Ba Cụt - Knowledge

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Minh in return for arms and money, but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists. He made five such deals with the French, but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time. It was said that Ba Cụt sometimes broke away with the encouragement of Soái, who was still allied to the French, but nevertheless is believed to have given Ba Cụt weapons to fight the French. The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment. Some historians have claimed Ba Cụt's anti-French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident. There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French. The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as Ba Cụt; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack.

587:, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces. Thơ agreed to meet Ba Cụt alone in the jungle, and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap, he was not ambushed. However, Ba Cụt began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate. According to historian Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Ba Cụt's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ's family influenced his behavior during his last stand. Ba Cụt was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and his remaining forces were defeated in battle. Contemporary political commentators based in France and Vietnam saw his capture as the death knell for domestic military opposition to President Diệm, while U.S. Embassy official Daniel Anderson speculated that defeat of "the most able and spectacular leader" of the sects would lead to a collapse in non-communist armed opposition. 502:

Front, in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power; Ba Cụt was named senior military commander. However, this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other, and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm. The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings. Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders—including Ba Cụt—to hold government positions. However, Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against Ba Cụt in Thốt Nốt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily. The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation. Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên's Saigon headquarters in late April, quickly crushing them.

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government. Diệm complained to a French general, alleging that Ba Cụt's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA. The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups. They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack Ba Cụt with the aid of the VNA, and that this part of the deal had been kept secret. They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join Ba Cụt, and appealed to Diệm's U.S. sponsors. In response, Ba Cụt ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ, killing three officers and injuring some thirty men.

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troops armed with 3,200 firearms. Ba Cụt was also accused of collaborating with the communists. The government submitted that the charge of treason was established by a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles from July 1954 until Ba Cụt's capture. The government prosecutor sought the death penalty and tendered petitions signed by residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam calling for the military destruction of Ba Cụt's militants. However, according to the historian Jessica Chapman, these petitions were organized by the government and heavily publicized in the Diêm-controlled media, and not representative of public opinion.

276:. This caused a lifelong and fanatical hatred towards landowners. Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in Ba Cụt's eventual capture and execution. An aura of mystery surrounded Ba Cụt during his life, and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French. As Ba Cụt became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men, his father demanded that he work more in the family's rice fields. A defiant Ba Cụt severed his index finger, which was necessary for work in the rice paddies. 363:'s Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ's death. At the time, France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re-establish control over its colonies. Ba Cụt had only 1,000 men in five battalions at the time, fewer than 5% of Hòa Hảo forces, whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15,000 men. The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo. They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo. In 1948, Ba Cụt rallied to the French and Soái, but broke away again soon after, relocating to 616:

Diệmist judge was unimpressed. Ba Cụt was found guilty of arson and multiple murders and sentenced to death on 11 June. An appeal was dismissed on 27 June. On 4 July, Ba Cụt was also found guilty in a military court and sentenced to death "with degradation and confiscation of his property". It then fell to Diệm to consider a plea for clemency. Diệm rejected this and ordered the Justice Minister to put in place the orders for execution. On the very same day, a Hòa Hảo lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts to the Supreme Appeals Court in Saigon, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours.

650:. A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Diệm's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading. Anderson believed the use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasize that Ba Cụt's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than as political opposition. Chapman said that the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Diệm viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character. 596: 462:, after a dispute over control of the That Son region, Ba Cụt was wounded in a disputed incident. Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with Ba Cụt, but received no reply, so he decided to try to capture his rival. He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate Ba Cụt's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader. When they located Ba Cụt and surrounded him, he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out. Ba Cụt was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest. It seemed that he would die, but a 217:

middle or "third cut finger"). He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated. Ba Cụt frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French. He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation, and then broke the agreement—nevertheless, the French made deals with him on five occasions. The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II, and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over

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legal system and questioned the integrity of the process. He claimed that VNA troops had engaged in mass rape and plunder of local civilians in their final push against Ba Cụt, and accused the Diệm regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting these alleged incidents. He claimed that South Vietnam had "no democracy and no freedom" and "only shamelessness and foolishness" and said that members of the Hòa Hảo would continue to resist the Saigon administration politically and militarily.

526:, stifling the regional economy. The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%, as meat and vegetables became scarce. Ba Cụt then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc. Soon after, they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac. After reinforcing their base, the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of 2476: 2466: 454:

base for the jungle, and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders, who accepted government payments to integrate their forces into the VNA. Operation Ecaille, the initial military offensive by the VNA against Ba Cụt was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái, a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defense Committee.

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in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor. Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế's envoy was premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt. According to this theory, Thế, whose units were then being integrated into Diệm's VNA, had given orders to target Ba Cụt. This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent

550:, outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five. Knowing that they could not defeat the government in open conventional warfare, Ba Cụt's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle. Ba Cụt's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, notwithstanding a bounty of one million 2486: 608:" image as an attraction with the rural populace. U.S. officials were also worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could provoke an anti-government backlash, and that it could be exploited by other opposition groups. However, Diệm saw Ba Cụt as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice and felt that strong measures were required. 250: 615:

During the proceedings, Ba Cụt theatrically removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists. This, according to him, demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism. He challenged any other man to show as many scars. However, the

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The Hòa Hảo reacted strongly to the legal verdicts as "shameful and unjust". The Dân Xã issued a statement describing the verdict and death penalty as being motivated by spite and being unsupported by evidence. Ba Cụt's defense counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's fledgling

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helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital. He recovered and in the interim the fighting stopped. Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions, but that the skirmish was caused by one of Ba Cụt's aides addressing the envoy

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On the day of the poll, Ba Cụt's men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled, and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ. Despite that disruption, Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90% of support in Hòa Hảo-controlled territory, and a near

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never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile, but not before appointing Ba Cụt to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm, as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister. In August, Ba Cụt and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt

394:(VNA). As the French tried to undermine his position, tensions with Ba Cụt increased. On 25 June, the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French-supplied bases; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps. Ba Cụt then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the 382:

and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there. The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti-Việt Minh ally, and offered material aid, which Ba Cụt accepted. Ba Cụt repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt

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described Ba Cụt as "war-drunk". Ba Cụt was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces. He was said to have arranged "temporary marriages" of his men with village girls.

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At the time, the many groups vying for power—including their respective factions—engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken. Historian David Elliott wrote: "he most important eventual cause of the French decline was the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they

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The Hòa Hảo initially engaged in large-scale clashes with the Việt Minh in 1945, but by mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead. However, in June 1946, Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã (Social Democratic Party).

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religious movement, and within a year had gained more than 100,000 followers. He drew adherents for two reasons: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan, which proved to be correct; and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed

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religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956. Known for his idiosyncrasies, he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose. His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger (although it was erroneously reported that it was his

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Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Diệm might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate Ba Cụt into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government, rather than punish the Hòa Hảo leader. They felt that Ba Cụt had a high level of military skill and popular appeal

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During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Bình Xuyên militias. In early 1955, during a battle with the Cao

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as head of state. Ba Cụt distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, asserting that the prime minister was going to "Catholicize" the country; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations. Diệm had strong support from American

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Diệm's government put Ba Cụt on trial for treason, under Article 146 of the Military Code of the Republic of Vietnam. Diệm spoke out and accused Ba Cụt of rallying to and defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954, and that at his peak in mid-1954, Ba Cụt commanded 3,500

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In 1955, Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA. Ba Cụt was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the government offer on 23 April, and continued to operate autonomously. At one stage, the Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United

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and Ba Cụt's men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June. Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; Ba Cụt and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month. Having surrendered his forces, Ngo excoriated Soai and Ba Cụt, claiming that their activities were not

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By this time, with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina, senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam. The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to Ba Cụt, prompting a protest from Diệm's

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Ba Cụt's body was later diced into small pieces, which were then buried separately. Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bảy Đớm, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until Ba Cụt was avenged. Many of his followers later joined the

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was put on the head of Ba Cụt, who scattered trails of money in the jungle, hoping to distract his pursuers, but to no avail. The communists claimed in a history written decades later that Ba Cụt had tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later.

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Because of his charisma, the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him, leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ's military leaders to go their separate ways. The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves.

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syndicate ruled much of the city through its gangster militia. These three southern forces vied for control of southern Vietnam with the main protagonists: the French, who were attempting to re-establish colonial control across the entire nation; and the communist-dominated

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and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south. Ba Cụt and his allies were driven into the jungle, and their position was threatened by government offensives. After almost a year of fighting, Ba Cụt was captured. He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in

530:, which stood on the opposite side of the river. During this period, the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe Ba Cụt with 100 million piasters, to which the Hòa Hảo responded with a series of attack on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges. 356:

Ba Cụt raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area. The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display.

33: 631:, was one of many who protested against the decision. Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm—who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) and declared himself President—and antagonize Ba Cụt's followers. 505:

During the fighting, the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland. Ba Cụt's men, who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues, blockaded the

635:, Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser, denied a reprieve as the army, particularly Minh, opposed any clemency. Some sections of the southern public, however, were sympathetic to Ba Cụt, who was compared to a character from the 538:

consistent with Hòa Hảo religious practices and accused them of fighting with communists. The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered, but Ba Cụt's men continued to the end, claiming loyalty to the Emperor

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to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him, when Western medicine had failed. Sổ's cult-like appeal greatly alarmed the French colonial authorities. During World War II,

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in the extreme south of the country. As a result, the French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area. Eventually, the French defeat at

268:, in the far south of Vietnam. He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family. Ba Cụt was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person. The family's 335:

had devised ... he history of the French relations with the Hoa Hao sect is a telling illustration of the pitfalls of short-term political deals between forces whose long-term interests conflict."

351:, "the hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal Ba Cut fared worse , for the latter was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty." American journalist 442:'s State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition, and that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists. 1861: 386:

The most notable instance of Ba Cụt's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid-1953. At that time, his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of

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angered Ba Cụt and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified. Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947, Ba Cụt's principal criticism of Prime Minister

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Ba Cụt joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943–44, and became a commander within a year. He was feared by his enemies, and was described as "a sort of lean

2371: 577:"for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose Bao Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam." 471:, who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time. Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe Ba Cụt to cease his activities. 2251: 1896: 2560: 2479: 2042: 583:

Eventually, Ba Cụt was surrounded, and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner. Ba Cụt sent a message to

542:. Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack Ba Cụt's rebels near 533:

With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo. As a result, a battle between government troops led by General

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Two Hamlets in Nam Bo: Memoirs of Life in Vietnam Through Japanese Occupation, the French and American Wars, and Communist Rule, 1940–1986

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In 1947, he led his own faction of the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and

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unanimous turnout was recorded in the area. These results were replicated across the nation, and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại.

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from France; its defeat and withdrawal at the end of the war in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country.

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Honest Mistakes: The Life and Death of Trình Minh Thế (1922–1955): South Vietnam's Alternative Leader

390:, but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the 439: 229: 2451: 2328: 2037: 1944: 1901: 415: 391: 205: 658:—the movement that succeeded the Việt Minh their leader had fought—and took up arms against Diệm. 279:

Vietnam was a tumultuous place during Ba Cụt's youth, particularly in the Mekong Delta. In 1939,

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Cauldron of resistance : Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s southern Vietnam

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Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

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The Hòa Hảo formed their own army and administration during the war, and started a

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The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930–1975

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Despite his weak military situation, Ba Cụt sought to disrupt the staging of a

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In mid-1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as Prime Minister

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state in their Mekong Delta stronghold. They came into conflict with the

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In 1950, Ba Cụt was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader,

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that could be used in favor of the government, citing his colorful "

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means "severed", referring to the finger he had partially severed;

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in February, provoking Soái to attack Ngo. Ba Cụt then moved to

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Commander of the military forces of the Hòa Hảo religious sect

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In the Midst of Wars: An American's Mission to Southeast Asia

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The Last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West

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Ngô Đình Diệm, the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam

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and resuming his military activities against the French.

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were confiscated by a prominent landlord, the father of

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Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel; Weiss, Stephen (1981).

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Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal

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The Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis

1634: 1625:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1584: 1561: 1502: 514:rivers and laid siege to various towns, including 374:. He was defeated and driven from the district of 426:to Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh, and the south to the 2502: 1778: 1130: 1128: 1568:. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Co. 1762:Millenarianism and peasant politics in Vietnam 1660:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 1545:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 1475: 189:), was a Vietnamese military commander of the 1815: 1726:. New York City: Cambridge University Press. 1637:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 1125: 646:at 5:40 am on 13 July 1956, in a cemetery in 1724:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 244: 2351:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 2561:People executed by Vietnam by decapitation 1822: 1808: 1781:"Lê Quang Vinh, Loạn tướng hay anh hùng?" 1497: 1214: 1212: 994: 992: 990: 197:and controlled various parts of southern 16:Vietnamese military leader (c. 1923–1956) 1745:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 1696: 594: 492: 248: 193:religious sect, which operated from the 2372:Opposition to United States involvement 1582: 1540: 1513: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1316: 1314: 1286: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 926: 924: 922: 842: 840: 2503: 1787: 1674: 1655: 1629: 1617: 1355: 1353: 1262: 1260: 1209: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 987: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 867: 865: 863: 861: 830: 828: 826: 807: 805: 803: 793: 791: 789: 743: 741: 713: 711: 701: 699: 697: 695: 693: 599:Ba Cụt in Cần Thơ Military Court, 1956 590: 327:, who sought Vietnamese independence. 1803: 1718: 1623:The Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955 933: 623:In addition, Diệm's adviser, Colonel 184: 80: 2485: 1740: 1605: 1426: 1398: 1380: 1341: 1311: 1302: 1281: 1269: 1239: 1230: 1164: 1098: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 919: 837: 176:– 13 July 1956), popularly known as 2089:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 1759: 1514:Chapman, Jessica (September 2006). 1350: 1257: 1116: 1037: 1028: 942: 901: 883: 858: 823: 800: 786: 750: 738: 729: 708: 690: 13: 2018:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 1591:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. 562:that Diệm had scheduled to depose 201:during the 1940s and early 1950s. 14: 2572: 2013:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 1053: 489:State of Vietnam referendum, 1955 204:Ba Cụt and his forces fought the 2556:People executed by South Vietnam 2484: 2475: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2367:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 1682:. New York City: Penguin Books. 1534:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00573.x 478: 407:in May 1954 signaled the end of 31: 2003:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 1829: 1641:. New York City: E. P. Dutton. 1455: 1446: 1371: 1362: 1332: 1323: 1293: 1248: 1221: 1200: 1191: 1182: 1173: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1019: 1010: 1001: 978: 969: 960: 951: 892: 874: 849: 814: 777: 154: 2252:United States prisoners of war 1792:. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 768: 759: 720: 668: 260:Ba Cụt was born circa 1923 in 1: 2551:Vietnamese military personnel 2541:People from An Giang province 2536:People executed by guillotine 2435:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 1583:Elliott, David W. P. (2003). 1482:Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 1468: 221:, which had been left with a 170: 84: 51: 1704:. Fordham University Press. 256:, the leader of the Hòa Hảo 7: 2043:Independence Palace bombing 1505:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled 573:Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục 225:after the defeat of Japan. 10: 2577: 2526:Executed Vietnamese people 2425:Canada and the Vietnam War 2094:1965 South Vietnamese coup 1902:People's Republic of China 1882:International participants 482: 2460: 2430:CIA activities in Vietnam 2412: 2359: 2316: 2278: 2202: 2026: 1960: 1927: 1846: 1837: 1779:Trần Nguơn Phiêu (2005). 1541:Chapman, Jessica (2013). 338: 294:seized control of Vietnam 264:, a regional town in the 245:Early life and background 139: 131: 121: 113: 102: 76: 47: 39: 30: 23: 2452:Women in the Vietnam War 2384:United States news media 2329:Indochina refugee crisis 2324:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 2099:Bombing of North Vietnam 2038:Strategic Hamlet Program 1760:Tai, Hue-Tam Ho (1983). 1741:Pham, David Lan (2000). 1480:. Huntingdon, New York: 774:Karnow, pp. 147, 158–59. 661: 392:Vietnamese National Army 206:Vietnamese National Army 2521:20th-century executions 2071:Gulf of Tonkin incident 1992:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1476:Blagov, Sergei (2001). 1443:Chapman (2013), p. 144. 1423:Chapman (2013), p. 143. 1395:Chapman (2013), p. 142. 1347:Chapman (2006), p. 698. 1320:Chapman (2006), p. 700. 1308:Chapman (2006), p. 701. 1245:Chapman (2013), p. 126. 1236:Chapman (2013), p. 125. 571:and his elder brother, 485:Battle of Saigon (1955) 418:in July 1954 ended the 72:, French Indochina 2480:Battles and operations 2420:Awards and decorations 2334:Vietnamese boat people 2303:Impact of Agent Orange 2291:Body count controversy 1998:1954 Geneva Conference 1788:Warner, Denis (1964). 1698:Lansdale, Edward Geary 1338:Buttinger, pp. 890–92. 1134:Buttinger, pp. 888–89. 855:Hammer (1955), p. 348. 600: 498: 257: 2189:1975 spring offensive 2148:ARVN campaign in Laos 2144:Vietnamization policy 1656:Jacobs, Seth (2006). 1613:. Praeger Publishers. 1509:. Praeger Publishers. 1452:Hammer (1987), p. 74. 1161:Lansdale, pp. 246–47. 1113:Lansdale, pp. 313–15. 598: 560:fraudulent referendum 496: 445:In mid-1954, General 252: 114:Years of service 2546:Vietnamese Buddhists 2308:Environmental impact 2180:Battle of Phước Long 1945:Cold War (1962–1979) 642:Ba Cụt was publicly 436:partition of Vietnam 2388:In popular culture 2341:Sino-Vietnamese War 2171:Paris Peace Accords 1984:First Indochina War 1973:Japanese occupation 1940:Cambodian Civil War 1188:Blagov, pp. 107–08. 1170:Blagov, pp. 104–05. 1025:Buttinger, p. 1104. 998:Warner, pp. 105–07. 939:Buttinger, p. 1064. 783:Jacobs, pp. 54, 61. 765:Karnow, pp. 155–59. 747:Karnow, pp. 158–59. 726:Trần, Lê Quang Vinh 591:Trial and execution 420:First Indochina War 2162:Christmas bombings 2135:Cambodian campaign 1680:Vietnam: A History 1521:Diplomatic History 1329:Jacobs, pp. 20–35. 1197:Jacobs, pp. 72–77. 1086:Jacobs, pp. 70–78. 975:Jacobs, pp. 38–43. 820:Buttinger, p. 654. 735:Buttinger, p. 255. 601: 499: 365:Đồng Tháp Province 258: 2498: 2497: 2215:Ho Chi Minh trail 2108:Buddhist Uprising 2066:Coup against Minh 2057:Coup against Diem 1980:(1949–1955) 1935:Laotian Civil War 1928:Related conflicts 1907:Republic of China 1564:Passing the Torch 1552:978-0-8014-5061-7 1499:Buttinger, Joseph 1377:Lansdale, p. 322. 1266:Moyar, pp. 53–54. 1179:Lansdale, p. 252. 1095:Lansdale, p. 222. 1077:Lansdale, p. 199. 1016:Lansdale, p. 148. 880:Lansdale, p. 152. 846:Fall, pp. 153–57. 756:Fall, pp. 151–52. 416:Geneva Conference 398:and retreated to 164: 163: 126:Brigadier general 2568: 2488: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2225:Operation Popeye 2157:Easter Offensive 1978:State of Vietnam 1968:French Indochina 1950:Cold War in Asia 1858:Việt Minh / PAVN 1824: 1817: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1756: 1737: 1715: 1693: 1671: 1652: 1640: 1631:Hammer, Ellen J. 1626: 1619:Hammer, Ellen J. 1614: 1607:Fall, Bernard B. 1602: 1590: 1579: 1567: 1556: 1537: 1510: 1508: 1494: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1424: 1421: 1396: 1393: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1279: 1276: 1267: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1051: 1048: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1005: 999: 996: 985: 982: 976: 973: 967: 964: 958: 955: 949: 946: 940: 937: 931: 928: 917: 914: 899: 896: 890: 887: 881: 878: 872: 869: 856: 853: 847: 844: 835: 832: 821: 818: 812: 809: 798: 795: 784: 781: 775: 772: 766: 763: 757: 754: 748: 745: 736: 733: 727: 724: 718: 715: 706: 703: 688: 672: 569:Francis Spellman 464:French Air Force 428:State of Vietnam 409:French Indochina 311:. Meanwhile, in 270:rice paddy field 234:State of Vietnam 219:French Indochina 188: 186:[ɓāːkût] 183: 175: 172: 158: 156: 89: 86: 82: 63: 62: 60: 53: 35: 21: 20: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2456: 2441:Pentagon Papers 2408: 2355: 2312: 2274: 2198: 2052:Buddhist crisis 2022: 2008:1955 referendum 1956: 1923: 1842: 1833: 1828: 1796: 1772: 1753: 1734: 1712: 1690: 1676:Karnow, Stanley 1668: 1649: 1599: 1576: 1553: 1491: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1427: 1422: 1399: 1394: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290:Blagov, p. 206. 1289: 1282: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1254:Blagov, p. 203. 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227:Blagov, p. 141. 1226: 1222: 1218:Blagov, p. 131. 1217: 1210: 1206:Blagov, p. 126. 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1054: 1049: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 988: 983: 979: 974: 970: 966:Elliott, p. 81. 965: 961: 957:Elliott, p. 79. 956: 952: 947: 943: 938: 934: 929: 920: 915: 902: 898:Karnow, p. 203. 897: 893: 888: 884: 879: 875: 870: 859: 854: 850: 845: 838: 833: 824: 819: 815: 811:Elliott, p. 74. 810: 801: 797:Elliott, p. 73. 796: 787: 782: 778: 773: 769: 764: 760: 755: 751: 746: 739: 734: 730: 725: 721: 716: 709: 704: 691: 673: 669: 664: 625:Edward Lansdale 593: 585:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 491: 481: 469:Edward Lansdale 447:Nguyễn Văn Hinh 372:Nguyễn Giác Ngộ 341: 320:organised crime 274:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 247: 181: 173: 160: 157: 1946) 152: 148: 91: 87: 64: 58: 56: 54: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2574: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2482: 2472: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2227: 2222: 2220:Sihanouk Trail 2217: 2212: 2210:Củ Chi tunnels 2206: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2194:Fall of Saigon 2191: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2137: 2128: 2110: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1879: 1869: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1757: 1751: 1738: 1732: 1716: 1710: 1694: 1688: 1672: 1666: 1653: 1647: 1627: 1615: 1603: 1597: 1580: 1574: 1557: 1551: 1538: 1528:(4): 671–703. 1511: 1495: 1489: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1425: 1397: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1310: 1301: 1299:Jacobs, p. 95. 1292: 1280: 1278:Doyle, p. 131. 1268: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1220: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1163: 1154: 1152:Jacobs, p. 70. 1145: 1136: 1124: 1122:Blagov, p. 94. 1115: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1068:Jacobs, p. 84. 1052: 1050:Blagov, p. 87. 1036: 1034:Blagov, p. 86. 1027: 1018: 1009: 1007:Jacobs, p. 62. 1000: 986: 984:Jacobs, p. 40. 977: 968: 959: 950: 948:Blagov, p. 51. 941: 932: 918: 916:Blagov, p. 49. 900: 891: 889:Blagov, p. 41. 882: 873: 857: 848: 836: 834:Blagov, p. 50. 822: 813: 799: 785: 776: 767: 758: 749: 737: 728: 719: 707: 689: 666: 665: 663: 660: 592: 589: 535:Dương Văn Minh 480: 477: 460:Trình Minh Thế 458:Đài forces of 396:Plain of Reeds 340: 337: 290:Imperial Japan 246: 243: 162: 161: 150: 144: 143: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 104: 100: 99: 78: 74: 73: 49: 45: 44: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2573: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2296:POW/MIA issue 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:Tet Offensive 2114: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2080:December coup 2078: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1887:United States 1885: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872:South Vietnam 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:North Vietnam 1852: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1771:0-674-57555-5 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1752:0-7864-0646-1 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1733:0-521-86911-0 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1711:0-8232-1314-5 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1689:0-670-84218-4 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1667:0-7425-4447-8 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1648:0-525-24210-4 1644: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1598:0-7656-0602-X 1594: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1577: 1575:0-939526-01-8 1571: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1490:1-56072-973-2 1486: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1374: 1368:Fall, p. 257. 1365: 1359:Moyar, p. 55. 1356: 1354: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1305: 1296: 1287: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1251: 1242: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1149: 1143:Moyar, p. 49. 1140: 1131: 1129: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1092: 1083: 1074: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1004: 995: 993: 991: 981: 972: 963: 954: 945: 936: 927: 925: 923: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 895: 886: 877: 868: 866: 864: 862: 852: 843: 841: 831: 829: 827: 817: 808: 806: 804: 794: 792: 790: 780: 771: 762: 753: 744: 742: 732: 723: 714: 712: 702: 700: 698: 696: 694: 686: 682: 678: 677: 671: 667: 659: 657: 651: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 607: 597: 588: 586: 581: 578: 574: 570: 565: 561: 556: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 503: 495: 490: 486: 479:War with Diệm 476: 472: 470: 465: 461: 455: 452: 448: 443: 441: 440:Ngô Đình Diệm 437: 433: 429: 425: 424:North Vietnam 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 405:Điện Biên Phủ 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 357: 354: 350: 346: 336: 332: 328: 326: 321: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 255: 251: 242: 240: 235: 231: 230:Ngô Đình Diệm 226: 224: 220: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 187: 179: 168: 167:Lê Quang Vinh 147: 142: 138: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 97:South Vietnam 94: 79: 75: 71: 67: 50: 46: 43:Lê Quang Vinh 42: 38: 34: 29: 22: 19: 2439: 2413:Other topics 2235:Agent Orange 2184: 2175: 2166: 2152: 2139: 2130: 2112: 2103: 2084: 2061: 2047: 2033: 1847:Participants 1797: 1789: 1761: 1742: 1723: 1701: 1679: 1657: 1636: 1622: 1610: 1586: 1563: 1542: 1525: 1519: 1504: 1477: 1461:Pham, p. 85. 1457: 1448: 1373: 1364: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1304: 1295: 1250: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1202: 1193: 1184: 1175: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1118: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1030: 1021: 1012: 1003: 980: 971: 962: 953: 944: 935: 930:Tai, p. 164. 894: 885: 876: 871:Moyar, p. 65 851: 816: 779: 770: 761: 752: 731: 722: 717:Tai, p. 196. 705:Tai, p. 130. 684: 674: 670: 652: 641: 633:Ngô Đình Nhu 622: 618: 614: 610: 602: 582: 576: 557: 532: 504: 500: 473: 456: 450: 444: 422:, it handed 413: 385: 369: 358: 353:Joseph Alsop 349:Bernard Fall 342: 333: 329: 300: 298: 292:invaded and 283:founded the 281:Huỳnh Phú Sổ 278: 266:Mekong Delta 259: 254:Huỳnh Phú Sổ 227: 223:power vacuum 203: 195:Mekong Delta 177: 166: 165: 146:Trần Thị Hoa 117:1943/44–1956 81:13 July 1956 18: 2516:1956 deaths 2511:1923 births 1917:New Zealand 1912:South Korea 1831:Vietnam War 1720:Moyar, Mark 644:guillotined 361:Hồ Chí Minh 208:(VNA), the 182:Vietnamese: 174: 1923 83:(aged 70:Cochinchina 55: 1923 2505:Categories 2286:Casualties 2257:War crimes 2240:Land mines 2075:Resolution 1961:Background 1469:References 681:Vietnamese 606:Robin Hood 520:Long Xuyên 483:See also: 317:Bình Xuyên 262:Long Xuyên 212:, and the 103:Allegiance 66:Long Xuyên 40:Birth name 2360:Reactions 2317:Aftermath 1988:Việt Minh 1897:Australia 1866:Viet Cong 656:Việt Cộng 637:Wild West 627:from the 432:Indochina 414:When the 325:Việt Minh 210:Việt Minh 140:Spouse(s) 88: 33 2470:Category 2377:Protests 2346:Veterans 2203:Conflict 2121:Khe Sanh 1892:Thailand 1722:(2006). 1700:(1991). 1678:(1997). 1633:(1987). 1621:(1955). 1609:(1963). 1501:(1967). 552:piasters 548:Rạch Giá 524:Châu Đốc 400:Châu Đốc 380:Thốt Nốt 345:Rasputin 309:Tây Ninh 301:de facto 132:Commands 2531:Hòa Hảo 2490:Commons 2279:Impacts 2269:Đắk Sơn 2230:Weapons 1840:Outline 648:Cần Thơ 564:Bảo Đại 544:Hà Tiên 540:Bảo Đại 528:Cần Thơ 376:Chợ Mới 305:Cao Đài 285:Hòa Hảo 239:Cần Thơ 232:of the 214:Cao Đài 199:Vietnam 191:Hòa Hảo 159: 151: 107:Hòa Hảo 93:Cần Thơ 57: ( 2265:My Lai 2027:Events 1768: 1749: 1730: 1708: 1686: 1664: 1645: 1595: 1572: 1549: 1487: 516:Sa Đéc 512:Bassac 508:Mekong 434:. The 388:Mỹ Tho 339:Career 315:, the 313:Saigon 178:Ba Cụt 25:Ba Cụt 2447:SEATO 2402:Songs 2397:Games 662:Notes 153:( 149: 2392:Film 2247:Rape 2185:1975 2176:1974 2167:1973 2153:1972 2140:1971 2131:1970 2113:1968 2104:1966 2085:1965 2062:1964 2048:1963 2034:1962 1876:ARVN 1766:ISBN 1747:ISBN 1728:ISBN 1706:ISBN 1684:ISBN 1662:ISBN 1643:ISBN 1593:ISBN 1570:ISBN 1547:ISBN 1485:ISBN 546:and 522:and 510:and 487:and 451:coup 122:Rank 77:Died 59:1923 48:Born 2261:Huế 2125:Hue 1862:PRG 1530:doi 679:in 676:Cụt 629:CIA 2507:: 2267:, 2263:, 2187:: 2178:: 2169:: 2155:: 2146:, 2142:: 2133:: 2123:, 2115:: 2106:: 2087:: 2073:/ 2064:: 2050:: 2036:: 1990:, 1864:, 1860:, 1526:30 1524:. 1518:. 1428:^ 1400:^ 1382:^ 1352:^ 1313:^ 1283:^ 1271:^ 1259:^ 1211:^ 1127:^ 1100:^ 1055:^ 1039:^ 989:^ 921:^ 903:^ 860:^ 839:^ 825:^ 802:^ 788:^ 740:^ 710:^ 692:^ 685:Ba 639:. 518:, 411:. 241:. 171:c. 155:m. 95:, 85:c. 68:, 52:c. 2271:) 2259:( 2127:) 2119:( 1994:) 1986:( 1878:) 1874:( 1868:) 1856:( 1823:e 1816:t 1809:v 1783:. 1774:. 1755:. 1736:. 1714:. 1692:. 1670:. 1651:. 1601:. 1578:. 1555:. 1536:. 1532:: 1493:. 180:( 169:( 90:) 61:)

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Index