more disasters it will face, finally leading to the 'end of the world' (tận thế). Then a new 'high era' (thượng ngươn) will emerge, distinguished by absolute moral regeneration and sincere faith. If the faithful follow the declared ethic, they can expect to take part in a great assembly where they will be judged on their own merits. 1797:) is the signature object and site of the Hòa Hảo tradition. It consists of a basic wooden tablet measuring 40 by 40 centimeters (16 in), which is supported by a 130-centimeter (51 in) high column on which offerings are laid. It represents deprivation and mortality, and the follower's humility, as followers pray with their feet firmly planted on the ground, sometimes even kneeling, in direct communion with heaven. 660: 1224:(VNA) in 1952, relations with them started to deteriorate. The Hòa Hảo forces were adamant about preserving their autonomy, and one of their commanders withdrew his forces from the VNA, burning down the outposts they were assigned to guard. In February 1955, the French cut off funding to the Hòa Hảo and Cao Đại, and the groups' leaders were forced to seek funding from two wealthy individuals: Diệm and Bình Xuyên leader 1496:

Hòa Hảo provided tacit support to every post-Diệm regime in Saigon. Members of the religion gradually rose to positions of authority at all levels of government, from hamlet and village chiefs to national parliamentary representatives. By now, the Hòa Hảo had achieved their principal goal of religious independence. The orthodox Buddhist authority no longer discriminated against the Hòa Hảo on a religious basis.

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fewer than 400 adherents, while the others are the members of the neutral sect. Adherents of the pure sect are completely committed to the doctrines of Sổ; one of their core ideals is opposing the "dictatorship" and they intend to fight to reclaim their "lawful interest", whereas the adherents of the neutral sect are in line with the pure sect but don't want to have any problems with the authorities.

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charitable activities, as well as publish works, republish and translate Sổ's writings, print portraits of Sổ that became objects of worship, build libraries, and establish educational centers. The độc giảng đường were built, which were roadside edifices that allowed peasants working in the fields to listen to amplified public readings of sacred scriptures.

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propaganda by pious people who were previously considered to be power-hungry politicians. According to Nathan, the adoption of democratic rhetoric by Hòa Hảo generals and their allies was meaningless because none of them rose to power. Moreover, the leaders of the Hòa Hảo were often dismissed by American officials at the time as "feudal" or "gangster", or of minor importance.

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protection of the devotees. The Hòa Hảo formed a local militia after South Vietnam's armed forces were restructured, securing their heartlands and denying the Việt Cộng access to their agricultural riches. The Vietnamese Army was divided into three echelons: The ARVN was the regular army, and there were two echelons of territorial forces under the ARVN; the

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military setbacks, the Hòa Hảo maintained their political and religious control over the western portion of the Bassac River and Cần Thơ, the Mekong Delta's regional capital. They also preserved their arms and formed paramilitaries to defend the movement's geographical stronghold. The Hòa Hảo were too powerful for the Saigon government to continue fighting. Starting from

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unregistered Hòa Hảo group were assaulted by uniformed policemen in An Giang Province while traveling to demonstrate against the planned demolition of a Hòa Hảo temple. The government-recognized Hòa Hảo Buddhist Church had supported the temple's destruction, but its defenders argued that it was still usable and sacred to them. According to the 2019 Annual Report of the

1618:, the local authorities in the province established barricades and police checkpoints to prevent the adherents of the unrecognized sect from celebrating significant religious holidays, such as the founder's birthday. On 27 November 2019, a Hòa Hảo Buddhist was given an eight-year sentence for critical social media statements about the government, according to 1414:- declared war on the Saigon government in late May 1955. They knew that a direct confrontation with the VNA would be catastrophic, so they burned down their bases and dispersed their army of 16,000 men into the jungle to operate as guerrillas. The Americans did not discourage Diệm from fighting back this time. The VNA, led by General 1038:. The Hòa Hảo forces blocked the route, obstructing the Communist retreat. Late in September, the ICP sought to reconcile with the Hòa Hảo, but Sổ, who was skeptical of them, turned them down. The Việt Minh then executed two Hòa Hảo leaders, Sổ's brother, and one of his Trotskyist advisers in October; by now, the uneasy alliance had collapsed. 1443:

stating his preference for a true democratic state. Diệm's political maneuvers were also criticized by Ba Cụt, who claimed that the referendum was an opportunity to force the people to "depose Bảo Đại and proclaim the puppet Diệm as the chief-of-state of Vietnam". Diệm reportedly received $ 4 million in aid from the American government and

906:. The imprisonment of Sổ was seen by his followers as an unforgivable act of war against the faith itself. In prison, Sổ succeeded in converting his psychiatrist, Dr. Tam, who became an ardent supporter. A board of French psychiatrists declared him sane in May 1941, though he was exiled upon his release. His key supporters were sent to a 1845:

by Hòa Hảo adepts were documented; these ritual killings were justified on religious grounds, with some believing that the spirits were thirsty for human blood. Although human sacrifice was not unknown in Vietnam prior to the Hòa Hảo, historian Hue-Tam Tai argues that Sổ's frightening predictions had

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Hòa Hảo is divided into three branches referred to as 'sects': pure, neutral, and state-recognized, though all of the sects follow identical practices. A small number of Hoahaoists choose not to be a member of an established sect. According to Hòa Hảo sources, the state-recognized and pure sects have

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The Vietnamese government officially recognized the Hòa Hảo religion in 1999. In July, half a million Hoahaoists gathered in An Giang. Similar religious gatherings of the Hòa Hảo were held in the following years. Despite this, the government imposes harsh controls on dissenting Hòa Hảo groups that do

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The significance of Hòa Hảo was recognized by every post-Diệm administration of South Vietnam. As a cohesive force in the Mekong Delta, the religious movement was now extremely valued; Hòa Hảo's military might and political influence were welcomed by the South Vietnamese government, and the

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organizations to support the referendum, which Ba Cụt stated was part of an "American effort to Catholicize Vietnam". Diệm, according to Dân Xã, exploited American aid money for bribing "laborers and young students to petition in support of Diệm's ascent to chief-of-state and in favor of deposing Bảo

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and Cần Thơ. In addition, Hòa Hảo devotees can be found in Hồ Chí Minh City, primarily because of the migration of adherents rather than the religion's spread among the urban population. Unregistered Hoahaoists often reside in remote areas that are difficult to access. As a result, understanding how

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As a show of universal understanding, prayers are said in front of an empty table covered in red cloth. Water as a sign of cleanliness, local flowers as a sign of purity, and a small amount of incense to ward off evil spirits are the only physical offerings. Regular Hòa Hảo rites are limited to four

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intellectuals who questioned the relevance of traditional values to contemporary concerns, dismissed most sectarian practices as superstition, and insisted that religion had no place in politics. The doctrine's revision was forced upon him as a response to particular critiques, rather than being the

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leaders, now in the Việt Cộng, which had a tremendous military strength throughout the country, in order to exert more effective control over the revolutionary struggle in the Mekong Delta, their strongest position, and to prevent the revolutionary vanguard from being ceded to Hòa Hảo. Despite their

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Some historians have questioned Diệm's critics' political relevance and sincerity. According to historian Robert Nathan, there was a shift in Vietnamese politics as a result of America's replacement of France as the primary foreign influence, and a burst of democratic and pseudo-democratic ideas and

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The Hòa Hảo's alliance with the Việt Minh was short-lived and the NUF dissolved in July 1946, while Sổ became estranged from his military leaders. It was immediately evident that the Hòa Hảo's demands for religious autonomy and political sovereignty were irreconcilable with Việt Minh ambitions. Soon

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ruling power throughout most of Cochinchina, but the arrival of a larger French force put an end to such ambitions. The Hòa Hảo turned inward to strengthen their religious power and expand their political influence in the Mekong Delta. As the French grew increasingly skeptical of the Việt Minh, they

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The Hòa Hảo had accepted Japanese assistance as a means of bolstering themselves against future threats, having been in conflicts with both the French and the Việt Minh. The Hòa Hảo had a capable military force in place by the end of World War II, thanks to Japanese patronage, and had taken the

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spy". The extent of the Japanese military assistance is unknown, and some historians speculate that the Hòa Hảo benefited from the general availability of weapons during wartime, but nevertheless, the first Hoahaoist armed militias emerged in the Mekong Delta towards the end of 1943. Initially, they

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By the end of the year, Sổ gathered ten thousand followers and by 1940 had a following of over 100,000 converts. Also, Sổ had reached another two million people in Miền Tây through his preaching. The devotees were easily recognizable as they wore amulets that bore the inscription "Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương".

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value of charity to the rich. Sổ was against profit and competition, believing in the concept of a fair price and the immorality of usury. The urban life, according to Sổ, was a place of relentless competitiveness and ostentatious consumption. His anti-urban sentiments sprang not only from his

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report, and their followers are subjected to public criticism, forced abandonment of faith, arrest, questioning, torture, and incarceration. According to other sources, members of the unregistered Hòa Hảo groups were persecuted on numerous occasions, including the imprisonment of six Hoahaoists who

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to avoid further persecution. Meanwhile, the religious leaders of the Hòa Hảo found various ways to cooperate with local authorities. Some leaders took a rather more political viewpoint and were subjected to harassment. Some leaders refused to discuss politics, and they were left alone in some

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of the Cao Đại, led the assembly. Its members tore down a large photograph of Bảo Đại, hurled it out the window, and stomped on it in the street before the meeting started, and proceeded to condemn the French and their allies. The assembly then drafted a list of demands that included Bảo Đại's

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The Hòa Hảo sought to preserve their religious identity and independence. They made temporary alliances with past enemies. Originally concerned only with religious autonomy, the Hòa Hảo struggled against the French, the Japanese, the Việt Minh, again the French, the newly independent South Vietnam,

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is given to the convert. If no management committee exists, the convert is led by two adherents until they can visit the nearest committee. Anyone who wishes to leave the community must inform two followers or the committee of their decision. Anyone who goes against Sổ's teachings is expelled

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To become a follower, a candidate must introduce oneself to the village management committee with the assistance of two confirmed devotees who are familiar with the religious precepts and moral restrictions. The convert returns home after being publicly accepted to tell their family that

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thought, and the third to living and deceased parents and relatives. The fourth prayer is dedicated to those whom the devotee wishes to have the "will to improve themselves, to be charitable, and to be free of the chains of ignorance". According to Hòa Hảo philosophy, devotees are to maintain

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practice that honors ancestor commemoration and is appropriate for peasant life. He attempted to develop a subtle criticism of Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương's eschatological elements, which had never been done before. Sổ's desire to break the prophetic and messianic cycle, on the other hand, was

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border, was a Hòa Hảo stronghold with the Mekong Delta's second-highest security ranking. The region's security prompted American advisors to invite visiting dignitaries to An Giang Province, where the situation was supposedly representative of the remarkable progress made in the war. Despite

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Sổ avoided the stigma of being labeled a Japanese puppet by forecasting the empire's defeat months in advance. His movement joined the nationalist front that took power in the interregnum following Japan's surrender to establish a united resistance to both the Japanese and the French. Sổ requested

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Hoahaoists began giving community amenities, such as free food, shelter, clothes, medicinal herbs, and rural transportation infrastructure, when the government recognized the religion, according to Thanh Vo-Duy. For the Hòa Hảo, establishing new villages was a meritorious act; in the early 1970s,

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The group's prowess in counter-guerrilla operations was demonstrated by the high level of security in the provinces where it operated. An Giang Province had the highest security rating of any province in South Vietnam, despite being surrounded by areas with security ratings near the bottom of the

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penned telegrams to Saigon, informing Bảo Đại and other Vietnamese leaders to find a replacement for Diệm. These plans were halted when a new battle began in Saigon between the VNA and Bình Xuyên. The Diệm loyalists crushed Bình Xuyên, with the latter being saved from total annihilation only with

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believed that Diệm would be doomed if he yielded in to the movement's demands. He thought that the groups' boldness in presenting this ultimatum strongly suggested that they were planning anti-Diệm rallies in Saigon. According to Collins, the Saigon government could not have allowed rallies to go

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The Hòa Hảo perceived that religious supremacy required territorial hegemony as well. The religion's leadership demanded virtually autonomous control of affairs within its sphere of influence. This included participation in local government in places where it exercised coherent religious control.

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armed forces in exchange for defense of the territories they controlled against the Việt Minh. They granted the Hòa Hảo hegemony over the southwestern Mekong Delta and eventually provided arms for some 20,000 Hoahaoists. In return for aid against the Việt Minh, the new Hòa Hảo leadership was

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religion, and rapidly developed into a private army that operated mainly for the benefit of its leaders, while setting up its own virtually autonomous government in the region. The Hòa Hảo remained an autonomous force in Vietnamese politics after the war, opposing both French colonialists and the

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declared Diệm's government incompetent. While Collins was in Washington, Ély spoke with Randolph Kidder, the acting U.S. ambassador, and urged the Americans to join with France to depose Diệm. Kidder did not know what the official U.S. government policy on Diệm was, so he spoke with uncertainty.

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was the latter's refusal to accept the Hòa Hảo demand for political predominance inside its sphere. Although the Hòa Hảo appeared to be politically unstable on the surface as they swung between ideological affiliations, their actions had a core constancy of purpose. As the French discovered, the

1853:'s non-exertion spirit. Traditionally, a missionary had to demonstrate his special abilities before his preaching could be accepted, which necessitated the use of magic. Tai believes that the emphasis stems from the illiteracy of the Mekong Delta's population. She contrasts this with 1442:

met with Soái and Ba Cụt, and, despite their ideological differences, they agreed to form the Southern Committee of the Patriotic Front, which eventually included remnants not only from the Hòa Hảo but also the Cao Đài and Bình Xuyên rebel armies. Soái declared the referendum unconstitutional,

947:

director in Saigon, to denounce members of competing groups in exchange for immunity. By late 1944, there were up to a million Hòa Hảo devotees. Sổ used his authority to subvert colonial administration in regions where he had influence. The Hòa Hảo took over the role of colonial

754:, and began preaching a doctrine based on faith and simplicity; he traveled throughout Vietnam practicing herbal healing and acupuncture. In the second half of 1939, Sổ's declamations were concurrently published. They took the shape of several small collections of texts written in verse ( 1499:

It was the Hòa Hảo's military might, which was organized along religious lines, and capacity to ensure a high level of local security in the provinces it controlled that provided the group with its most powerful influencing lever. It was a religious force in every sense, tasked with the

1252:

Văn Viễn retaliated by allying with other Cao Đại and Hòa Hảo leaders, as he offered them money from his vast wealth, to form the United Front of Nationalist Forces (UFNF) in opposition to the Saigon government in early March 1955. With the mounting opposition to Diệm, they began scooping up

1800:

The training of lay religious professionals started in the 1950s, when Hòa Hảo's first explanatory works were published. In the 1960s study centers began to proliferate and an elite was fully trained to instruct the populace. State recognition allowed the group to expand its social and

1613:

was imposed on 67 Hòa Hảo followers as of mid-2019. Individuals resisting police efforts to prevent invitees from attending Hòa Hảo meetings have accounted for the majority of the arrests; the police considered such defiance to be "inciting a disturbance". In October 2019, six members of an

803:

Sổ became a wildly popular leader as his faithful group grew in size. His influence quickly expanded beyond religious matters, and he became a powerful figure in lay affairs as well. The Hòa Hảo grew from a purely religious movement to encompass an impressive lay power structure centered on

465:

figure who would arrive in a time of crisis. Sổ's death led to factionalism, parochialism, and outside organizational influence. The Hòa Hảo led a war against the Communists, being labelled as the "strongest anti-Việt Minh element in the country". Nevertheless, the Hòa Hảo, along with other

496:

in 1975. Disbanded by the new government, the Hòa Hảo were oppressed and struggled for rights following the war. Only in 1999 were they officially recognized by the state, but the government imposes harsh controls on dissenting Hòa Hảo groups that do not follow the state-sanctioned branch.

1639:, formed by Vietnamese activists and reporters, the pure sect is an unrecognized religious organization, and its members are not permitted to hold their worshiping ceremonies publicly because just the organization's Central Executive Committee has the authority to arrange such events. 1166:

Sổ's death created a power vacuum within the religious leadership. Because he was the sole unexceptional candidate among vying competitors, Sổ's father Huỳnh Công Bộ was hurriedly chosen to succeed him as its leader. He was the former chief of the Hòa Hảo village, and served as

1857:, which used the written word more frequently, but their adherents were also more settled within their communities. The lack of religious literature and the concentration on magical proof encouraged a style of leadership based on personal charisma rather than inherited legitimacy. 968: 1370:

in Diệm's office, declaring that he was taking over the army as Bảo Đại had instructed. Vy was taken hostage and compelled to cancel his plans by several members of the committee. After a paratroop colonel threatened Diệm, he let Vy go, and Vy left the next day for

741:

range 60 kilometres (37 mi) away. There, amid hermits and spiritual leaders, he obtained unorthodox Buddhist knowledge and a composite spiritual education. Sổ founded the religion on the eighteenth day of the fifth lunar month of the year kỷ mão, according to the

1426:. Ngộ and Nguyên, disappointed by the rebellion's ineffectiveness, surrendered and turned over their armies to Saigon. Only Ba Cụt was left to continue the fighting. For the rest of 1955, the Republic army would pursue Ba Cụt's 3,000 men across the countryside. 405:, it opposes urban life and prefers a communitarian lifestyle. Unlike orthodox Buddhism, Hòa Hảo eschews elaborate rituals and temples, maintains no monastic order, and teaches home practice. It also advocates that each devotee can have direct communion with the 824:. The Hòa Hảo played a crucial role in the anti-colonial, nationalist fervor that grew in the years leading up to World War II. It ultimately became a homegrown political movement in the region. Despite this, the Hòa Hảo, according to Edwin E. Moise, were 1153:

for a conciliation meeting. He refused the Communists' demands and made for home, but he was halted while sailing through Long Xuyên on the Đốc Vàng Hạ River, most of his company was slain, and he was arrested by the southern Việt Minh leader

1167:

the religious doctrine's guardian and movement's leader until his death. Despite this, he lacked his son's charm, authority, political savvy, and ideological obsession. Therefore, the movement began to lose momentum, leading to factionalism,

1600:

in 2005 to protest religious persecution and in May 2007 nine more were imprisoned following a wave of arrests. Unrecognized religious groups, including Hòa Hảo groups, face constant monitoring, harassment, and intimidation, according to a 2020

1566:

by the new government, and many of the movement's leaders were imprisoned. The new government prohibited the religion, but allowed individual practitioners to worship at home. Many Hoahaoists fled to neighboring Cambodia or migrated to the

688:, which was known as Transbassac under French colonial rule. In the mid-nineteenth century, the Mekong Delta was a rough frontier society; the political power was shaky, social relations were tenuous, and religious currents were diverse. 910:

in Nui Bara. The French restrictions strengthened his nationalist appeal, and Bạc Liêu soon became a place of Hòa Hảo pilgrimage, although it was far from the movement's strongholds. He used the pilgrims to spread religious fervor and

720:, which could be found in most of the region's local beliefs. Rooted in earlier Vietnamese anti-colonial religious traditions, the Hòa Hảo philosophy claims to be based on the thoughts of Phật Thầy Tây An (1807–1856), known as 457:, disagreements with other major factions made the Hòa Hảo an aggressive religio-political-military cult. Sổ was kidnapped and executed by the Việt Minh while coming back from an unsuccessful conference to resolve issues with the 1687:

and its application to peasant culture at the time. His main written texts were first compiled in book form in 1948, following his death. Sổ had emphasized that his intention was to return to the original teachings of the

1366:

abdication, the removal of all French forces, and the formation of a new government headed by Diệm. They formed a committee to deliver the demands to the government, but when they arrived at the palace, they discovered General

416:

The influence of colonial overlords, the growing intensity of war from the late 1930s to the mid-1970s, and the attendant ideological conflicts all shaped the inception and later development of Hòa Hảo. It was, along with

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Hunt, David (June 2014). "EDWARD MILLER. Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam. JESSICA M. CHAPMAN. Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam".

1767:

Unlike orthodox Buddhism, Hòa Hảo eschews elaborate rituals, temples, maintains no monastic order, and teaches home practice, though it has a few monks. Sổ advocated that each devotee could have direct communion with the

792:, and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured of all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him, when Western medicine had failed. He proclaimed himself as the reincarnation of the 780:

Sổ was certain about the necessity for ordinary peasants to believe in the movement, and their pleas for allegiance were successful. There were two major reasons for his success: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of

622:". Indeed, the American press of the 1950s labelled Hòa Hảo as "a pseudo-religious sect which follows a perverted form of Buddhism", and as "a rowdy sect of dissident Buddhists" whose founder "was sent to a lunatic asylum". 1145:. Sổ preached that every Hòa Hảo who killed ten Việt Minh would have a direct path to heaven. The Communists attacked the Hòa Hảo positions between 23 March and 6 April 1947, forcing the Hòa Hảo military to retreat to 732:

Sổ received no particular education as a child and did not associate with monks, Confucian-minded thinkers, or Westernized intelligentsia. He was afflicted by an unknown illness since he was 15, a failed candidate for the

1244:

in An Giang Province. Furthermore, Hòa Hảo sources claimed that VNA troops were desecrating their sites of worship on Diệm's orders, who was already accused of creating an all-Catholic sectarian army that was seeking to

1158:. Sổ was killed, and to prevent the Hoahaoists from recovering his remains and erecting a martyr's shrine, the Việt Minh quartered Sổ's body and scattered his remains across the country; his remains were never found. 728:

at the hands of Western powers; the prophecies survived his death and spread throughout the Miền Tây, resulting in two major rebellions in 1875 and 1913 in which the region's French administration was nearly deposed.

1920:

During its inception, the religion's appeal was primarily to the poor peasantry of the Mekong Delta. The religion is still exclusively concentrated in the region, especially in the An Giang Province districts of

1876:: 18th day of the 5th month, the anniversary of the founding of Hòa Hảo Buddhism; 25th day of the 11th month, the founder's nativity; and 25th day of the 2nd month, the date of the founder's "disappearance". 1120:, and the French were determined to act firmly against Thành's government. The colonial authorities apprehended Thành, who was arrested and imprisoned upon his return to Saigon. Thành, who had been exiled to 1086:

The return of the French colonial regime helped to keep the Hòa Hảo and the Việt Minh apart, but it was also a major disappointment to the Hòa Hảo. Sổ had hoped that his religious movement would become the

1141:

after, Sổ was preaching with growing zeal against the Việt Minh, whom he saw as posing an even greater threat to the religious movement than the French. The conflict with the Việt Minh devolved into a

1455:

Diệm's government abolished all of the Hòa Hảo civil organizations; their religious rituals were to be kept strictly private, and all public celebrations were forbidden. Diệm's forces, now called the

5360:"Viet Nam: Hoa Hao Buddhism [Phật Giáo Hòa Hảo], including regional distribution of followers and whether there are regional differences in treatment by authorities (2018–April 2021)" 1438:

organized by Diệm in October, Hòa Hảo forces staged sporadic attacks on the polling stations of Cần Tho, though there was not much opposition to this political maneuver. Communist politician

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Historically, Vietnamese sectarian preachers were expected to perform magical and healing acts, but Hòa Hảo writers believed that magic was superstition, and hence incompatible with

5116:(April 1984). "Hue-Tam Ho Tai. Milllnarianism and Peasant Politics in Vietnam. (Harvard East Asian Series, number 99.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1983. Pp. xii, 220. $ 30.00". 858:

movement for the peasants' support, though initial conflict was not about the Việt Minh's then-hidden Communist ideas, but rather about the fact that they were not native to the region.

5337:"Vietnam: Update to VNM36745.E of 23 May 2001 and VNM37830.E of 28 September 2001 on the treatment of Hoa Hao members, particularly that of rank-and-file members (2002 to August 2004)" 816:

sentiment, and he quickly rose to prominence as a key nationalist figure. The group grew into the Mekong Delta's most powerful nationalist force, with strong sentiment against the

5479: 1353:

While Kidder and Ely were arguing, 200 people gathered in the Saigon Town Hall to declare the General Assembly of the Democratic and Revolutionary Forces of the Nation. General

466:

religio-political organizations, dominated the political and social scene of Southern Vietnam by the 1950s, claiming a stake in the formation of a non-communist South Vietnam.

312: 1375:. By this point, reports of the clashes in South Vietnam had reached the United States, sparking an outpouring of support for Diệm among Congressmen and the general public. 1720:. He depicted money as a source of evil for both those who lacked it and those who possessed too much, emphasizing thrift and hard labor to the poor, while stressing the 915:. In 1942, the French could no longer withstand the growing popular reactions generated by Sổ's oracular pronouncements and political instructions, so they exiled him to 1743:

tradition, the Hòa Hảo eschatology adopts a division of three great eras (tam nguyên): establishment (chánh pháp), apogee (tượng pháp), and destruction of the

1615: 943:, a member of Vietnam's Nguyễn royal dynasty residing in exile in Japan, as the legitimate ruler of Vietnam. Sổ felt powerful enough to make a pact with F. Moresco, the 4776: 1751:

will preside over this 'Assembly of the Dragon Flower' (hội Long Hoa), in which he will reach the pinnacle of his enlightenment, ushering in a new era of rejuvenation.

1823: 5538: 1759:

never fully defined or fulfilled. His mysterious death even reawakened hope for a second coming and paved the way to claims of reincarnation in various forms.

957: 1826:

of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness are to be observed. They are to live in harmony with one another above everything else.

409:, and that inner faith is more important than external rites. Regular Hòa Hảo rites are limited to four prayers a day, while the devotees are to maintain the 10646: 4841: 5507:

Vo-Duy, Thanh (September 2020). "Repaying the Debts, Remaking the World: Hoà Hảo Buddhist Charity as Vernacular Development in Vietnam's Mekong Delta".

377:

The religious philosophy of Hòa Hảo, which rose from the Miền Tây region of the Mekong Delta, is essentially Buddhist. It reforms and revises the older

7069: 828:

and anti-nationalist in nature. He argued that they were too small to have a realistic possibility of governing a national government, thus a powerful

5600: 1819: 410: 4813: 9555: 1700:

Sổ, who is referred to as the "Virtuous Master" or "Grand Master" by his followers, railed against Vietnam's social evils, prohibiting the sale of

1195:. This republic was regarded by the Hòa Hảo as just another in a series of central governments aiming to subjugate the Hòa Hảo to their rule. 1003:, attacked the Việt Minh garrison at the port city of Cần Thơ, which the Hòa Hảo considered the rightful capital of their domain. They were led by 1822:: the relationship between the ruler and the subject, the relationship between father and son, and the relationship between husband and wife. The 9404: 1938:

the communities interact each other, or whether they are connected by a communication network, is difficult. Hòa Hảo adherents are "very few" in

1969:. It is estimated that there are several tens of thousands of Hòa Hảo followers living abroad. The largest community of Hoahaoists abroad is in 1676:

doctrine, transformed and adapted to the mores and customs of the peasants of the Mekong Delta. It was also influenced by millennial aspects of

10461: 5414: 4894: 1860:

Its adherents have their own flag, a brown rectangle with no characters or pictures. The Hòa Hảo insignia is circular and brown, with a white

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confidants, met with the movement's leaders on Diệm's behalf, offering them money and applauding Diệm's nationalism. Diệm and his brother,

5320: 1034:

took advantage of the anti-colonial forces' disunity and pushed the pro-independence forces out of Saigon over the next few weeks, during

1179:

Following Sổ's assassination, the religious movement expanded its territory to include Cần Thơ Province. They controlled over a third of

1128:

American officer and author John B. Haseman suggests that a key reason for the emergence of a Hòa Hảo–Việt Minh conflict so early in the

5495: 9449: 9376: 6594: 5695: 1689: 892: 721: 56: 5487: 10651: 9254: 5673: 1813:

prayers a day: the first to Buddha, the second to the "Reign of the Enlightened King", which is influenced by Western

9700: 1775:

The most important altar for the Hòa Hảo is erected outside the residence, in front of which ritual prostrations are performed. The

10661: 9540: 9414: 9399: 4786: 1585: 319: 10641: 5347: 854:

and became the sole anti-colonial organization to establish a grassroots structure. The movement's leadership competed with the

960:

in 1944, known as Dân Xã for short. Sổ claimed that instead of politicizing religion, he was bringing religion into politics.

9560: 888: 434: 266: 261: 3906: 10676: 10025: 7064: 1444: 5336: 5278:

Nguyen-Marshall, Van (June 2014). "Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam".

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strategically located houses in Saigon to use as bases for attacks on the Saigon government's critical installations. The

401:

religion, transformed and adapted to the mores and customs of the peasants of the region. Coming from the remote edges of

10143: 9424: 9025: 5351: 5263:(1962). Fishel, Wesley R. (ed.). "The Consequences of Partition. Problems of Freedom: South Vietnam since Independence". 4849: 5450: 10353: 10083: 9965: 9419: 8004: 5958: 5419: 5399: 5380: 5310: 5250: 5152: 4803: 4603: 4584: 4523: 4504: 4407: 4384: 4338: 4308: 5551: 1220:, succeeded in expelling the French, a long-held ambition of the Hòa Hảo. When the French sought to build up the 10681: 10656: 10403: 9229: 6479: 5590: 5455: 5038: 5016: 4990: 4634: 4546: 4489:

Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam (The United States in the World)

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Marquis, Jefferson P. (January 2000). "The Other Warriors: American Social Science and Nation Building in Vietnam".

4558:

The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

10456: 8014: 1733:. In fact, the Hòa Hảo levied high taxes on their converts to cover welfare payments and military protection. 1435: 1290: 501:

the Việt Cộng, and the North Vietnamese Army. They enjoyed political influence during post-Diệm regimes of Saigon.

2103: 2101: 378: 10418: 10313: 9439: 9434: 9390: 9020: 7864: 7123: 6113: 5280: 5072: 1505: 1456: 1362: 10273: 10098: 9371: 8390: 8331: 8218: 8097: 8029: 6457: 6095: 6014: 5508: 5118: 5080: 4956: 4716: 4565: 4300: 3819: 2098: 1854: 1501: 1283: 1203: 1035: 291: 276: 8510: 8385: 1596:

demonstrated its continuation of political domination by renewed arrests of Hòa Hảo activists. Two Hoahaoists

1572:

areas. Some opined about the government's abuses, which caused tension as they were perceived as rebels.

700:, and various spirit cults all had differing impacts on the population. The ethnic Vietnamese interacted with 10423: 9838: 9575: 9239: 9088: 9010: 8432: 7474: 7027: 5666: 4466: 1418:, went on an offensive on 5 June and, by mid-June, the army had crushed Soái's force near the 922:

The Japanese quickly recognized the Hòa Hảo movement as a powerful anti-colonialist force. As they took over

1872:) on top. They also have their own special holidays; the Hoahaoists celebrate three festival days each 10481: 10283: 7496: 6246: 5092: 1881: 8520: 5069:

The Twenty-five Year Century: A South Vietnamese General Remembers the Indochina War to the Fall of Saigon

1841:

Early in the religion's history, Sổ's apocalyptic rhetoric had severe repercussions. Several incidents of

1516: 10491: 10203: 10198: 9970: 8493: 8454: 8009: 7923: 7491: 5863: 5218: 4904: 4754: 4644: 1934: 1563: 1419: 1058: 988:, another religious group, united in the independence effort and the ICP took power in Saigon during the 843: 164: 8525: 8515: 5059: 4945:

America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia

1544: 9269: 9214: 8910: 7650: 7167: 5858: 5800: 5242: 5184: 4431: 1913:'s fact-finding mission in Vietnam, Hòa Hảo is the country's fourth largest religion. According to the 1632: 1593: 1484: 1480: 1241: 1109: 832:

had to imply control of their districts by a government ruled by people, not beliefs; they preferred a

7248: 4649: 1398:

In furious that the Hòa Hảo had not been granted enough privileges, the four general of the Hoà Hảo -

441:, with its adherents largely being peasants, tenants, and agricultural workers. It transformed into a 10516: 10305: 10163: 9615: 8503: 8282: 7913: 7543: 7108: 6240: 5992: 5829: 5784: 5547: 5328: 554: 8621: 5435: 4887: 4464:

Chapman, Jessica M. (2010). "The Sect Crisis of 1955 and the American Commitment to Ngô Đình Diệm".

999:

On 7–9 September 1945, a band of 15,000 Hoahaoists armed with hand-to-hand weapons and aided by the

934:. The Japanese authorities rebuffed French demands for extradition by saying that he was held as a " 10020: 9980: 9935: 9725: 9715: 9520: 9274: 9099: 9035: 9005: 8895: 8660: 8569: 8537: 8498: 8410: 7317: 6574: 6510: 5980: 5965: 5659: 5635: 5265: 4496: 1346: 1221: 1214: 629: 470: 351: 7017: 10471: 10408: 10358: 10318: 10263: 9898: 9893: 9783: 9730: 9620: 9550: 9346: 9157: 9072: 8277: 8255: 8054: 7876: 7401: 7059: 6986: 6670: 6041: 5841: 5750: 5008: 4863: 4399: 1692:

doctrine. He was criticized for harking back to the past, though most of the criticism came from

1528: 10636: 1925:

and Phú Tân, and the cities of Châu Đốc and Long Xuyên, as well as the surrounding provinces of

1683:

Between 1940 and 1946, Sổ authored a series of booklets that outlined the doctrinal elements of

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family of small-holders. The religious movement was found in the remote Miền Tây region of the

515: 446: 386: 344: 133: 108: 5582: 5526:"The Coronavirus Pandemic and the Response of Hoa Hao Buddhists in the Vietnam's Mekong Delta" 1926: 1652: 1555: 1415: 842:

autonomy. Meanwhile, other anti-French organizations arose, the most notable of which was the

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Early prophecies of Sổ began to come true: he anticipated the eruption of a major war in the

701: 588: 7295: 7243: 4514:

Currey, Cech B.; Rohrer, Scott (2011) . "Dewey, Albert Peter". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).

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Hòa Hảo followers distributing relief goods to the poor affected by a natural disaster, 2009

1358: 948:

courts, converted French-led Vietnamese troops, and supplied the Japanese forces with rice.

179: 10569: 10559: 10544: 10451: 10378: 10348: 10323: 10288: 10248: 10243: 10218: 10088: 10010: 9960: 9940: 9930: 9818: 9765: 9740: 9590: 9585: 9565: 9530: 9515: 9459: 9234: 9167: 9135: 9015: 8950: 8816: 8694: 8547: 8427: 8326: 8238: 8206: 8201: 8049: 7781: 7076: 6660: 6420: 6031: 5975: 5926: 5911: 5764: 5434: 5144: 3912: 1677: 1286: 1225: 1206: 737:. This prompted him to leave his native village of Hòa Hảo in 1939 and go to the 713: 618:

sect", adding that it "appealed to the peasants with a veneer of Buddhism and a protective

174: 68: 6273: 1367: 1237: 1117: 8: 10574: 10549: 10529: 10506: 10433: 10383: 10363: 10278: 10268: 10223: 10183: 10138: 10133: 10123: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10093: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10035: 9945: 9920: 9798: 9788: 9750: 9720: 9705: 9690: 9680: 9670: 9635: 9630: 9580: 9525: 9500: 9444: 9301: 9289: 9177: 9172: 9162: 9030: 8831: 8744: 8689: 8665: 8552: 8437: 8395: 8190: 8039: 7667: 7459: 7344: 7140: 6942: 6827: 6755: 6645: 6566: 6393: 6046: 5870: 5716: 5201: 4737: 1873: 1198: 1093: 743: 533: 454: 429:, one of the first groups to engage in military conflict with colonial powers, first the 281: 63: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 1664:. It has been labelled as an example of Buddhist protestantism; an amalgam of Buddhism, 1390: 10554: 10534: 10501: 10398: 10388: 10333: 10328: 10258: 10238: 10228: 10213: 10208: 10188: 10158: 10153: 10128: 10118: 10050: 10015: 10000: 9905: 9878: 9868: 9828: 9813: 9808: 9760: 9755: 9695: 9650: 9610: 9505: 9492: 9279: 9204: 9077: 8900: 8574: 8532: 8373: 8341: 8316: 8243: 8223: 8044: 7992: 7980: 7958: 7550: 7508: 7381: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7037: 6821: 6797: 6176: 6100: 5848: 5794: 5570: 5222: 4875: 4854: 4818: 4692: 4615: 4538: 3936: 1949:

Overseas communities began to form around the late 1970s, mainly in the United States,

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served to delegitimize French claims of sovereignty. Nevertheless, the French and the

10611: 10605: 10539: 10496: 10486: 10476: 10466: 10373: 10293: 10253: 10178: 10148: 10040: 9995: 9975: 9950: 9925: 9888: 9873: 9848: 9823: 9735: 9685: 9640: 9625: 9605: 9595: 9570: 9510: 9454: 9219: 8995: 8591: 8562: 8486: 8481: 8442: 8380: 8336: 8321: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8233: 7968: 7854: 7620: 7590: 7570: 7391: 7196: 7177: 7172: 7118: 7081: 6802: 6717: 6640: 6538: 6528: 6496: 6484: 6452: 6429: 6411: 6307: 6162: 6070: 6056: 6019: 6007: 5836: 5755: 5707: 5586: 5395: 5376: 5306: 5246: 5192: 5171: 5148: 5076: 5034: 5012: 4986: 4962: 4952: 4835: 4799: 4712: 4630: 4599: 4580: 4561: 4542: 4519: 4500: 4456: 4421: 4403: 4380: 4357: 4334: 4304: 4188: 3778: 3691: 1835: 1376: 1326: 1270: 1096:(1946–1954), the French government issued support payments for Cao Đài, Hòa Hao, and 989: 972: 677: 611: 598:, literally meaning the "Followers of Xen", in reference to Sổ's childhood nickname. 558: 271: 169: 8074: 7672: 7332: 7086: 5540:

Dividing the Delta: Khmer-Vietnamese Relations from 1930 to 1954 in the Mekong Delta

4658: 4203: 10564: 10446: 10343: 9955: 9915: 9863: 9858: 9775: 9745: 9655: 9545: 9409: 9361: 9356: 8920: 8885: 8858: 8616: 8601: 8476: 8400: 8250: 8228: 8136: 7997: 7776: 7739: 7595: 7580: 7528: 7322: 7302: 7270: 7265: 7236: 7231: 7155: 7145: 6974: 6938: 6930: 6901: 6814: 6734: 6729: 6692: 6682: 6608: 6546: 6388: 6225: 6075: 5733: 5578: 5512: 5289: 5260: 5127: 5101: 4931: 4909: 4763: 4744: 4740: 4684: 4622: 4492: 4475: 4452: 4417: 4376: 4318: 4257: 3834: 3804: 3736: 2128: 1943: 1861: 1399: 1279: 1180: 1008: 927: 923: 833: 813: 797: 709: 430: 402: 256: 225: 128: 123: 8213: 5031:

Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience

4218: 4134: 891:

seemed to confirm his predictions. By 1940, he had gained such influence that the

614:, who served as a U.S. Special Representative in Vietnam, described Hòa Hảo as a " 10615: 9244: 9224: 8714: 8606: 8596: 8265: 7933: 7724: 7704: 7635: 7600: 7533: 7253: 7226: 7201: 7150: 7128: 6921: 6864: 6635: 6152: 5953: 5879: 5819: 5774: 5743: 5167: 5054: 4781: 4704: 4675: 4670: 3854: 3852: 3723: 3721: 1939: 1922: 1842: 1597: 1580: 1554:

in 1975, at least two Hòa Hảo Regional Force battalions were sent to neighboring

1471: 1411: 1354: 1333: 1246: 1229: 1184: 1097: 789: 681: 230: 5359: 5300: 4726:

Haseman, John B. (July–August 1976). "The Hoa Hao: A Half-Century of Conflict".

2107: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 899: 9366: 9259: 9199: 8915: 8890: 8675: 8579: 8461: 8405: 8358: 7771: 7719: 7615: 7585: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7538: 7434: 7354: 7337: 7290: 7280: 6324: 5987: 5970: 5789: 5769: 5738: 4974: 4617:

The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930–1975

3996: 3951: 3921: 3867: 1831: 1804: 1769: 1730: 1701: 1693: 1551: 1150: 1105: 1031: 793: 785: 615: 493: 406: 382: 332: 113: 39: 7327: 5408: 4902:

Hunt, David (February 1982). "Village Culture And The Vietnamese Revolution".

4173: 3849: 3825: 3718: 1439: 805: 738: 546: 189: 10630: 9294: 8848: 8729: 8121: 8116: 8064: 7901: 7839: 7734: 7625: 7523: 7454: 7386: 7376: 7349: 7285: 7182: 7160: 7098: 6994: 6957: 6876: 6784: 6235: 6186: 5891: 5371:

Ross, Rodney J. (2011) . "Dewey, Albert Peter". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).

5131: 5113: 5026: 4982: 4966: 4752:

Hendon, David W.; Prather, Scott T. (2020). "Notes on Church–State Affairs".

4728: 4427: 1987: 1568: 1535:

national list. Long Xuyên, the provincial capital and only 30 miles from the

1407: 1233: 1217: 1192: 1142: 1113: 1069: 1004: 871: 481: 477: 473: 235: 118: 7963: 5409: 5293: 5105: 4935: 4913: 4777:"Hoa Hao Buddhists in Vietnam Beaten While Trying to Stop Temple Demolition" 4440: 1846:

a role in the increased frequency of such incidents in the 1940s.

1146: 480:-backed government. They controlled various southern and western regions of 9429: 9331: 9192: 8880: 8875: 8853: 8843: 8724: 8156: 8091: 8034: 8019: 7985: 7610: 7518: 6556: 6447: 6442: 6293: 6263: 6137: 6105: 5853: 5824: 5811: 5516: 4626: 4479: 1673: 1610: 1191:(1955–1975), that grew in strength and constituted a significant threat to 1168: 1134: 1023: 1015: 884: 781: 697: 685: 438: 394: 371: 156: 78: 7657: 6344: 4767: 1930: 1901: 1884:

and are praying before the ancestors' altar, and then a copy of Sổ's work

1830:

Hoahaoists were actively creating new villages out of the wetlands in the

9351: 9326: 9150: 9118: 9109: 9055: 8985: 8970: 8863: 8754: 8415: 8363: 8151: 7869: 7849: 7689: 7630: 7368: 7364: 7187: 6707: 6655: 6625: 6462: 6316: 6208: 6132: 5997: 5933: 5884: 5608: 5197: 5000: 4322: 1910: 1740: 1721: 1705: 1349: 1316: 1188: 1076: 1027: 944: 895: 851: 821: 809: 705: 619: 492:, becoming a major autonomous political force in South Vietnam until the 489: 418: 398: 286: 138: 83: 8670: 8611: 7714: 7135: 6969: 6518: 5226: 4321:(2020). "Southeast Asian Refugees in North America". In Djupe, Paul A.; 1305: 1275: 9317: 9312: 9187: 9182: 9145: 9123: 8980: 8960: 8955: 8796: 8786: 8749: 8353: 8131: 8079: 7819: 7464: 7444: 7022: 6947: 6886: 6650: 6630: 6551: 6203: 6171: 6142: 5921: 5916: 5901: 5234: 4822:. New York City. 8 May 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 4696: 1814: 1713: 1403: 1380: 907: 825: 717: 626: 348: 220: 8161: 7042: 5050:"Hoa Hao Follower Released From Prison in Vietnam After Sentence Ends" 4575:

Duong, Pham Cao (2011) . "Huynh Phu So". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).

4441:"Staging Democracy: South Vietnam's 1955 Referendum to Depose Bao Dai" 1483:

in 1963 coincided with the outbreak of large-scale guerrilla warfare.

484:

at the time of Diệm's death in 1963. They then led a campaign against

9264: 9060: 8975: 8965: 8836: 8791: 8776: 8709: 8557: 8024: 7946: 7906: 7896: 7859: 7834: 7814: 7709: 7575: 7429: 7419: 7191: 7049: 6859: 6844: 6809: 6792: 6774: 6687: 6467: 6383: 6362: 6357: 6334: 6329: 6288: 6283: 6220: 6157: 6080: 6051: 6002: 5943: 5896: 4594:

Dutton, George E.; Werner, Jayne S.; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012).

1950: 1559: 1460: 1051: 931: 930:(nowadays Hồ Chí Minh City), placing him under the protection of the 855: 847: 485: 458: 422: 6739: 6268: 5569:

Werner, Jayne S. (October 2006). "Vietnamese Religious Society". In

4688: 4350:

Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration

4050: 1149:. On 18 April 1947, Sổ was invited to a Việt Minh stronghold in the 796:, and he was regarded as such. According to the Austrian politician 370:

with between one million and eight million adherents, mostly in the

9067: 8811: 8801: 8656: 8146: 8126: 7953: 7829: 7684: 7258: 7012: 6952: 6871: 6779: 6766: 6744: 6724: 6702: 6697: 6677: 6617: 6584: 6523: 6367: 6352: 6230: 6191: 6147: 5938: 5875: 5779: 5682: 5525: 4353: 1838:

outside the Mekong Delta know little about Hòa Hảo religious life.

1755: 1748: 1709: 1661: 1536: 1423: 1202:

South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm during a meeting with the

985: 880: 838: 734: 689: 645: 607: 442: 426: 355: 88: 1394:

Territory controlled by the four generals of Hoà Hảo force in 1955

9336: 8940: 8905: 8826: 8739: 8680: 8584: 8287: 8141: 7891: 7844: 7729: 7605: 7424: 6891: 6854: 6665: 6215: 6181: 6024: 5725: 4794:

Hall, Micheal R. (2011) . "Ba Cut". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).

2189: 2187: 1966: 1962: 1726: 1669: 903: 751: 587:). The village of Hoa Hao was renamed Phú Mỹ by the contemporary 562: 462: 390: 367: 5209:

Moise, Edwin E. (1988). "Nationalism and Communism in Vietnam".

5175: 4371:

Bourdeaux, Pascal (2018). Pokorny, Lukas; Winter, Franz (eds.).

800:, the masses held the movement's native origins in high regard. 776:) that were distributed to the general populace free of charge. 9249: 9128: 9113: 8932: 8821: 8806: 8764: 8542: 8420: 7694: 7449: 7439: 7093: 7054: 6896: 6504: 6474: 6198: 5630: 5410:"Montagnards, Khmer Krom: Religious Intolerance Rewarded by UN" 4673:(September 1955). "The Political-Religious Sects of Viet-Nam". 2602: 2600: 2560: 2558: 1958: 1954: 1744: 1121: 693: 659: 7640: 4327:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion: 3-Volume Set

3657: 3655: 3606: 3604: 3591: 3589: 2184: 8945: 8719: 8699: 8684: 8260: 8086: 7881: 7744: 7699: 7679: 6881: 6278: 6124: 5906: 5646: 5366:. European Country of Origin Information Network. 4 May 2021. 4161: 4038: 3894: 3294: 3292: 2231: 2229: 1737: 1717: 1387:, and the president opted to completely back Diệm. 1372: 993: 976: 363: 5170:

for the Center of International Studies, Prince University.

3986: 3984: 3971: 3969: 3528: 3526: 3145: 2597: 2555: 8870: 8759: 6712: 5651: 5443:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

4016: 4014: 3914:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

3652: 3601: 3586: 3550: 3499: 3123: 3121: 3119: 2903: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 1616:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

1187:, established a triumvirate in the mid-1950s, early in the 916: 606:

The religious group has been traditionally classified as a

5496:"Report on Freedom of Religion in Vietnam – November 2019" 3756: 3754: 3436: 3434: 3289: 3058: 2995: 2891: 2826: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2675: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2226: 820:

rulers and the landlords who dominated the agriculture of

8769: 8734: 7409: 6788: 5601:"Report of a Home Office fact-finding mission to Vietnam" 5530:

Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore

4062: 3981: 3966: 3766: 3523: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2879: 2692: 2690: 2639: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2258: 2256: 2204: 2202: 1850: 5480:"Report on Freedom of Religion in Vietnam – August 2019" 4011: 3511: 3255: 3253: 3226: 3189: 3187: 3116: 2838: 2763: 2739: 2663: 2651: 2627: 2333: 2285: 2283: 2174: 2172: 1635:'s members lead the state-recognized sect. According to 712:

in 1867. The religion arose from a tangle of mysticism,

5048:

Linh, Cat; Ha, Viet; Finney, Richard (12 August 2018).

4026: 3882: 3751: 3706: 3679: 3640: 3574: 3562: 3538: 3475: 3431: 3419: 3407: 2727: 2702: 2575: 2573: 2545: 2543: 2480: 2086: 2037: 2035: 1606:

were accused of organizing an anti-government protest.

724:. Tây An, in the 1830s, prophesied the collapse of the 5694: 5005:

Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

4149: 3667: 3628: 3616: 3487: 3463: 3371: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3277: 3216: 3214: 3133: 3099: 3082: 3046: 3024: 3022: 2971: 2947: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2802: 2687: 2617: 2615: 2523: 2499: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2295: 2253: 2199: 2159: 2157: 2155: 625:

Despite this, other sources refer to it as a distinct

469:

After 1954, the Hòa Hảo initiated armed opposition to

437:. Hòa Hảo flourished under the Japanese occupation of 5641: 5465:"Vietnam 2019 International Religious Freedom Report" 4850:"Vietnam: End Repression Against Religious Activists" 3453: 3451: 3449: 3359: 3304: 3250: 3238: 3184: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3070: 3034: 3007: 2937: 2935: 2792: 2790: 2585: 2456: 2391: 2357: 2355: 2280: 2268: 2169: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1339:

were among the most influential Americans in Vietnam.

1282:

with the determination that Diệm had to be replaced.

1014:

French colonial rule in Vietnam was disrupted during

594:

Initially, the followers of the movement were called

553:; literally "peace and amicability"), in what is now 366:

by its devotees. It is one of the major religions of

5451:"Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam" 5358: 5335: 4709:

The Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis

4593: 4272: 4233: 4086: 4056: 3795: 3697: 3395: 3383: 2570: 2540: 2468: 2367: 2116: 2064: 2062: 2032: 1092:

started aiding the Hòa Hảo. In fact, throughout the

898:, fearing anti-French revolts, had Sổ imprisoned in 5463: 5449: 4657: 4245: 4209: 4194: 4110: 4074: 3328: 3316: 3265: 3211: 3019: 2959: 2915: 2850: 2612: 2511: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2403: 2314: 2241: 2152: 2143: 956:. Also, he entered politics openly by creating the 808:. Sổ's religious prescriptions quickly merged with 488:for the defense of their home provinces during the 5185:"Sect Members Fight Red Rule in Mekong Delta Area" 4862: 4848: 4812: 4775:Hoang, Channhu; Gerin, Roseanne (8 October 2019). 4614: 4122: 4098: 3840: 3810: 3742: 3446: 3199: 3157: 2983: 2932: 2867: 2814: 2787: 2775: 2751: 2379: 2352: 2214: 2074: 2047: 2013: 5319: 4533:Dang, Thuy Vo; Vo, Linda Trinh; Le, Tram (2015). 4140: 2059: 1379:' judgment was no longer acceptable to President 411:Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues 10628: 5303:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 4840:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2420: 2109:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 1886: 1866: 1776: 755: 582: 523: 5277: 5141:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946) 2193: 665:Flag of the Hòa Hảo used since their foundation 5494: 5478: 5415:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 5392:Millenarianism and Peasant Politics in Vietnam 4643: 4373:Handbook of East Asian New Religious Movements 3957: 3927: 3827:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 2004: 1575: 875:Imperial Japanese forces entering Saigon, 1940 5667: 4751: 3900: 1888:Cách tu hiền và sự ăn ở của một người bổn đạo 385:elements. Hòa Hảo is an amalgam of Buddhism, 381:tradition of the region, and possesses quasi- 313: 5239:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 5047: 4513: 4474:(1). University of California Press: 37–85. 4375:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 3772: 2909: 1660:Hòa Hảo's spiritual doctrine is essentially 10647:Religious organizations established in 1939 5599: 4263: 4224: 4179: 4002: 3942: 3873: 3858: 3727: 1782: 1475:ARVN troops assaulting a stronghold in 1961 1357:(1897–1967) of the Hòa Hảo, accompanied by 883:and the expulsion of the French by Asians. 761: 5674: 5660: 5642:Web site of a US-based Hòa Hảo association 4774: 4297:Hanoi's Road to the Vietnam War, 1954-1965 3888: 320: 306: 5161: 4416: 4370: 4167: 4068: 4044: 3990: 3975: 3532: 3151: 3127: 2844: 2769: 2745: 2733: 2669: 2633: 2606: 2564: 2493: 2346: 2092: 1864:in the center and the initials P.G.H.H. ( 1124:, did not return to Cambodia until 1951. 8189: 5647:Web site of Hòa Hảo Ancestral Temple, VN 5321:"6. Hoa Hao Buddhist Flag And Insignias" 5182: 4532: 4331:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 4317: 3673: 2474: 2262: 1900: 1803: 1651: 1579: 1515: 1470: 1389: 1197: 967: 870: 425:and another religious movement known as 331: 9481: 5583:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.003.0011 5575:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions 5348:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 5089: 4999: 4893:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4725: 4612: 4486: 4463: 4451:(4). Oxford University Press: 671–703. 4438: 4393: 4294: 3760: 3685: 3661: 3646: 3610: 3595: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3377: 3353: 3310: 3298: 3283: 3259: 3244: 3232: 3178: 3139: 3093: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3013: 3001: 2977: 2897: 2832: 2808: 2696: 2681: 2657: 2591: 2534: 2505: 2397: 2308: 2274: 2235: 2208: 2041: 926:, they intercepted and relocated Sổ to 10629: 5568: 5523: 5506: 5259: 4973: 4942: 4555: 4439:Chapman, Jessica M. (September 2006). 4347: 4278: 4251: 4239: 4155: 4092: 3712: 3634: 3622: 3517: 3469: 3365: 3193: 3040: 2885: 2645: 2579: 2517: 2462: 2373: 2289: 2178: 2122: 2026: 1905:Map of the Mekong Delta within Vietnam 1880:they have taken shelter alongside the 1584:An Hòa Tự, the Hòa Hảo main temple in 1041: 9480: 8638: 8188: 5693: 5655: 5436:"Vietnam (Tier 1) Annual Report 2019" 5233: 5208: 5025: 4711:. New York City: Praeger Publishers. 4574: 3544: 3440: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3341: 3322: 2965: 2953: 2621: 2549: 2414: 1942:and there are almost no adherents in 1754:Sổ sought to unify and refine a 532: 267:Vietnamese Democratic Socialist Party 5370: 5183:McArthur, George (18 January 1978). 5138: 5112: 4920: 4901: 4793: 4703: 4669: 4348:Barkan, Elliott Robert, ed. (2013). 4020: 3389: 3271: 3028: 2926: 2861: 2796: 2721: 2450: 2385: 2327: 2247: 2163: 2080: 2053: 1466: 1213:The new authority in Saigon, led by 1174: 1022:and the subsequent collaboration of 963: 708:, and everyone was forced to accept 10672:Factions of the First Indochina War 5389: 5352:United States Department of Justice 5066: 4814:"Vietnam: Religious Freedom Denied" 4128: 4116: 4104: 4080: 4032: 3457: 3205: 3166: 3110: 2989: 2941: 2873: 2820: 2781: 2757: 2429: 2361: 2220: 2068: 1345:Trying to preserve the Bình Xuyên, 1232:, who became one of Diệm's closest 746:, or 4 July 1939, according to the 518:and it was named after the founder 13: 9450:Religions and spiritual traditions 5696:Religious groups and denominations 5536: 5327:. 28 February 2005. Archived from 5164:Vietnam, The Origins of Revolution 5147:: University of California Press. 4057:Dutton, Werner & Whitmore 2012 3220: 1429: 461:. Many Hoahaoists hailed him as a 362:(1920–1947), who is regarded as a 14: 10693: 5618: 5486:. 14 October 2019. Archived from 5472:United States Department of State 5456:United States Department of State 5422:from the original on 5 March 2017 5305:. Oxford University Press. 1997. 4870:. New York City. 13 January 2021. 4868:World Report 2021: Events of 2020 4858:. New York City. 8 February 2018. 4729:Asian Affairs: An American Review 1915:United States Department of State 1909:According to a 2019 study by the 1511: 1161: 902:under the pretense that he was a 601: 10652:Buddhist new religious movements 10610: 10601: 10600: 10414:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9556:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5629: 4457:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00573.x 1315: 1304: 1068: 1050: 889:Japanese occupation of Indochina 658: 644: 38: 10662:Religious syncretism in Vietnam 9021:Evolutionary origin of religion 5524:Vo-Duy, Thanh (22 April 2021). 5373:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 5281:The Journal of American History 5073:University of North Texas Press 4796:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 4596:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition 4577:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 4516:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 1957:, as well as smaller groups in 1896: 1520:Vietnamese refugees aboard the 1457:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 866: 10642:1939 establishments in Vietnam 9372:Separation of church and state 8030:Polytheistic reconstructionism 5509:Australian National University 5211:Journal of Third World Studies 5162:McAlister, John T. Jr (1969). 5119:The American Historical Review 4924:The American Historical Review 4745:10.1080/00927678.1976.10554207 4301:University of California Press 1422:, forcing him to retreat into 1289:honored his decision and U.S. 1264: 1114:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 565:. The name is also spelled as 550: 522:'s native village of Hoa Hao ( 504: 347:. It is described either as a 1: 7028:Traditional Sabahan religions 5375:(Second ed.). ABC-Clio. 5350:. 23 August 2004 – via 4798:(Second ed.). ABC-Clio. 4613:Elliott, David W. P. (2003). 4598:. Columbia University Press. 4579:(Second ed.). ABC-Clio. 4518:(Second ed.). ABC-Clio. 4467:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4394:Bradley, Mark Philip (2009). 1976: 1622:, a Vietnam-based newspaper. 1007:(1889–1961), his eldest son, 744:Vietnamese lunisolar calendar 101: 16:Buddhist sect founded in 1939 5681: 5394:. Harvard University Press. 4560:. Indiana University Press. 4487:Chapman, Jessica M. (2013). 1981: 1762: 1543:In the mid-1970s, president 1481:overthrow of the Diệm regime 861: 358:. It was founded in 1939 by 49: 7: 10677:Factions of the Vietnam War 9230:National religiosity levels 8455:Nauruan Indigenous religion 8010:Hellenism (modern religion) 5219:University Press of Florida 4755:Journal of Church and State 4535:Vietnamese in Orange County 4423:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled 1647: 1625: 1609:Hòa Hảo sources state that 1576:Present day and persecution 1020:German occupation of France 844:Indochinese Communist Party 10: 10698: 8639: 5243:Cambridge University Press 4738:Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 4556:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). 4287: 3773:Linh, Ha & Finney 2018 1808:A Hòa Hảo ceremony in 2009 1642: 1633:Vietnamese Communist Party 1594:Vietnamese Communist Party 1110:Prime Minister of Cambodia 1057:French marines landing in 635: 577:. It has also been called 336:Symbol of Hòa Hảo Buddhism 10596: 10515: 10432: 10304: 10049: 9774: 9491: 9487: 9476: 9385: 9310: 9086: 8994: 8931: 8649: 8645: 8634: 8197: 8184: 8109: 7932: 7914:Transcendental Meditation 7807: 7794: 7759: 7507: 7484: 7473: 7400: 7363: 7107: 7003: 6985: 6929: 6920: 6837: 6765: 6616: 6607: 6565: 6537: 6495: 6428: 6419: 6410: 6376: 6343: 6315: 6306: 6256: 6123: 5810: 5724: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5689: 5548:Columbia University Press 4864:"Vietnam: Events of 2020" 3901:Hendon & Prather 2020 1874:Vietnamese lunisolar year 1130:anti-colonialist struggle 354:religion or as a sect of 10682:History of South Vietnam 10657:Vietnamese folk religion 9541:Central African Republic 6575:Vietnamese folk religion 5966:Charismatic Christianity 5390:Tai, Hue-Tam Ho (2013). 5266:Naval War College Review 4497:Cornell University Press 4325:; Jelen, Ted G. (eds.). 4295:Asselin, Pierre (2013). 2910:Currey & Rohrer 2011 1882:Three Jewels of Buddhism 1222:Vietnamese National Army 750:. He declared himself a 9435:New religious movements 9073:Theories about religion 9026:Evolutionary psychology 8055:Modern Finnish paganism 6042:Independent Catholicism 5139:Marr, David G. (2013). 5106:10.1111/0145-2096.00199 5067:Lâm, Quang Thi (2001). 5009:Oxford University Press 4663:Encyclopædia Britannica 4650:Encyclopædia Britannica 4400:Oxford University Press 3948:, pp. 47, 108–109. 1820:Three Fundamental Bonds 1529:Operation Frequent Wind 676:(1919–1947), an ethnic 672:Hòa Hảo was founded by 509: 10084:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8070:Erzyan native religion 7919:Unitarian Universalism 7308:Native American Church 6086:Oneness Pentecostalism 5624:New religious movement 5517:10.25911/5f7c39e2df084 5132:10.1086/ahr/89.2.508-a 4480:10.1525/vs.2010.5.1.37 3889:Hoang & Gerin 2019 2263:Dang, Vo & Le 2015 1906: 1887: 1867: 1809: 1777: 1685:pre-sectarian Buddhism 1657: 1588: 1531: 1479:In South Vietnam, the 1476: 1395: 1210: 980: 876: 756: 583: 573:, is also rendered as 534:[hwaː˨˩haːw˧˩] 524: 516:new religious movement 345:new religious movement 337: 134:Anti-Western sentiment 10404:Saint Kitts and Nevis 9701:São Tomé and Príncipe 9561:Republic of the Congo 7767:Aboriginal Australian 6438:Chinese folk religion 5294:10.1093/jahist/jau279 4949:Duke University Press 4943:Jacobs, Seth (2004). 4936:10.1093/ahr/119.3.941 4914:10.1093/past/94.1.131 1971:Santa Ana, California 1904: 1824:Five Constant Virtues 1807: 1655: 1583: 1519: 1474: 1393: 1347:French Prime Minister 1201: 971: 913:anti-French sentiment 893:Vichy French governor 874: 612:Joseph Lawton Collins 335: 10026:United Arab Emirates 8817:Religious experience 8191:Historical religions 6595:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 5927:Schwenkfelder Church 5638:at Wikimedia Commons 5364:Research Directorate 5344:Research Directorate 5145:Berkeley, California 3797:Research Directorate 3699:Research Directorate 2194:Nguyen-Marshall 2014 1736:Similar to the 1564:re-education process 1297:Ély's intervention. 958:Village People Party 784:and the conquest of 722:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 710:French colonial rule 589:Communist government 450:Việt Minh movement. 57:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 10419:Trinidad and Tobago 10314:Antigua and Barbuda 9482:Religion by country 8543:Cult of Magna Mater 7065:Philippine Dayawism 6646:Nimbarka Sampradaya 6394:Chinese Manichaeism 6066:Jehovah's Witnesses 5871:Proto-Protestantism 5612:. 9 September 2019. 5571:Juergensmeyer, Mark 5537:Vu, Yen Ba (2019). 5502:. 14 February 2020. 5490:on 8 December 2021. 5273:(5). New York City. 5202:Library of Congress 5062:on 29 January 2022. 4947:(Second ed.). 4789:on 29 January 2022. 4768:10.1093/jcs/csaa025 4269:, pp. 108–109. 4211:Department of State 4196:Department of State 4170:, pp. 594–595. 4047:, pp. 590–591. 4035:, pp. 151–153. 4023:, pp. 244–245. 3664:, pp. 382–383. 3613:, pp. 449–450. 3598:, pp. 380–381. 3559:, pp. 378–380. 3508:, pp. 701–702. 3301:, pp. 378–379. 3154:, pp. 409–411. 3113:, pp. 143–144. 3067:, pp. 377–378. 3004:, pp. 384–385. 2900:, pp. 380–382. 2888:, pp. 155–159. 2835:, pp. 375–376. 2724:, pp. 151–153. 2684:, pp. 373–375. 2648:, pp. 158–159. 2609:, pp. 255–257. 2567:, pp. 585–586. 2238:, pp. 373–374. 1556:Kiên Giang Province 1363:Nguyễn Thành Phương 1094:First Indochina War 1042:First Indochina War 1036:Operation Masterdom 850:, which was led by 836:in order to gain a 771:prophetic teachings 455:First Indochina War 282:First Indochina War 64:Vietnamese Buddhism 10354:Dominican Republic 9400:Abrahamic prophets 8494:Proto-Indo-Iranian 7038:Aliran Kepercayaan 6241:Non-denominational 6163:Modernist Salafism 5849:Oriental Orthodoxy 5331:on 2 January 2022. 5093:Diplomatic History 4979:Vietnam: A History 4905:Past & Present 4855:Human Rights Watch 4819:Human Rights Watch 4539:Arcadia Publishing 4445:Diplomatic History 4432:Praeger Publishers 4398:(First ed.). 4230:, pp. 36, 46. 3842:Human Rights Watch 3812:Human Rights Watch 3744:Human Rights Watch 1907: 1810: 1672:, and elements of 1658: 1603:Human Rights Watch 1589: 1532: 1477: 1396: 1294:John Foster Dulles 1291:Secretary of State 1278:. Collins went to 1242:northern Catholics 1211: 981: 954:Pure Land Buddhism 908:concentration camp 877: 830:central government 748:Gregorian calendar 680:born in 1919 to a 397:doctrine, and the 338: 217:Huyền Thị Kim Biên 10624: 10623: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10587: 9576:Equatorial Guinea 9472: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9011:Cognitive science 8630: 8629: 8563:Mysteries of Isis 8337:Frankish paganism 8180: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8171: 7924:White Brotherhood 7790: 7789: 7755: 7754: 7099:Sundanese Wiwitan 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6641:Brahma Sampradaya 6603: 6602: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6384:Assianism/Uatsdin 6302: 6301: 6071:British Israelism 6057:Nontrinitarianism 6020:Plymouth Brethren 6015:Nondenominational 5949:Congregationalism 5837:Eastern Orthodoxy 5785:Reconstructionist 5634:Media related to 5325:Phật Giáo Hòa Hảo 5261:Nathan, Robert R. 5193:Los Angeles Times 5166:. New York City: 4981:. New York City: 4418:Buttinger, Joseph 4319:Bankston, Carl L. 4142:Phật Giáo Hòa Hảo 3547:, pp. 64–65. 3520:, pp. 13–14. 3443:, pp. 53–54. 3428:, pp. 51–52. 3416:, pp. 49–50. 3235:, pp. 42–43. 3223:, pp. 50–51. 2956:, pp. 18–19. 2660:, pp. 32–33. 1868:Phật Giáo Hòa Hảo 1836:Vietnamese people 1756:Mahāyāna Buddhist 1467:Post-Diệm Vietnam 1445:American Catholic 1338: 1331: 1327:J. Lawton Collins 1287:Dwight Eisenhower 1271:J. Lawton Collins 1175:Delta triumvirate 1118:Trà Vinh province 1112:, recognized the 990:August Revolution 973:August Revolution 964:August Revolution 834:weaker government 584:Phật Giáo Hòa Hảo 569:. Another label, 559:An Giang Province 555:Thốt Nốt District 330: 329: 272:August Revolution 262:Japanese invasion 240:Lương Trọng Tường 202:Prominent figures 10689: 10614: 10604: 10603: 10482:Papua New Guinea 10457:Marshall Islands 10284:Northern Ireland 9489: 9488: 9478: 9477: 9362:Secular theology 9357:Secular humanism 8647: 8646: 8636: 8635: 8511:Ancestral Pueblo 8186: 8185: 7805: 7804: 7482: 7481: 6927: 6926: 6683:Shaiva Siddhanta 6614: 6613: 6547:Korean shamanism 6426: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6313: 6312: 6226:Mahdawi movement 6096:Swedenborgianism 6076:Christadelphians 5722: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5704: 5703: 5691: 5690: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5633: 5613: 5605: 5596: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5556: 5550:. Archived from 5545: 5533: 5520: 5503: 5491: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5446: 5445:. 29 April 2019. 5440: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5405: 5386: 5367: 5355: 5341: 5332: 5316: 5297: 5274: 5256: 5230: 5205: 5189: 5179: 5158: 5135: 5109: 5086: 5063: 5058:. Archived from 5044: 5022: 4996: 4970: 4939: 4917: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4859: 4845: 4839: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4809: 4790: 4785:. Archived from 4771: 4748: 4722: 4705:Fall, Bernard B. 4700: 4671:Fall, Bernard B. 4666: 4665:. 14 March 2024. 4654: 4640: 4623:Armonk, New York 4620: 4609: 4590: 4571: 4552: 4529: 4510: 4493:Ithaca, New York 4483: 4460: 4435: 4413: 4390: 4377:Brill Publishers 4367: 4344: 4314: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4222: 4216: 4207: 4201: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3940: 3934: 3925: 3919: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2930: 2924: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2418: 2412: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2331: 2325: 2312: 2306: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2150: 2141: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2011: 2002: 1944:northern Vietnam 1890: 1870: 1834:. Despite this, 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1690:Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 1666:ancestor worship 1545:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 1420:Cambodian border 1400:Lâm Thành Nguyên 1336: 1329: 1319: 1308: 1181:southern Vietnam 1072: 1054: 1009:Lâm Thành Nguyên 924:French Indochina 806:Cần Tho Province 798:Joseph Buttinger 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 759: 662: 648: 616:pseudo-religious 586: 579:Hoa Hao Buddhism 552: 544: 543: 542: 536: 531: 527: 403:Southern Vietnam 387:ancestor worship 379:Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 343:is a Vietnamese 322: 315: 308: 226:Lam Thanh Nguyen 129:Anti-imperialism 124:Communitarianism 42: 19: 18: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10584: 10511: 10492:Solomon Islands 10428: 10300: 10204:North Macedonia 10045: 9770: 9483: 9464: 9425:Mass gatherings 9393: 9388: 9381: 9320: 9315: 9306: 9245:Religiocentrism 9225:National church 9093: 9090: 9082: 8997: 8990: 8927: 8849:Bodies of water 8641: 8626: 8411:Jamaican Maroon 8193: 8168: 8105: 7935: 7928: 7799: 7797: 7786: 7751: 7725:Trinidad Orisha 7510: 7503: 7476: 7469: 7396: 7359: 7110: 7103: 6999: 6981: 6908: 6882:Srilankan Vedda 6833: 6761: 6636:Sri Vaishnavism 6599: 6561: 6533: 6491: 6398: 6372: 6339: 6298: 6252: 6177:Twelver Shi'ism 6119: 5981:Neo-charismatic 5954:Presbyterianism 5806: 5698: 5685: 5680: 5621: 5616: 5603: 5593: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5543: 5474:. 10 June 2020. 5467: 5438: 5425: 5423: 5418:. 10 May 2010. 5402: 5383: 5339: 5313: 5253: 5187: 5168:Alfred A. Knopf 5155: 5083: 5055:Radio Free Asia 5041: 5019: 4993: 4975:Karnow, Stanley 4959: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4823: 4806: 4782:Radio Free Asia 4719: 4689:10.2307/3035404 4676:Pacific Affairs 4637: 4606: 4587: 4568: 4549: 4526: 4507: 4410: 4387: 4364: 4341: 4323:Rozell, Mark J. 4311: 4290: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4223: 4219: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4012: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3967: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3922: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3872: 3868: 3857: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3824: 3820: 3809: 3805: 3794: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3741: 3737: 3726: 3719: 3715:, p. 1372. 3711: 3707: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3117: 3109: 3100: 3092: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2334: 2326: 2315: 2307: 2296: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2153: 2142: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2106: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2033: 2025: 2014: 2003: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1940:central Vietnam 1899: 1843:human sacrifice 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1778:bàn thông thiên 1765: 1670:animistic rites 1650: 1645: 1628: 1578: 1514: 1485:Communist Party 1469: 1432: 1430:1955 referendum 1412:Nguyễn Giác Ngộ 1355:Nguyễn Giác Ngộ 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334:Edward Lansdale 1322: 1321: 1320: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1267: 1230:Edward Lansdale 1177: 1164: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1044: 966: 869: 864: 818:colonial French 773: 770: 767: 764: 670: 669: 668: 667: 666: 663: 654: 653: 652: 649: 638: 604: 538: 537: 529: 512: 507: 391:animistic rites 326: 297: 296: 252: 244: 243: 231:Nguyen Giac Ngo 203: 195: 194: 152: 144: 143: 104: 94: 93: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10695: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10608: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10521: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10438: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10310: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10274:United Kingdom 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10055: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9780: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9485: 9484: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9367:Secularization 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9347:Deconstruction 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9323: 9321: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9200:Fundamentalism 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8678: 8676:Call to prayer 8673: 8668: 8663: 8661:Disaffiliation 8653: 8651: 8643: 8642: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8464: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8359:Greco-Buddhism 8356: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8113: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7956: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7940: 7938: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7802: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7720:Tambor de Mina 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7497:Guanche church 7488: 7486: 7479: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7402:Tibeto-Burmese 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7325: 7320: 7318:Nuu-chah-nulth 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7227:Muscogee Creek 7224: 7219: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7094:Sumbese Marapu 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7015: 7013:Batak Parmalim 7009: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6935: 6933: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6325:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 6321: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062:Bible Students 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6032:Restorationism 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5988:Evangelicalism 5985: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5899: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5700: 5699: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5620: 5619:External links 5617: 5615: 5614: 5597: 5591: 5566: 5534: 5521: 5504: 5500:The Vietnamese 5492: 5484:The Vietnamese 5476: 5461: 5447: 5432: 5406: 5401:978-0674433694 5400: 5387: 5382:978-1851099603 5381: 5368: 5356: 5333: 5317: 5312:978-0192139658 5311: 5298: 5275: 5257: 5252:978-0521757638 5251: 5231: 5206: 5180: 5159: 5154:978-0520274150 5153: 5136: 5114:Marr, David G. 5110: 5087: 5081: 5064: 5045: 5039: 5027:Kolko, Gabriel 5023: 5017: 4997: 4991: 4971: 4957: 4940: 4930:(3): 941–942. 4918: 4899: 4884:|website= 4860: 4846: 4810: 4805:978-1851099603 4804: 4791: 4772: 4762:(2): 397–410. 4749: 4723: 4717: 4701: 4683:(3): 235–253. 4667: 4659:"Huynh Phu So" 4655: 4641: 4635: 4610: 4605:978-0231511100 4604: 4591: 4586:978-1851099603 4585: 4572: 4566: 4553: 4547: 4530: 4525:978-1851099603 4524: 4511: 4506:978-0801450617 4505: 4484: 4461: 4436: 4414: 4409:978-0192803498 4408: 4396:Vietnam at War 4391: 4386:978-9004362055 4385: 4368: 4362: 4345: 4340:978-0190614379 4339: 4315: 4310:978-0520276123 4309: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4271: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4217: 4202: 4187: 4172: 4168:Bourdeaux 2018 4160: 4158:, p. 207. 4148: 4133: 4121: 4119:, p. 123. 4109: 4097: 4085: 4083:, p. 154. 4073: 4071:, p. 591. 4069:Bourdeaux 2018 4061: 4059:, p. 438. 4049: 4045:Bourdeaux 2018 4037: 4025: 4010: 4008:, p. 107. 3995: 3993:, p. 595. 3991:Bourdeaux 2018 3980: 3978:, p. 590. 3976:Bourdeaux 2018 3965: 3959:The Vietnamese 3950: 3935: 3929:The Vietnamese 3920: 3905: 3903:, p. 410. 3893: 3881: 3879:, p. 109. 3866: 3848: 3833: 3818: 3803: 3777: 3765: 3763:, p. 481. 3750: 3735: 3717: 3705: 3690: 3688:, p. 453. 3678: 3666: 3651: 3649:, p. 431. 3639: 3637:, p. 893. 3627: 3625:, p. 865. 3615: 3600: 3585: 3583:, p. 380. 3573: 3571:, p. 191. 3561: 3549: 3537: 3535:, p. 589. 3533:Bourdeaux 2018 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3484:, p. 698. 3474: 3472:, p. 419. 3462: 3445: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 942. 3382: 3380:, p. 677. 3370: 3368:, p. 187. 3358: 3356:, p. 404. 3346: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3288: 3286:, p. 403. 3276: 3274:, p. 941. 3264: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3210: 3208:, p. 164. 3198: 3196:, p. 194. 3183: 3171: 3169:, p. 161. 3156: 3152:Buttinger 1967 3144: 3142:, p. 386. 3132: 3130:, p. 588. 3128:Bourdeaux 2018 3115: 3098: 3096:, p. 378. 3081: 3069: 3057: 3055:, p. 377. 3045: 3043:, p. 137. 3033: 3031:, p. 247. 3018: 3006: 2994: 2992:, p. 140. 2982: 2980:, p. 383. 2970: 2958: 2946: 2944:, p. 139. 2931: 2929:, p. 409. 2914: 2912:, p. 290. 2902: 2890: 2878: 2876:, p. 150. 2866: 2864:, p. 246. 2849: 2847:, p. 587. 2845:Bourdeaux 2018 2837: 2825: 2823:, p. 132. 2813: 2811:, p. 379. 2801: 2786: 2784:, p. 126. 2774: 2772:, p. 260. 2770:Buttinger 1967 2762: 2760:, p. 130. 2750: 2748:, p. 259. 2746:Buttinger 1967 2738: 2734:McAlister 1969 2726: 2701: 2699:, p. 375. 2686: 2674: 2672:, p. 265. 2670:Buttinger 1967 2662: 2650: 2638: 2636:, p. 255. 2634:Buttinger 1967 2626: 2611: 2607:Buttinger 1967 2596: 2584: 2569: 2565:Bourdeaux 2018 2554: 2552:, p. 525. 2539: 2537:, p. 374. 2522: 2510: 2508:, p. 373. 2498: 2494:McAlister 1969 2479: 2467: 2465:, p. 189. 2455: 2453:, p. 494. 2434: 2419: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2364:, p. 119. 2351: 2349:, p. 598. 2347:Bourdeaux 2018 2332: 2330:, p. 243. 2313: 2311:, p. 375. 2294: 2292:, p. 194. 2279: 2267: 2252: 2250:, p. 235. 2240: 2225: 2223:, p. 125. 2213: 2211:, p. 376. 2198: 2196:, p. 321. 2183: 2181:, p. 182. 2168: 2166:, p. 509. 2151: 2127: 2125:, p. 135. 2115: 2097: 2095:, p. 584. 2093:Bourdeaux 2018 2085: 2083:, p. 134. 2073: 2071:, p. 146. 2058: 2056:, p. 555. 2046: 2031: 2012: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1911:UK Home Office 1898: 1895: 1832:Plain of Reeds 1792:Heaven's altar 1764: 1761: 1731:class conflict 1722:soteriological 1714:use of alcohol 1678:Khmer Buddhism 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1637:The Vietnamese 1627: 1624: 1598:self-immolated 1577: 1574: 1552:Fall of Saigon 1513: 1512:Fall of Saigon 1510: 1506:Regional Force 1468: 1465: 1431: 1428: 1416:Dương Văn Minh 1359:Trình Minh Thế 1324: 1323: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1284:U.S. President 1266: 1263: 1255:Nguyễn dynasty 1204:U.S. President 1176: 1173: 1163: 1162:Post-Sổ period 1160: 1151:Plain of Reeds 1106:Sơn Ngọc Thành 1074: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1040: 965: 962: 868: 865: 863: 860: 786:Southeast Asia 726:Nguyễn Vietnam 682:Roman Catholic 664: 657: 656: 655: 650: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 637: 634: 610:sect. General 603: 602:Classification 600: 511: 508: 506: 503: 494:Fall of Saigon 393:, elements of 328: 327: 325: 324: 317: 310: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 292:Communist rule 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 215: 211: 210: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 161: 160: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 114:Anti-communism 111: 105: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 69:Khmer Buddhism 66: 60: 59: 53: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10694: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10607: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10517:South America 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10424:United States 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10306:North America 10303: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10164:Liechtenstein 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9616:Guinea-Bissau 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9475: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9440:Organizations 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9270:Vegetarianism 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9215:Homosexuality 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9036:Neurotheology 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:Folk religion 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8633: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8553:Imperial cult 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8122:Discordianism 8120: 8118: 8117:Anthroposophy 8115: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8065:Mari religion 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902:Neo-Theosophy 7900: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840:New Acropolis 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7793: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7506: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485:North African 7483: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7249:Kwakwakaʼwakw 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6987:Austroasiatic 6984: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6958:Vattisen Yaly 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877:Kirat Mundhum 6875: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236:Milah Abraham 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892:Protestantism 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5592:9780195137989 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5557:on 2022-12-05 5553: 5549: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5100:(1): 79–105. 5099: 5095: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5040:9781565842182 5036: 5033:. New Press. 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5018:9780195160765 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4992:0-670-84218-4 4988: 4984: 4983:Penguin Books 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4636:0-7656-0602-X 4632: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4548:9781467133210 4544: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428:New York City 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4363:9781598842197 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4185:, p. 26. 4184: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4131:, p. 37. 4130: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4107:, p. 17. 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3864:, p. 46. 3863: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3733:, p. 47. 3732: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3674:McArthur 1978 3670: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3496:, p. 29. 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3460:, p. 87. 3459: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3404:, p. 47. 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3344:, p. 46. 3343: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3325:, p. 34. 3324: 3319: 3313:, p. 58. 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3262:, p. 88. 3261: 3256: 3254: 3247:, p. 75. 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3181:, p. 74. 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3079:, p. 73. 3078: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3016:, p. 43. 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2968:, p. 30. 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2799:, p. 89. 2798: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2736:, p. 81. 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2624:, p. 17. 2623: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2594:, p. 42. 2593: 2588: 2582:, p. 61. 2581: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2496:, p. 95. 2495: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2475:Bankston 2020 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2417:, p. 21. 2416: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2400:, p. 13. 2399: 2394: 2388:, p. 31. 2387: 2382: 2376:, p. 12. 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2277:, p. 87. 2276: 2271: 2265:, p. 90. 2264: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2044:, p. 88. 2043: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1855:Chinese sects 1852: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1582: 1573: 1570: 1569:United States 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1502:Popular Force 1497: 1493: 1491: 1490:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 1486: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Trần Văn Soái 1405: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1368:Nguyễn Văn Vy 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1335: 1328: 1318: 1307: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1249:the country. 1248: 1247:Catholicisize 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:Ngô Đình Diệm 1216: 1209:, 8 May 1957. 1208: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1193:South Vietnam 1190: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1078: 1071: 1060: 1053: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005:Trần Văn Soái 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 978: 974: 970: 961: 959: 955: 949: 946: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 909: 905: 901: 897: 894: 890: 886: 882: 873: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:anti-colonial 811: 807: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 777: 758: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 661: 647: 633: 631: 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 599: 597: 592: 590: 585: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 548: 541: 535: 526: 521: 517: 514:Hòa Hảo is a 502: 498: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:South Vietnam 479: 475: 474:Ngô Đình Diệm 472: 467: 464: 460: 456: 451: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433:and then the 432: 428: 424: 420: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 334: 323: 318: 316: 311: 309: 304: 303: 301: 300: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 248: 247: 239: 237: 236:Tran Van Soai 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 216: 214:Huỳnh Công Bộ 213: 212: 209: 206: 205: 199: 198: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 158: 155: 154: 148: 147: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 119:Anti-urbanism 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 103: 98: 97: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 58: 55: 54: 51: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 10667:Mekong Delta 10021:Turkmenistan 9981:Saudi Arabia 9726:South Africa 9716:Sierra Leone 9521:Burkina Faso 9430:Names of God 9377:Unaffiliated 9332:Antireligion 9193:Universalism 9141:Assimilation 9006:Anthropology 8881:Supernatural 8876:Spirituality 8844:Sacred space 8832:Purification 8705:Denomination 8659: / 8467:Paleo-Balkan 8433:Mesopotamian 8273:Cook Islands 8244:Old Prussian 8157:UFO religion 8096: 8092:Zalmoxianism 8020:Neoshamanism 7877:Spiritualism 7760:Other ethnic 7649: 7475:Traditional 7435:Bongthingism 7333:Acoma Pueblo 7276:Mesoamerican 7005:Austronesian 6826: 6822:Neo-Buddhism 6754: 6750:Neo-Hinduism 6671:Swaminarayan 6589: 6509: 6458:Salvationist 6443:Confucianism 6294:Samaritanism 6264:Ali-Illahism 6245: 6112: 6106:Unitarianism 6047:Old Catholic 5854:Nestorianism 5812:Christianity 5799: 5765:Conservative 5622: 5607: 5574: 5559:. 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Sharpe 4616: 4595: 4576: 4557: 4534: 4515: 4488: 4471: 4465: 4448: 4444: 4422: 4395: 4372: 4349: 4330: 4326: 4296: 4281:, p. 5. 4274: 4264: 4259: 4247: 4242:, p. 2. 4235: 4225: 4220: 4210: 4205: 4200:, p. 2. 4195: 4190: 4180: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4141: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4100: 4095:, p. 5. 4088: 4076: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4028: 4003: 3998: 3958: 3953: 3943: 3938: 3928: 3923: 3913: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3841: 3836: 3826: 3821: 3811: 3806: 3796: 3768: 3761:Kiernan 2017 3743: 3738: 3728: 3708: 3698: 3693: 3686:Kiernan 2017 3681: 3676:, p. 9. 3669: 3662:Haseman 1976 3647:Kiernan 2017 3642: 3630: 3618: 3611:Kiernan 2017 3596:Haseman 1976 3581:Haseman 1976 3576: 3569:Chapman 2013 3564: 3557:Haseman 1976 3552: 3540: 3513: 3506:Chapman 2006 3501: 3494:Asselin 2013 3489: 3482:Chapman 2006 3477: 3465: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3378:Chapman 2006 3373: 3361: 3354:Kiernan 2017 3349: 3318: 3311:Bradley 2009 3306: 3299:Haseman 1976 3284:Kiernan 2017 3279: 3267: 3260:Chapman 2013 3245:Chapman 2013 3240: 3233:Chapman 2010 3228: 3201: 3179:Elliott 2003 3174: 3147: 3140:Kiernan 2017 3135: 3094:Haseman 1976 3077:Elliott 2003 3072: 3065:Haseman 1976 3060: 3053:Haseman 1976 3048: 3036: 3014:Chapman 2010 3009: 3002:Kiernan 2017 2997: 2985: 2978:Kiernan 2017 2973: 2961: 2949: 2905: 2898:Kiernan 2017 2893: 2881: 2869: 2840: 2833:Haseman 1976 2828: 2816: 2809:Kiernan 2017 2804: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2697:Haseman 1976 2682:Haseman 1976 2677: 2665: 2658:Bradley 2009 2653: 2641: 2629: 2592:Chapman 2010 2587: 2535:Haseman 1976 2520:, p. 3. 2513: 2506:Haseman 1976 2501: 2470: 2458: 2432:, p. 7. 2398:Kiernan 2017 2393: 2381: 2369: 2309:Kiernan 2017 2275:Marquis 2000 2270: 2243: 2236:Haseman 1976 2216: 2209:Haseman 1976 2147:Huynh Phu So 2144: 2118: 2108: 2088: 2076: 2049: 2042:Marquis 2000 2029:, p. 4. 2005: 1948: 1919: 1908: 1897:Demographics 1885: 1878: 1865: 1859: 1848: 1840: 1828: 1811: 1799: 1774: 1766: 1753: 1735: 1702:child brides 1699: 1682: 1659: 1636: 1629: 1619: 1611:house arrest 1608: 1590: 1549: 1542: 1533: 1523: 1498: 1494: 1478: 1454: 1450: 1436:a referendum 1433: 1397: 1344: 1332:and Colonel 1268: 1257:'s emperor, 1251: 1238:Ngô Đình Nhu 1212: 1178: 1169:parochialism 1165: 1139: 1126: 1103: 1088: 1085: 1024:Vichy France 1016:World War II 1013: 998: 982: 950: 921: 885:World War II 878: 867:World War II 837: 802: 782:World War II 778: 731: 698:Confucianism 686:Mekong Delta 674:Huỳnh Phú Sổ 671: 651:Huỳnh Phú Sổ 627:syncretistic 624: 605: 595: 593: 578: 574: 570: 566: 520:Huỳnh Phú Sổ 513: 499: 468: 452: 439:World War II 415: 376: 372:Mekong Delta 360:Huỳnh Phú Sổ 349:syncretistic 340: 339: 208:Huỳnh Phú Sổ 157:Mekong Delta 79:Confucianism 31: 10472:New Zealand 10409:Saint Lucia 10359:El Salvador 10264:Switzerland 10199:Netherlands 9971:Philippines 9899:South Korea 9894:North Korea 9784:Afghanistan 9731:South Sudan 9621:Ivory Coast 9405:Deification 9352:Objectivism 9327:Agnosticism 9285:Persecution 9275:Video games 9240:Populations 9151:Proselytism 9119:Monasticism 9110:Clericalism 9100:Agriculture 9091:and society 9056:Soteriology 9016:Comparative 8986:Transtheism 8971:Panentheism 8755:Monasticism 8548:Gallo-Roman 8450:Micronesian 8416:Manichaeism 8364:Hermeticism 8332:Continental 8327:Anglo-Saxon 8207:Paleolithic 8202:Prehistoric 8152:Scientology 8015:Italo-Roman 7870:Radha Soami 7850:New Thought 7690:Espiritismo 7631:Waaqeffanna 7571:Fon and Ewe 7509:Sub-Saharan 7392:Satsana Phi 7188:Ghost Dance 7146:Californian 7124:Anishinaabe 7055:Karo Pemena 7034:Indonesian 6708:Lingayatism 6656:Mahanubhava 6626:Vaishnavism 6557:Jeungsanism 6480:Folk Taoism 6463:Xiantiandao 6317:Zoroastrian 5976:Charismatic 5971:Pentecostal 5934:Anglicanism 5885:Waldensians 5820:Catholicism 5609:Home Office 5301:"Hoa Hao". 5235:Moyar, Mark 5198:Los Angeles 4908:(94): 134. 4279:Werner 2006 4265:Home Office 4252:Vo-Duy 2021 4240:Werner 2006 4226:Home Office 4181:Home Office 4156:Vo-Duy 2020 4093:Vo-Duy 2020 4004:Home Office 3944:Home Office 3875:Home Office 3860:Home Office 3729:Home Office 3713:Barkan 2013 3635:Dommen 2001 3623:Dommen 2001 3518:Nathan 1962 3470:Dommen 2001 3366:Jacobs 2004 3194:Dommen 2001 3041:Dommen 2001 2886:Karnow 1997 2646:Karnow 1997 2580:Dommen 2001 2518:Vo-Duy 2020 2463:Jacobs 2004 2374:Jacobs 2004 2290:Jacobs 2004 2179:Jacobs 2004 2123:Karnow 1997 2027:Werner 2006 1741:White Lotus 1706:matchmaking 1694:Westernized 1550:Before the 1350:Edgar Faure 1265:Sect crisis 1226:Lê Văn Viễn 1189:Vietnam War 1156:Nguyễn Bình 1077:M24 Chaffee 1061:, July 1950 1028:Axis powers 1001:Trotskyists 896:Jean Decoux 852:Hồ Chí Minh 822:Cochinchina 810:nationalist 620:paternalism 530:Vietnamese: 505:Designation 490:Vietnam War 453:During the 447:nationalist 419:Hồ Chí Minh 399:White Lotus 383:millenarian 287:Vietnam War 277:1945–46 War 257:French rule 139:Teetotalism 109:Nationalism 84:White Lotus 10631:Categories 10462:Micronesia 10339:Costa Rica 10234:San Marino 10194:Montenegro 10174:Luxembourg 10031:Uzbekistan 10006:Tajikistan 9911:Kyrgyzstan 9884:Kazakhstan 9834:East Timor 9804:Bangladesh 9794:Azerbaijan 9711:Seychelles 9676:Mozambique 9661:Mauritania 9646:Madagascar 9536:Cape Verde 9318:irreligion 9313:Secularism 9220:Minorities 9188:Toleration 9183:Syncretism 9168:Fanaticism 9158:Disability 9146:Missionary 9136:Conversion 9124:Ordination 9046:Psychology 9041:Philosophy 8981:Polytheism 8961:Monotheism 8956:Henotheism 8797:Orthopraxy 8787:Ordination 8750:Meditation 8745:Indigenous 8710:Entheogens 8695:Conversion 8521:Pueblo III 8438:Babylonian 8428:Melanesian 8354:Gnosticism 8239:Lithuanian 8132:Fourth Way 7986:Circassian 7964:Dievturība 7887:Tensegrity 7820:Falun Gong 7465:Sanamahism 7445:Donyi-Polo 7077:Polynesian 7023:Kaharingan 6948:Burkhanism 6887:Ravidassia 6865:Śvetāmbara 6651:Pushtimarg 6631:Krishnaism 6567:Vietnamese 6552:Cheondoism 6485:Yao Taoism 6421:East Asian 6187:Isma'ilism 6143:Maturidism 5922:Mennonites 5917:Hutterites 5902:Anabaptism 5795:Humanistic 5561:2021-12-27 5546:(Thesis). 5426:8 December 5288:(1): 321. 5082:1574411438 4958:0822334291 4826:8 December 4718:0999141791 4567:0253338549 3545:Moyar 2009 3441:Moyar 2009 3426:Moyar 2009 3414:Moyar 2009 3402:Moyar 2009 3342:Moyar 2009 3323:Moyar 2009 2966:Kolko 1994 2954:Moise 1988 2622:Moise 1988 2550:Duong 2011 2415:Moyar 2009 2145:Britannica 2006:Britannica 1977:References 1927:Kiên Giang 1712:, and the 1381:Eisenhower 1280:Washington 1228:. Colonel 1207:Eisenhower 1185:Bình Xuyên 1147:Long Xuyên 1104:Moreover, 1098:Bình Xuyên 1079:in Vietnam 718:witchcraft 702:Cambodians 678:Vietnamese 632:religion. 575:Hoa Haoism 459:Communists 185:Kiên Giang 10580:Venezuela 10525:Argentina 10442:Australia 10394:Nicaragua 10369:Guatemala 10169:Lithuania 9991:Sri Lanka 9986:Singapore 9966:Palestine 9854:Indonesia 9844:Hong Kong 9666:Mauritius 9387:Overviews 9342:Criticism 9290:Terrorism 9265:Theocracy 9210:Happiness 9178:Pluralism 9163:Education 9089:Religion 9061:Salvation 9051:Sociology 8996:Religious 8976:Pantheism 8966:Nontheism 8859:Mountains 8837:Sacrifice 8792:Orthodoxy 8782:Mythology 8777:Mysticism 8666:Behaviour 8575:Canaanite 8558:Mithraism 8526:Pueblo IV 8516:Pueblo II 8421:Mazdakism 8396:Hungarian 8369:Mysteries 8278:Dravidian 8060:Hungarian 7976:Caucasian 7947:Godianism 7907:Agni Yoga 7897:Theosophy 7860:Rastafari 7835:Modekngei 7815:Brahmoism 7808:Syncretic 7800:movements 7798:religious 7710:Quimbanda 7658:Candomblé 7651:Diasporic 7430:Bathouism 7420:Benzhuism 7345:Tsimshian 7296:Purépecha 7217:Longhouse 7192:Sun Dance 7141:Blackfoot 7060:Malaysian 7050:Kapitayan 6860:Digambara 6845:Ayyavazhi 6810:Vajrayana 6775:Theravada 6688:Ganapatya 6661:Ramanandi 6590:Hoahaoism 6468:Yiguandao 6363:Yarsanism 6358:Shabakism 6345:Yazdânism 6335:Zurvanism 6330:Mazdaznan 6289:Rastafari 6284:Mandaeism 6158:Wahhabism 6138:Ash'arism 6101:Tolstoyan 6091:Spiritual 6081:Mormonism 6052:Judaizers 6025:Quakerism 6003:Methodist 5993:Irvingism 5944:Calvinism 5897:Adventism 5880:Moravians 5717:Abrahamic 4967:2692-0514 4886:ignored ( 4876:cite book 4645:"Hoa Hao" 4021:Fall 1955 3390:Hunt 2014 3272:Hunt 2014 3029:Fall 1955 2927:Marr 2013 2862:Fall 1955 2797:Hall 2011 2722:Fall 1963 2451:Ross 2011 2386:Marr 2013 2328:Fall 1955 2248:Fall 1955 2164:Marr 1984 2081:Hunt 1982 2054:Marr 2013 1982:Citations 1951:Australia 1935:Đồng Tháp 1931:Vĩnh Long 1815:Messianic 1763:Practices 1674:Confucian 1560:socialism 1537:Cambodian 1461:Việt Cộng 1215:President 1026:with the 932:Kenpeitai 862:Expansion 856:Communist 848:Việt Minh 846:'s (ICP) 826:patriotic 757:sấm giảng 571:Hoahaoism 486:Việt Cộng 471:President 463:Messianic 423:Việt Minh 395:Confucian 180:Vĩnh Long 165:Đồng Tháp 10606:Category 10570:Suriname 10560:Paraguay 10545:Colombia 10452:Kiribati 10379:Honduras 10349:Dominica 10324:Barbados 10289:Scotland 10249:Slovenia 10244:Slovakia 10219:Portugal 10089:Bulgaria 10011:Thailand 9961:Pakistan 9941:Mongolia 9936:Maldives 9931:Malaysia 9819:Cambodia 9766:Zimbabwe 9741:Tanzania 9591:Ethiopia 9586:Eswatini 9566:Djibouti 9531:Cameroon 9516:Botswana 9460:Timeline 9455:Scholars 9415:Founders 9280:Violence 9235:Politics 9105:Business 9068:Theology 8812:Prophecy 8802:Paganism 8690:Covenant 8657:Apostasy 8592:Scythian 8533:Rapa Nui 8487:Thracian 8482:Illyrian 8472:Albanian 8443:Sumerian 8386:Harappan 8322:Germanic 8317:Georgian 8310:Selk'nam 8295:Etruscan 8283:Egyptian 8261:Druidism 8224:Armenian 8147:Satanism 8127:Eckankar 8050:Estonian 8035:Romanian 8025:Ossetian 8005:Germanic 7954:Armenian 7943:African 7936:paganism 7865:Sant Mat 7855:Rajneesh 7830:Meivazhi 7825:Japanese 7782:Siberian 7715:Santería 7685:Convince 7551:Bushongo 7455:Kiratism 7382:Hmongism 7259:Wocekiye 7244:Jivaroan 7212:Iroquois 7207:Ho-Chunk 7168:Cherokee 7111:American 7082:Hawaiian 6995:Sarnaism 6965:Tungusic 6953:Tengrism 6943:Mongolic 6872:Sarnaism 6803:Nichiren 6780:Mahayana 6767:Buddhism 6745:Sant Mat 6735:Sauraism 6730:Smartism 6725:Shaktism 6718:Balinese 6703:Kaumaram 6698:Kapalika 6693:Kashmiri 6678:Shaivism 6618:Hinduism 6585:Caodaism 6529:Ryukyuan 6524:Tenrikyo 6519:Shugendō 6497:Japanese 6368:Yazidism 6353:Ishikism 6231:Quranism 6204:Khawarij 6153:Salafism 6148:Atharism 6037:Esoteric 6008:Holiness 5998:Lutheran 5959:Reformed 5939:Baptists 5912:Brethren 5876:Hussites 5864:Assyrian 5780:Haymanot 5734:Orthodox 5683:Religion 5420:Archived 5237:(2009). 5227:45193059 5221:: 6–22. 5176:69010690 5029:(1994). 5003:(2017). 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10109:Estonia 10104:Denmark 10099:Czechia 10094:Croatia 10079:Belgium 10074:Belarus 10069:Austria 10064:Andorra 10059:Albania 10036:Vietnam 9946:Myanmar 9921:Lebanon 9839:Georgia 9799:Bahrain 9789:Armenia 9751:Tunisia 9721:Somalia 9706:Senegal 9691:Nigeria 9681:Namibia 9671:Morocco 9636:Liberia 9631:Lesotho 9581:Eritrea 9551:Comoros 9526:Burundi 9501:Algeria 9445:Outline 9410:Deities 9337:Atheism 9255:Science 9173:Freedom 9031:History 8998:studies 8951:Dualism 8941:Animism 8906:Worship 8886:Symbols 8827:Liturgy 8740:Goddess 8700:Deities 8681:Laicism 8671:Beliefs 8650:Aspects 8622:Zapotec 8617:Vainakh 8585:Yahwism 8570:Semitic 8499:Iranian 8401:Hurrian 8391:Hittite 8381:Guanche 8374:Orphism 8305:Fuegian 8300:Finnish 8288:Atenism 8234:Latvian 8219:Arabian 8162:Raëlism 8142:Jediism 8137:Goddess 8110:De novo 7998:Druidry 7892:Thelema 7845:New Age 7730:Umbanda 7621:Tumbuka 7606:Odinala 7591:Lugbara 7511:African 7477:African 7425:Bimoism 7415:Burmese 7271:Mapuche 7237:Wyandot 7197:Guarani 7178:Choctaw 7173:Chilote 7119:Abenaki 7070:Tagalog 7043:Kejawèn 6892:Sikhism 6855:Jainism 6815:Tibetan 6798:Amidism 6666:Warkari 6580:Đạo Mẫu 6430:Chinese 6412:Eastern 6389:Roshani 6308:Iranian 6216:Alevism 6209:Ibadism 6182:Zaydism 5859:Ancient 5830:Eastern 5790:Renewal 5775:Karaite 5756:Zionist 5744:Hasidic 5726:Judaism 5708:Western 5636:Hoa Hao 5573:(ed.). 5459:. 2018. 4697:3035404 4288:Sources 3221:Vu 2019 2008:Hoa Hao 1967:Belgium 1963:Germany 1923:Chợ Mới 1786: 1781: ( 1738:Chinese 1727:Marxism 1643:Beliefs 1586:Phú Tân 1527:during 1440:Lê Duẩn 1434:During 1377:Collins 1337:(below) 1330:(above) 1259:Bảo Đại 1075:French 1032:British 986:Cao Đài 936:Chinese 904:lunatic 765: 752:prophet 739:Bảy Núi 735:Cao Đài 706:Chinese 636:Origins 596:Dao Xen 567:Hoa-Hao 563:Vietnam 547:chữ Hán 525:Hòa Hảo 427:Cao Đài 368:Vietnam 341:Hòa Hảo 251:History 190:Cần Thơ 175:Bến Tre 74:Amidism 50:Origins 32:Hòa Hảo 10616:Portal 10555:Guyana 10535:Brazil 10502:Tuvalu 10399:Panama 10389:Mexico 10334:Canada 10329:Belize 10259:Sweden 10239:Serbia 10229:Russia 10214:Poland 10209:Norway 10189:Monaco 10159:Latvia 10154:Kosovo 10129:Greece 10119:France 10051:Europe 10016:Turkey 10001:Taiwan 9906:Kuwait 9879:Jordan 9869:Israel 9829:Cyprus 9814:Brunei 9809:Bhutan 9761:Zambia 9756:Uganda 9696:Rwanda 9651:Malawi 9611:Guinea 9601:Gambia 9506:Angola 9493:Africa 9302:Wealth 9250:Schism 9205:Growth 9129:Priest 9114:Clergy 8933:Theism 8916:Nature 8911:Astral 8854:Groves 8822:Ritual 8807:Prayer 8765:Novice 8715:Ethnic 8640:Topics 8612:Urartu 8607:Tongan 8602:Somali 8597:Slavic 8477:Dacian 8256:Celtic 8251:Basque 8229:Baltic 8080:Udmurt 8045:Uralic 8040:Slavic 7993:Celtic 7981:Abkhaz 7969:Romuva 7959:Baltic 7934:Modern 7777:Papuan 7740:Voodoo 7695:Kumina 7636:Yoruba 7626:Urhobo 7596:Maasai 7581:Lotuko 7529:Baluba 7519:Akamba 7492:Berber 7450:Heraka 7440:Dongba 7328:Pueblo 7323:Pawnee 7313:Navajo 7303:Muisca 7266:Lenape 7254:Lakota 7232:Seneca 7222:Mohawk 7156:Ohlone 7136:Apache 7129:Ojibwe 7109:Native 6975:Manchu 6970:Evenki 6931:Altaic 6922:Ethnic 6897:Khalsa 6850:Kalash 6740:Śrauta 6609:Indian 6539:Korean 6505:Shinto 6475:Taoism 6448:Luoism 6274:Baháʼí 6269:Bábism 6221:Ahmadi 6199:Sufism 6192:Alawis 5842:Church 5770:Reform 5751:Modern 5739:Haredi 5589: 5398: 5379: 5309: 5249: 5225: 5174: 5151: 5079: 5037: 5015: 4989: 4965: 4955: 4802: 4715: 4695: 4633: 4602: 4583: 4564: 4545: 4522: 4503: 4406: 4383: 4360: 4337: 4307: 1965:, and 1959:France 1955:Canada 1953:, and 1770:Buddha 1745:dharma 1524:Midway 1448:Đại". 1410:, and 1404:Ba Cụt 1385:Dulles 1135:Asians 1122:France 1108:, the 1018:. 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