2012:
46:
849:
829:
1164:
1325:
45:
3949:
3837:
493:
9079:
696:
9089:
2689:) in the Chinese scholarship, often inextricable from debates on the exact nature of the so-called "White Lotus" tradition."; p. 14: "The local and anthropological focus of these studies, and their undermining of rigid distinctions between "sectarian" groups and other forms of local religiosity, tends to draw them into the category of "popular religion"
1341:, and they deeply penetrated local society; secondly, northern provinces are characterised by social mobility around the capital and weak traditional social structure, thus folk religious movements of salvation fulfill the demand of individual searching for new forms of community and social network.
1303:
taken together. Scholars and government officials have been discussing to systematise and unify this large base of religious organisations; in 2004 the State
Administration of Religious Affairs created a department for the management of folk religions. In the late 2015 a step was made at least for
1344:
According to the
Chinese General Social Survey of 2012, approximately 2.2% of the population of China, which is around 30 million people, claim to be members of folk religious sects. The actual number of followers may be higher, about the same as the number of members of the five state-sanctioned
1311:
Many of the movements of salvation of the 20th and 21st century aspire to become the repository of the entirety of the
Chinese tradition in the face of Western modernism and materialism, advocating an "Eastern solution to the problems of the modern world", or even interacting with the modern
1147:) to distinguish the peasant "secret societies" with a positive dimension of the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods, from the negatively viewed "secret societies" of the early republic that became instruments of anti-revolutionary forces (the
2011:
991:
consisting in the worship of gods and ancestors, although in
English language there is a terminological confusion between the two. The 20th-century expression for these salvationist religious movements has been "redemptive societies"
1336:
since the 16th century. The northern provinces have been a fertile ground for the movements of salvation for a number of reasons: firstly, popular religious movements were active in the region already in the
1291:
The founding of the People's
Republic in 1949 saw them suppressed once again, although since the 1990s and 2000s the climate was relaxed and some of them have received some form of official recognition. In
948:
of the individual and the society, in other words the moral fulfillment of individuals in reconstructed communities of sense. Chinese scholars traditionally describe them as "folk religious sects" (
3621:
1284:). With the collapse of the Qing state in 1911 the sects enjoyed an unprecedented period of freedom and thrived, and many of them were officially recognised as religious groups by the
1299:
Folk religious movements began to rapidly revive in mainland China in the 1980s, and now if conceptualised as a single group they are said to have the same number of followers of the
2955:
2761:. § 2: "Western scholars cast Chinese sects in the role of Protestant dissenters and celebrate (or occasionally condemn) their willingness to challenge the status quo."
2716:. The immediate association this term caused in the minds of many Taiwanese and practically all mainland Chinese participants in the conference was of popular sects (
2554:
1332:
The
Chinese folk religious movements of salvation are mostly concentrated in northern and northeastern China, although with a significant influence reaching the
584:
792:
Some scholars consider these religions a single phenomenon, and others consider them the fourth great
Chinese religious category alongside the well-established
1122:
and secretive character, including rural militias and fraternal organisations which became very popular in the early republican period, and often labeled as "
1932:
1752:
904:
598:
5546:
3636:
8032:
7881:
726:
294:
8938:
1702:, "Way of the Return to the One"), best known by its corporate name of School of the Way of the Return to the One or simply School of the Way (
3782:
Smith, S.A. (2015). "Redemptive
Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s". In Jeremy Brown; Matthew D. Johnson (eds.).
8890:
6243:
3825:
3590:
3443:
7926:
7853:
5071:
4172:
3083:
1814:
591:
3001:
2707:, p. 393. Quote: " The problem started when the Taiwanese translator of my paper chose to render "popular religion" literally as
7731:
4150:
8177:
3803:
1163:
848:
8017:
7891:
7876:
9113:
2471:
3668:
8037:
2978:
1477:, "Luo (Menghong)'s tradition"): Patriarch Luo was reportedly polemical towards the Bailian, Maitreyan, and Huangtian sects
8502:
5541:
3444:"Syncretic Sects and Redemptive Societies. Toward a New Understanding of "Sectarianism" in the Study of Chinese Religions"
492:
8620:
7901:
7502:
719:
8830:
8560:
8442:
7896:
6481:
4435:
3793:
3772:
3513:
1841:
9118:
8880:
7706:
4956:
4090:
3867:
446:
828:
8933:
6491:
4117:
170:
8895:
8790:
7916:
7911:
7867:
7497:
6341:
5600:
4590:
3948:
3818:
1632:
1285:
370:
9123:
8750:
8575:
7848:
6867:
6808:
6695:
6574:
6506:
4572:
4491:
3705:
1540:
1305:
903:), that is a cosmological definition of the state of things prior to creation, in unity with God; it regards ②
712:
391:
24:
6987:
6862:
815:), represented as either male, female, or genderless, and regard their holy patriarchs as embodiments of God.
9138:
8900:
8315:
8052:
7716:
7565:
7487:
6909:
5951:
5504:
4143:
2511:
1560:
398:
3963:
3669:"Recomposition des faits religieux et tension identitaires. L'exemple de la " nouvelle religion " Yiguandao"
2542:
1084:
8958:
8760:
5973:
4723:
4085:
3993:
3862:
3736:
2481:
2456:
1495:
1345:
religions of China if counted together. In Taiwan, recognised folk religious movements of salvation gather
405:
275:
6997:
9133:
8968:
8680:
8675:
8447:
6970:
6931:
6486:
6400:
5968:
4340:
4059:
3649:"Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?"
1324:
7002:
6992:
9128:
7746:
7691:
7387:
6127:
5644:
4335:
4277:
4064:
3921:
3811:
3071:
363:
327:
268:
149:
5725:
8993:
8782:
8640:
8092:
6980:
6759:
6390:
6020:
5585:
4717:
4469:
4306:
4261:
4105:
4100:
3833:
3487:
2662:, p. 12: "Chinese sectarianism, millennialism and heterodoxy, called "popular religious sects" (
421:
7098:
881:
focusing on personal salvation through inner work, considers itself the most valid "Way of Heaven" (
8497:
8457:
8412:
8202:
8192:
7997:
7751:
7576:
7512:
7482:
7372:
7137:
7046:
7014:
6975:
6887:
5794:
5051:
4987:
4457:
4442:
4136:
3074:
2012. Reported and compared with
Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 in
659:
5494:
3648:
1100:
A category overlapping with that of the salvationist movements is that of the "secret societies" (
16:
Chinese religious tradition characterised by a concern for salvation of the person and the society
8948:
8885:
8835:
8795:
8740:
8375:
8370:
8260:
8207:
8097:
8027:
7823:
7634:
7549:
6754:
6732:
6531:
6353:
5878:
5536:
5463:
5147:
4518:
4318:
4227:
4111:
4018:
3926:
3737:"The Phoenix and the Mother: The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan"
1947:
83:
76:
8815:
8710:
8670:
8650:
8507:
8482:
8387:
8360:
8310:
8280:
8270:
8187:
8152:
8137:
8122:
8077:
8012:
7686:
7617:
7522:
7517:
7258:
7181:
6943:
6825:
6749:
6546:
6536:
6395:
6363:
6301:
6272:
5789:
5784:
5481:
5441:
5226:
4567:
4562:
4542:
4538:
3916:
3488:"Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China"
2506:
2495:
1904:"Community of the Pure Heart")—another organisation of Kang Youwei's idea of a Confucian church
453:
243:
9056:
9001:
8918:
8870:
8845:
8645:
8467:
8462:
8330:
8320:
8142:
7818:
7761:
7581:
7527:
6948:
6926:
6845:
6786:
6452:
5891:
5752:
4914:
4513:
4425:
4049:
3911:
3857:
2466:
1275:
many folk religious movements were outlawed by the imperial authorities as "evil religions" (
1209:
tradition ("Chinese
Maternism", as mentioned by Philip Clart) that was already active in the
1008:
A collective name that has been in use possibly since the latter part of the Qing dynasty is
988:
805:
577:
163:
124:
35:
5772:
5720:
3097:
9046:
9036:
9021:
8928:
8855:
8825:
8800:
8765:
8725:
8720:
8695:
8565:
8487:
8437:
8417:
8407:
8295:
8242:
8217:
8067:
8062:
8042:
8007:
7992:
7936:
7711:
7644:
7612:
7492:
7427:
7293:
7171:
7024:
6904:
6803:
6715:
6683:
6678:
6526:
6258:
5553:
5137:
4897:
4508:
4452:
4403:
4388:
4241:
3616:, edited by Vincent Goossaert, Jan Kiely and John Lagerwey, Leiden: Brill, vol. 2, 685–727.
3011:
680:
377:
88:
4750:
2725:), rather than the local and communal religious life that was the main focus of my paper."
8:
9051:
9026:
9006:
8983:
8910:
8860:
8840:
8755:
8745:
8700:
8660:
8615:
8610:
8600:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8570:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8512:
8422:
8397:
8275:
8265:
8227:
8197:
8182:
8167:
8157:
8147:
8112:
8107:
8057:
8002:
7977:
7921:
7778:
7766:
7654:
7649:
7639:
7507:
7308:
7221:
7166:
7142:
7029:
6914:
6872:
6667:
6516:
6144:
5936:
5821:
5617:
5419:
5304:
5232:
5122:
5043:
4870:
4523:
4347:
4193:
4095:
4023:
4003:
2476:
1907:
1333:
1253:
666:
322:
9031:
9011:
8978:
8875:
8865:
8810:
8805:
8735:
8715:
8705:
8690:
8685:
8665:
8635:
8630:
8605:
8595:
8527:
8492:
8477:
8382:
8355:
8345:
8305:
8290:
8285:
8237:
8232:
8172:
8127:
8087:
7982:
7969:
7756:
7681:
7554:
7377:
7051:
7009:
6850:
6818:
6793:
6720:
6700:
6521:
6469:
6457:
6435:
6027:
5985:
5858:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5514:
5298:
5274:
4653:
4577:
4325:
4271:
4008:
3904:
3572:
3564:
3474:
3466:
3088:[Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data]
2501:
1382:
1346:
1028:"church, society, association, congregation"; when referring to their corporate form),
652:
526:
434:
6139:
5698:
5326:
5056:
2625:
9088:
9082:
9016:
8973:
8963:
8953:
8943:
8850:
8770:
8730:
8655:
8625:
8517:
8472:
8452:
8427:
8402:
8365:
8350:
8325:
8300:
8212:
8162:
8117:
8102:
8082:
8072:
8047:
7987:
7931:
7696:
7472:
7068:
7039:
6963:
6958:
6919:
6857:
6813:
6798:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6710:
6445:
6331:
6097:
6067:
6047:
5868:
5673:
5654:
5649:
5595:
5558:
5279:
5194:
5117:
5015:
5005:
4973:
4961:
4929:
4906:
4888:
4784:
4639:
4547:
4533:
4496:
4484:
4313:
4232:
4184:
4069:
4054:
4033:
3988:
3889:
3849:
3841:
3789:
3768:
3716:
3701:
3688:
3576:
3509:
3478:
2970:
1625:
1300:
1261:
759:
673:
603:
467:
460:
312:
156:
6551:
6149:
5809:
5563:
9041:
8923:
8820:
8432:
8392:
8340:
8335:
8252:
8222:
8132:
8022:
7886:
7838:
7833:
7397:
7362:
7335:
7093:
7078:
6953:
6877:
6727:
6705:
6613:
6474:
6253:
6216:
6072:
6057:
6005:
5799:
5779:
5747:
5742:
5713:
5708:
5632:
5622:
5451:
5415:
5407:
5378:
5291:
5211:
5206:
5169:
5159:
5085:
5023:
4865:
4702:
4552:
4210:
4028:
3998:
3899:
3894:
3751:
3680:
3599:
3556:
3533:
3458:
2490:
2461:
2040:
1856:
1217:
legacy and are based on the recovery of ancient scriptures attributed to important
944:
category and gives prominence to folk religious sects' central pursuit that is the
797:
569:
538:
533:
342:
287:
142:
6690:
9092:
7721:
7701:
7191:
7083:
7073:
6742:
6410:
6201:
6181:
6112:
6077:
6010:
5730:
5703:
5678:
5627:
5605:
5398:
5341:
5112:
4629:
4430:
4356:
4296:
4251:
4220:
3783:
3503:
2353:
2016:
1002:
700:
486:
337:
3537:
7843:
7736:
7676:
7392:
7367:
7152:
7056:
6938:
6882:
6835:
6248:
6196:
6092:
6062:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6015:
5911:
5831:
5814:
5767:
5757:
4801:
4464:
4447:
4266:
4246:
4215:
3933:
3755:
2520:
1639:
1609:
771:
755:
557:
545:
317:
282:
5804:
5066:
9107:
7771:
7325:
7206:
6598:
6593:
6541:
6378:
6316:
6211:
6102:
6000:
5931:
5863:
5853:
5826:
5762:
5659:
5637:
5575:
5471:
5434:
5353:
5261:
4712:
4663:
4368:
4013:
3505:
Detained in China and Tibet: A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners
2974:
1995:
1249:
1226:
1218:
1072:
754:(moral fulfillment) of the person and the society. They are distinguished by
747:
332:
182:
6440:
3684:
3495:
Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji
1222:
7906:
7808:
7669:
7357:
7352:
7330:
7320:
7201:
6633:
6568:
6511:
6496:
6462:
6087:
5995:
5033:
4924:
4919:
4770:
4740:
4614:
4582:
4330:
4301:
4288:
3879:
2486:
2422:
2323:
2032:
1465:
1447:
1403:
1399:
1359:
1272:
1268:
1236:
1210:
793:
786:
781:
through healing and self-cultivation, and an expansive orientation through
610:
521:
417:
95:
6134:
4821:
1018:"churches, ways and gates"), as their names interchangeably use the terms
7828:
7803:
7627:
7595:
7586:
7532:
7462:
7447:
7340:
7231:
6892:
6840:
6628:
6346:
6326:
6166:
6107:
5845:
5841:
5664:
5184:
5132:
5102:
4939:
4793:
4685:
4609:
4474:
4410:
4361:
3612:
Ownby, David (2016). “Redemptive Societies in the Twentieth Century.” In
3547:
Ownby, David (1995). "The Heaven and Earth Society as Popular Religion".
3524:"Appendix: Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC".
2566:
2525:
1920:
1893:
1871:
1663:
1520:
1508:
1367:
1338:
1206:
891:
774:
550:
509:
236:
7147:
7088:
6191:
5612:
5446:
4995:
3788:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 340–364.
3785:
Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism
3586:"Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience"
1618:"Three-One"), founded by Lin Zhao'en on the base of Confucian principles
1328:
Geographic distribution of influence of China's popular religious sects.
907:, a cluster of churches which focus on social morality through refined (
7794:
7789:
7664:
7659:
7622:
7600:
7457:
7437:
7432:
7273:
7263:
7226:
6830:
6608:
6556:
6296:
5941:
5921:
5499:
5424:
5363:
5127:
5107:
5028:
4680:
4648:
4619:
4398:
4393:
4378:
3938:
3604:
3568:
3470:
2182:
2161:
1829:
1530:
1148:
1119:
782:
514:
194:
6638:
5519:
916:) Confucian ritual to worship the gods, as the "Way of Later Heaven" (
7741:
7537:
7452:
7442:
7313:
7268:
7253:
7186:
7034:
6501:
6423:
6383:
6373:
6336:
6311:
6291:
6186:
6052:
5906:
5896:
5668:
5526:
5336:
5321:
5286:
5269:
5251:
5164:
4944:
4860:
4839:
4834:
4811:
4806:
4765:
4760:
4697:
4634:
4557:
4528:
4479:
4420:
4373:
3983:
3968:
3010:(500). Pu Shi Institute for Social Science. July 2014. Archived from
2046:
1974:
1776:
1738:
1714:
1588:
1308:
which aims to unite in a single body all Confucian religious groups.
1186:
1092:
emerged from the same tradition of Chinese folk religious movements.
945:
941:
878:
839:
767:
751:
645:
628:
384:
224:
217:
5216:
4745:
3560:
3462:
1304:
those of them with a Confucian identity, with the foundation of the
7544:
7288:
7278:
7133:
6623:
6603:
6430:
6306:
6161:
5735:
5489:
5429:
5348:
5256:
5243:
5221:
5201:
5179:
5174:
5154:
5094:
5061:
5000:
4844:
4829:
4707:
4668:
4624:
4415:
4352:
4256:
4159:
2537:
1999:
1726:
1693:
1675:
1411:
1190:
1089:
864:
778:
763:
695:
212:
119:
107:
3698:
Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History
1805:"Life Healing") sect, also known by its corporate name Wushanshe (
7813:
7417:
7382:
7303:
7216:
7157:
7061:
6764:
6618:
6368:
6321:
6206:
6082:
5901:
5368:
5331:
5142:
4692:
4658:
4501:
4202:
3973:
3622:"State Dominance and Peasant Resistance in Post-1949 South China"
1296:
all the still existing restrictions were rescinded in the 1980s.
1194:
1079:
812:
777:
and a voluntary path of salvation, an embodied experience of the
633:
479:
250:
229:
187:
112:
64:
1684:"Holy Way"), best known by its incorporate name of Tongshanshe (
7726:
7605:
7590:
7409:
7298:
7283:
7241:
7019:
6897:
6171:
5926:
5916:
5570:
5531:
5373:
4981:
4951:
4675:
3884:
3717:"Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?"
3585:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
2516:
1962:
1553:
1293:
1257:
1231:
1214:
1123:
868:
801:
562:
427:
100:
6117:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3392:
3390:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
1138:
Recent scholarship has begun to use the label "secret sects" (
1071:"altar"). Western scholars often mistakenly identify them as "
7422:
7196:
7176:
7161:
6737:
6563:
6358:
6221:
6176:
6156:
5358:
4755:
4601:
4383:
3836:
2588:
2586:
2036:
2024:
1579:
This sect has many schools, one of them is Xiao Yao Pai (逍遥派
1198:
1152:
1051:
Their congregations and points of worship are usually called
835:
7347:
7236:
5189:
4128:
3402:
3387:
3283:
2020:
1313:
60:
2583:
7246:
7211:
5886:
5265:
3978:
3493:. In Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.).
1660:"Community for the Study of the Way and its Virtue")—1916
1552:), a western branch of Luoism founded by Zhang Baotai in
877:
Two influential and competing folk sectarian currents: ①
808:
640:
3152:
3150:
3055:
3053:
1398:
1357:
1239:
and advocate the realisation of a "great commonwealth" (
804:. Generally these religions focus on the worship of the
1492:"Sudden Stillness") sect, the eastern branch of Luoism
71:
4171:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3040:
3038:
3025:
3023:
3021:
2858:
2856:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
1352:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3147:
3050:
2769:
2767:
3326:
3006:[Mainland folk religion management change].
2058:, "Only Heart") or "Holy Church of the Heart-Only" (
1753:
Dragon Flower Church of the Heart-bound Heavenly Way
1631:
925:), that is the cosmological state of created things.
758:, a founding charismatic person often informed by a
3377:
3375:
3373:
3186:
3108:
3035:
3018:
2899:
The Influence of Mo-school on Chinese Popular Sects
2853:
2841:
2806:
750:religious tradition characterised by a concern for
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3262:
3229:
2764:
2613:
1811:"Community of the Awakening to the Goodness")—1919
1747:"Great Way of Maitreya")—branched out in the 1980s
3205:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2796:
2794:
2752:
2023:, is the headquarters of the Weixinist Church in
9105:
1735:"Way of the Children")—branched out in the 1980s
1229:, and have contributed to the popularisation of
3656:Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore
3350:
2956:"Religions & Christianity in Today's China"
1944:)—started in 1853, formally established in 1979
1929:"Way of the Mysterious Origin")—founded in 1952
2989:
2791:
2362:"Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")
4144:
3819:
3077:
2720:
2711:
2690:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2435:
2426:
2411:
2402:
2387:
2378:
2371:"Way of the Endless Whole" or "Surefire Way")
2366:
2357:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2174:
2165:
2150:
2138:
2129:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2081:
2080:Church of Maitreya the King of the Universe (
2059:
2050:
1989:
1978:
1966:
1951:
1936:
1924:
1899:
1884:
1875:
1860:
1853:)—early form of Tiandiism, recognised in 1930
1845:
1833:
1818:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1685:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1613:
1601:
1592:
1564:
1544:
1524:
1512:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1451:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1386:
1371:
1276:
1243:
1177:
1168:
1139:
1127:
1110:
1101:
1066:
1056:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
993:
976:
967:
958:
949:
932:
917:
908:
895:
882:
855:
818:
720:
3501:
3425:
3396:
3320:
2963:Religion & Christianity in Today's China
2498:, some of which are related to Chinese sects
3591:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
4151:
4137:
3826:
3812:
1910:—rural secret society and millenarian sect
1815:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
1319:
1252:. Some scholars even find influences from
1205:Many of these religions are traced to the
940:) is a contemporary neologism coined as a
727:
713:
592:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
3730:. University of Missouri-Columbia: Brill.
3666:
3603:
1959:)—branch of Tiandiism established in 1979
1651:, "Abiding Principle")—registered in 1913
6666:
2010:
1323:
1301:five state-sanctioned religions of China
1248:) on a world scale, as dreamt of in the
1162:
7958:
3695:
3667:Micollier, Évelyne (July–August 1998).
3223:
3168:
3156:
3141:
3059:
2472:Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
2392:, "True School of the Mysterious Gate")
1994:) — led by the self-proclaimed emperor
1533:in the 1870s, renamed Yiguandao in 1905
9106:
3762:
3646:
3502:Munro, Robin; Spiegel, Mickey (1994).
3451:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
3344:
3277:
3256:
3244:
3199:
3180:
3129:
3044:
3029:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2819:
2800:
2785:
2773:
2746:
2734:
2659:
2647:
2607:
2592:
7957:
7115:
6665:
4170:
4132:
3807:
3781:
3734:
3714:
3583:
3546:
3485:
3332:
3211:
2831:
2758:
2704:
2631:
2299:"Way of the Sages and the Immortals")
1723:"Consistent Way")—registered in 1947
1672:"Way of the Former Heaven") networks
1576:, the "Gate of the Highest Supreme")
1517:"Black Lotus") sect during the Qing
1420:"Way of the Eight Trigrams") networks
1158:
3614:Modern Chinese Religion II 1850–2015
3526:Chinese Sociology & Anthropology
3441:
3075:
2847:
2619:
1914:
1456:"Way of the Yellow Sky") or Xuangu (
3497:. Taipei: Boyang. pp. 391–412.
2440:"Heavenly House of Filial Loyalty")
2281:"Way of Men Learning the Goodness")
2260:, "Universal Judgement"), Pududao (
1606:"Gate of the Heaven and the Earth")
1529:"Final Salvation") sect founded by
1353:Chronological record of major sects
1347:approximately 10% of the population
1095:
13:
7927:Religions and spiritual traditions
4173:Religious groups and denominations
2137:Holy Church of the Middle Flower (
1983:"Cultivation of the Wheel of Law")
1842:Holy Church of the Heavenly Virtue
1589:Church of the Heaven and the Earth
1316:-centered universal civilisation.
931:"Chinese salvationist religions" (
491:
14:
9150:
4091:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
3763:Ma, Xisha; Meng, Huiying (2011).
3619:
3381:
2317:"Way of the Four Manifestations")
2134:"Way of the Kneeling to Incense")
2015:The City of the Eight Symbols in
1998:, the sect ruled a small area in
1880:"Way of the True Emptiness")—1948
1838:, "Way of the Nine Palaces")—1926
1690:"Community of the Goodness")—1917
1633:Mainland Republican Era (1912–49)
295:Chinese Folk Temples' Association
9087:
9078:
9077:
8891:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
8033:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4118:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
3947:
3835:
3696:Seiwert, Hubert Michael (2003).
3085:卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据
2266:"Way of the Universal Judgment")
1794:"Way of the Return to the Root")
847:
827:
694:
276:Lineage associations or churches
171:Chinese spiritual world concepts
44:
7498:Evolutionary origin of religion
3338:
3250:
3217:
3174:
3162:
3135:
3065:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2891:
2880:
2868:
2825:
2779:
2555:Confucian Religion in Indonesia
2239:"Gate of the Universal Change")
2006:
1235:; other ones are distinctively
1167:Temple of the Founding Father (
371:Chinese communal deity religion
9114:Chinese salvationist religions
7849:Separation of church and state
6507:Polytheistic reconstructionism
3873:Chinese salvationist religions
3765:Popular Religion and Shamanism
2740:
2728:
2698:
2653:
2641:
2601:
2209:"Way of the Venerable Master")
2107:"Church of the Great Harmony")
2071:
1541:Dacheng teaching of Mount Jizu
1306:Holy Confucian Church of China
854:② The Luanist Rebirth Church (
740:Chinese salvationist religions
412:Main philosophical traditions:
392:Chinese mother goddess worship
1:
5505:Traditional Sabahan religions
2572:
2512:Northeast China folk religion
2350:"Way of the Heavenly Bright")
2341:"Way of the Heavenly Flower")
2191:"Way of Flowers and Fasting")
2179:"Way of the Yellow Immortal")
1971:"Cultivation of the Spirit")
1561:Church of the Highest Supreme
1486:"Great Vehicle") or Yuandun (
1444:"Original Undetermined") sect
1176:) of the principal holy see (
399:Northeast China folk religion
4158:
4086:Freedom of religion in China
3744:Journal of Chinese Religions
3549:The Journal of Asian Studies
2577:
2482:Chinese religions of fasting
2457:Ancestor veneration in China
2383:"Church of the Small Sword")
2332:"Way of the Heavenly Light")
2248:"Way of the Universal Help")
1118:), religious communities of
744:Chinese folk religious sects
502:Salvation churches and sects
406:Traditional Chinese Medicine
7:
7707:National religiosity levels
6932:Nauruan Indigenous religion
6487:Hellenism (modern religion)
3538:10.2753/CSA0009-46252104102
2450:
2446:Zishenguo ("Zishen nation")
2407:"Gate of the Jade Vacuity")
2218:"Way of the Venerable Men")
2170:"Way of the Imperial Pole")
1773:"Way of the Bright Circle")
1286:early republican government
987:They are distinct from the
834:① A church of Yiguandao in
585:Indonesian Confucian Church
447:Folk ritual masters' orders
10:
9155:
7116:
3756:10.1179/073776997805306959
3635:(9): 55–89. Archived from
3434:
3426:Munro & Spiegel (1994)
3397:Munro & Spiegel (1994)
3321:Munro & Spiegel (1994)
3072:China Family Panel Studies
2969:(1). China Zentrum. 2014.
2903:Studies in World Religions
2416:"Way of the Middle Abode")
2098:"Church of the Big Sword")
819:Terminology and definition
496:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".
364:Chinese ancestral religion
269:Associations of good-doing
150:Chinese gods and immortals
9073:
8992:
8909:
8781:
8526:
8251:
7968:
7964:
7953:
7862:
7787:
7563:
7471:
7408:
7126:
7122:
7111:
6674:
6661:
6586:
6409:
6391:Transcendental Meditation
6284:
6271:
6236:
5984:
5961:
5950:
5877:
5840:
5584:
5480:
5462:
5406:
5397:
5314:
5242:
5093:
5084:
5042:
5014:
4972:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4853:
4820:
4792:
4783:
4733:
4600:
4287:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4179:
4166:
4106:Ghosts in Chinese culture
4101:Regional Religious System
4078:
4042:
3956:
3945:
3848:
3522:List first published in:
3078:
2721:
2712:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2436:
2431:"Way of the Golden Mean")
2427:
2412:
2403:
2388:
2379:
2367:
2358:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2290:"Way of the Three Peaks")
2286:
2277:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2175:
2166:
2151:
2139:
2130:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2082:
2060:
2051:
1990:
1979:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1933:Confucian Way of the Gods
1925:
1900:
1885:
1876:
1861:
1846:
1834:
1819:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1785:"Way of the Jasper Lake")
1781:
1769:
1762:Yīxīn Tiāndào Lónghuá Huì
1757:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1614:
1602:
1593:
1565:
1545:
1525:
1513:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1452:
1440:
1438:"Great Sun") or Hunyuan (
1434:
1425:
1416:
1387:
1372:
1277:
1244:
1178:
1169:
1140:
1128:
1111:
1102:
1067:
1057:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
994:
977:
968:
959:
950:
933:
918:
909:
896:
883:
856:
9119:Chinese secret societies
8018:Central African Republic
5052:Vietnamese folk religion
4443:Charismatic Christianity
3850:Major religions in China
3094:World Religious Cultures
3084:
3002:
2308:"Way of the Godly Gate")
2200:"Way of the Old Source")
660:Vietnamese folk religion
263:Institutions and temples
7912:New religious movements
7550:Theories about religion
7503:Evolutionary psychology
6532:Modern Finnish paganism
4519:Independent Catholicism
4112:Three Persian religions
4019:Mongolian folk religion
3685:10.3406/perch.1998.2315
2634:, pp. 12-13 &
1948:Lord of Universe Church
1496:Sects requiring fasting
1429:"Flower of Light") sect
1320:Geography and diffusion
8561:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6547:Erzyan native religion
6396:Unitarian Universalism
5785:Native American Church
4563:Oneness Pentecostalism
3868:Folk ritual ministries
3735:Clart, Philip (1997).
3715:Clart, Philip (2003).
3673:Perspectives Chinoises
3647:Palmer, D. A. (2011).
3508:. Human Rights Watch.
3486:Clart, Philip (2014).
3442:Broy, Nikolas (2015).
2907:Shijie Zongjiao Yanjiu
2507:New religious movement
2496:Japanese new religions
2087:Yǔzhòu mílè huáng jiào
2028:
1329:
1202:
497:
474:Devotional traditions:
9124:Chinese folk religion
8881:Saint Kitts and Nevis
8178:São Tomé and Príncipe
8038:Republic of the Congo
6244:Aboriginal Australian
4915:Chinese folk religion
3858:Chinese folk religion
3584:Ownby, David (2008).
2467:Chinese folk religion
2119:, "Great Simplicity")
2014:
1511:dubbed the Qinglian (
1358:Earliest influences (
1349:as of the mid-2000s.
1327:
1166:
1001:), coined by scholar
989:Chinese folk religion
975:) or "folk beliefs" (
578:Holy Confucian Church
495:
164:Chinese creation myth
37:Chinese folk religion
9139:East Asian religions
8503:United Arab Emirates
7294:Religious experience
6668:Historical religions
5072:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
4404:Schwenkfelder Church
3629:Issues & Studies
3532:(4): 103–104. 1989.
2221:Mount Li Maternism (
2035:religious groups in
1572:; also known as 太上门
1550:Jīzúshān dàchéngjiào
892:Way of Former Heaven
681:Zhuang folk religion
378:Chinese food therapy
359:Major cultural forms
8896:Trinidad and Tobago
8791:Antigua and Barbuda
7959:Religion by country
7020:Cult of Magna Mater
5542:Philippine Dayawism
5123:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4871:Chinese Manichaeism
4543:Jehovah's Witnesses
4348:Proto-Protestantism
4096:Irreligion in China
4024:Qiang folk religion
3863:Ancestor veneration
3096:(1). Archived from
2909:), 27 (2): 123-127.
2477:Chinese Manichaeism
2419:Zhongjiao Daoyi Hui
1908:Yellow Sand Society
1334:Yangtze River Delta
1262:shamanic traditions
1061:"church, hall") or
701:Religion portal
667:Qiang folk religion
355:Internal traditions
9134:Religion in Taiwan
8831:Dominican Republic
7877:Abrahamic prophets
6971:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5515:Aliran Kepercayaan
4718:Non-denominational
4640:Modernist Salafism
4326:Oriental Orthodoxy
4009:Miao folk religion
3905:Theravada Buddhism
3605:10.4000/assr.17633
3183:, pp. 173–175
3181:Ma & Meng 2011
2887:Ma & Meng 2011
2502:Maitreya teachings
2434:Zhongxiao Tianfu (
2386:Xuanmen Zhenzong (
2144:Zhōnghuá shèngjiào
2041:Confucian churches
2029:
1883:Confucian Church (
1383:Maitreya teachings
1330:
1203:
1159:Origin and history
653:Miao folk religion
570:Confucian churches
527:Maitreya teachings
498:
441:Ritual traditions:
9129:Religion in China
9101:
9100:
9069:
9068:
9065:
9064:
8053:Equatorial Guinea
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7488:Cognitive science
7107:
7106:
7040:Mysteries of Isis
6814:Frankish paganism
6657:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6401:White Brotherhood
6267:
6266:
6232:
6231:
5576:Sundanese Wiwitan
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5118:Brahma Sampradaya
5080:
5079:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4861:Assianism/Uatsdin
4779:
4778:
4548:British Israelism
4534:Nontrinitarianism
4497:Plymouth Brethren
4492:Nondenominational
4426:Congregationalism
4314:Eastern Orthodoxy
4262:Reconstructionist
4126:
4125:
4034:Yao folk religion
3842:Religion in China
3103:on 9 August 2014.
2984:on 27 April 2017.
2945:, pp. 13, 23
2228:Líshān Lǎomǔ jiào
2002:from 1981 to 1986
1915:Late 20th century
1868:)—started in 1945
1626:Taiping rebellion
1462:"Dark Drum") sect
1213:; others claim a
1189:sect, related to
890:) and its own a "
760:divine revelation
737:
736:
674:Yao folk religion
623:Related religions
468:Chinese shamanism
461:Nuo folk religion
454:Jitong mediumship
244:Jitong mediumship
157:Chinese mythology
9146:
9091:
9081:
9080:
8959:Papua New Guinea
8934:Marshall Islands
8761:Northern Ireland
7966:
7965:
7955:
7954:
7839:Secular theology
7834:Secular humanism
7124:
7123:
7113:
7112:
6988:Ancestral Pueblo
6663:
6662:
6282:
6281:
5959:
5958:
5404:
5403:
5160:Shaiva Siddhanta
5091:
5090:
5024:Korean shamanism
4903:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4790:
4789:
4703:Mahdawi movement
4573:Swedenborgianism
4553:Christadelphians
4199:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4130:
4129:
3999:Manchu shamanism
3951:
3900:Tibetan Buddhism
3895:Chinese Buddhism
3840:
3839:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3778:
3759:
3741:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3692:
3687:. Archived from
3663:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3626:
3620:I, Yuan (1995).
3609:
3607:
3580:
3555:(4): 1023–1046.
3541:
3519:
3498:
3492:
3482:
3448:
3429:
3423:
3400:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3281:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3014:on 4 March 2016.
2998:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2977:. Archived from
2960:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2788:, pp. 12–13
2783:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2737:, pp. 19–20
2732:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2709:minjian zongjiao
2702:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2664:minjian zongjiao
2657:
2651:
2650:, pp. 17–18
2645:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2491:Confucian church
2462:Chinese Buddhism
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2084:
2065:Wéixīn Shèngjiào
2063:
2062:
2054:
2053:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1955:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1903:
1902:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1864:
1863:
1857:Church of Virtue
1851:Tiāndé shèngjiào
1849:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1822:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1617:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1600:) or Tiandimen (
1596:
1595:
1568:
1567:
1548:
1547:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1402:(1367–1644) and
1390:
1389:
1375:
1374:
1312:discourse of an
1280:
1279:
1247:
1246:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:Secret religions
1070:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1016:
997:
996:
980:
979:
971:
970:
962:
961:
955:mínjiān zōngjiào
953:
952:
936:
935:
921:
920:
912:
911:
899:
898:
886:
885:
859:
858:
851:
831:
729:
722:
715:
699:
698:
599:Phoenix churches
539:Tianxian miaodao
534:Tiandi teachings
385:Chinese geomancy
288:Ancestral shrine
251:Precious scrolls
143:Chinese theology
48:
38:
30:
27:
19:
18:
9154:
9153:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9097:
9061:
8988:
8969:Solomon Islands
8905:
8777:
8681:North Macedonia
8522:
8247:
7960:
7941:
7902:Mass gatherings
7870:
7865:
7858:
7797:
7792:
7783:
7722:Religiocentrism
7702:National church
7570:
7567:
7559:
7474:
7467:
7404:
7326:Bodies of water
7118:
7103:
6888:Jamaican Maroon
6670:
6645:
6582:
6412:
6405:
6276:
6274:
6263:
6228:
6202:Trinidad Orisha
5987:
5980:
5953:
5946:
5873:
5836:
5587:
5580:
5476:
5458:
5385:
5359:Srilankan Vedda
5310:
5238:
5113:Sri Vaishnavism
5076:
5038:
5010:
4968:
4875:
4849:
4816:
4775:
4729:
4654:Twelver Shi'ism
4596:
4458:Neo-charismatic
4431:Presbyterianism
4283:
4175:
4162:
4157:
4127:
4122:
4074:
4038:
3957:Other religions
3952:
3943:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3802:
3796:
3775:
3739:
3719:
3708:
3651:
3639:
3624:
3561:10.2307/2059958
3523:
3516:
3490:
3463:10.2307/2059958
3446:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3403:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3284:
3276:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3109:
3100:
3089:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3019:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2718:minjian jiaopai
2703:
2699:
2682:minjian jiaopai
2673:minjian jiaomen
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2453:
2354:Tianxianmiaodao
2074:
2009:
1988:Zishen Nation (
1942:Rúzōng Shénjiào
1917:
1824:Wànguó Dàodéhuì
1636:
1408:
1364:
1355:
1322:
1161:
1133:zōngjiào yìduān
1098:
1048:"gate, door").
1003:Prasenjit Duara
982:mínjiān xìnyǎng
973:mínjiān jiàopài
964:mínjiān jiàomén
929:
928:
927:
926:
874:
873:
872:
852:
844:
843:
832:
821:
733:
693:
686:
685:
624:
616:
615:
487:Wang Ye worship
356:
348:
347:
308:
300:
299:
264:
256:
255:
208:
200:
199:
177:Model humanity:
138:
130:
129:
56:
36:
25:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9152:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9085:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8998:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8915:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8751:United Kingdom
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8532:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7974:
7972:
7962:
7961:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7873:
7871:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7844:Secularization
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7824:Deconstruction
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7800:
7798:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7677:Fundamentalism
7674:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7584:
7579:
7573:
7571:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7479:
7477:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7414:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7155:
7153:Call to prayer
7150:
7145:
7140:
7138:Disaffiliation
7130:
7128:
7120:
7119:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6941:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6836:Greco-Buddhism
6833:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6433:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6417:
6415:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6279:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6197:Tambor de Mina
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5974:Guanche church
5965:
5963:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5879:Tibeto-Burmese
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5802:
5797:
5795:Nuu-chah-nulth
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5704:Muscogee Creek
5701:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5571:Sumbese Marapu
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5492:
5490:Batak Parmalim
5486:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5412:
5410:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5099:
5097:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4802:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
4798:
4796:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:Bible Students
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4509:Restorationism
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:Evangelicalism
4462:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4207:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4065:Inner Mongolia
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:Roman Catholic
3919:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3795:978-0674287204
3794:
3779:
3774:978-9004174559
3773:
3760:
3732:
3712:
3706:
3693:
3691:on 2014-08-26.
3664:
3644:
3642:on 2015-07-21.
3617:
3610:
3581:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3515:978-1564321053
3514:
3499:
3483:
3457:(4): 145–185.
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3428:, p. 271.
3401:
3399:, p. 269.
3386:
3349:
3337:
3335:, p. 358.
3325:
3323:, p. 270.
3282:
3261:
3259:, pp. 4–5
3249:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3146:
3134:
3107:
3076:Lu 卢, Yunfeng
3064:
3049:
3034:
3017:
3008:Phoenix Weekly
2988:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2890:
2879:
2867:
2852:
2850:, p. 158.
2840:
2824:
2805:
2790:
2778:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2697:
2652:
2640:
2624:
2622:, p. 146.
2612:
2600:
2595:, p. 19;
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2561:In Philippines
2558:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:Taoist schools
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2432:
2420:
2417:
2410:Zhongfangdao (
2408:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2363:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2293:Shengxiandao (
2291:
2282:
2275:Renxuehaodao (
2273:
2270:
2267:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2180:
2173:Huangxiandao (
2171:
2159:
2158:, "Red Three")
2147:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2044:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1960:
1945:
1930:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1881:
1869:
1854:
1839:
1827:
1812:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1774:
1765:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1712:
1691:
1661:
1654:Daode Xueshe (
1652:
1640:Zaili teaching
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1610:Sanyi teaching
1607:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1463:
1445:
1430:
1421:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1321:
1318:
1273:Qing dynasties
1160:
1157:
1097:
1094:
938:jiùdù zōngjiào
876:
875:
861:Chóngshēngtáng
853:
846:
845:
833:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:
820:
817:
756:egalitarianism
735:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
709:
706:
705:
704:
703:
688:
687:
684:
683:
677:
676:
670:
669:
663:
662:
656:
655:
649:
648:
643:
637:
636:
631:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
601:
595:
594:
588:
587:
581:
580:
566:
565:
560:
558:Zaili teaching
554:
553:
548:
542:
541:
536:
530:
529:
524:
518:
517:
512:
490:
489:
483:
482:
471:
470:
464:
463:
457:
456:
450:
449:
438:
437:
431:
430:
425:
409:
408:
402:
401:
395:
394:
388:
387:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
291:
290:
285:
283:Chinese temple
279:
278:
272:
271:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
247:
246:
240:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
191:
190:
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
160:
159:
153:
152:
146:
145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9151:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9084:
9076:
9075:
9072:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8994:South America
8991:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8901:United States
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8783:North America
8780:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8641:Liechtenstein
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8093:Guinea-Bissau
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7956:
7952:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7917:Organizations
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7861:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7747:Vegetarianism
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7692:Homosexuality
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:Neurotheology
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:Folk religion
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7110:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7030:Imperial cult
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6599:Discordianism
6597:
6595:
6594:Anthroposophy
6592:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6542:Mari religion
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Neo-Theosophy
6377:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:New Acropolis
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6270:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5983:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:North African
5960:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:Kwakwakaʼwakw
5724:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5464:Austroasiatic
5461:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5435:Vattisen Yaly
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Kirat Mundhum
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Milah Abraham
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:Protestantism
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3384:, p. 32.
3383:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3226:, p. 343
3225:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3200:Palmer (2011)
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3171:, p. 217
3170:
3165:
3159:, p. 270
3158:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3073:
3068:
3062:, p. 318
3061:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:Lu, Yunfeng.
2894:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2398:Yuanshuai Hui
2397:
2395:Yinjiezhi Hui
2394:
2385:
2377:Xiaodao Hui (
2376:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2344:Tianmingdao (
2343:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2145:
2136:
2128:Guixiangdao (
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1996:Li Guangchang
1987:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1892:)—founded by
1891:
1882:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1798:
1787:
1778:
1775:
1767:Yuanmingdao (
1766:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1740:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1695:
1692:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1507:), including
1506:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1449:
1446:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Book of Rites
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:Zhang Sanfeng
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:religions of
1081:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:jiùshì tuántǐ
990:
985:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
943:
939:
924:
915:
906:
902:
893:
889:
880:
870:
866:
862:
850:
841:
837:
830:
816:
814:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
762:, a specific
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
691:
690:
689:
682:
679:
678:
675:
672:
671:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
657:
654:
651:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
620:
619:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:
590:
589:
586:
583:
582:
579:
576:
575:
574:
573:
571:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
505:
503:
494:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
477:
476:
475:
469:
466:
465:
462:
459:
458:
455:
452:
451:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
436:
435:Other schools
433:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
416:
415:
414:
413:
407:
404:
403:
400:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
361:
360:
352:
351:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
304:
303:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
266:
260:
259:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
134:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
66:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
34:
33:
28:
21:
20:
8498:Turkmenistan
8458:Saudi Arabia
8203:South Africa
8193:Sierra Leone
7998:Burkina Faso
7907:Names of God
7854:Unaffiliated
7809:Antireligion
7670:Universalism
7618:Assimilation
7483:Anthropology
7358:Supernatural
7353:Spirituality
7321:Sacred space
7309:Purification
7182:Denomination
7136: /
6944:Paleo-Balkan
6910:Mesopotamian
6750:Cook Islands
6721:Old Prussian
6634:UFO religion
6573:
6569:Zalmoxianism
6497:Neoshamanism
6354:Spiritualism
6237:Other ethnic
6126:
5952:Traditional
5912:Bongthingism
5810:Acoma Pueblo
5753:Mesoamerican
5482:Austronesian
5303:
5299:Neo-Buddhism
5231:
5227:Neo-Hinduism
5148:Swaminarayan
4986:
4935:Salvationist
4934:
4920:Confucianism
4771:Samaritanism
4741:Ali-Illahism
4722:
4589:
4583:Unitarianism
4524:Old Catholic
4331:Nestorianism
4289:Christianity
4276:
4242:Conservative
4110:
3964:Baháʼí Faith
3912:Christianity
3880:Confucianism
3872:
3784:
3764:
3747:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3697:
3689:the original
3676:
3672:
3659:
3655:
3637:the original
3632:
3628:
3613:
3595:
3589:
3552:
3548:
3529:
3525:
3504:
3494:
3454:
3450:
3340:
3333:Smith (2015)
3328:
3252:
3224:Seiwert 2003
3219:
3212:Ownby (1995)
3207:
3202:, p. 4.
3176:
3169:Seiwert 2003
3164:
3157:Seiwert 2003
3144:, p. 20
3142:Seiwert 2003
3137:
3132:, p. 22
3098:the original
3093:
3067:
3060:Seiwert 2003
3047:, p. 10
3032:, p. 29
3012:the original
3007:
2979:the original
2966:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2921:, p. 23
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2882:
2877:, p. 28
2870:
2865:, p. 27
2843:
2835:
2827:
2822:, p. 12
2803:, p. 13
2781:
2759:Ownby (2008)
2754:
2749:, p. 17
2742:
2730:
2717:
2708:
2700:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2643:
2635:
2632:Clart (1997)
2627:
2615:
2610:, p. 19
2603:
2596:
2549:In Indonesia
2487:Confucianism
2423:Zhongyongdao
2365:Wanquandao (
2335:Tianhuadao (
2324:Tianguangdao
2302:Shenmendao (
2284:Sanfengdao (
2257:
2227:
2156:Hóngsān jiào
2155:
2149:Hongsanism (
2143:
2125:Gengshen Hui
2116:
2101:Datong Hui (
2086:
2077:Changshandao
2064:
2055:
2007:21st century
1956:
1941:
1889:
1865:
1850:
1823:
1761:
1708:
1648:
1621:
1597:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1549:
1504:
1474:
1466:Luo teaching
1448:Huangtiandao
1391:
1376:
1362:, 1277–1377)
1343:
1331:
1310:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1266:
1240:
1230:
1211:Song dynasty
1204:
1182:
1173:
1145:mìmì jiàomén
1144:
1137:
1132:
1126:doctrines" (
1115:
1106:
1099:
1083:
1077:
1075:" churches.
1062:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
1007:
998:
986:
981:
972:
963:
954:
942:sociological
937:
930:
922:
913:
900:
887:
860:
794:Confucianism
791:
787:philanthropy
743:
739:
738:
611:Taigu school
568:
567:
546:Xia teaching
522:Luo teaching
501:
500:
499:
473:
472:
440:
439:
418:Confucianism
411:
410:
358:
237:Wu shamanism
176:
175:
8949:New Zealand
8886:Saint Lucia
8836:El Salvador
8741:Switzerland
8676:Netherlands
8448:Philippines
8376:South Korea
8371:North Korea
8261:Afghanistan
8208:South Sudan
8098:Ivory Coast
7882:Deification
7829:Objectivism
7804:Agnosticism
7762:Persecution
7752:Video games
7717:Populations
7628:Proselytism
7596:Monasticism
7587:Clericalism
7577:Agriculture
7568:and society
7533:Soteriology
7493:Comparative
7463:Transtheism
7448:Panentheism
7232:Monasticism
7025:Gallo-Roman
6927:Micronesian
6893:Manichaeism
6841:Hermeticism
6809:Continental
6804:Anglo-Saxon
6684:Paleolithic
6679:Prehistoric
6629:Scientology
6492:Italo-Roman
6347:Radha Soami
6327:New Thought
6167:Espiritismo
6108:Waaqeffanna
6048:Fon and Ewe
5986:Sub-Saharan
5869:Satsana Phi
5665:Ghost Dance
5623:Californian
5601:Anishinaabe
5532:Karo Pemena
5511:Indonesian
5185:Lingayatism
5133:Mahanubhava
5103:Vaishnavism
5034:Jeungsanism
4957:Folk Taoism
4940:Xiantiandao
4794:Zoroastrian
4453:Charismatic
4448:Pentecostal
4411:Anglicanism
4362:Waldensians
4297:Catholicism
4004:Manichaeism
3750:(1): 1–32.
3347:, p. 7
3345:Palmer 2011
3280:, p. 5
3278:Palmer 2011
3257:Palmer 2011
3247:, p. 4
3245:Palmer 2011
3130:Palmer 2011
3045:Palmer 2011
3030:Palmer 2011
2943:Palmer 2011
2933:, p. 3
2931:Palmer 2011
2919:Palmer 2011
2875:Palmer 2011
2863:Palmer 2011
2848:Broy (2015)
2820:Palmer 2011
2801:Palmer 2011
2786:Palmer 2011
2776:, p. 6
2774:Palmer 2011
2747:Palmer 2011
2735:Palmer 2011
2660:Palmer 2011
2648:Palmer 2011
2620:Broy (2015)
2608:Palmer 2011
2593:Palmer 2011
2567:Bell Church
2526:White Lotus
2443:Zhutian Hui
2311:Sifangdao (
2212:Laorendao (
2203:Laojundao (
2194:Jiugendao (
2122:Dongyue Hui
2092:Dadao Hui (
2072:Other sects
1921:Xuanyuandao
1894:Kang Youwei
1890:Kǒngjiàohuì
1872:Zhenkongdao
1788:Guigendao (
1664:Xiantiandao
1581:Xiāoyáo Pài
1574:Tàishàngmén
1570:Tàishànghuì
1521:Mohou Yizhu
1509:Xiantiandao
1406:(1644–1911)
1377:Báiliánjiào
1368:White Lotus
1339:Han dynasty
1254:Manichaeism
1207:White Lotus
1187:Plum Flower
1116:mìmì jiéshè
1107:mìmì shèhuì
901:Xiāntiāndào
775:eschatology
772:millenarian
766:written in
604:Xuanyuanism
551:Xiantiandao
510:De teaching
422:state rites
9108:Categories
8939:Micronesia
8816:Costa Rica
8711:San Marino
8671:Montenegro
8651:Luxembourg
8508:Uzbekistan
8483:Tajikistan
8388:Kyrgyzstan
8361:Kazakhstan
8311:East Timor
8281:Bangladesh
8271:Azerbaijan
8188:Seychelles
8153:Mozambique
8138:Mauritania
8123:Madagascar
8013:Cape Verde
7795:irreligion
7790:Secularism
7697:Minorities
7665:Toleration
7660:Syncretism
7645:Fanaticism
7635:Disability
7623:Missionary
7613:Conversion
7601:Ordination
7523:Psychology
7518:Philosophy
7458:Polytheism
7438:Monotheism
7433:Henotheism
7274:Orthopraxy
7264:Ordination
7227:Meditation
7222:Indigenous
7187:Entheogens
7172:Conversion
6998:Pueblo III
6915:Babylonian
6905:Melanesian
6831:Gnosticism
6716:Lithuanian
6609:Fourth Way
6463:Circassian
6441:Dievturība
6364:Tensegrity
6297:Falun Gong
5942:Sanamahism
5922:Donyi-Polo
5554:Polynesian
5500:Kaharingan
5425:Burkhanism
5364:Ravidassia
5342:Śvetāmbara
5128:Pushtimarg
5108:Krishnaism
5044:Vietnamese
5029:Cheondoism
4962:Yao Taoism
4898:East Asian
4664:Isma'ilism
4620:Maturidism
4399:Mennonites
4394:Hutterites
4379:Anabaptism
4272:Humanistic
3939:Falun Gong
3917:Protestant
3724:T'oung Pao
3707:9004131469
3003:大陆民间宗教管理变局
2986:pp. 22–23.
2832:Clart 1997
2705:Clart 2014
2573:References
2532:In Vietnam
2374:Wugong Hui
2320:Suibiandao
2272:Qiugongdao
2233:Puhuamen (
2183:Huazhaidao
2162:Huangjidao
2056:Wéixīnjiào
2039:mainland (
1957:Tiāndìjiào
1898:Xixinshe (
1830:Jiugongdao
1531:Wang Jueyi
1432:Hongyang (
1223:Lü Dongbin
1149:Guomindang
1120:initiatory
1080:Vietnamese
1073:Protestant
1038:"way") or
923:Hòutiāndào
783:evangelism
768:holy texts
572:and sects:
515:Jiugongdao
328:Jiuhuangye
195:Wen and wu
9057:Venezuela
9002:Argentina
8919:Australia
8871:Nicaragua
8846:Guatemala
8646:Lithuania
8468:Sri Lanka
8463:Singapore
8443:Palestine
8331:Indonesia
8321:Hong Kong
8143:Mauritius
7864:Overviews
7819:Criticism
7767:Terrorism
7742:Theocracy
7687:Happiness
7655:Pluralism
7640:Education
7566:Religion
7538:Salvation
7528:Sociology
7473:Religious
7453:Pantheism
7443:Nontheism
7336:Mountains
7314:Sacrifice
7269:Orthodoxy
7259:Mythology
7254:Mysticism
7143:Behaviour
7052:Canaanite
7035:Mithraism
7003:Pueblo IV
6993:Pueblo II
6898:Mazdakism
6873:Hungarian
6846:Mysteries
6755:Dravidian
6537:Hungarian
6453:Caucasian
6424:Godianism
6384:Agni Yoga
6374:Theosophy
6337:Rastafari
6312:Modekngei
6292:Brahmoism
6285:Syncretic
6277:movements
6275:religious
6187:Quimbanda
6135:Candomblé
6128:Diasporic
5907:Bathouism
5897:Benzhuism
5822:Tsimshian
5773:Purépecha
5694:Longhouse
5669:Sun Dance
5618:Blackfoot
5537:Malaysian
5527:Kapitayan
5337:Digambara
5322:Ayyavazhi
5287:Vajrayana
5252:Theravada
5165:Ganapatya
5138:Ramanandi
5067:Hoahaoism
4945:Yiguandao
4840:Yarsanism
4835:Shabakism
4822:Yazdânism
4812:Zurvanism
4807:Mazdaznan
4766:Rastafari
4761:Mandaeism
4635:Wahhabism
4615:Ash'arism
4578:Tolstoyan
4568:Spiritual
4558:Mormonism
4529:Judaizers
4502:Quakerism
4480:Methodist
4470:Irvingism
4421:Calvinism
4374:Adventism
4357:Moravians
4194:Abrahamic
4060:Northeast
4050:Hong Kong
4043:By region
3984:Dongbaism
3969:Benzhuism
3767:. Brill.
3700:. Brill.
3577:162946271
3479:162946271
2975:2192-9289
2578:Citations
2401:Yuxumen (
2269:Qixingism
2258:Pǔdù jiào
2251:Puduism (
2242:Pujidao (
2117:Dàyì jiào
2110:Dayiism (
2047:Weixinism
2033:Confucian
1975:Falungong
1866:Déjiàohuì
1777:Yaochidao
1739:Miledadao
1715:Yiguandao
1711:)—1921-27
1649:Zàilǐjiào
1598:Tiāndìhuì
1480:Dacheng (
1423:Denghua (
1237:Confucian
1219:immortals
1185:) of the
1174:Shīzǔdiàn
1124:heretical
1010:huìdàomén
946:salvation
879:Yiguandao
840:Indonesia
806:universal
752:salvation
646:Dongbaism
629:Benzhuism
318:Zhongyuan
307:Festivals
225:Feng shui
218:Jingxiang
207:Practices
89:Xian ling
9083:Category
9047:Suriname
9037:Paraguay
9022:Colombia
8929:Kiribati
8856:Honduras
8826:Dominica
8801:Barbados
8766:Scotland
8726:Slovenia
8721:Slovakia
8696:Portugal
8566:Bulgaria
8488:Thailand
8438:Pakistan
8418:Mongolia
8413:Maldives
8408:Malaysia
8296:Cambodia
8243:Zimbabwe
8218:Tanzania
8068:Ethiopia
8063:Eswatini
8043:Djibouti
8008:Cameroon
7993:Botswana
7937:Timeline
7932:Scholars
7892:Founders
7757:Violence
7712:Politics
7582:Business
7545:Theology
7289:Prophecy
7279:Paganism
7167:Covenant
7134:Apostasy
7069:Scythian
7010:Rapa Nui
6964:Thracian
6959:Illyrian
6949:Albanian
6920:Sumerian
6863:Harappan
6799:Germanic
6794:Georgian
6787:Selk'nam
6772:Etruscan
6760:Egyptian
6738:Druidism
6701:Armenian
6624:Satanism
6604:Eckankar
6527:Estonian
6512:Romanian
6502:Ossetian
6482:Germanic
6431:Armenian
6420:African
6413:paganism
6342:Sant Mat
6332:Rajneesh
6307:Meivazhi
6302:Japanese
6259:Siberian
6192:Santería
6162:Convince
6028:Bushongo
5932:Kiratism
5859:Hmongism
5736:Wocekiye
5721:Jivaroan
5689:Iroquois
5684:Ho-Chunk
5645:Cherokee
5588:American
5559:Hawaiian
5472:Sarnaism
5442:Tungusic
5430:Tengrism
5420:Mongolic
5349:Sarnaism
5280:Nichiren
5257:Mahayana
5244:Buddhism
5222:Sant Mat
5212:Sauraism
5207:Smartism
5202:Shaktism
5195:Balinese
5180:Kaumaram
5175:Kapalika
5170:Kashmiri
5155:Shaivism
5095:Hinduism
5062:Caodaism
5006:Ryukyuan
5001:Tenrikyo
4996:Shugendō
4974:Japanese
4845:Yazidism
4830:Ishikism
4708:Quranism
4681:Khawarij
4630:Salafism
4625:Atharism
4514:Esoteric
4485:Holiness
4475:Lutheran
4436:Reformed
4416:Baptists
4389:Brethren
4353:Hussites
4341:Assyrian
4257:Haymanot
4211:Orthodox
4160:Religion
3989:Hinduism
3927:Orthodox
3890:Buddhism
3662:: 21–72.
3382:I (1995)
3082:(2014).
2543:Minh Đạo
2538:Caodaism
2451:See also
2000:Zhejiang
1799:Jiushi (
1727:Haizidao
1694:Guiyidao
1676:Shengdao
1505:zhāijiāo
1412:Baguadao
1392:Mílèjiào
1221:such as
1191:Baguadao
1090:Caodaism
1085:Minh Đạo
865:Taichung
798:Buddhism
779:numinous
764:theology
323:Zhongqiu
313:Qingming
213:Fenxiang
55:Concepts
26:a series
23:Part of
9052:Uruguay
9027:Ecuador
9007:Bolivia
8984:Vanuatu
8911:Oceania
8861:Jamaica
8841:Grenada
8796:Bahamas
8756:England
8746:Ukraine
8701:Romania
8661:Moldova
8621:Ireland
8616:Iceland
8611:Hungary
8601:Germany
8591:Finland
8586:Estonia
8581:Denmark
8576:Czechia
8571:Croatia
8556:Belgium
8551:Belarus
8546:Austria
8541:Andorra
8536:Albania
8513:Vietnam
8423:Myanmar
8398:Lebanon
8316:Georgia
8276:Bahrain
8266:Armenia
8228:Tunisia
8198:Somalia
8183:Senegal
8168:Nigeria
8158:Namibia
8148:Morocco
8113:Liberia
8108:Lesotho
8058:Eritrea
8028:Comoros
8003:Burundi
7978:Algeria
7922:Outline
7887:Deities
7814:Atheism
7732:Science
7650:Freedom
7508:History
7475:studies
7428:Dualism
7418:Animism
7383:Worship
7363:Symbols
7304:Liturgy
7217:Goddess
7177:Deities
7158:Laicism
7148:Beliefs
7127:Aspects
7099:Zapotec
7094:Vainakh
7062:Yahwism
7047:Semitic
6976:Iranian
6878:Hurrian
6868:Hittite
6858:Guanche
6851:Orphism
6782:Fuegian
6777:Finnish
6765:Atenism
6711:Latvian
6696:Arabian
6639:Raëlism
6619:Jediism
6614:Goddess
6587:De novo
6475:Druidry
6369:Thelema
6322:New Age
6207:Umbanda
6098:Tumbuka
6083:Odinala
6068:Lugbara
5988:African
5954:African
5902:Bimoism
5892:Burmese
5748:Mapuche
5714:Wyandot
5674:Guarani
5655:Choctaw
5650:Chilote
5596:Abenaki
5547:Tagalog
5520:Kejawèn
5369:Sikhism
5332:Jainism
5292:Tibetan
5275:Amidism
5143:Warkari
5057:Đạo Mẫu
4907:Chinese
4889:Eastern
4866:Roshani
4785:Iranian
4693:Alevism
4686:Ibadism
4659:Zaydism
4336:Ancient
4307:Eastern
4267:Renewal
4252:Karaite
4233:Zionist
4221:Hasidic
4203:Judaism
4185:Western
4079:Related
4029:Sikhism
3994:Judaism
3974:Bimoism
3598:(144).
3569:2059958
3471:2059958
3435:Sources
1758:一心天道龙华会
1709:Dàoyuàn
1475:Luójiào
1282:xiéjiào
1267:In the
1195:Xingtai
1183:shèngdì
905:Luanism
888:Tiāndào
813:Shangdi
748:Chinese
634:Bimoism
480:Mazuism
230:Miaohui
188:Zhenren
120:Baoying
113:Yuanfen
108:Mingyun
96:Yinyang
65:Shangdi
9093:Portal
9032:Guyana
9012:Brazil
8979:Tuvalu
8876:Panama
8866:Mexico
8811:Canada
8806:Belize
8736:Sweden
8716:Serbia
8706:Russia
8691:Poland
8686:Norway
8666:Monaco
8636:Latvia
8631:Kosovo
8606:Greece
8596:France
8528:Europe
8493:Turkey
8478:Taiwan
8383:Kuwait
8356:Jordan
8346:Israel
8306:Cyprus
8291:Brunei
8286:Bhutan
8238:Zambia
8233:Uganda
8173:Rwanda
8128:Malawi
8088:Guinea
8078:Gambia
7983:Angola
7970:Africa
7779:Wealth
7727:Schism
7682:Growth
7606:Priest
7591:Clergy
7410:Theism
7393:Nature
7388:Astral
7331:Groves
7299:Ritual
7284:Prayer
7242:Novice
7192:Ethnic
7117:Topics
7089:Urartu
7084:Tongan
7079:Somali
7074:Slavic
6954:Dacian
6733:Celtic
6728:Basque
6706:Baltic
6557:Udmurt
6522:Uralic
6517:Slavic
6470:Celtic
6458:Abkhaz
6446:Romuva
6436:Baltic
6411:Modern
6254:Papuan
6217:Voodoo
6172:Kumina
6113:Yoruba
6103:Urhobo
6073:Maasai
6058:Lotuko
6006:Baluba
5996:Akamba
5969:Berber
5927:Heraka
5917:Dongba
5805:Pueblo
5800:Pawnee
5790:Navajo
5780:Muisca
5743:Lenape
5731:Lakota
5709:Seneca
5699:Mohawk
5633:Ohlone
5613:Apache
5606:Ojibwe
5586:Native
5452:Manchu
5447:Evenki
5408:Altaic
5399:Ethnic
5374:Khalsa
5327:Kalash
5217:Śrauta
5086:Indian
5016:Korean
4982:Shinto
4952:Taoism
4925:Luoism
4751:Baháʼí
4746:Bábism
4698:Ahmadi
4676:Sufism
4669:Alawis
4319:Church
4247:Reform
4228:Modern
4216:Haredi
3885:Taoism
3792:
3771:
3728:LXXXIX
3704:
3679:(48).
3575:
3567:
3512:
3477:
3469:
3105:p. 13.
2973:
2836:passim
2636:passim
2597:passim
2517:Taoism
2083:宇宙弥勒皇教
1963:Qigong
1826:)—1921
1764:)—1932
1554:Yunnan
1546:鸡足山大乘教
1294:Taiwan
1258:Mohism
1241:datong
1232:neidan
1215:Taoist
869:Taiwan
802:Taoism
746:are a
563:Qigong
428:Taoism
338:Duanwu
137:Theory
101:Hundun
9017:Chile
8974:Tonga
8964:Samoa
8954:Palau
8944:Nauru
8851:Haiti
8771:Wales
8731:Spain
8656:Malta
8626:Italy
8518:Yemen
8473:Syria
8453:Qatar
8428:Nepal
8403:Macau
8366:Korea
8351:Japan
8326:India
8301:China
8213:Sudan
8163:Niger
8118:Libya
8103:Kenya
8083:Ghana
8073:Gabon
8048:Egypt
7988:Benin
7897:Index
7868:lists
7737:State
7555:Women
7423:Deism
7398:Place
7378:Water
7373:Truth
7341:Trees
7197:Faith
7162:Laity
7057:Punic
7015:Roman
6981:Vedic
6939:Olmec
6826:Greek
6819:Norse
6743:Irish
6564:Wicca
6359:Subud
6249:Inuit
6222:Winti
6212:Vodou
6177:Obeah
6157:Comfa
6140:Bantu
6093:Serer
6078:Mbuti
6038:Dogon
6033:Dinka
6016:Kongo
6011:Bantu
5937:Qiang
5768:Olmec
5758:Aztec
5679:Haida
5628:Miwok
5564:Māori
5495:Dayak
5416:Turko
5379:Sects
5315:Other
5270:Thiền
4854:Other
4756:Druze
4734:Other
4610:Sunni
4602:Islam
4384:Amish
4302:Latin
4070:Tibet
4055:Macau
3934:Islam
3740:(PDF)
3720:(PDF)
3652:(PDF)
3640:(PDF)
3625:(PDF)
3573:S2CID
3565:JSTOR
3491:(PDF)
3475:S2CID
3467:JSTOR
3447:(PDF)
3101:(PDF)
3090:(PDF)
2982:(PDF)
2959:(PDF)
2224:骊山老母教
2037:China
2025:Henan
1820:万国道德会
1526:末後一著教
1314:Asian
1199:Hebei
1193:, in
1153:Japan
1109:, or
863:) in
836:Batam
9042:Peru
8924:Fiji
8821:Cuba
8433:Oman
8393:Laos
8341:Iraq
8336:Iran
8253:Asia
8223:Togo
8133:Mali
8023:Chad
7866:and
7793:and
7368:Text
7348:Soul
7237:Monk
7202:Fire
6883:Inca
6691:Ainu
6575:list
6552:Sámi
6182:Palo
6150:Ketu
6145:Jejé
6063:Lozi
6043:Efik
6021:Zulu
6001:Akan
5854:Ahom
5846:Miao
5844:and
5832:Zuni
5815:Hopi
5763:Maya
5660:Crow
5638:Pomo
5305:list
5262:Chan
5233:list
5190:Nath
4988:list
4724:list
4649:Shia
4591:list
4278:list
3790:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3510:ISBN
2971:ISSN
2722:民間教派
2713:民間宗教
2692:民間信仰
2686:民間教派
2677:民間教門
2668:民間宗教
2437:忠孝天府
2389:玄门真宗
2359:天仙庙道
2278:人学好道
2140:中华圣教
2061:唯心聖教
2021:Hebi
1938:儒宗神教
1847:天德圣教
1744:弥勒大道
1657:道德学社
1404:Qing
1400:Ming
1360:Yuan
1271:and
1269:Ming
1260:and
1225:and
1141:秘密教门
1129:宗教异端
1112:秘密结社
1103:秘密社会
1088:and
1078:The
1053:táng
995:救世团体
978:民间信仰
969:民间教派
960:民间教门
951:民间宗教
934:救度宗教
800:and
785:and
770:, a
343:Nian
333:Qixi
183:Xian
84:Ling
77:Shen
61:Tian
7772:War
7247:Nun
7212:God
6273:New
6118:Ifá
6088:San
5887:Bon
5842:Tai
5827:Ute
5266:Zen
4930:Nuo
3979:Bon
3752:doi
3681:doi
3660:172
3600:doi
3596:144
3557:doi
3534:doi
3459:doi
2428:中庸道
2413:中方道
2404:玉虚门
2380:小刀会
2368:万全道
2347:天明道
2338:天花道
2329:天光道
2314:四方道
2305:神门道
2296:圣仙道
2287:三峰道
2263:普度道
2254:普度教
2245:普济道
2236:普化门
2215:老人道
2206:老君道
2197:旧根道
2188:华斋道
2176:黄仙道
2167:皇极道
2152:红三教
2131:跪香道
2113:大易教
2104:大同会
2095:大刀会
2052:唯心教
1991:子申国
1980:法轮功
1953:天帝教
1926:轩辕道
1901:洗心社
1886:孔教会
1877:真空道
1862:德教会
1835:九宫道
1808:悟善社
1802:救世教
1791:归根道
1782:瑤池道
1770:圆明道
1732:亥子道
1720:一貫道
1699:皈依道
1687:同善社
1669:先天道
1645:在理教
1615:三一教
1603:天地門
1594:天地会
1566:太上会
1514:青莲教
1489:圆顿教
1483:大乘教
1453:黃天道
1426:燈花教
1417:八卦道
1388:弥勒教
1373:白蓮教
1170:师祖殿
1155:).
1151:or
1135:).
1063:tán
1040:mén
1030:dào
1020:huì
1015:会道门
984:).
966:or
919:后天道
897:先天道
894:" (
857:重生堂
809:God
742:or
641:Bon
9110::
7589:/
7160:/
6053:Ik
5864:Mo
4014:Mo
3748:25
3746:.
3742:.
3726:.
3722:.
3677:48
3675:.
3671:.
3658:.
3654:.
3633:31
3631:.
3627:.
3594:.
3588:.
3571:.
3563:.
3553:54
3551:.
3530:21
3528:.
3473:.
3465:.
3453:.
3449:.
3404:^
3389:^
3352:^
3285:^
3264:^
3231:^
3188:^
3149:^
3110:^
3092:.
3079:云峰
3052:^
3037:^
3020:^
2991:^
2967:IV
2965:.
2961:.
2901:.
2855:^
2834:,
2808:^
2793:^
2766:^
2695:."
2680:,
2671:,
2585:^
2019:,
2017:Qi
1968:气功
1705:道院
1681:圣道
1501:斋教
1471:罗教
1459:悬鼓
1441:混元
1435:弘阳
1288:.
1278:邪教
1264:.
1256:,
1245:大同
1197:,
1179:圣地
1005:.
957:,
914:rú
884:天道
867:,
838:,
796:,
789:.
125:Wu
72:Qi
29:on
6130::
5667:/
5418:-
5268:/
5264:/
4541:/
4355:/
4152:e
4145:t
4138:v
3827:e
3820:t
3813:v
3798:.
3777:.
3758:.
3754::
3710:.
3683::
3608:.
3602::
3579:.
3559::
3540:.
3536::
3518:.
3481:.
3461::
3455:2
3214:.
2905:(
2838:.
2638:.
2519:—
2489:—
2425:(
2356:(
2326:(
2230:)
2185:(
2164:(
2146:)
2089:)
2067:)
2049:(
2043:)
2027:.
1977:(
1965:(
1950:(
1935:(
1923:(
1874:(
1859:(
1844:(
1832:(
1817:(
1779:(
1755:(
1741:(
1729:(
1717:(
1696:(
1678:(
1666:(
1642:(
1612:(
1591:(
1583:)
1563:(
1543:(
1523:(
1498:(
1468:(
1450:(
1414:(
1394:)
1385:(
1379:)
1370:(
1201:.
1068:坛
1065:(
1058:堂
1055:(
1045:门
1042:(
1035:道
1032:(
1025:会
1022:(
1012:(
992:(
910:儒
871:.
842:.
811:(
728:e
721:t
714:v
504::
424:)
420:(
63:—
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