1516:
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59:
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practices such as mantra recitation and divination. If this interpretation is correct, the steady rise in the number of White Lotus rebellions in imperial histories during the Ming and Qing does not necessarily reflect the increasing strength of a unified organization. Instead, this trend reflects a growing concern by imperial bureaucrats with any form of
Buddhism practiced outside of the sanctioned frameworks of the monasteries.
727:
in central China as tax protests. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The rebellion grew in number and
704:
Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to
832:
from Ming loyalists. The Five
Branches, known by some as the "Five Ancestors", were the Black, Red, White, Yellow and Green Lodges. After there was no longer any need for the triads on the battlefield, some high-level military leaders resorted to criminal activity in order to find means of survival.
751:
In the first decade of the nineteenth century, there were also several White Lotus sects active in the area around the capital city of
Beijing. Lin Qing, another member of the Eight Trigrams sect within the White Lotus, united several of these sects and with them build an organization that he would
525:
The White Lotus doctrines and religious observances, particularly their "incense burning" ceremonies which in the popular mind came to typify them, merged with the doctrines and rituals of the
Maitreyan sectarians; that produced a cohering ideology among rebel groups, uniting them in common purpose
827:
or "Heaven and Earth
Society" during the period of the war between the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Triads' formation was not for criminal purposes, but to overthrow the Qing and restore the Ming to power. The White Lotus Society may have been one of five branches of the Heaven Earth Society which
810:
as all related to the White Lotus, there are reasons to doubt that such connections existed. B. J. Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" became a label applied by late Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to any number of different popular uprisings, millenarian societies or "magical"
736:
admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion". Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were
731:
A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The
396:
ll societies calling themselves at random White Lotus, communities of the Buddha
Maitreya, or the Mingtsung religion (Manichaeans), or the school of the White Cloud, etc., together with all who carry out deviant and heretical practices, or who in secret places have prints and images, gather the
620:. Since they were prohibited from establishing a central authority, no doctrinal orthodoxy could be enforced, allowing their teachings and practices to increasingly diversify. While Maitreya remained the central figure for most White Lotus sects, during the reign of the
553:, joined the rebellion. His exceptional intelligence took him to the head of a rebel army; he won people to his side by forbidding his soldiers to pillage in observance of White Lotus religious beliefs. By 1355 the rebellion had spread through much of China.
700:
An account of Wang Lun's death was given to Qing authorities by a captured rebel. Wang Lun remained sitting in his headquarters wearing a purple robe and two silver bracelets while he burned to death with his dagger and double-bladed sword beside him.
374:'s rule over China prompted small yet popular demonstrations against its rule. As they grew into widespread dissent, adherents of White Lotus took part in some of these protests, leading the Yuan government to ban the White Lotus religion as a
538:, then reappeared back in South China where he led another unsuccessful rebellion in which he was killed. This second rebellion changed its colours from white to red and its soldiers were known as the "Red Turbans" for their red bandanas.
645:
who never incarnated but exists without coming into being or transforming into non-being, but was nevertheless foretold to come down upon earth to gather all her children at the millennium into one family and guide them safely back to
693:, a strategic location on the north–south Grand Canal transportation route. After initial success, he was outnumbered and defeated by Qing troops, including local armies of Chinese soldiers known as the
705:
evade government troops. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service.
581:
Meanwhile, the
Mongols were fighting among themselves, inhibiting their ability to suppress the rebellion. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang extended his rule to Guangzhou, the same year that the Mongol ruler,
574:). It was here that he began to discard his heterodox beliefs and so won the help of Confucian scholars who issued pronouncements for him and performed rituals in his claim of the
397:
people by burning incense, meeting at night and dispersing by day, thus stirring up and misleading people under the pretext of cultivating virtue, shall be sentenced.
534:
named Peng Yingyu began to study the White Lotus and ended up organizing a rebellion in the 1330s. Although the rebellion was put down, Peng survived and hid in
1087:
388:, the White Lotus became an instrument of quasi-national resistance and religious organisation. This fear of secret societies carried on in the law; the
689:
province, not far from
Beijing near the city of Linqing. The sect led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of
297:
Buddhist sects within the Pure Land tradition, practicing together so closely alongside the
Buddhists that the two traditions became indistinguishable.
1735:
719:
Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates
Sichuan from
1392:
596:
By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. He took the title Hongwu Emperor and founded the
402:
616:, the White Lotus did not cease its political activities against Chinese authorities; consequently, it remained prohibited during the
1370:
674:
The White Lotus reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement in many different forms and sects.
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385:
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1310:
1282:
1244:
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778:), which was written in 1838. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups.
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1088:"Ma Jiajun's tragic war of resistance: a hundred cavalry collectively thrown into the river and die for the country (1)"
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1223:
1715:
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Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. One such official was
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1515:
1385:
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340:) where he preached the teachings of the White Lotus School, which became the basis of the White Lotus religion (
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589:. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang and his army entered the former capital of Beijing and in 1371 his army moved through
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231:
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85:
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and supplying discipline with which to build a broad movement, recruit armies, and establish civil governing.
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259:
The religious background of the White Lotus Sect goes back to the founding of the first White Lotus Society (
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1705:
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1429:
876:, features "Priest White Lotus" as the main villain, who is seeking revenge after the death of his brother
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The White Lotus sect may have been one of the main ancestors of the Chinese organizations known as the
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126:
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820:
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334:) in order to connect the scattered White Lotus Societies. He erected a Lotus Repentance Temple (
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765:), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in
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founded a derivative sect of the White Lotus that promoted underground meditation teachings in
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1234:
1730:
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1478:
1424:
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religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" (
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1343:
8:
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1320:
Teng, Ssu-yü (1958). "A Political Interpretation of Chinese Rebellions and Revolutions".
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624:(1506–1521) a new deity began to grow in popularity among White Lotus adherents, namely
362:; its permission for men and women to interact freely was considered socially shocking.
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Like other secret societies, they covered up their unusual or illicit activities as
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This article is about the religious and political movement. For the TV series, see
1361:(Speech). Lecture presented at the Worldwide Conference for Historical Research.
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Another revolution inspired by the White Lotus society took shape in 1352 around
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449: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China
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White Lotus adherents who collaborated with the Japanese during the
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Millenarian Rebellion in China: The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813
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392:, which was in effect until 1912, contained the following section:
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power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government.
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period (960–1126), White Lotus Societies were founded throughout
600:, whose name echoes the religious sentiment of the White Lotus.
1451:
892:, features a secret society named the Order of the White Lotus.
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183:
521:
The White Lotus was a fertile ground for fomenting rebellion.
1403:
1157:"10 Things Most Avatar Fans Don't Know About the White Lotus"
720:
535:
647:
546:
1103:
1101:
1090:(in Chinese). China.com. 19 September 2008. Archived from
578:, the first step toward establishing a new dynastic rule.
1545:
848:, members of the White Lotus are featured as antagonists.
823:. The Triads were originally members and soldiers of the
222:. As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many
1098:
1335:
The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History
1027:
954:
952:
950:
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790:(1937–1945) were fought against by the Muslim General
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In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang captured the important city of
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305:
During the 12th century a Buddhist monk, Mao Ziyuan (
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1054:
993:
991:
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rebellion came to an end in 1804. A decree from the
545:. A Buddhist monk and former boy-beggar, the future
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945:
752:later lead in the Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813.
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1015:
1003:
1051:
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802:While traditional historiography has linked many
1697:
384:), forcing its members to go underground. Now a
798:Uses of the term "White Lotus" in later periods
370:During the late thirteenth century, the Mongol
976:
806:and millenarian uprisings during the Ming and
670:White Lotus Rebellion § Wang Lun Uprising
608:Despite their involvement in overthrowing the
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1277:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–.
1197:Millenarian themes in the White Lotus Society
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888:, an animated television series produced by
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285:increasingly involved themselves with the
57:
1736:Paramilitary organizations based in China
855:, features members of the White Lotus as
509:Learn how and when to remove this message
408:
16:Religious and political movement in China
1341:
1332:
1107:
958:
708:
1344:"Bailianjiao 白蓮教, the White Lotus Sect"
1270:
1133:""Once Upon a Time in China II (1992)""
1045:
603:
564:) and made it his capital, renaming it
226:who found solace in the worship of the
198:
1698:
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1274:The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study
1253:
1211:
1194:
1074:
1062:
1021:
970:
328:)), developed the White Lotus School (
1374:
208:'White Lotus Religion') is a
1322:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
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1232:
1033:
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997:
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447:adding citations to reliable sources
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1354:
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982:
346:). This White Lotus religion was a
13:
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293:had profound influence on Chinese
14:
1757:
1658:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1212:Ma, Xisha; Meng, Huiying (2011).
1190:. University of Washington Press.
612:and therefore in the founding of
366:Development into a secret society
289:. Through this close interaction
1685:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
1514:
1402:
423:
354:and Manichaeism that emphasised
1358:Monijiao (Manichaeism) in China
1271:Purcell, Victor (3 June 2010).
1199:(Thesis). McMaster University.
1178:
1149:
1125:
1113:
1080:
767:A Detailed Refutation of Heresy
747:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
628:(or the "Birthless Old Mother"
434:needs additional citations for
230:(or the "Birthless Old Mother"
1711:Chinese salvationist religions
1440:Chinese salvationist religions
1215:Popular Religion and Shamanism
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43:
1:
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1726:History of Buddhism in China
1653:Freedom of religion in China
1333:Ter Haar, Barend J. (1992).
1239:. Harvard University Press.
851:Another martial-arts movie,
845:Once Upon a Time in China II
641:, she was identified as the
403:"incense burning ceremonies"
27:White Lotus (disambiguation)
7:
1298:The Search for Modern China
1233:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
1195:Flower, Theresa J. (1976).
896:
218:), i.e., the future Buddha
10:
1762:
885:Avatar: The Last Airbender
865:resulting foreign invasion
842:In the martial-arts movie
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712:
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412:
249:
18:
1673:Ghosts in Chinese culture
1668:Regional Religious System
1645:
1609:
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1342:Theobald, Ulrich (2012).
1258:. Yale University Press.
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1716:Chinese secret societies
1417:Major religions in China
815:Tiandihui and the Triads
788:Second Sino-Japanese War
782:Second Sino-Japanese War
650:, the "home of the true
634:). Originating from the
626:Queen Mother of the West
228:Queen Mother of the West
1741:Triad (organized crime)
1679:Three Persian religions
1586:Mongolian folk religion
1236:Imperial China 900–1800
873:Clan of the White Lotus
870:The martial-arts movie
741:Eight Trigrams uprising
1746:Vegetarianism in China
1435:Folk ritual ministries
1254:Naquin, Susan (1976).
1186:Dai, Yingcong (2019).
528:
409:White Lotus Revolution
399:
273:(334–416). During the
25:. For other uses, see
1425:Chinese folk religion
1348:www.chinaknowledge.de
715:White Lotus Rebellion
709:White Lotus Rebellion
668:Further information:
639:Chinese folk religion
530:A Buddhist monk from
523:
394:
390:Great Qing Legal Code
63:White Lotus Society,
971:Ma & Meng (2011)
604:Birthless Old Mother
443:improve this article
415:Red Turban Rebellion
360:strict vegetarianism
86:Chinese salvationist
1706:Chinese Manichaeism
1663:Irreligion in China
1591:Qiang folk religion
1430:Ancestor veneration
1293:Spence, Jonathan D.
1036:, pp. 529–530.
908:Chinese Manichaeism
737:met, however, did.
695:Green Standard Army
681:and martial artist
643:transcendent Buddha
283:Chinese Manichaeans
232:traditional Chinese
168:traditional Chinese
155:Chinese Manichaeism
1721:Heresy in Buddhism
1576:Miao folk religion
1472:Theravada Buddhism
1355:Yar, Char (2012).
918:Pure Land Buddhism
859:who supported the
593:to the southwest.
356:Maitreya teachings
240:simplified Chinese
176:simplified Chinese
145:Pure Land Buddhism
96:Maitreya teachings
1693:
1692:
1601:Yao folk religion
1409:Religion in China
1312:978-0-393-30780-1
1284:978-0-521-14812-2
1246:978-0-674-01212-7
863:in resisting the
830:Shaolin Monastery
664:Wang Lun uprising
576:Mandate of Heaven
519:
518:
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301:Later development
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1566:Manchu shamanism
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1467:Tibetan Buddhism
1462:Chinese Buddhism
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1337:. Leiden: Brill.
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853:White Lotus Cult
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549:dynasty founder
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287:Pure Land school
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1120:Triad Societies
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1108:Ter Haar (1992)
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1094:on 18 May 2014.
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837:Popular culture
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800:
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776:Pōxié Xiángbiàn
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269:at Mount Lu by
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22:The White Lotus
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1225:978-9004174559
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1110:, p. 242.
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1046:Purcell (2010)
1038:
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1012:, p. 529.
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923:Secret society
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828:formed at the
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808:Qing dynasties
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745:Main article:
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713:Main article:
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413:Main article:
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386:secret society
367:
364:
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279:southern China
271:Lushan Huiyuan
267:Donglin Temple
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199:Pai-lien chiao
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82:Classification
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460: –
459:
458:"White Lotus"
455:
454:Find sources:
448:
444:
438:
437:
432:This section
430:
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275:Northern Song
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60:
55:
51:
38:
33:
28:
24:
23:
1731:Ming dynasty
1677:
1531:Baháʼí Faith
1479:Christianity
1447:Confucianism
1363:academia.edu
1362:
1357:
1347:
1334:
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1321:
1296:
1273:
1255:
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1196:
1187:
1179:Bibliography
1165:. Retrieved
1163:. 2020-11-15
1160:
1151:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1092:the original
1082:
1070:
1041:
1029:
1024:, p. 4.
1017:
1005:
978:
966:
883:
871:
857:antivillains
852:
843:
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766:
757:Huang Yupian
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718:
703:
699:
676:
673:
618:Ming dynasty
614:Ming dynasty
610:Yuan dynasty
607:
598:Ming dynasty
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583:Toghon Temür
580:
565:
561:
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540:
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520:
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496:
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441:Please help
436:verification
433:
400:
395:
372:Yuan dynasty
369:
350:movement of
304:
258:
197:
187:
163:
161:
41:
21:
1571:Manichaeism
1034:Mote (2003)
1010:Mote (2003)
998:Teng (1958)
928:Xiantiandao
890:Nickelodeon
499:August 2021
320:Dharma name
291:Manichaeism
224:Han Chinese
189:Báiliánjiào
164:White Lotus
127:Jin dynasty
92:Orientation
35:White Lotus
1700:Categories
1506:Falun Gong
1484:Protestant
1365:. Beijing.
1303:W.W.Norton
1205:11375/7251
1167:2022-04-08
1142:2022-09-28
983:Yar (2012)
939:References
804:Maitreyist
585:, fled to
469:newspapers
322:: Cizhao (
194:Wade–Giles
1627:Northeast
1617:Hong Kong
1610:By region
1551:Dongbaism
1536:Benzhuism
1264:1811/5983
1218:. Brill.
1137:hkmdb.com
933:Yiguandao
913:Ming Cult
825:Tiandihui
679:herbalist
652:emptiness
587:Karakorum
543:Guangzhou
376:heterodox
295:Maitreyan
265:) in the
210:syncretic
1556:Hinduism
1494:Orthodox
1457:Buddhism
1295:(1991).
897:See also
687:Shandong
683:Wang Lun
566:Yingtian
352:Buddhism
220:Maitreya
151:Absorbed
135:Jiujiang
131:Mount Lu
102:Language
1646:Related
1596:Sikhism
1561:Judaism
1541:Bimoism
878:Pai Mei
792:Ma Biao
725:Shaanxi
691:Linqing
591:Sichuan
558:Nanjing
532:Jiangxi
483:scholar
250:History
125:during
116:Huiyuan
112:Founder
106:Chinese
68:
1452:Taoism
1309:
1281:
1243:
1222:
1122:, p. 4
821:Triads
648:Heaven
636:Daoist
562:Jiqing
485:
478:
471:
464:
456:
348:hybrid
255:Origin
242::
234::
196::
186::
184:pinyin
178::
170::
122:Origin
1637:Tibet
1622:Macau
1501:Islam
721:Hubei
536:Anhui
490:JSTOR
476:books
1328:(3).
1307:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1220:ISBN
772:破邪詳辯
723:and
657:真空家鄉
631:無生老母
547:Ming
462:news
381:宗教异端
358:and
244:无生老母
236:無生老母
205:lit.
162:The
74:Qing
70:Ming
1546:Bon
1260:hdl
1201:hdl
1161:CBR
762:黃育楩
660:).
654:" (
445:by
343:白莲敎
337:蓮懺堂
331:白蓮宗
311:) (
308:茅子元
262:白蓮社
246:).
180:白莲教
172:白蓮教
46:白蓮教
1702::
1581:Mo
1346:.
1324:.
1305:.
1301:.
1159:.
1135:.
1100:^
1053:^
990:^
947:^
794:.
697:.
571:應天
405:.
325:慈照
318:;
313:c.
238:;
215:明王
202:;
192:;
182:;
174:;
133:,
65:c.
1394:e
1387:t
1380:v
1350:.
1326:1
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1266:.
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497:(
487:·
480:·
473:·
466:·
439:.
166:(
72:–
29:.
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