Ngo Dinh Diem - Knowledge

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Laotian policy, which gave North Vietnam access to South Vietnam's border through southern Laos. Diệm also feared the escalation of American military personnel in South Vietnam, which threatened his nationalist credentials and the independence of his government. In early 1963, the Ngô brothers even revised their alliance with the US. Moreover, they also disagreed with the US on how to best react to the threat from North Vietnam. While Diệm believed that before opening the political system for the participation of other political camps, military, and security matters should be taken into account; the US wanted otherwise and was critical of Diệm's clientelistic government, where political power based on his family members and trusted associates. The Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam decreased American confidence in Diệm, and eventually led to the coup d'état sanctioned by the US. Ultimately, nation-building politics "shaped the evolution and collapse of the US-Diem alliance". The different visions in the meanings of concepts – democracy, community, security, and social change – were substantial, and were a key cause of the strains throughout their alliance.

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support poor peasantry by gradual modernisation and moderate redistribution of land. Diệm's ideal was rendering the Vietnamese countryside dominated by freeholding farmers with roughly equal position of wealth. Diệm wanted to acquire and distribute the land of rich landowners, but also wished to protect the property of middle-class ones. One of the main concerns of Diệm was overpopulation, aggravated by the mass migration of refugees from the North, something that Diệm wished to alleviate by resettlement. Diệm considered resettlement an important part of his economic nationalism, arguing that utilising Vietnamese land would increase the production of grains and rubber and allow South Vietnam to enter international trade. Ideologically, Diệm considered this policy a key to his "Personalist revolution" – the resettled villages would be "neither communist-style collectives nor incubators of rugged individualism", but they would rather conform to his ideal of communitarianism. Rendering landless peasants freeholders was seen as a step towards reforming the Vietnamese society as a whole.

3243:, Diệm was first and foremost a Vietnamese nationalist who was wary of dependence on the United States and "feared the Americans nearly as much as the Communist insurgents". Diệm constantly clashed with his American advisors over policies and had a completely different understanding of both democracy and Catholic values in comparison to the West. Keith Taylor argues that while Diệm's rule was authoritarian, it was also necessary given the precarious situation of the south. The South Vietnamese army would gradually gain experience and skill in both warfare and intelligence under Diệm's command, and his assassination turned the tide in favor of the north, with the subsequent governments proving inefficient and incapable of organising successful resistance to Viet Cong advances. According to Edward Miller, Diệm was greatly autonomous from the United States and that Diệm was neither an outstandingly authoritarian nor excessively corrupt leader, questioning the notion that Diệm's main agenda was to increase his family's power. 2115: 2740:

the Buddhists protested mainly against the Ngo family and rejected Diệm's concessions, as their explicit goal was removal of Diệm. Thích Trí Quang, the leader of the Buddhist movement, insisted that the agitation must not stop until the South Vietnamese government is overthrown, and stated his intention to "call for suicide volunteers" if necessary. Edward Miller also argues that the primary cause of the protests was the opposition to Diệm and his agenda rather than the discriminatory policies, as the Buddhist movements of Vietnam had their own political goals that starkly contrasted with Diệm's. Diệm reacted to the Buddhist resistance the same way he reacted to the Sect Crisis of 1955, and Xá Lợi Pagoda raids successfully broke the protesters' movement. The military supported Diệm, and army leaders helped plan the raids and advocated for a forceful response to the protests, and only American disapproval drove military cliques to reconsider their support for Diệm.

3031: 2268: 1562:, who was the Catholic head of the Council of Ministers at the Huế court. Bài also supported the indigenization of the Vietnamese Church and giving more administrative powers to the monarchy. Bài was highly regarded among the French administration. Diệm's religious and family ties impressed Bài and he became Diệm's patron. The French were impressed by his work ethic but were irritated by Diệm's frequent calls to grant more autonomy to Vietnam. Diệm contemplated resigning but encouragement from the populace convinced him to persist. In 1925, he first encountered communists distributing propaganda while riding horseback through the region near Quảng Trị. Revolted by calls for violent socialist revolution contained in the propaganda leaflets, Diệm involved himself in anti-communist activities for the first time, spreading his own anti-communist pamphlets. 2185:

occasion, non-government candidates were allowed to campaign and the election had an atmosphere of legitimate pluralism, but the government retained the right to ban candidates deemed to be linked to the communists or other 'rebel' groups, and campaign material was screened. However, Miller notes that in some districts the opposition candidates withdrew due to police intimidation and military presence. Surprisingly, instead of letting the draft constitution be created by a handpicked commission, Diệm dissolved it and had the constitution be made by the National Assembly deputies instead. The government hailed the process as democratic and transparent, given how the Assembly meetings were open and media presence was allowed; the National Revolutionary Movement dominated the council, but a handful of opposition figures had won seats as well.

1707: 3185: 2948: 1050: 2177:, it was Diệm who decided to organise the referendum as a way to burnish his democratic credentials and attempt to realise his democratic ideas. While the monarch was highly unpopular given his collaboration with the French colonial regime, the new government committed to further diminishing Đại's reputation with aggressive smear campaign and large pro-rallies. Additionally, the referendum itself was considered non-secret, given that the voters were given ballots with the photos of Diệm and Bảo Đại on it and were supposed to tear it in half and deposit the slice with their preferred candidate into the box – this made one's choice visible to everyone. Miller notes that the referendum reveals the eccentric nature of Diệm's understanding of democracy – in the sense of 2088:

Diệm launched corruption probes while also replacing many of the governors. However, starting in 1954, the political turmoil prevented him from taking further measures. The MSUG, an American advisory body created to aid the Diệm's regime, recommended that Diệm centralize power by abolishing local administrations and reforming the existing ones into much larger "areas", with much less power and no financial autonomy. Diệm objected to abolishing the position of province chiefs, arguing that only local governments could address "the needs of local people" as he believed that requiring fiscal self-sufficiency from the local governments was key to creating the "ethos of mutual responsibility" – a key concept in Diệm's communitarian interpretation of democracy.

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concessions. Diệm allegedly once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the ARVN converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it. The distribution of weapons to village self-defense militias intended to repel VC guerrillas saw weapons only given to Catholics. Some Buddhist villages converted en masse to Catholicism in order to receive aid or to avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime, with Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling, and demolition of

3065: 2483:), "the last and most ambitious of Diem's government's nation building schemes", was implemented, calling for the consolidation of 14,000 villages of South Vietnam into 11,000 secure hamlets, each with its own houses, schools, wells, and watchtowers supported by South Vietnamese government. The hamlets were intended to isolate the VC from the villages, their source for recruiting soldiers, supplies, and information, and to transform the countryside. In the end, because of many shortcomings, the Strategic Hamlet Program was not as successful as had been expected and was cancelled after the assassination of Diệm. However, according to Miller, the program created a remarkable turnabout in Diệm's regime in their war against communism. 2052: 2805: 3126: 1384: 2625: 1747:

States to continue building support among Americans. Nonetheless, to Americans, the fact that Diệm was an anti-communist was not enough to distinguish him from Bảo Đại and other State of Vietnam leaders. Some American officials worried that his devout Catholicism could hinder his ability to mobilize support in a predominantly non-Catholic country. Diệm recognized that concern and broadened his lobbying efforts to include a development focus in addition to anti-communism and religious factors. Diệm was motivated by the knowledge that the US was enthusiastic in applying their technology and knowledge to modernize postcolonial countries. With the help of Fishel, then at

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their own self interest in a spirit of volunteerism. A Special Commissariat for Civic Action was established to extend the reach of the Saigon government into rural areas and to help create 'model villages' to show rural peasants that the South Vietnamese government was viable as well as allowing citizen volunteers, and experts, to help these communities develop and tie them to the nation. The Special Commissariat for Civic Action was considered a practical tool of Diệm's government to serve "the power vacuum", and be a force of influence for Diệm's government, in the rural countryside following the departure of Việt Minh cadres after the Geneva Accords (1954).

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that refugees must sign rental contracts with them. This sparked refugee demonstrations that only started to fade away when Diệm ordered that refugees have the right to buy out the land they worked at. While initially considered a failure, especially due to the fact that the resettlement sparked anti-government sentiment and created social conflicts, Miller notes that Cai San became fairly prosperous by 1960, and the settlement did gradually evolve into a pro-government stronghold, thus succeeding in its aim at counter-insurgency. Many of the counter-insurgency programs progressed too quickly however, and ended up destabilising the regime.

71: 1990:. Diem, with the support of his brother Ngô Đình Nhu and the Cần Lao Party, used an avid propaganda campaign to destroy Bảo Đại's reputation and garner support for Diem. Supporters of Bảo Đại were not allowed to campaign, and were physically attacked by Nhu's workers. Official results showed 98.2 per cent of voters favoured Diệm, an implausibly high result that was condemned as fraudulent. The total number of votes far exceeded the number of registered voters by over 380,000, further evidence that the referendum was heavily rigged. For example, only 450,000 voters were registered in Saigon, but 605,025 were said to have voted for Diệm. 617: 3215: 2793:(1963) who played subordinate roles in his regime. Nevertheless, since Diệm had to pay much attention to domestic issues in the context of the Vietnam War, foreign policy did not receive appropriate attention from him. Diệm paid more attention to countries that affected Vietnam directly and he seemed to personalize and emotionalize relations with other nations. The issues Diệm paid more attention in foreign affairs were: the Geneva Accords, the withdrawal of the French, international recognition, the cultivation of the legitimacy of the RVN and the relations with the United States, Laos (good official relations) and 7403: 7034: 2130:

problems in politics, governance, and social change. In this sense, Diệm was not a reactionary mandarin lacking an interest in democracy as he has been portrayed by some scholars. His way of thinking about democracy became a key factor of his approach to political and administrative reform. Diệm argued that post-colonial Vietnam must be a democratic country, but noted that Vietnamese democracy should develop out of its precolonial models, rather than European and American concepts, arguing that Vietnamese "institutions, customs and the principles underlying them are democratic facts." Researching the

3096: 1669:, Diệm and other non-communist nationalists had to face a dilemma: they did not want to restore colonial rule and did not want to support the Việt Minh. Diệm proclaimed his neutrality and attempted to establish a Third Force movement that was both anti-colonialist and anti-communist In 1947, he became the founder and chief of the National Union Bloc (Khối Quốc Gia Liên Hiệp) and then folded it into the Vietnam National Rally (Việt Nam Quốc Gia Liên Hiệp), which united non-communist Vietnamese nationalists. He also established relationships with some leading Vietnamese anti-communists like 3052: 2749: 1970: 3155: 7430: 3143: 1994: 2916:, a CIA officer, had become a liaison between the US Embassy and the generals, who were led by Trần Văn Đôn, and they met each other for the first time on 2 October 1963, at Tân Sơn Nhất airport. Three days later, Conein met with General Dương Văn Minh to discuss the coup and the stance of the US towards it. Conein then delivered the White House's message of American non-intervention, which was reiterated by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the U.S. ambassador, who gave secret assurances to the generals that the United States would not interfere. 1188: 3203: 2403:

on his most serious threat: the communists. Diệm's main measures for internal security were threats, punishment and intimidation. His regime countered North Vietnamese and communist subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political re-education centers". The North Vietnamese government claimed that over 65,000 individuals were imprisoned and 2,148 killed in the process by November 1957. According to historian

2009:, Diệm's rejection of the Geneva Accords was a way of objecting to the French colonization of Vietnam, while at the same time expressing his opinion of Bảo Đại, and the establishment of the First Republic of Vietnam served to assert Vietnamese independence from France. At the same time, the first Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated. According to the Constitution, the President was granted an inordinate amount of power, and his governing style became increasingly authoritarian over time. 2541: 2376:, which he intended to physically relocate residents who lived in remote and isolated regions in Mekong delta into new settlements in "dense and prosperous areas" – proposing to offer them urban modernity and amenities without leaving their farms, and to keep them far away from the communists. Nonetheless, by late 1960, Diệm had to admit that the program's objective failed since the residents were not happy with the program and the communists infiltrated it, and he had to discard it. 2289:, landholdings in rural areas were concentrated in small number of rich landlord families. Thus, it was urgent to implement land reform in South Vietnam. Diệm had two attempts to control the excesses of the land tenancy system by promulgating the Ordinance 2 on 28 January 1955 to reduce land rent between 15% and 25% of the average harvest and the Ordinance 7 on 5 February 1955 to protect the rights of tenants on new and abandoned land and enhancing cultivation. In October 1956, with the urge from 1806: 2694:, the Polish Commissioner to the International Control Commission who served as an intermediary between the two Vietnams. In 1963, North Vietnam was suffering its worst drought in a generation. Maneli conveyed messages between Hanoi and Saigon negotiating a declaration of a ceasefire in exchange for South Vietnamese rice being traded for North Vietnamese coal. On 2 September 1963, Maneli met with Nhu at his office in the Gia Long Palace, a meeting that Nhu leaked to the American columnist 7545: 7488: 7128: 7096: 3083: 2679:. Students at Saigon University boycotted classes and rioted, which led to arrests, imprisonments, and the closure of the university; this was repeated at Huế University. When high school students demonstrated, Diệm arrested them as well; over 1,000 students from Saigon's leading high school, most of them children of Saigon civil servants, were sent to re-education camps, including, reportedly, children as young as five, on charges of anti-government graffiti. Diệm's foreign minister 581: 563: 8496: 3173: 2028:. He modeled the Cần Lao secret police's marching style and torture styles on Nazi methodology. Cẩn, another brother, was put in charge of the former Imperial City of Huế. Although neither Cẩn nor Nhu held any official role in the government, they ruled their regions of South Vietnam absolutely, commanding private armies and secret police forces. Diệm's youngest brother Luyện was appointed Ambassador to the United Kingdom. His elder brother, Ngô Đình Thục, was 8436: 8426: 7630: 7062: 2320:

focused on redistribution of people (rather than land), could reduce overpopulation and lead to many benefits in socio-economic transformation as well as military affairs and security, especially anti-communist infiltration. Moreover, Diệm was ambitious to envision Resettlement as a tactic to practice the government's ideological goals. The differences between the US and Diệm over nation building in countryside shaped the clashes in their alliance.

7690: 7216: 3114: 8472: 7381: 7012: 2202: 1500:. During his childhood, Diệm laboured in the family's rice fields while studying at a French Catholic primary school (Pellerin School) in Huế, and later entered a private school started by his father, where he studied French, Latin, and classical Chinese. At the age of fifteen he briefly followed his elder brother, Ngô Đình Thục, who would become Vietnam's highest-ranking Catholic bishop, into seminary. Diệm swore himself to 3236:

the power of his regime, subduing the sects, and pacifying the country. Diệm stabilized an independent South Vietnam, which had suffered in the First Indochina War, and built a relatively stable government in Saigon in the late 1950s. The normality and domestic security created conditions for economic recovery and the development of education in South Vietnam, which contributed educated human resources to serve the nation.

1892:. Nevertheless, the migration helped to strengthen Diệm's political base of support as the refugees were strongly anti-communist. To deal with the refugee situation, Diem's government arranged for their relocation into fertile and under-populated provinces in the western Mekong Delta. The Diệm regime also provided them with food and shelter, farm tools, and housing materials as well as digging irrigation canals, building 7665: 2606:. Diệm and his supporters blamed the Việt Cộng for the deaths and claimed the protesters were responsible for the violence. Although the provincial chief expressed sorrow for the killings and offered to compensate the victims' families, they resolutely denied that government forces were responsible for the killings and blamed the Viet Cong. According to Diệm, it was the communists who threw a grenade into the crowd. 8446: 1956:, the leader of the last Hòa Hảo rebels, Diệm almost subdued all of his non-communist enemies, and could focus on his Vietnamese communist opponents. According to Miller, Diệm's capacity in subduing his enemies and consolidating his power strengthened U.S. support of his government, although the U.S. government had planned to withdraw its backing from Diệm during his early difficult years of leadership. 7191: 2346:

communist infiltration. Diệm believed that the program would help improve civilians' lives, teach them the values of being self-reliant and hard working. At the end of 1963, the program had built more than two hundred settlements for a quarter of a million people. Nevertheless, the lacks of conditions in these areas along with the corruption and mercilessness of local officials failed the program.

1541: 1516:, he remained celibate for the rest of his life. Diệm's family, educational, and religious values greatly influenced his life and career. Historian Edward Miller stated that Diệm "displayed Christian piety in everything from his devotional practices to his habit of inserting references to the Bible into his speeches"; he also enjoyed showing off his knowledge of classical Chinese texts. 2651:, and the US grew increasingly frustrated with the unpopular leader's public image in both Vietnam and the United States. Diệm used his conventional anti-communist argument, identifying the dissenters as communists. As demonstrations against his government continued throughout the summer, the special forces loyal to Diệm's brother, Nhu, conducted an August raid of the 1726:. After gaining French permission, he left in August 1950 with his older brother, Bishop Ngô Đình Thục. Before going to Europe, Diệm went to Japan where he met with Prince Cường Để, his former ally, and discussed Cường Để's efforts to return to Vietnam and his capacity to play some roles in his homeland. Diệm's friend also managed to organize a meeting between him and 8484: 1944:. In early 1955, although American advisors encouraged Diệm to negotiate with the leaders of the political-religious forces who threatened to overthrow his position and to forge an anti-communist bloc, he was determined to attack his enemies to consolidate his power. In April 1955, Diệm's army forces took most of Bình Xuyên's posts in Saigon after a victory in the 2313:, and the 370,000 acres (1,500 km) of the Catholic Church's landownings in Vietnam were exempted. The political, social, and economic influences of the land reform was minimal. From 1957 to 1963, only 50 percent of expropriated land was redistributed, and only 100,000 out of approximately one million tenant farmers in South Vietnam benefited from the reform. 2465: 2092:

the government. After 1954, the existence of the party was recognized, but its activities were hidden from public view. In the early 1950s, Diệm and Nhu used the party to mobilize support for Diệm's political movements. According to the Republic of Vietnam decree 116/BNV/CT, the Cần Lao Party was established on 2 September 1954. Personalism, as part of

1789:. Although he did not succeed in winning official support from the US, his personal interactions with American political leaders promised the prospect of gaining more support in the future. Mansfield remembered after the luncheon with Diệm held on 8 May 1953, he felt that "if anyone could hold South Vietnam, it was somebody like Ngô Đình Diệm". 2005:

reunify the country in 1956. Diệm refused to hold these elections, claiming that a free election was not possible in the North and that since the previous State of Vietnam had not signed the accords, they were not bound by it – despite having been part of the French Union, which itself was bound by the Accords. According to historian

2181:, the vote appeared inherently authoritarian; but to Diệm his margin appeared legitimate, as he described democracy as "state of mind" in which the people elect the morally superior leader. Thus Diệm was "adamant that the outcome was entirely consistent with his view of democracy as the citizenry's embrace of a common moral ethos". 1578:

many other political reforms, he resigned after three months in office when his proposals were rejected. Diệm denounced Emperor Bảo Đại as "nothing but an instrument in the hands of the French administration", and renounced his decorations and titles from Bảo Đại. The French administration then threatened him with arrest and exile.

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and Nguyễn Hữu Bài, who advised him to "return the seal" in 1933 to oppose French policies. The second was Diệm's understanding of Confucianism, especially through his friendship with Phan Bội Châu who argued that Confucianism's teachings could be applied to modern Vietnam. Lastly, instructed by Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm began to examine

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of independent candidates or their policies, and political meetings exceeding five people were prohibited. Candidates who ran against government-supported opponents faced harassment and intimidation. In rural areas, candidates who ran were threatened using charges of conspiracy with the Việt Cộng, which carried the death penalty.

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most competent lackeys of the US imperialists ... Among the anti-Communists in South Vietnam or exiled in other countries, no one has sufficient political assets and abilities to cause others to obey. Therefore, the lackey administration cannot be stabilized. The coup d'état on 1 November 1963 will not be the last.

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him back to health. Six months later, he was taken to meet Hồ, who recognized Diệm's virtues and, wanting to extend the support for his new government, asked Diệm to be a minister of the interior. Diệm refused to join the Việt Minh, assailing Hồ for the murder of his brother Ngô Đình Khôi by Việt Minh cadres.

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The consequences of the 1 November coup d'état will be contrary to the calculations of the US imperialists ... Diệm was one of the strongest individuals resisting the people and Communism. Everything that could be done in an attempt to crush the revolution was carried out by Diệm. Diệm was one of the

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in 1956. Vietnamese Buddhists had a nationalist vision for Vietnam of their own, and were political enemies of Diệm, engaged in "a clash of two competing visions of Vietnam". The Buddhist challenge to Diệm was politically motivated and constituted struggle for power rather than a religious conflict –

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revolution that Buddhists considered a threat to the revival of Vietnamese Buddhist power. Until the end of his life, Diệm, along with his brother Nhu still believed that their nation-building was successful and they could resolve the Buddhist crisis in their own way, like what they had done with the

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demolished, and the body of a deceased monk confiscated. When the populace came to the defense of the monks, the resulting clashes saw 30 civilians killed and 200 wounded. In all 1,400 monks were arrested, and some thirty were injured across the country. The United States indicated its disapproval of

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According to Miller, Diệm, who described tenant farmers as a "real proletariat" and pursued the goal of "middle peasantization", was not a beholden to large landowners, instead of vigorously implementing Land Reform, Diệm had his own vision in Vietnamese rural development based on resettlement, which

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Diệm hoped to develop a national, revolutionary spirit within the citizens of South Vietnam as well as a vibrant communal democracy and an independent, non-communist Vietnam. He saw the peasantry as the key to this nation-building as he believed the peasantry was more likely to put the country before

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Diệm's ideology of personalism was largely influenced by the Confucian notion that self-improvement meant cooperation with one's local community and society at large; he thought that there is a tension between individual's personal ambitions and community's ethos of mutual responsibility. Inspired by

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trade, and amassing a fortune in foreign banks. With Nhu, Cẩn competed for U.S. contracts and rice trade. Thuc, the most powerful religious leader in the country, was allowed to solicit "voluntary contributions to the Church" from Saigon businessmen, which was likened to "tax notices." Thuc also used

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began in April 1954. On 16 June 1954, Diệm met with Bảo Đại in France and agreed to be the Prime Minister if Bảo Đại would give him military and civilian control. On 25 June 1954, Diệm returned from exile, arriving at Tân Sơn Nhứt airport in Saigon. On 7 July 1954, Diệm established his new government

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Until 1953, the State of Vietnam was nominally independent from Paris. Since dissatisfaction with France and Bảo Đại was rising among non-communist nationalists, and support from non-communist nationalists and Diệm's allies was rising for his "true independence" point of view, Diệm sensed that it was

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According to Miller, during his early career, there were at least three ideologies that influenced Diệm's social and political views in the 1920s and 1930s. The first of these were Catholic nationalism, which Diệm inherited from his family's tradition, especially from his brother Bishop Ngô Đình Thục

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to the throne, Diệm accepted Bảo Đại's invitation to be his interior minister following lobbying by Nguyễn Hữu Bài. Soon after his appointment, Diệm headed a commission to advise on potential administration reforms. After calling for the French administration to introduce a Vietnamese legislature and

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Diệm's assassination led to the collapse of his regime and to the end of the first Republic of Vietnam. Nevertheless, his contribution over his nine years of power from 1954 to 1963 can be appreciated at many levels by his part in resolving the northern refugees issue, establishing and consolidating

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labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; US aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic-majority villages. The land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from land reform. Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, Diệm

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During his presidency, Diệm strongly focused on his central concern: internal security to protect his regime as well as maintain order and social change: staunch anti-subversion and anti-rebellion policies. After the Bình Xuyên was defeated and the Hòa Hảo and Cao Đài were subdued, Diệm concentrated

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However, this measure had no real effect because many landlords evaded the redistribution by transferring the property to the name of family members. Besides, during the 1946–54 war against the French Union forces, the Việt Minh had gained control of parts of southern Vietnam, initiated land reform,

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However, Diệm's regime of "democratic one man rule" faced increasing difficulties. After coming under pressure from within Vietnam and from the United States, Diệm agreed to hold legislative elections in August 1959 for South Vietnam. However, in reality, newspapers were not allowed to publish names

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and the doctrine of Personalism. He defined democracy as "a social ethos based on certain sense of moral duty", not in the U.S. sense of "political right" or political pluralism and in the context of an Asian country like Vietnam, Confucian and Catholic values were relevant to deal with contemporary

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However, Miller wrote that Diệm also clamped down on corruption. South Vietnam was divided into colonial-era provinces, of which governors enjoyed sweeping powers and firmly controlled local administrations, creating a problem of corruption and cronyism. The governors were seen as petty tyrants, and

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In August 1954, Diệm also had to face the "Hinh crisis" when Hinh launched a series of public attacks on Diem, proclaiming that South Vietnam needed a “strong and popular” leader, as well as threatening to coup. However, at the end of 1954, Diệm successfully forced Hinh to resign from his post. Hinh

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Additionally, around one-third of the territory and population of South Vietnam was under the control of the Hòa Hảo and Cao Đài sectarian armies, who wanted positions in Diệm's cabinet and complete administrative control, and the Bình Xuyên, an organized crime syndicate that controlled the National

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in the Pacific, seeing an opportunity for Vietnam to challenge French colonization, he attempted to persuade the Japanese forces to declare independence for Vietnam in 1942 but was ignored. Diệm also tried to establish relationships with Japanese diplomats, army officers, and intelligence operatives

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At the end of his secondary schooling at Lycée Quốc học, the French lycée in Huế, Diem's outstanding examination results elicited the offer of a scholarship to study in Paris. He declined and, in 1918, enrolled at the prestigious School of Public Administration and Law in Hanoi, a French school that

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After Diệm's assassination, South Vietnam was unable to establish a stable government and several coups took place. While the United States continued to influence South Vietnam's government, the assassination bolstered North Vietnamese attempts to characterize the South Vietnamese as "supporters of

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Geoffrey C. Stewart's study provides a clearer picture of Diệm's domestic policies and a further understanding of his government's efforts in reaching and connecting with local communities in South Vietnam that shows "an indigenous initiative" of the government in building an independent and viable

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The Cần Lao Party played a key role in Diệm's regime, often acting as much more than a tool of political organization. Initially, the party acted secretly based on a network of cells, and each member only knew the identities of a few other members. When necessary, the Party could assume the role of

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at the Vatican before undertaking further lobbying across Europe. He also met with French and Vietnamese officials in Paris and sent a message indicating that he was willing to be the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam to Bảo Đại but Bảo Đại refused to meet with him. Diệm returned to the United

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and Diệm refused Bảo Đại's offer to become the Prime Minister. On 16 June 1949, he published a new manifesto in newspapers proclaiming a third force different from the Việt Minh and Bảo Đại, but it raised little interest and provided further evidence to both the French and Việt Minh that Diệm was a

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Diệm also secretly maintained contact with high-ranking leaders of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, attempting to convince them to leave Hồ Chí Minh's government and join him. Meanwhile, Diệm lobbied French colonial officials for “true independence” for Vietnam, but was disappointed when Bảo Đại

1602:(Việt Nam Đại Việt Phục Hưng Hội), which was dominated by his Catholic allies in Hue. When its existence was discovered in the summer of 1944, the French declared Diệm to be subversive and ordered his arrest. He flew to Saigon under Japanese military protection, staying there until the end of WWII. 2734:

notes that the American media coverage skewed the true background of the conflict, spreading the "narrative of evil dictator Diệm oppressing good, peaceful Buddhists". Because of this, Diệm was considered a brutal and corrupt dictator in the United States at the time of his assassination. However,

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and Dalat universities were placed under Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-skewed academic environment. Nonetheless, Diệm had contributed to Buddhist communities in South Vietnam by giving them permission to carry out activities that were banned by the French and supported money for Buddhist

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According to Miller, the disagreement between the US and Diệm over agrarian reform made their alliance "move steadily from bad to worse". Miller argues that Diệm expressed "genuine desire to end the exploitation and misery that afflicted millions of South Vietnamese rural residents", and wished to

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The defeat of Bình Xuyên increased the authority and prestige of Diệm's government and marked the end of French efforts to remove Diệm. Most of the Cao Đài leaders chose to rally to Diệm's government. Diệm then dismantled the private armies of the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects. By the end of

1625:

began fighting the French administration. Diệm attempted to travel to Huế to dissuade Bảo Đại from joining Hồ but was arrested by the Việt Minh along the way and exiled to a highland village near the border. He might have died of malaria, dysentery, and influenza had the local tribesmen not nursed

1581:

For the next decade, Diệm lived as a private citizen with his family in Huế, although he was kept under surveillance. He spent his time reading, meditating, attending church, gardening, hunting, and in amateur photography. Diệm also conducted extensive nationalist activities during those 21 years,

2858:

Concerning relations with the US, although Diệm admitted the importance of the US-RVN alliance, he perceived that the US's assistance to the RVN was primarily serving its own national interest, rather than the RVN's national interest. Taylor adds that Diệm's distrust of the US grew because of its

2383:

In late 1955, a Cai San Project was launched that aimed to settle northern refugees in rural areas previously occupied by Hòa Hảo partisans. This project created an intense social conflict between the settlers and Cai San natives, and Diệm offered a concession to the local landowners by decreeing

2172:

In summer and fall of 1955, Diệm's administration had to decide the fate of the former emperor Bảo Đại. Bảo Đại was initially supposed to remain the head of state until the National Assembly elections, but Diệm's cabinet decided to decide the monarch's fate through a referendum. Miller highlights

2157:

In 1955, Diệm wrote that "democracy is primarily a state of mind, a way of living that respects the human person, both with regard to ourselves and with regard to others" and that "more than any other form of government, democracy demands that we all display wisdom and virtue in our dealings with

1833:

In the first period of his premiership, Diệm did not have much power in the government; he lacked control of the military and police forces, and the civil system's key positions were still held by French officials. He also could not control the Bank of Indochina. Besides, Diệm had to face massive

1738:

in Japan. Fishel was a proponent of the anti-colonial, anti-communist third force doctrine in Asia and was impressed with Diệm and helped him organize connections in the United States. In 1951, Diệm flew to the United States to seek the support of government officials but he was not successful in

2828:, Diệm's regime established diplomatic relations for the recognition of war reparations, which led to a reparation agreement in 1959 with the amount of US$ 49 million (equivalent to US$ 514 million in 2023). Diệm also established friendly relations with non-communist states, especially 2345:

to relocate poor inhabitants, demobilized soldiers, and minority ethnic groups in central and southern Vietnam into abandoned or unused land in Mekong Delta and Central Highlands, and cultivating technological and scientific achievements to transform South Vietnam and ensure security and prevent

1792:

During Diệm's exile, his brothers Nhu, Cẩn, and Luyện played important roles in helping him build international and internal networks and support in different ways for his return to Vietnam. In the early 1950s, Nhu established the Cần Lao Party, which played a key role in helping Diệm attain and

1685:

In 1950, the Việt Minh lost patience and sentenced him to death in absentia, and the French refused to protect him. Hồ Chí Minh's cadres tried to assassinate him while he was traveling to visit his elder brother Thục, bishop of the Vĩnh Long diocese in the Mekong Delta. Recognizing his political

2004:

On 26 October 1955, Diệm proclaimed the formation of the Republic of Vietnam, with himself as its first President until 26 October 1956. The first Constitution provided articles to establish the republic and organize the election of its president. The 1954 Geneva Accords prescribed elections to

1471:

Khả decided to abandon his studies for the priesthood and instead married. After his first wife died childless, Khả remarried and, in a period of twenty-three years, had twelve children with his second wife, Phạm Thị Thân, nine of whom survived infancy – six sons and three daughters. These were

2234:

During his presidency, Diệm imposed programs to reform Saigon society in accordance with Catholic and Confucian values. Brothels and opium dens were closed, divorce and abortion were made illegal, and adultery laws were strengthened. Additionally, Diệm's government established many schools and

2184:

On 4 March 1956, the elections for the first National Assembly were held. These elections were considerably more free and fair than the referendum, and some governmental candidates would highly contest with independents and oppositionist candidates for their seats, according to Miller. On this

1468:, Khả believed that independence from France could be achieved only after changes in Vietnamese politics, society, and culture had occurred. In 1907, after the ouster of emperor Thành Thái, Khả resigned his appointments, withdrew from the imperial court, and became a farmer in the countryside. 2427:

attempted to assassinate the president. He approached Diệm and fired a pistol from close range, but missed, hitting the Secretary for Agrarian Reform's left arm. The weapon then jammed and security overpowered Tri before he was able to fire another shot. Diệm was unmoved by the incident. The

2531:

Diem was widely regarded by historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many Buddhists. Specifically, the government was regarded as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors, and tax

2154:, insisting that democracy couldn't be realised "by drafting and promulgating documents and regulations", but that civil liberties granted by democratic regime to its citizens should serve "collective social improvement", serving each person's community rather than the individual itself. 2410:

By the end of 1959, Diệm was able to entirely control each family and the communists had to suffer their "darkest period" in their history. Membership declined by two thirds and they had almost no power in the countryside of South Vietnam. Diệm's repression extended beyond communists to

1508:, Diệm's personality was too independent to adhere to the disciplines of the Church, while Jarvis recalls Ngô Đình Thục's ironic observation that the Church was "too worldly" for Diệm. Diệm also inherited his father's antagonism toward the French colonialists who occupied his country. 2823:

was not harmonious due to India's non-alignment policy, which Diệm assumed favored communism. It was not until in 1962, when India voted for a report criticizing the communists for supporting the invasion of South Vietnam, that Diệm eventually reviewed his opinions toward India. For

2717:

in the 20th century and looking at the interactions between Diệm and Buddhist groups, the Buddhist protests during Diệm's regime were not only the struggles against discrimination in religious practices and religious freedom, but also the resistance of Vietnamese Buddhism to Diệm's

2487:

reported that Diệm named reestablishing control and security as his number one priority regarding the countryside. While appearing receptive to building an "infrastructure of democracy" in the rural areas, Diệm emphasised that it would have to wait until the conclusion of the war.

2580:

The regime's relations with the United States worsened during 1963, as discontent among South Vietnam's Buddhist majority was simultaneously heightened. In May, in the heavily Buddhist central city of Huế – the seat of Diệm's elder brother as the local Catholic

1512:

prepared young Vietnamese to serve in the colonial administration. It was there that he had the only romantic relationship of his life when he fell in love with one of his teacher's daughters. After his love interest chose to persist with her religious vocation and entered a

2647:, set himself on fire in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection in protest of Diệm's policies; photos of this event were disseminated around the world, and for many people these pictures came to represent the failure of Diệm's government. A number of other monks publicly 2158:

each other." In 1956, Diem added that democracy had to foster a feeling of community and mutual responsibility, arguing that respect for democracy lays in "decency in social relations", thus defining Vietnamese democracy as inherently communitarian and not individualist.

2597:

flew at the 25th anniversary commemoration of Ngô Đình Thục's elevation to the rank of bishop. According to Miller, Diệm then proclaimed the flag embargo because he was annoyed with the commemoration for Thục. However, the ban on religious flags led to a protest led by

2955:

With only the palace guard remaining to defend Diệm and his younger brother Nhu, the generals called the palace offering Diệm exile if he surrendered. That evening, however, Diệm and his entourage escaped via an underground passage to Cha Tam Catholic Church in

2418:

Nevertheless, Diệm's hard policies led to fear and resentment in many quarters in South Vietnam and negatively affected his relations with the US in terms of counter-insurgent methods. On 22 February 1957, when Diệm delivered a speech at an agricultural fair in

1324:, he proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Vietnam, with himself as president. His government was supported by other anti-communist countries, most notably the United States. Diệm pursued a series of nation-building projects, promoting industrial and 2076:(ARVN) personnel to work on his timber and construction projects. The Nhus amassed a fortune by running numbers and lottery rackets, manipulating currency and extorting money from Saigon businesses, while Luyen became a multimillionaire by speculating in 1370:

Diệm has been a controversial historical figure. Some historians have considered him a tool of the United States, while others portrayed him as an avatar of Vietnamese tradition. At the time of his assassination, he was widely considered to be a corrupt

1887:

The Geneva Accords allowed for freedom of movement between the two zones until October 1954; this put a large strain on the south. Diệm had only expected 10,000 refugees, but by August, there were more than 200,000 waiting for evacuation from Hanoi and

2431:

As opposition to Diệm's rule in South Vietnam grew, a low-level insurgency began to take shape there in 1957. Finally, in January 1959, under pressure from southern communist cadres who were being successfully targeted by Diệm's secret police, Hanoi's

1554:

During his career as a mandarin, Diệm was known for his industriousness and incorruptibility, and as a Catholic leader and nationalist. Catholic nationalism in Vietnam during the 1920s and 1930s facilitated Diệm's ascent in his bureaucratic career.

3905: 2138:; people could and often did withdraw their support from unpopular monarchs, causing their downfall. Diệm considered it an "indigenous Vietnamese democratic tradition" and wished to make it the basis of democracy that would emerge in Vietnam. 2552:

The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status imposed on Buddhism by the French required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities and was never repealed by Diệm. Catholics were also

2674:

Trần Lệ Xuân, Nhu's wife, inflamed the situation by mockingly applauding the suicides, stating, "If the Buddhists want to have another barbecue, I will be glad to supply the gasoline." The pagoda raids stoked widespread public disquiet in

1929:. But the National Army officers favoured Diệm's leadership over General Vy, which forced him to flee to Paris. Despite the failure of Hinh's alleged coup, the French continued to encourage Diệm's enemies in an attempt to destabilize him. 2536:

occurred. Słowiak argues that Diệm's favoritism towards Catholics was not a sign of corruption and nepotism, but that it was necessary for Diệm to favor people loyal towards him, given the precarious internal situation of Vietnam.

2197:

plainclothes troops into his district to vote, Đán still won by a ratio of six to one. The busing of soldiers to vote for regime approved candidates occurred across the country. When the new assembly convened, Đán was arrested.

1528:

as a junior official. Starting from the lowest rank of mandarin, Diệm steadily rose over the next decade. He first served at the royal library in Huế, and within one year was the district chief in both Thừa Thiên and nearby

2943:

into a bag to be given to General Minh. Conein then called the CIA station and gave a signal indicating that the planned coup against Diệm was about to start. Minh and his co-conspirators swiftly overthrew the government.

1443:

in the late 1870s. He worked for the commander of the French armed forces as an interpreter and took part in campaigns against anti-colonial rebels in the mountains of Tonkin during 1880. He rose to become a high-ranking

4877: 2096:, officially became the basic doctrine of Diệm's regime, reflected in the Constitution's preface, which declared that "Building Politics, Economy, Society, Culture for the people based on respecting Personalism". 2919:

The coup was chiefly planned by the Vietnamese generals. Unlike the coup in 1960, the plotters of the 1963 coup knew how to gain broad support from other ARVN officer corps. They obtained the support of Generals

1677:

agreed to French demands for an “associate state” within the French Union, which allowed France to maintain its diplomatic, economic, and military policies in Vietnam. In the meantime, the French had created the

2855:, as an anti-colonialism nationalist, Diệm did not believe in France and France was always a negative factor in his foreign policy. He also never "looked up on France as a counterweight to American influence". 2436:

issued a secret resolution authorizing the use of armed insurgency in the South with supplies and troops from the North. On 20 December 1960, under instructions from Hanoi, southern communists established the

1438:

Ngô Đình Khả was educated in a Catholic school in British Malaya, where he learned English and studied the European-style curriculum. He was a devout Catholic and scrapped plans to become a Roman Catholic

2225:

of Asia". When asked why he had made the comment, Johnson replied, "Diệm's the only boy we got out there." Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists.

1613:

under Bảo Đại, which they organized on leaving the country. He declined initially, but reconsidered his decision and attempted to reverse the refusal. However, Bảo Đại had already given the post to

1189: 2889:

requested his aid in learning what the United States might do about Diệm's government. Diễm had contacts in both the embassy and with the high-profile American journalists then in South Vietnam,

1904: 1586:, a Vietnamese anti-colonial activist, whom Diệm respected for his knowledge of Confucianism and argued that Confucianism's teachings could be applied to a modern Vietnam. With the start of the 2415:. In 1956, after the "Anti-Communist Denunciation Campaign", Diệm issued Ordinance No. 6, which placed anyone who was considered a threat to the state and public order in jail or house arrest. 1884:

to the Communists at Geneva, claimed that the terms did not represent the will of the Vietnamese people, and refused French suggestions to include more pro-French officials in the government.

1496:

and encouraged his sons to study for the priesthood. Having learned both Latin and classical Chinese, Khả strove to make sure his children were well educated in both Christian scriptures and

2609:

The Buddhists pushed for a five-point agreement: freedom to fly religious flags, an end to arbitrary arrests, compensation for the Huế victims, punishment for the officials responsible, and

7821: 7656: 7182: 3007:

Upon learning of Diệm's ouster and assassination, Hồ Chí Minh reportedly stated: "I can scarcely believe the Americans would be so stupid". The North Vietnamese Politburo was more explicit:

2236: 2161: 1435:, an anti-Catholic riot led by Buddhist monks almost wiped out the Ngô-Đình clan. Over 100 of the Ngô clan were "burned alive in a church including Khả's father, brothers, and sisters." 2293:, Diệm's personal adviser on agrarian reform, Diệm promulgated a more serious ordinance on the land reform, in which he proclaimed a "land to the tiller" (not to be confused with other 4028: 8661: 2773: 2683:

resigned, shaving his head like a Buddhist monk in protest. When he attempted to leave the country on a religious pilgrimage to India, he was detained and kept under house arrest.

904: 8631: 2785:

Diệm himself during this period. He was the decisive factor in formulating foreign policies of the RVN, besides the roles of his adviser – Ngô Đình Nhu and his foreign ministers:

1986:

In South Vietnam, a referendum was scheduled for 23 October 1955 to determine the future direction of the south, in which the people would choose Diệm or Bảo Đại as the leader of

2710:

urged that a coup against Diệm be encouraged to take place promptly, saying that the mere possibility that Diệm might make a deal with the Communists meant that he had to go.

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sectarian armies wanted positions in Diệm's cabinet and complete administrative control over the areas in which they had large numbers of followers; and the major threat of

1573:

Diệm put the revolts down as he believed they would not lead to the removal of the French but might threaten the leadership of the mandarins. In 1933, with the ascension of

2851:

Regarding the relations with communist North Vietnam, Diệm maintained total hostility and never made a serious effort to establish any relations with it. In relations with

1646: 4426: 2520:

By most estimates, Buddhism was followed by 70–90% of the population, though some estimates place it lower, and Buddhism was followed alongside other traditions such as

4494:

A Decade of Public Service: Nation Building during the Interregnum and Second Republic (1964–1975) in Voices from the second Republic of Vietnam (1967–1975), edited by

1074: 8331: 2786: 2613:. Diệm then banned demonstrations and ordered his forces to arrest those who engaged in civil disobedience. On 3 June 1963, protesters attempted to march towards the 5355:

Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little Brown and Company, 2019), p. 148

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Stewart, Geoffrey C. (2011). "Hearts, Minds and Công Dân Vụ: The Special Commissariat for Civic Action and Nation-Building in Ngô Đình Diệm's Vietnam, 1955–1957".

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Stewart, Geoffrey C. (2011). "Hearts, Minds and Công Dân Vụ: The Special Commissariat for Civic Action and Nation Building in Ngô Đình Diệm's Vietnam, 1955–1957".

1673:(1917–2001), a fellow Catholic and political activist. His other allies and advisors were dominated by Catholics, especially his family members and their friends. 1654: 379: 2457:. There was a further attempt to assassinate Diệm and his family in February 1962 when two air force officers – acting in unison – 6640: 2114: 1569:

and was known for his work ethic. In 1930 and 1931, he helped the French suppress the first peasant revolts organized by the communists. According to historian

969: 2105: 1880:

controlled the north, while the French-backed State of Vietnam controlled the south with Diệm as the Prime Minister. Diệm criticized the French for abandoning

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Tan, Mitchell (2019). "Spiritual Fraternities: The Transnational Networks of Ngô Đình Diệm's Personalist Revolution and the Republic of Vietnam, 1955–1963".

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allies, and Diệm helped Fishel to lay the foundation for a program later implemented in South Vietnam, the Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group.

2876: 1355:. The event damaged relations with the United States and other previously sympathetic countries, and his organization lost favor with the leadership of the 8656: 7856: 7369: 4448: 2059:

Diệm's rule was also pervaded by family corruption. Cẩn was widely believed to be involved in several illegal operations, namely the illegal smuggling of

8686: 7000: 3030: 2713:

There have been many interpretations of the Buddhist crisis and the immolation of Thích Quảng Đức in 1963. Relating the events to the larger context of

2690:

was taking place, a French diplomatic initiative to end the war had been launched. The initiative was known to historians as the "Maneli affair", after

2655:

in Saigon. Pagodas were vandalized, monks beaten, and the cremated remains of Quảng Đức, which included his heart, a religious relic, were confiscated.

1257:

in 1929 and interior minister in 1933. However, he resigned from the latter position after three months and publicly denounced the emperor as a tool of

8439: 6737: 2072:

his position to acquire farms, businesses, urban real estate, rental property, and rubber plantations in the name of the Catholic Church. He also used

1948:. Within a few months, Diệm's troops wiped out the Bình Xuyên's remnants, leaving only a few small bands, who then joined forces with the communists. 8002: 6727: 6076: 2458: 2397: 785: 2797:(complicated relations, especially due to border disputes and minority ethnicities), and especially North Vietnam. Besides, the RVN also focused on 1524:

After graduating at the top of his class in 1921, Diệm followed in the footsteps of his eldest brother, Ngô Đình Khôi, joining the civil service in

1727: 2988:. In 1983 the Vietnamese government closed the cemetery, and ordered all remains to be exhumed and removed. Diệm and his brother were reburied in 2424: 2324: 1751:(MSU), Diệm was appointed as a consultant to MSU's Government Research Bureau. MSU was administering government-sponsored assistance programs for 6697: 6115: 3240: 1952:

1955, Diệm had almost taken control of South Vietnam, and his government was stronger than ever before. In April 1956, along with the capture of

1706: 8621: 5397: 1067: 8716: 8616: 7841: 4789: 4754: 3791: 3762: 2593:

when the government cited a regulation prohibiting the display of non-government flags. A few days earlier, however, white and yellow Catholic

2301:'s later 'Land to the Tiller" program) program to put a relatively high 100 hectares limit on rice land and 15 hectares for ancestral worship. 7347: 2305:

confiscated landlords' land and distributed it to the peasants. Additionally, the ceiling limit was more than 30 times that allowed in Japan,

1606: 8706: 8048: 6978: 2327:

resettlement project: In late 1955, with the help of US material support and expertise, Diệm's government implemented the project Cái Sắn in

899: 5583: 2577:, and eight Buddhists, including a vice-president and a foreign minister. Only three of the top nineteen military officials were Catholics. 2267: 1821:

In early 1954, Bảo Đại offered Diệm the position of Prime Minister in the new government in Vietnam. In May 1954, the French surrendered at

8556: 8343: 2119: 2109: 1464:. Despite his collaboration with the French colonizers, Khả was "motivated less by Francophilia than by certain reformist ambitions". Like 823: 818: 201: 149: 835: 4837: 760: 8696: 5543: 1758:

The Americans' assessments of Diệm were varied but Diệm did gain favor with some high-ranking officials, such as Supreme Court Justice

1316:

took place soon after he took office, formally partitioning Vietnam along the 17th parallel. Diệm, with the aid of his younger brother

6491: 4317:

Chế độ Việt Nam cộng hòa ở miền Nam Việt Nam giai đoạn 1955–1963 Republic of Vietnam regime in South Vietnam (1955–1963), Dissertation

2134:, Diệm asserted that the moral norm of Nguyễn-era Vietnam was that it was founded "on the people", following the Confucian concept of 1060: 8611: 8591: 8566: 8379: 7461: 6646: 6588: 2757: 1207: 976: 449: 2881:

As the Buddhist crisis deepened in July 1963, non-communist Vietnamese nationalists and the military began preparations for a coup.

17: 8731: 8721: 8581: 8336: 7362: 1504:

to prove his devotion to his faith, but found monastic life too rigorous and decided not to pursue a clerical career. According to

8267: 6993: 6053: 1407:. His ancestors had been among Vietnam's earliest Catholic converts in the 17th century. Diệm was given a saint's name at birth, 8016: 6636: 2960:, where they were captured the following morning. On 2 November 1963, the brothers were assassinated together in the back of an 964: 3189: 2240: 7285: 3184: 2573:

schools, ceremonies, and building more pagodas. Among the eighteen members of Diệm's cabinet, there were five Catholics, five

1834:

obstacles: refugee issues; the French colonists wanting to remove Diệm to protect France's interest in South Vietnam; General

8671: 8606: 7781: 6347: 6199: 6021: 5831: 5614: 5380: 4084: 2454: 2029: 1691: 750: 6611: 2603: 2503: 2125:

According to Miller, democracy, to Diệm, was rooted in his dual identity as Confucian and Catholic, and was associated with

919: 7866: 6621: 5456: 929: 3665: 2735:

Diệm enjoyed relatively good relations with the Buddhists until 1963, and sponsored numerous Buddhist temples, especially

8741: 8711: 8676: 8636: 8571: 8551: 8394: 8361: 8310: 8039: 7355: 5950: 5418: 3159: 2568:. The white and gold Vatican flag was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam. The newly constructed 1599: 1363:. Diệm and his brother, Nhu, initially escaped, but were recaptured the following day and assassinated on the orders of 8406: 8250: 8025: 7977: 6986: 6421: 6125: 6063: 5960: 5929: 5765: 5744: 4649: 4504: 4098: 3919: 3034: 2442: 2393: 1049: 780: 6513: 1525: 313: 8691: 8641: 8601: 8586: 8531: 7972: 7016: 6440: 6402: 6376: 6321: 6302: 6271: 6240: 6221: 6168: 5853: 5796: 5492: 4529: 4129: 4033: 2957: 2020:. His most trusted official was his brother Nhu, leader of the primary pro-Diệm party, the Cần Lao Party. Nhu was an 1440: 1172: 1144: 1113: 8736: 8701: 8646: 8546: 8326: 7967: 7932: 7846: 6520: 6386: 5658: 3260: 2617:. Six waves of ARVN tear gas and attack dogs failed to disperse the crowds. Finally, brownish-red liquid chemicals 2146:, Diệm considered his ideology of personalism a "third way" of communitarianism, presenting an alternative to both 1981: 1321: 1194:; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was a South Vietnamese politician who was the final prime minister of the 729: 256: 7429: 5755: 2994: 2947: 469: 8626: 8536: 7835: 7402: 7033: 6156: 3069: 3064: 2428:

assassination attempt was the desperate response of the communists to Diệm's relentless anti-communist policies.

2073: 1356: 8651: 7876: 7871: 7377: 7052: 6787: 5879: 5548: 3520: 2985: 2961: 1877: 1872:

On 21 July 1954, the Geneva Accords temporarily partitioned Vietnam at the 17th parallel, pending elections in

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engaging in meetings and correspondence with various leading Vietnamese revolutionaries, such as his friend,

954: 562: 6662: 4878:"Role of the Religion and Politico-Religious Organizations in the South Vietnam During Ngo Dinh Diem Period" 2624: 944: 8576: 8449: 8283: 8216: 7962: 6707: 5423: 2644: 2632: 2511: 2372:): During late 1959 and early 1960, motivated by the idea of population reunification, Diệm introduced the 2358: 2294: 1867: 1783: 719: 1941: 1873: 8206: 7851: 7817: 6677: 5605: 3125: 2837: 2349: 1735: 1695: 1360: 959: 415: 48:

in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the

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The coup d'état was designed by a military revolutionary council including ARVN generals led by General

2446: 2407:, from 1955 to by the end of 1958, 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed and 12,000 were executed. 2298: 1039: 8462: 8384: 8189: 8053: 7799: 7697: 7647: 7245: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7198: 7078: 6895: 3368: 2872: 1937: 1530: 1222: 1215: 1199: 86: 7727: 7597: 7572: 7552: 7168: 6782: 6631: 5972:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963" 2656: 2515: 2032:. Despite this, Thuc lived in the Presidential Palace, along with Nhu, Nhu's wife, and Diệm. Diệm was 1566: 1489: 1396: 1254: 1027: 939: 689: 616: 523: 411: 109: 70: 8389: 8356: 8255: 8228: 8058: 8034: 7774: 7732: 7642: 7577: 7562: 7385: 7297: 7267: 7073: 6478: 3515:. Council on Southeast Asia Studies, Yale Center for International and Area Studies. pp. 68–86. 2151: 1748: 1448:, the first headmaster of the National Academy in Huế (founded in 1896), and a counsellor to Emperor 1359:. On 1 November 1963, the country's leading generals launched a coup d'état with assistance from the 551: 286: 7672: 7592: 7309: 7279: 6900: 6777: 4797: 4751: 2921: 2790: 2668:

visited the pagoda. No further mass Buddhist protests occurred during the remainder of Diệm's rule.

2602:

against the government, which was suppressed by Diệm's forces, and unarmed civilians were killed in

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who supported Vietnam's independence. In 1943, Diệm's Japanese friends helped him to contact Prince

1559: 1477: 1383: 1242: 1003: 508: 367: 8561: 8411: 8288: 7997: 7904: 7861: 7470: 7447: 7273: 6967: 6626: 6616: 6574: 6547: 6072: 4495: 3129: 2521: 2507: 2473: 2373: 2006: 1933: 1917: 1826: 1731: 1670: 1341: 934: 924: 790: 736: 280: 7607: 6915: 6875: 6762: 1485: 1428: 1388: 1226: 1021: 991: 679: 534: 518: 194: 8262: 8121: 8030: 7951: 7511: 5575: 3218: 3041: 2809: 2731: 1945: 1822: 1558:

Diệm's rise was also facilitated through his brother Ngô Đình Khôi's marriage to the daughter of

1473: 997: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 724: 503: 7506: 7452: 7437: 6885: 3214: 2973: 2450: 8666: 8516: 8293: 8245: 7957: 7411: 6905: 5819: 4319:. Ho Chi Minh city: University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Ho Chi Minh city. pp. 43–47. 4121: 2635:, set himself on fire in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection in protest of Diệm's policies 2621:, resulting in 67 being hospitalized for chemical injuries. A curfew was subsequently enacted. 2614: 2271: 1614: 1313: 1262: 7737: 7544: 7487: 7173: 7153: 7140: 7127: 7095: 6855: 6557: 5578:[Notice from the Office of the Prime Minister on the conferment of royal decorations] 5482: 5449:[Telling the story of moving the grave in Saigon on the occasion of Vu Lan Festival]. 5372: 3095: 2909: 2885:, later South Vietnam's Ambassador to the United States, reported in his memoirs that General 2193:, the government's most prominent critic, was allowed to run. Despite the deployment of 8,000 1909: 1835: 1364: 141: 8148: 8107: 7664: 7587: 7442: 7158: 6747: 5919: 2804: 2665: 2093: 1998: 1974: 1711: 1634: 1592: 1445: 1282: 1230: 770: 695: 651: 332: 6055:

Vietnam's Lost Revolution: Ngô Đình Diệm's Failure to Build an Independent Nation, 1955–1963

5553: 5517: 5396: 4841: 3907:

Beyond Political Skin: Colonial to National Economies in Indonesia and Vietnam (1910s–1960s)

2939:

On 1 November 1963, Conein donned his military uniform and stuffed three million Vietnamese

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A photo of 4 year old Diệm (third from right) with his family in 1905 or 1906. His father

1317: 1009: 513: 8: 8596: 8351: 8300: 8220: 8130: 7943: 7899: 7612: 7255: 7119: 6845: 6822: 6717: 5889:

Miller, Edward (2004). "Vision, Power and Agency: The Ascent of Ngô Đình Diệm, 1945–54".

2925: 2841: 2779: 2714: 2680: 2659:

were carried out across the country, with the Từ Đàm pagoda in Huế looted, the statue of

2545: 2190: 2178: 1666: 1348: 1340:. He was subject to several assassination and coup attempts, and in 1962 established the 1182: 714: 7629: 7567: 7557: 7249: 7239: 7145: 7061: 6880: 6414:

The Lost Mandate of Heaven: the American betrayal of Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Vietnam

4086:

Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army, 1961–1973

2929: 2782:(RVN), according to Fishel, "to a very considerable extent", was the policy of Ngô Đình 1838:, a Francophile, the leader of National Army was ready to oust Diệm; the leaders of the 1621:

proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and in the Northern half of Vietnam, his

1033: 8169: 8094: 8080: 7421: 6946: 6233:

Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War

6102: 5906: 5789:

Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

5688: 5403: 4641: 4168: 4058: 4050: 3785: 3756: 3324:

Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

3154: 2753: 2610: 2244: 2131: 1786: 1759: 1650: 1497: 648: 336: 7496: 7104: 7042: 2441:(VC) in order to overthrow the government of the south. On 11 November 1960, a failed 1642: 1574: 1548: 1465: 1270: 1250: 300: 125: 8174: 8084: 8067: 7894: 7394: 7025: 6817: 6807: 6797: 6757: 6712: 6436: 6417: 6398: 6391: 6372: 6343: 6317: 6298: 6292: 6267: 6236: 6217: 6195: 6164: 6121: 6106: 6059: 6017: 5956: 5925: 5910: 5875: 5849: 5827: 5806:

Henderson, William; Fishel, Wesley R. (1966). "The Foreign Policy of Ngo Dinh Diem".

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Senator Mansfiled: the Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat

6284:. Council on Southeast Asia Studies, Yale Center for International and Area Studies. 5757:

Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam

3861:

Cauldron of resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s southern Vietnam

3749:

Senator Mansfiled: the Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat

1424: 1241:. Diệm was educated at French-speaking schools and considered following his brother 662: 8488: 8184: 8116: 7937: 7927: 7909: 7479: 7087: 6941: 6742: 6187: 6144: 6094: 6040: 5993: 5983: 5898: 5011: 4997: 4934: 4474: 4160: 4042: 2890: 2812: 2248: 2143: 2126: 1763: 1678: 1587: 1534: 1453: 1412: 1312:, Diệm returned home in July 1954 and was appointed prime minister by Bảo Đại. The 1290: 1195: 1155: 1121: 1093: 707: 419: 129: 7702: 7689: 7582: 7521: 7215: 6865: 5631: 4117:

Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)

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archbishop – the Buddhist majority was prohibited from displaying

2497: 2290: 2174: 1847: 1775: 1698:'s philosophy and then applied this doctrine as the main ideology of his regime. 1570: 1449: 1416: 1400: 1352: 1347:

In 1963, Diệm's favoritism towards Catholics and persecution of practitioners of

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Morgan, Joseph (2003). "Wesley Fishel and Vietnam: A special kind of Friend" in

5446: 2882: 1419:. The Ngô-Đình family suffered under the anti-Catholic persecutions of Emperors 8476: 8179: 8153: 8103: 6936: 6364: 6257: 5841: 5016: 4194: 3661: 2981: 2902: 2660: 2648: 2569: 2412: 2081: 2037: 1925:

had to flee to Paris and hand over his command of the national army to General

1767: 1533:, presiding over seventy villages. Diệm was promoted to be a provincial chief ( 1493: 1432: 1274: 1266: 1238: 407: 5988: 5971: 5902: 3289: 1839: 1805: 685: 8510: 8076: 7947: 7831: 7813: 7621: 7536: 6840: 6722: 6117:

Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam

4892: 2913: 2707: 2640: 2628: 2582: 2404: 2166: 2147: 2013: 1987: 1881: 1814: 1810: 1779: 1743: 1420: 1333: 1305: 1278: 1246: 1203: 740: 586: 439: 6081:. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University Press. 5921:

Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam

5734: 8194: 6951: 6931: 6209: 6098: 6044: 6007: 5689:"Vietnam's Changing Historiography: Ngo Dinh Diem and America's Leadership" 4478: 4090: 2898: 2695: 2286: 2045: 2025: 1843: 1782:

along with numerous journalists, academics, and the former director of the

1294: 755: 2848:, where Diệm's regime shared the common recognition of communist threats. 1850:, an organized crime syndicate that controlled the National Police led by 1492:. As a devout Roman Catholic, Khả took his entire family to daily morning 7790: 7637: 7321: 7068: 3178: 3088: 2723: 2565: 2306: 2041: 2033: 1618: 1329: 1286: 843: 765: 596: 481: 8495: 7190: 6792: 5946: 5451: 4172: 4146: 4054: 2978:

given while en route to the Vietnamese Joint General Staff headquarters

2698:, who revealed it to the world in his "A Matter of Fact" column in the 2671: 2594: 2173:

that despite the popular belief that the referendum was put forward by

1953: 1505: 1015: 49: 6498:"The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963", pp. 201–276 5998: 4427:"Trường Đại Học Khoa Học Tự Nhiên TP Hồ Chí Minh - Lịch sử phát triển" 2275: 7825: 6667: 5371:. Vietnam War Era Classics Series. Indiana University Press. p. 3148: 2868: 2703: 2574: 1796: 1622: 1598:

After contacting Cường Để, Diệm formed a secret political party, the

1337: 949: 6192:

The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era

4164: 4046: 2801:

with other Asian countries to secure its international recognition.

2760:

in 1957. Diệm is shown shaking hands with the president of the U.S.

2559: 1245:

into the priesthood, but eventually chose to pursue a career in the

5600: 4887:(16). Kraków: Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ: 109–124. 3119: 2969: 2794: 2540: 2438: 2201: 2068: 2017: 1752: 1723: 1501: 1403:. His family originated in Phú Cam, a Catholic village adjacent to 1372: 6566: 6340:

The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam

2727:

Hinh crisis in 1954 and the struggle with the Bình Xuyên in 1955.

2472:

In 1962, the cornerstone of Diệm's counterinsurgency effort – the

2331:, which aimed to resettle one hundred thousand northern refugees. 7681: 6433:

The Lotus Unleashed: The Buddhist Peace Movement in South Vietnam

6180:

Vietnam: History, Documents, and Opinions on a Major World Crisis

5576:"แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์" 2965: 2940: 2077: 1771: 1513: 1404: 1320:, soon consolidated power in South Vietnam. After the fraudulent 675: 37: 3208: 2852: 2676: 2533: 2525: 2310: 1461: 1309: 1258: 435: 7759: 6451:

A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cường Để (1882–1951)

2084:

on the currency exchange using inside government information.

1858:

Police led by Lê Văn Viễn, whose power was focused in Saigon.

1609:, the Japanese offered Diệm the post of prime minister in the 1161: 1130: 5940:

The Vietnam Lobby: The American friends of Vietnam 1955–1975.

4838:"SNIE 53-2-63, "The Situation in South Vietnam, 10 July 1963" 4499:. New York: Southeast Asia Program Publications. p. 54. 2825: 2820: 2586: 2491: 2021: 1893: 1301: 6078:

Voices from the Second Republic of South Vietnam (1967–1975)

2464: 6186: 2354: 2194: 2064: 2060: 1964: 1537:) in Ninh Thuận at the age of 28, overseeing 300 villages. 1133: 1102: 6459:

The Last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West

2951:

Ngô Đình Diệm after being shot and killed in the 1963 coup

2063:

to North Vietnam on the black market, the opium trade via

1896:, and dredging swamp-lands to help stabilise their lives. 1540: 6161:

Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and Americans in Vietnam

5736:

Diem's Final Failure: Prelude to America's War in Vietnam

1211: 1127: 1099: 8662:

Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation

4429:. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 2341:): In early 1957, Diệm started a new program called the 1595:, an anti-colonial activist, who was in exile in Japan. 1480:, Ngô Đình Diệm, Ngô Đình Thị Hiệp, Ngô Đình Thị Hoàng, 1336:, eventually formally organized under the banner of the 8632:

People killed in Central Intelligence Agency operations

5522:

Bahagian Istiadat Dan Urusetia Persidangan Antarabangsa

5419:"Despite intimidation, South Vietnam's Diem remembered" 2221:

visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the "

1908:

Prime Minister Diệm (centre-left) meeting with General

3561:

Vietnamese royal in Exile: Prince Cường Để (1882–1951)

2106:

1956 South Vietnamese Constitutional Assembly election

1718:

Diệm applied for permission to travel to Rome for the

8460: 2932:, the III, II Corps, and I Corps commanders however, 2774:

Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to the United States

1173: 1158: 1145: 1114: 8727:

National presidents assassinated in the 20th century

5824:

Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thục

4690: 4688: 3326:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 18. 1641:) of the Nguyễn dynasty during the reign of Emperor 1617:. In September 1945, after the Japanese withdrawal, 1344:

as the cornerstone of his counterinsurgency effort.

1096: 202:

Minister of National Defense of the State of Vietnam

6560:(as Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council) 6280:Lockhart, Bruce McFarland, Bruce McFarland (1993). 1739:winning US support for Vietnamese anti-communists. 1285:, which was heavily influenced by the teachings of 1164: 1136: 1124: 1105: 144:(as Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council) 6390: 5176: 5174: 5164: 5162: 4738: 4736: 2055:Presidential Standard of South Vietnam (1955–1963) 1797:Becoming Prime Minister and consolidation of power 5324: 5322: 4685: 4638:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 4622: 4620: 4345: 4343: 2398:1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing 1730:, an American political science professor at the 8508: 6314:A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam 6251:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 4447:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4082: 3574:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 3290:"New York Hails Vietnam's President Diem (1957)" 1600:Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam 1565:In 1929, he was promoted to the governorship of 1249:. He progressed rapidly in the court of Emperor 6256: 5805: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5171: 5159: 4733: 4460: 4458: 3863:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 69. 3546: 3544: 2165:Diệm taking the oath as First President of the 1686:status, Diệm decided to leave Vietnam in 1950. 1277:, in opposition to Bảo Đại. He established the 6194:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 5791:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 5319: 4617: 4340: 3534: 3532: 2411:anti-communist dissidents and anti-corruption 7775: 7363: 6994: 6582: 6214:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 5476: 5474: 4524:. New York: HarperPerennial. pp. 56–57. 2770:Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia 1456:. He was appointed minister of the rites and 1068: 150:Minister of National Defense of South Vietnam 8682:Vietnamese collaborators with Imperial Japan 5952:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 5484:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 5267: 4455: 3541: 3416: 3365:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 2110:1959 South Vietnamese parliamentary election 1332:, he faced a communist insurgency backed by 8657:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam 8311:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 5826:. Berkeley, California: Apocryphile Press. 5682: 5680: 5609:. Pymble, New South Wales: Harper Collins. 5487:. Cambridge University Press. p. 286. 5447:"Kể chuyện dời mộ ở Sài Gòn nhân Lễ Vu Lan" 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4192:"Geneva Agreements 20–21 July 1954" (PDF). 3998: 3996: 3994: 3816: 3529: 2752:Diệm, accompanied by US Secretary of State 2445:against Diệm was led by Lieutenant Colonel 8687:Executed collaborators with Imperial Japan 7782: 7768: 7370: 7356: 7001: 6987: 6589: 6575: 6332:The Human Tradition in American since 1945 6182:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. 6155: 5471: 5364: 5014:(17 June 1963). "Diệm and the Buddhists". 5010: 4113: 3790:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3746: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 2815:during a visit to India on 8 November 1957 2492:Religious policies and the Buddhist crisis 2229: 1932:On 31 December 1954, Diệm established the 1075: 1061: 162:26 October 1955 – 2 November 1963 99:26 October 1955 – 2 November 1963 69: 7462:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 6647:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem 6430: 6177: 6143: 5997: 5987: 5636:Open Archives, Korea Democracy Foundation 5004: 4752:The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam 4703:Karnow, A history of Vietnam, pp. 252–253 4010: 4008: 3576:. University of California Press, p. 212. 2877:Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 2862: 1973:Results of the 1955 referendum posted on 1959: 1802:time for him to come to power in Vietnam. 977:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem 5869: 5677: 5582:(in Thai). 27 August 1957. p. 213. 4989: 4856: 4022: 4020: 3991: 3593: 3591: 3510: 3029: 2946: 2803: 2789:(1954–1955), Vũ Văn Mẫu (1955–1963) and 2747: 2623: 2539: 2463: 2348: 2266: 2200: 2160: 2113: 2050: 1992: 1968: 1965:Establishment of the Republic of Vietnam 1903: 1804: 1742:In Rome, Diệm obtained an audience with 1705: 1628: 1539: 1382: 1378: 8332:Opposition to United States involvement 6287: 6051: 6030: 6006: 5753: 5686: 4973: 4971: 4875: 4464: 3858: 3780:. Sài Gòn – Trí Dũng. pp. 180–189. 3443: 1899: 905:Presidential visit to the United States 269:16 June 1954 – 26 October 1955 14: 8509: 6521:Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam 6456: 6385: 6337: 6208: 5969: 5917: 5888: 5840: 5818: 5786: 5732: 5286: 5284: 5206: 5204: 4933:"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?". 4790:"South Viet Nam: The Religious Crisis" 4635: 4144: 4005: 3190:Order of Merit for National Foundation 2664:Diệm's administration when ambassador 2639:The turning point came in June when a 257:Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam 214:6 July 1954 – 26 October 1955 8717:Politicians assassinated in the 1960s 8617:People executed by Vietnam by firearm 7763: 7351: 6982: 6570: 6363: 6235:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6230: 6163:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 5945: 5480: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4519: 4026: 4017: 3881: 3879: 3668:from the original on 14 December 2017 3588: 3497: 3495: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3362: 2387: 2142:the writings of Catholic philosopher 1281:to support his political doctrine of 1181: 27:President of South Vietnam, 1955–1963 8707:Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War 8445: 6548:President of the Republic of Vietnam 6411: 6311: 6113: 5864:Vietnam: Anatomy of a War, 1940–1975 5774: 4968: 4491: 4414:Vietnam: Anatomy of a War, 1940–1975 3903: 2936:of IV Corps remained loyal to Diệm. 2254: 2040:, and preferred the philosophies of 349:8 April 1933 – 18 July 1933 8557:Assassinated Vietnamese politicians 8049:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 6596: 6393:President Kennedy: Profile of Power 6084: 5942:University of North Carolina Press. 5716: 5656: 5599: 5589:from the original on 12 April 2022. 5281: 5201: 4926: 4029:"The Viet Nam Constitution of 1956" 3775: 3160:Order of St. Michael and St. George 2468:South Vietnamese "Strategic Hamlet" 2353:Diem (center right) is welcomed by 1817:, partitioned at the 17th parallel. 1328:. From 1957 onward, as part of the 24: 7978:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 7688: 7663: 7628: 7543: 7486: 7428: 7401: 7214: 7189: 7126: 7094: 7060: 7032: 6622:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức 6397:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6282:The end of the Vietnamese monarchy 6266:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6136: 5891:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5459:from the original on 14 April 2016 5398:"2,000 Mourn Diem at Saigon Grave" 4565: 3876: 3731: 3513:The end of the Vietnamese monarchy 3511:Lockhart, Bruce McFarland (1993). 3492: 3384: 3025: 2901:(United Press International), and 2394:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 1395:Ngô Đình Diệm was born in 1901 in 1367:, who succeeded him as president. 1297:, which Diệm had greatly admired. 930:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức 25: 8753: 8697:Vietnamese independence activists 7973:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 6637:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 6467: 6416:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 6294:Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War 6253:. University of California Press. 5455:(in Vietnamese). 18 August 2005. 4034:American Political Science Review 2743: 2619:were doused on praying protesters 2217:In May 1961, U.S. Vice President 1607:coup against French colonial rule 1289:, mainly from French philosopher 965:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 8612:People executed by South Vietnam 8592:Michigan State University people 8567:Burials at Mac Dinh Chi Cemetery 8494: 8482: 8470: 8444: 8435: 8434: 8425: 8424: 8327:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 7379: 7150:Provisional Leadership Committee 7010: 6435:. University Press of Kentucky. 6297:. New York: Methuen Publishing. 5874:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 5650: 5624: 5593: 5568: 5536: 5510: 5501: 5439: 5411: 5389: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5306: 5293: 5258: 5249: 5246:Henderson and Fishel, pp. 17–18. 5240: 5237:Henderson and Fishel, pp. 23–24. 5231: 5222: 5213: 5192: 5183: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 4980: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4745: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4676: 4673:Jacobs, p. 90; Moyar, pp. 85–86. 4667: 4658: 4644:Publications. pp. 174–178. 4629: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 3267:(in Vietnamese). 1 November 2013 3213: 3201: 3183: 3171: 3153: 3141: 3124: 3112: 3094: 3081: 3063: 3050: 2285:In South Vietnam, especially in 1982:1955 State of Vietnam referendum 1427:. In 1880, while Diệm's father, 1322:1955 State of Vietnam referendum 1300:After several years in exile in 1198:(1954–1955) and later the first 1154: 1120: 1092: 1048: 615: 579: 561: 8732:20th-century presidents in Asia 8722:Assassinated presidents in Asia 8622:People from Quảng Bình province 8582:Heads of state of South Vietnam 7963:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 7789: 6342:. Manchester University Press. 6334:ed. David Anderson, Wilmington. 6263:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 6120:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 4556: 4547: 4538: 4513: 4485: 4419: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4331: 4322: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4186: 4138: 4107: 4083:William Woodruff, Mark (2005). 4076: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3897: 3888: 3867: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3807: 3798: 3769: 3740: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3579: 3566: 3553: 3504: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3434: 3425: 3407: 3398: 3375: 3070:Order of the Crown of the Realm 2589:celebrations commemorating the 2074:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1997:Representatives meeting at the 1519: 1415:), following the custom of the 1357:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 900:Presidential visit to Australia 8212:United States prisoners of war 7622:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 7053:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 6612:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings 6461:. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 6058:. Cambridge University Press. 5955:. Cambridge University Press. 5872:Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975 5739:. University Press of Kansas. 5518:"Darjah Kebesaran Persekutuan" 5481:Moyar, Mark (28 August 2006). 4796:. 14 June 1963. Archived from 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3316: 3307: 3294: 3279: 3253: 2962:M113 armored personnel carrier 2459:bombed the Presidential Palace 2205:Diệm with U.S. Vice President 1878:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 920:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings 13: 1: 8395:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 7751:head of a military government 7682:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 7208:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 6431:Topmiller, Robert J. (2006). 6178:Gettleman, Marvin E. (1966). 6087:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6052:Stewart, Geoffrey C. (2017). 6033:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 5365:Bui, D.; Chanoff, D. (1999). 5000:. 22 June 1963. pp. 5–6. 4467:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4027:Grant, J. A. C. (June 1958). 3751:. Washington, DC. p. 77. 3246: 2564:dedicated his country to the 1830:with a cabinet of 18 people. 1431:(1850–1925), was studying in 1221:He was born into a prominent 44:, but is often simplified to 8672:South Vietnamese politicians 8607:Order of Civil Merit members 6190:; Singal, Daniel J. (2008). 5976:The Journal of Asian Studies 5924:. Harvard University Press. 5760:. Cornell University Press. 5754:Chapman, Jessica M. (2013). 5727:Bên giòng lịch sử, 1940–1965 5659:"總統蔣公影輯—接見外賓（十）-文化部國家文化記憶庫" 5424:Union of Catholic Asian News 5255:Henderson and Fishel, p. 21. 5228:Henderson and Fishel, p. 22. 4770:Gettleman, pp. 275–276, 366. 3778:Bên giòng lịch sử, 1940–1965 3002: 2295:Land reform in South Vietnam 2099: 1876:to reunify the country. The 1868:Operation Passage to Freedom 1861: 1784:Office of Strategic Services 720:Operation Passage to Freedom 494:Dai Viet Renaissance Society 7: 8003:Independence Palace bombing 6149:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled 6016:. New York: Vintage Books. 5848:. New York: Penguin Books. 5606:Vietnam: the Australian War 5264:Henderson and Fishel, p. 9. 5210:Henderson and Fishel, p. 5. 5198:Henderson and Fishel, p. 4. 5111:Moyar, pp. 212–216, 231–234 3304:Praeger Publishers, p. 235. 3035:Republic of China President 2808:Ngô Đình Diệm meeting with 2758:Washington National Airport 2120:1959 parliamentary election 2118:Diệm (right) voting in the 1361:Central Intelligence Agency 10: 8758: 8742:Politicians killed in wars 8712:Vietnamese Roman Catholics 8677:Vietnamese anti-communists 8637:People murdered in Vietnam 8572:Catholic Church in Vietnam 8552:Executed Vietnamese people 8385:Canada and the Vietnam War 8054:1965 South Vietnamese coup 7862:People's Republic of China 7842:International participants 7386:Prime ministers of Vietnam 6216:. New York: E. P. Dutton. 5733:Catton, Philip E. (2003). 5709: 4937:. 29 June 1963. p. 9. 4636:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 4520:Young, Marilyn B. (1991). 4416:. Unwin Paperbacks, p. 89. 4315:Nguyễn, Xuân Hoài (2011). 3369:Cambridge University Press 3158:Knight Grand Cross of the 3068:Honorary Recipient of the 3020: 2873:1963 South Vietnamese coup 2866: 2778:The foreign policy of the 2767: 2686:At the same time that the 2501: 2495: 2391: 2235:universities, such as the 2103: 1979: 1865: 1762:, Roman Catholic cardinal 1734:, who was working for the 1216:1963 South Vietnamese coup 1200:president of South Vietnam 87:President of South Vietnam 31: 8420: 8390:CIA activities in Vietnam 8372: 8319: 8276: 8238: 8162: 7986: 7920: 7887: 7806: 7797: 7745: 7680: 7668:Republic of South Vietnam 7657:Republic of South Vietnam 7655: 7620: 7535: 7478: 7460: 7420: 7393: 7330: 7206: 7183:Republic of South Vietnam 7181: 7118: 7086: 7051: 7024: 7017:Heads of state of Vietnam 6960: 6924: 6831: 6686: 6673:Krulak–Mendenhall mission 6655: 6604: 6554: 6545: 6537: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6504: 6479:National Security Archive 5989:10.1017/S0021911818000505 5903:10.1017/S0022463404000220 4818:Tucker, pp. 49, 291, 293. 4492:Trần, Quang Minh (2014). 4145:Hammer, Ellen J. (1950). 3859:Chapman, Jessica (2013). 3651:Trần Mỹ Vân, pp. 213–214. 3300:Fall, Bernard B. (1963). 3261:"Đảo chính Ngô Đình Diệm" 3230: 2976:, under orders from Minh 2237:National Technical Center 1749:Michigan State University 1208:capture and assassination 955:Krulak–Mendenhall mission 602: 592: 574: 569: 557: 552:Michigan State University 541: 530: 499: 487: 477: 455: 450:Assassination by shooting 446:Manner of death 445: 425: 394: 389: 385: 373: 361: 353: 342: 331: 319: 306: 296: 273: 262: 254: 242: 230: 218: 207: 200: 188: 176: 166: 155: 148: 135: 115: 103: 92: 84: 80: 68: 61: 8692:Vietnamese Confucianists 8642:Persecution of Buddhists 8602:Nguyen dynasty officials 8587:Leaders ousted by a coup 8532:1960s murders in Vietnam 8412:Women in the Vietnam War 8344:United States news media 8289:Indochina refugee crisis 8284:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8059:Bombing of North Vietnam 7998:Strategic Hamlet Program 6968:Persecution of Buddhists 6627:Double Seven Day scuffle 6476: – Provided by the 6356:Oberdorfer, Don (2003). 6338:Nguyen, Duy Lap (2020). 5970:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). 5632:"경무대에서 상호 훈장 수여식 후 기념촬영" 5312:B. Diễm and D. Chanoff, 5299:B. Diễm and D. Chanoff, 4996:"Diem's other crusade". 4876:Słowiak, Jerema (2017). 4147:"The Bao Dai Experiment" 4114:Cheng Guan, Ang (1997). 3747:Oberdorfer, Don (2003). 3130:Order of Chula Chom Klao 2980:. Diệm was buried in an 2522:Vietnamese folk religion 2474:Strategic Hamlet Program 2335:Land Development program 2239:at Phú Thọ in 1957, the 1934:National Bank of Vietnam 1732:University of California 1701: 1694:, which originated from 1342:Strategic Hamlet Program 1225:family with his father, 935:Double Seven Day scuffle 805:Constitutional Assembly 791:Strategic Hamlet Program 624:This article is part of 8737:Executed mass murderers 8702:Vietnamese nationalists 8647:Politicide perpetrators 8547:20th-century executions 8031:Gulf of Tonkin incident 7952:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 7433:Republic of Cochinchina 7422:Republic of Cochinchina 7248:(1987–1992) (Chairman: 7238:(1981–1987) (Chairman: 6678:McNamara–Taylor mission 6412:Shaw, Geoffrey (2015). 6249:Keith, Charles (2012). 5938:Morgan, Joseph (1997). 5918:Miller, Edward (2013). 5870:Langguth, A.J. (2000). 5862:Kolko, Gabriel (1987). 5687:Shidler, Derek (2009). 5544:"The Order of Sikatuna" 4914:Gettleman, pp. 280–282. 4553:Trần Quang Minh, p. 54. 4544:Trần Quang Minh, p. 53. 4412:Kolko, Gabriel (1987). 4252:Buttinger, pp. 954–955. 4122:McFarland & Company 3904:Phạm, Văn Thuỷ (2019). 3572:Keith, Charles (2012). 3563:, Routledge, pp. 32–67. 3239:According to historian 3219:Order of Brilliant Jade 3042:Order of Brilliant Jade 2819:Diệm's attitude toward 2732:Jagiellonian University 2722:policies centered by a 2591:birth of Gautama Buddha 2230:Socio-economic policies 1793:consolidate his power. 1411:(a Vietnamized form of 1261:. Diệm came to support 1253:, becoming governor of 1229:, being a high-ranking 960:McNamara–Taylor mission 725:Battle of Saigon (1955) 668:District magistrate of 547:National School College 75:Official portrait, 1956 8627:People of the Cold War 8537:1963 crimes in Vietnam 8440:Battles and operations 8380:Awards and decorations 8294:Vietnamese boat people 8263:Impact of Agent Orange 8251:Body count controversy 7958:1954 Geneva Conference 7694: 7669: 7634: 7549: 7492: 7434: 7407: 7220: 7195: 7132: 7100: 7066: 7038: 6457:Warner, Denis (1964). 6371:. St. Martin's Press. 6231:Jones, Howard (2003). 6099:10.1525/vs.2019.14.2.1 6045:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.44 5725:Cao, Văn Luận (1972). 5719:In the Jaws of History 5368:In the Jaws of History 5314:In the Jaws of History 5301:In the Jaws of History 4479:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.44 3776:Cao, Văn Luận (1972). 3045: 3014: 2952: 2863:Coup and assassination 2816: 2765: 2636: 2549: 2504:Huế Phật Đản shootings 2469: 2362: 2279: 2214: 2169: 2122: 2067:, in monopolizing the 2056: 2024:addict and admirer of 2001: 1977: 1960:Presidency (1955–1963) 1921: 1818: 1715: 1710:Diệm alongside Prince 1662: 1645:(from left to right): 1633:The five high-ranking 1551: 1392: 1314:1954 Geneva Conference 1263:Vietnamese nationalism 1206:) from 1955 until his 8652:Presidents of Vietnam 8149:1975 spring offensive 8108:ARVN campaign in Laos 8104:Vietnamization policy 7692: 7667: 7632: 7547: 7490: 7432: 7405: 7339:collective leadership 7218: 7193: 7130: 7098: 7064: 7036: 6748:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 6494:24 April 2008 at the 6474:JFK and the Diem Coup 6449:Trần, Mỹ-Vân (2005). 6369:Where the Domino Fell 6316:. New York: Perseus. 6312:Mann, Robert (2001). 6151:. Praeger Publishers. 6114:Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). 5787:Jacobs, Seth (2006). 5782:. Praeger Publishers. 5665:(in Chinese (Taiwan)) 3559:Trần, Mỹ Vân (2005). 3033: 3009: 2986:Mạc Đĩnh Chi Cemetery 2950: 2912:. Lieutenant Colonel 2810:Indian Prime Minister 2807: 2751: 2666:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2627: 2543: 2467: 2352: 2270: 2204: 2164: 2117: 2094:Person Dignity Theory 2054: 2036:, devoutly Catholic, 1996: 1972: 1938:Indochinese banknotes 1907: 1808: 1774:, and Representative 1709: 1657:, Ngô Đình Diệm, and 1632: 1543: 1476:, Ngô Đình Thị Giao, 1391:stands in the centre. 1386: 1379:Family and early life 1283:Person Dignity Theory 895:Diplomatic activities 771:Person Dignity Theory 746:Policies and theories 705:Prime Minister of the 696:Minister of Personnel 545:Hue Pellerin Seminary 460:Mạc Đĩnh Chi Cemetery 333:Minister of Personnel 8542:1963 murders in Asia 8268:Environmental impact 8140:Battle of Phước Long 7905:Cold War (1962–1979) 6617:Hue chemical attacks 6541:Position established 6013:A Bright Shining Lie 5808:Vietnam Perspectives 5729:. Trí Dũng, Sài Gòn. 5219:Henderson and Fishel 5189:Miller, pp. 277–278. 5102:Jacobs, pp. 147–154. 4800:on 30 September 2007 4757:4 March 2008 at the 4721:Jacobs, pp. 131–132. 4578:Miller, pp. 165–184. 4403:Jacobs, pp. 123–125. 4328:Miller, pp. 137–139. 3363:Moyar, Mark (2006). 3322:Jacobs, Seth (2006) 3099:Grand Collar of the 2905:(Associated Press). 2846:Federation of Malaya 2799:diplomatic relations 2762:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2548:during the protests. 2546:Vietnamese buddhists 2508:Huế chemical attacks 2423:, a communist named 2241:University of Saigon 1942:Vietnamese banknotes 1900:Establishing control 1722:celebrations at the 1183:[ŋōɗìnjîəmˀ] 925:Hue chemical attacks 549:Hau Bo School, Hanoi 183:Position established 122:Position established 8577:Executed presidents 8348:In popular culture 8301:Sino-Vietnamese War 8131:Paris Peace Accords 7944:First Indochina War 7933:Japanese occupation 7900:Cambodian Civil War 7537:Republic of Vietnam 7286:Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh 7120:Republic of Vietnam 6718:W. Averell Harriman 6632:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 6514:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lộc 6487:The Pentagon Papers 6157:Fitzgerald, Frances 5866:. Unwin Paperbacks. 5721:. Houghton Mifflin. 5290:Miller, pp. 253–260 4779:Moyar, pp. 215–216. 4730:Moyar, pp. 151–152. 4394:Jacobs, pp. 112–115 4002:Karnow, pp. 223–224 3265:BBC News Tiếng Việt 3188:First Class of the 2780:Republic of Vietnam 2715:Vietnamese Buddhism 2516:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 2361:in central Vietnam. 2249:University of Dalat 2179:political pluralism 2167:Republic of Vietnam 1999:1954 Geneva Accords 1605:In 1945, after the 1567:Bình Thuận Province 1397:Quảng Bình province 1349:Buddhism in Vietnam 1269:, in opposition to 1255:Bình Thuận Province 1239:French colonial era 1204:Republic of Vietnam 940:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 786:1962 palace bombing 715:First Indochina War 690:Bình Thuận province 659:District magistrate 8122:Christmas bombings 8095:Cambodian campaign 7695: 7670: 7635: 7550: 7493: 7435: 7408: 7221: 7196: 7133: 7101: 7067: 7039: 6947:Marguerite Higgins 6531:Position abolished 6505:Political offices 5846:Vietnam: A History 5717:Bui, Diem (1987). 5407:. 3 November 1970. 5404:The New York Times 5066:Moyar, pp. 212–213 4844:on 9 November 2017 4682:Jacobs, pp. 89–90. 4642:Hoover Institution 3813:Miller, pp. 94–95. 3695:Miller, pp. 39–40. 3642:Miller, pp. 20–30. 3615:Miller, pp. 32–33. 3353:Miller, pp. 23–24. 3302:The Two Viet-Nams. 3046: 2990:Lái Thiêu Cemetery 2953: 2817: 2766: 2754:John Foster Dulles 2730:Jerema Słowiak of 2657:Simultaneous raids 2637: 2611:religious equality 2550: 2470: 2388:Counter-insurgency 2363: 2280: 2272:Vietnamese farmers 2215: 2170: 2123: 2057: 2002: 1978: 1922: 1819: 1787:William J. Donovan 1760:William O. Douglas 1716: 1696:French Catholicism 1663: 1552: 1531:Quảng Trị province 1498:Confucian classics 1460:and keeper of the 1393: 465:Lái Thiêu Cemetery 326:Position abolished 249:Position abolished 8458: 8457: 8175:Ho Chi Minh trail 8068:Buddhist Uprising 8026:Coup against Minh 8017:Coup against Diem 7940:(1949–1955) 7895:Laotian Civil War 7888:Related conflicts 7867:Republic of China 7757: 7756: 7406:Empire of Vietnam 7395:Empire of Vietnam 7345: 7344: 7268:Nguyễn Minh Triết 7037:Empire of Vietnam 7026:Empire of Vietnam 6976: 6975: 6818:William Trueheart 6808:Maxwell D. Taylor 6798:Frederick Nolting 6788:Nguyễn Đình Thuận 6758:Joseph Mendenhall 6713:Michael Forrestal 6565: 6564: 6555:Succeeded by 6528:Succeeded by 6349:978-1-5261-4396-9 6201:978-0-7425-6007-9 6188:Halberstam, David 6145:Buttinger, Joseph 6023:978-0-679-72414-8 5833:978-1-949643-02-2 5780:The Two Viet-Nams 5663:memory.culture.tw 5616:978-0-7322-8237-0 5556:on 25 August 2019 5507:Moyar, pp. 287–90 5427:. 3 November 2017 5382:978-0-253-21301-3 5156:Langguth, p. 234. 5012:Halberstam, David 4986:Buttinger p. 933. 4923:Buttinger, p. 993 4261:Langguth, p. 258. 3943:Moyar, pp. 51–53. 3849:Moyar, pp. 41–42. 3734:The Vietnam Lobby 3597:Jacobs, pp. 20–25 3209:Republic of China 3101:Order of Sikatuna 2692:Mieczysław Maneli 2485:Frederick Nolting 2455:Airborne Division 2434:Central Committee 2374:Agroville Program 2366:Agroville program 2329:An Giang province 2255:Rural development 2245:University of Hue 2223:Winston Churchill 2219:Lyndon B. Johnson 2211:Frederick Nolting 2207:Lyndon B. Johnson 2136:Mandate of Heaven 2030:Archbishop of Huế 1936:and replaced the 1827:Geneva Conference 1766:, Representative 1682:dangerous rival. 1611:Empire of Vietnam 1326:rural development 1265:, promoting both 1085: 1084: 1030:(younger brother) 1024:(younger brother) 1012:(younger brother) 781:1960 coup attempt 641: 640: 606: 605: 16:(Redirected from 8749: 8499: 8498: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8466: 8448: 8447: 8438: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8185:Operation Popeye 8117:Easter Offensive 7938:State of Vietnam 7928:French Indochina 7910:Cold War in Asia 7818:Việt Minh / PAVN 7784: 7777: 7770: 7761: 7760: 7733:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 7643:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 7603:Trần Thiện Khiêm 7578:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 7563:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 7502:Nguyễn Phan Long 7480:State of Vietnam 7438:Nguyễn Văn Thinh 7384: 7383: 7382: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7298:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 7292:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 7246:Council of State 7236:Council of State 7164:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 7088:State of Vietnam 7074:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 7015: 7014: 7013: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6942:David Halberstam 6911:Trần Thiện Khiêm 6891:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 6886:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 6743:Victor H. Krulak 6738:Thich Tinh Khiet 6663:Joint Communiqué 6591: 6584: 6577: 6568: 6567: 6538:Preceded by 6510:Preceded by 6502: 6501: 6462: 6446: 6427: 6408: 6396: 6382: 6360:. Washington, DC 6353: 6327: 6308: 6289:Maclear, Michael 6277: 6246: 6227: 6210:Hammer, Ellen J. 6205: 6183: 6174: 6152: 6131: 6110: 6069: 6048: 6027: 6003: 6001: 5991: 5966: 5935: 5914: 5885: 5859: 5837: 5815: 5802: 5783: 5776:Fall, Bernard B. 5771: 5750: 5722: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5552:. Archived from 5549:Official Gazette 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5279: 5276: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5199: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5169: 5166: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5138:Sheehan, p. 357. 5136: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4998:The New Republic 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4935:The New Republic 4930: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4882: 4873: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4840:. Archived from 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4695: 4694:Moyar, pp. 66–67 4692: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4522:The Vietnam Wars 4517: 4511: 4510: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4024: 4015: 4012: 4003: 4000: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3970:Chapman, p. 128. 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3760: 3752: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3736:. pp. 1–14. 3732:Morgan, Joseph. 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3539: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3257: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3098: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3067: 3056: 3054: 3053: 2998: 2979: 2974:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 2891:David Halberstam 2813:Jawaharlal Nehru 2557:exempt from the 2451:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 2343:Land Development 2299:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 2247:(1957), and the 2144:Emmanuel Mounier 2127:communitarianism 2012:Diệm's rule was 1975:Saigon City Hall 1946:Battle of Saigon 1920:in October 1954. 1764:Francis Spellman 1679:State of Vietnam 1454:French Indochina 1413:John the Baptist 1291:Emmanuel Mounier 1196:State of Vietnam 1193: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1180: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1052: 1040:Nguyễn Văn Thuận 945:Joint Communiqué 708:State of Vietnam 637: 636: 634: 627: 619: 612: 611: 608: 607: 585: 583: 582: 570:Military service 565: 473: 432: 420:French Indochina 404: 402: 390:Personal details 376: 364: 347: 322: 309: 287:Trần Chánh Thành 267: 245: 233: 221: 212: 191: 179: 160: 138: 130:State of Vietnam 128:as Chief of the 118: 106: 97: 73: 59: 58: 21: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8562:Buddhist crisis 8507: 8506: 8505: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8461: 8459: 8454: 8416: 8401:Pentagon Papers 8368: 8315: 8272: 8234: 8158: 8012:Buddhist crisis 7982: 7968:1955 referendum 7916: 7883: 7802: 7793: 7788: 7758: 7753: 7741: 7738:Phạm Minh Chính 7728:Nguyễn Tấn Dũng 7676: 7651: 7616: 7553:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 7531: 7474: 7471:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 7464: 7456: 7448:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 7416: 7389: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7346: 7341: 7326: 7316:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 7304:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 7274:Trương Tấn Sang 7202: 7177: 7114: 7082: 7047: 7020: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6977: 6972: 6956: 6920: 6833: 6827: 6813:Trần Văn Chương 6803:Thích Trí Quang 6783:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 6753:Robert McNamara 6733:John F. Kennedy 6728:Thich Thien Hoa 6708:Thích Quảng Đức 6690: 6688: 6682: 6651: 6600: 6598:Buddhist crisis 6595: 6561: 6551: 6543: 6533: 6524: 6516: 6496:Wayback Machine 6470: 6465: 6443: 6424: 6405: 6387:Reeves, Richard 6379: 6365:Olson, James S. 6350: 6324: 6305: 6274: 6258:Langguth, A. J. 6243: 6224: 6202: 6171: 6139: 6137:Further reading 6134: 6128: 6066: 6024: 5963: 5932: 5882: 5856: 5842:Karnow, Stanley 5834: 5799: 5768: 5747: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5479: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346:Miller, p. 320. 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328:Miller, p. 312. 5327: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180:Miller, p. 262. 5179: 5172: 5168:Karnow, p. 292. 5167: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5147:Jacobs, p. 165. 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129:Jacobs, p. 154. 5128: 5124: 5120:Jacobs, p. 149. 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075:Jacobs, p. 143. 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039:Miller, p. 266. 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947:Warner, p. 210. 4946: 4942: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905:Tucker, p. 291. 4904: 4900: 4885:Nauki Społeczne 4880: 4874: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4827:Maclear, p. 63. 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4759:Wayback Machine 4750: 4746: 4742:Miller, p. 247. 4741: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712:Karnow, 280–281 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4614:Miller, p. 170. 4613: 4609: 4605:Miller, p. 169. 4604: 4600: 4596:Miller, p. 163. 4595: 4591: 4587:Miller, p. 161. 4586: 4582: 4577: 4566: 4562:Miller, p. 160. 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4490: 4486: 4463: 4456: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4306:Miller, p. 155. 4305: 4301: 4297:Miller, p. 152. 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270:Karnow, p. 246. 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234:Karnow, p. 326. 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216:Miller, p. 137. 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4165:10.2307/2753754 4152:Pacific Affairs 4143: 4139: 4132: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4047:10.2307/1952326 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934:Chapman, p. 75. 3933: 3929: 3922: 3912:Springer Nature 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885:Chapman, p. 84. 3884: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804:Miller, p. 450. 3803: 3799: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3662:"MSU Libraries" 3660: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3233: 3202: 3200: 3172: 3170: 3142: 3140: 3113: 3111: 3105:13 October 1956 3082: 3080: 3051: 3049: 3040:presenting the 3038:Chiang Kai-shek 3028: 3026:Foreign honours 3023: 3005: 2992: 2977: 2879: 2867:Main articles: 2865: 2844:, Laos and the 2776: 2768:Main articles: 2746: 2720:nation-building 2700:Washington Post 2688:Buddhist crisis 2645:Thích Quảng Đức 2633:Thích Quảng Đức 2600:Thích Trí Quang 2518: 2512:Thích Quảng Đức 2500: 2498:Buddhist crisis 2494: 2400: 2392:Main articles: 2390: 2291:Wolf Ladejinsky 2257: 2232: 2209:and Ambassador 2175:Edward Lansdale 2112: 2102: 1984: 1967: 1962: 1918:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 1910:Nguyễn Văn Hinh 1902: 1870: 1864: 1836:Nguyễn Văn Hinh 1799: 1776:John F. Kennedy 1704: 1671:Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn 1571:Bernard B. Fall 1522: 1466:Phan Châu Trinh 1417:Catholic Church 1409:Gioan Baotixita 1401:central Vietnam 1381: 1353:Buddhist crisis 1187: 1186: 1178: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1123: 1119: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1018:(sister-in-law) 1006:(older brother) 1000:(older brother) 987: 983: 982: 981: 915: 913:Buddhist crisis 909: 896: 846: 802: 796:Buddhist crisis 777: 747: 744: 734: 730:1955 referendum 711: 706: 703: 702: 701: 654: 632: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 580: 578: 550: 548: 546: 522: 517: 512: 507: 489: 488:Other political 478:Political party 467: 463: 434: 430: 429:2 November 1963 406: 400: 398: 374: 362: 348: 343: 320: 307: 292: 281:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 268: 263: 243: 231: 219: 213: 208: 189: 177: 161: 156: 136: 124: 116: 110:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 104: 98: 93: 76: 64: 57: 34:Vietnamese name 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8755: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8504: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8442: 8432: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8346: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8187: 8182: 8180:Sihanouk Trail 8177: 8172: 8170:Củ Chi tunnels 8166: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8154:Fall of Saigon 8151: 8142: 8133: 8124: 8119: 8110: 8097: 8088: 8070: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8042: 8037: 8028: 8019: 8014: 8005: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7941: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7839: 7829: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7687: 7685: 7684:(1976–present) 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673:Huỳnh Tấn Phát 7662: 7660: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7627: 7625: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7598:Trần Văn Hương 7595: 7593:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7573:Trần Văn Hương 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7542: 7540: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7512:Nguyễn Văn Tâm 7509: 7504: 7499: 7485: 7483: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7427: 7425: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7412:Trần Trọng Kim 7400: 7398: 7391: 7390: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324:(2024-present) 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7280:Trần Đại Quang 7277: 7271: 7265: 7262:Trần Đức Lương 7259: 7253: 7243: 7233: 7230:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 7227: 7213: 7211: 7210:(1976–present) 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 7188: 7186: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174:Dương Văn Minh 7171: 7169:Trần Văn Hương 7166: 7161: 7156: 7154:Dương Văn Minh 7151: 7148: 7143: 7141:Dương Văn Minh 7138: 7125: 7123: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7093: 7091: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7058: 7056: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7031: 7029: 7022: 7021: 7006: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6937:Malcolm Browne 6934: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6906:Trần Kim Tuyến 6903: 6898: 6896:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6856:Dương Văn Minh 6853: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6562: 6558:Dương Văn Minh 6556: 6553: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6489:, Vol. 2 Ch. 4 6483: 6469: 6468:External links 6466: 6464: 6463: 6454: 6447: 6441: 6428: 6423:978-1586179359 6422: 6409: 6403: 6383: 6377: 6361: 6354: 6348: 6335: 6328: 6322: 6309: 6303: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6254: 6247: 6241: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6200: 6184: 6175: 6169: 6153: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127:978-0824887865 6126: 6111: 6082: 6075:, ed. (2015). 6070: 6065:978-1316160992 6064: 6049: 6028: 6022: 6004: 5982:(3): 741–771. 5967: 5962:978-0511511646 5961: 5943: 5936: 5931:978-0674072985 5930: 5915: 5897:(3): 433–458. 5886: 5880: 5867: 5860: 5854: 5838: 5832: 5820:Jarvis, Edward 5816: 5803: 5797: 5784: 5772: 5767:978-0801450617 5766: 5751: 5746:978-0700612208 5745: 5730: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5676: 5649: 5623: 5615: 5592: 5567: 5535: 5509: 5500: 5493: 5470: 5438: 5410: 5388: 5381: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5318: 5305: 5292: 5280: 5266: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5212: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5093:Moyar, p. 220. 5086: 5084:Jacobs, p. 145 5077: 5068: 5059: 5057:Miller, p. 266 5050: 5048:Jarvis, p. 59. 5041: 5032: 5023: 5017:New York Times 5003: 4988: 4979: 4967: 4965:Karnow, p. 294 4958: 4949: 4940: 4925: 4916: 4907: 4898: 4855: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4744: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4651:978-0817964313 4650: 4628: 4626:Miller, p. 187 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4530: 4512: 4506:978-0877277958 4505: 4484: 4454: 4418: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4385:Miller, p. 144 4378: 4376:Miller, p. 142 4369: 4367:Miller, p. 141 4360: 4358:Miller, p. 138 4351: 4349:Miller, p. 139 4339: 4337:Miller, p. 136 4330: 4321: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4279:Jacobs, p. 89. 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4195:United Nations 4185: 4137: 4130: 4124:. p. 11. 4106: 4100:978-0891418665 4099: 4075: 4041:(2): 437–462. 4016: 4014:Jacobs, p. 95. 4004: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3921:978-9811337116 3920: 3914:. p. 66. 3896: 3887: 3875: 3866: 3851: 3842: 3840:Chapman, p. 74 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3768: 3739: 3724: 3722:Jacobs, p. 30. 3715: 3713:Miller, p. 34. 3706: 3704:Jacobs, p. 27. 3697: 3688: 3679: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3633:Miller, p. 36. 3626: 3624:Miller, p. 35. 3617: 3608: 3606:Miller, p. 32. 3599: 3587: 3585:Jacobs, p. 22. 3578: 3565: 3552: 3550:Miller, p. 30. 3540: 3528: 3521: 3503: 3501:Jacobs, p. 20. 3491: 3489:Miller, p. 25. 3482: 3473: 3464: 3442: 3433: 3431:Jarvis, p. 37. 3424: 3422:Miller, p. 24. 3415: 3413:Jarvis, p. 21. 3406: 3404:Miller, p. 22. 3397: 3395:Jacobs, p. 19. 3383: 3381:Jarvis, p. 20. 3374: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3335:Miller, p. 23. 3328: 3315: 3313:Miller, p. 19. 3306: 3293: 3278: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3134:27 August 1957 3109: 3108: 3107: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017:colonialism". 3004: 3001: 2982:unmarked grave 2910:Dương Văn Minh 2903:Malcolm Browne 2895:New York Times 2864: 2861: 2745: 2744:Foreign policy 2742: 2661:Gautama Buddha 2649:self-immolated 2583:Buddhist flags 2544:Flag flown by 2496:Main article: 2493: 2490: 2447:Vương Văn Đông 2413:whistleblowers 2389: 2386: 2359:village elders 2256: 2253: 2231: 2228: 2191:Phan Quang Đán 2132:Nguyễn dynasty 2101: 2098: 2038:anti-Communist 1980:Main article: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1901: 1898: 1866:Main article: 1863: 1860: 1798: 1795: 1768:Mike Mansfield 1714:in Japan, 1950 1703: 1700: 1615:Trần Trọng Kim 1560:Nguyễn Hữu Bài 1521: 1518: 1490:Ngô Đình Luyện 1433:British Malaya 1380: 1377: 1365:Dương Văn Minh 1275:decolonization 1267:anti-communism 1083: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1065: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1028:Ngô Đình Luyện 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 988: 985: 984: 980: 979: 974: 973: 972: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 916: 911: 910: 908: 907: 902: 894: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 842: 841: 840: 839: 838: 829: 828: 827: 826: 821: 815:Parliamentary 813: 812: 811: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 783: 775: 774: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 745: 735: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 704: 700: 699: 693: 683: 673: 666: 655: 649:Nguyễn dynasty 647: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 626:a series about 622: 620: 604: 603: 600: 599: 594: 590: 589: 576: 572: 571: 567: 566: 559: 555: 554: 543: 539: 538: 532: 528: 527: 524:Ngô Đình Luyện 501: 497: 496: 491: 485: 484: 479: 475: 474: 457: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 433:(aged 62) 427: 423: 422: 405:3 January 1901 396: 392: 391: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 371: 370: 368:Nguyễn Hữu Bài 365: 359: 358: 355: 351: 350: 340: 339: 337:Nguyễn dynasty 329: 328: 323: 317: 316: 310: 304: 303: 298: 294: 293: 291: 290: 284: 277: 275: 271: 270: 260: 259: 252: 251: 246: 240: 239: 234: 228: 227: 222: 220:Prime Minister 216: 215: 205: 204: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 153: 152: 146: 145: 142:Dương Văn Minh 139: 133: 132: 119: 113: 112: 107: 105:Vice President 101: 100: 90: 89: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8754: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8667:South Vietnam 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8517:Ngo Dinh Diem 8515: 8514: 8512: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8451: 8443: 8441: 8433: 8431: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8256:POW/MIA issue 8254: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8077:Tet Offensive 8074: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8040:December coup 8038: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7847:United States 7845: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7832:South Vietnam 7830: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7814:North Vietnam 7812: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7780: 7778: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7723:Phan Văn Khải 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7698:Phạm Văn Đồng 7696: 7691: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7648:Phạm Văn Đồng 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7633:North Vietnam 7631: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7608:Nguyễn Bá Cẩn 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7588:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 7586: 7584: 7583:Phan Huy Quát 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7548:South Vietnam 7546: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7527:Ngô Đình Diệm 7525: 7523: 7522:Phan Huy Quát 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7491:South Vietnam 7489: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7373: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7310:Võ Văn Thưởng 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7224:Tôn Đức Thắng 7222: 7217: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7159:Phan Khắc Sửu 7157: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Ngô Đình Diệm 7134: 7131:South Vietnam 7129: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7110:Ngô Đình Diệm 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099:South Vietnam 7097: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7079:Tôn Đức Thắng 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7065:North Vietnam 7063: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7004: 6999: 6997: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6901:Tôn Thất Đính 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6876:Nguyễn Hữu Có 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866:Lê Quang Tung 6864: 6862: 6861:Huỳnh Văn Cao 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6841:Lucien Conein 6839: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Ngô Đình Thục 6776: 6774: 6773:Ngô Đình Nhu 6771: 6769: 6768:Ngô Đình Diệm 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723:Roger Hilsman 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6698:Bui Van Luong 6696: 6695: 6693: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6523: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6460: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6442:0-8131-2260-0 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6404:0-671-89289-4 6400: 6395: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6378:0-312-08431-5 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6323:0-465-04370-4 6319: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6304:0-423-00580-4 6300: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6273:0-684-81202-9 6269: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6242:0-19-505286-2 6238: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6223:0-525-24210-4 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6170:0-316-15919-0 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6073:Taylor, K. W. 6071: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6039:(3): 44–100. 6038: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6008:Sheehan, Neil 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5855:0-670-84218-4 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5798:0-7425-4447-8 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5690: 5683: 5681: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5585: 5577: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5504: 5496: 5494:9781139459211 5490: 5486: 5485: 5477: 5475: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5337:Jacobs, p. 2. 5334: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5287: 5285: 5278:Taylor, p. 3. 5275: 5273: 5271: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5205: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5030:Moyar, p. 216 5027: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4956:Fall, p. 199. 4953: 4944: 4936: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4689: 4679: 4670: 4664:Kolko, p. 89. 4661: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4621: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4533: 4531:0-06-016553-7 4527: 4523: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4334: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4288:Olson, p. 98. 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4243:Moyar, p. 36. 4240: 4231: 4225:Olson, p. 65. 4222: 4213: 4207:Taylor, p. 6. 4204: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4131:0-7864-0404-3 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3988:Moyar, p. 54. 3985: 3979:Miller, p. 6. 3976: 3967: 3961:Moyar, p. 59. 3958: 3952:Moyar, p. 55. 3949: 3940: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3894:Moyar, p. 52. 3891: 3882: 3880: 3873:Moyar, p. 40. 3870: 3862: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3831:Moyar, p. 41. 3828: 3822:Moyar, p. 33. 3819: 3810: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3686:Fall, p. 242. 3683: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3592: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3480:Moyar, p. 12. 3477: 3471:Miller, p. 21 3468: 3462:Fall, p. 239. 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3378: 3371:. p. 12. 3370: 3366: 3359: 3350: 3344:Fall, p. 235. 3341: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3286:British Pathé 3282: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3242: 3241:Philip Catton 3237: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3072:(D.M.N.(K)), 3071: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2934:Huỳnh Văn Cao 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922:Tôn Thất Đính 2917: 2915: 2914:Lucien Conein 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Phạm Đăng Lâm 2788: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2756:, arrives at 2755: 2750: 2741: 2738: 2737:Xá Lợi Pagoda 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2708:Roger Hilsman 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653:Xá Lợi pagoda 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641:Buddhist monk 2634: 2630: 2629:Buddhist monk 2626: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2615:Từ Đàm pagoda 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481:Ấp Chiến lược 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421:Buôn Ma Thuột 2416: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2405:Gabriel Kolko 2399: 2395: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339:Khu dinh điền 2336: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2148:individualism 2145: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:nationalistic 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:authoritarian 2010: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1988:South Vietnam 1983: 1976: 1971: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1927:Nguyễn Văn Vy 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1882:North Vietnam 1879: 1875: 1869: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1823:Điện Biên Phủ 1816: 1815:South Vietnam 1812: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1780:Massachusetts 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744:Pope Pius XII 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Wesley Fishel 1725: 1721: 1713: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667:Indochina War 1660: 1659:Bùi Bằng Đoàn 1656: 1655:Thái Văn Toản 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1584:Phan Bội Châu 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Ngô Đình Thục 1475: 1474:Ngô Đình Khôi 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1376: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:North Vietnam 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:United States 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:Cần Lao Party 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:civil service 1244: 1243:Ngô Đình Thục 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1151: 1150: 1141: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1089: 1088:Ngô Đình Diệm 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 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1369: 1346: 1318:Ngô Đình Nhu 1299: 1295:Confucianism 1233:for Emperor 1227:Ngô Đình Khả 1220: 1087: 1086: 1034:Ngô Thế Linh 1022:Ngô Đình Cẩn 1016:Trần Lệ Xuân 1010:Ngô Đình Nhu 992:Ngô Đình Khả 776:Major events 756:Confucianism 631: 593:Battles/wars 535:Ngô Đình Khả 519:Ngô Đình Cẩn 514:Ngô Đình Nhu 490:affiliations 462:(until 1983) 431:(1963-11-02) 375:Succeeded by 344: 325: 321:Succeeded by 264: 248: 244:Succeeded by 224: 209: 195:Trần Văn Đôn 190:Succeeded by 182: 170: 157: 137:Succeeded by 121: 94: 53: 45: 41: 29: 8527:1963 deaths 8522:1901 births 7877:New Zealand 7872:South Korea 7791:Vietnam War 7718:Võ Văn Kiệt 7708:Võ Văn Kiệt 7659:(1975–1976) 7638:Ho Chi Minh 7624:(1945–1976) 7539:(1955–1975) 7482:(1949–1955) 7465:(1948–1949) 7424:(1946–1949) 7312:(2023–2024) 7300:(2021–2023) 7294:(2018–2021) 7282:(2016–2018) 7276:(2011–2016) 7270:(2006–2011) 7264:(1997–2006) 7258:(1992–1997) 7250:Võ Chí Công 7232:(1980–1981) 7226:(1976–1980) 7185:(1969–1976) 7122:(1955–1975) 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8200:Land mines 8035:Resolution 7921:Background 7613:Vũ Văn Mẫu 7388:since 1945 7256:Lê Đức Anh 7019:since 1945 6871:Lê Văn Kim 6846:Đỗ Cao Trí 6823:Vũ Văn Mẫu 6793:Madame Nhu 6552:1955–1963 6525:1954–1955 5999:1993/34017 5881:0743212444 5697:23 October 5524:(in Malay) 5452:VietNamNet 4761:HistoryNet 4178:28 October 4068:28 October 3522:093869250X 3247:References 2928:, General 2926:Đỗ Cao Trí 2924:, General 2887:Lê Văn Kim 2681:Vũ Văn Mẫu 2672:Madame Nhu 2575:Confucians 2502:See also: 2104:See also: 2018:nepotistic 1848:Bình Xuyên 1651:Phạm Quỳnh 1639:Thượng thư 1526:Thừa Thiên 1506:Mark Moyar 1450:Thành Thái 1235:Thành Thái 670:Quảng Điền 575:Allegiance 511:(brother) 412:Quảng Bình 401:1901-01-03 50:given name 8489:Biography 8320:Reactions 8277:Aftermath 7948:Việt Minh 7857:Australia 7826:Viet Cong 7703:Phạm Hùng 6689:religious 6668:Cable 243 6107:182587669 5911:145272335 5669:31 August 5657:中華民國文化部. 5601:Ham, Paul 5528:31 August 5316:, p. 101. 5303:, p. 100. 4893:2082-9213 4473:(3): 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3120:Thailand 2970:revolver 2941:piastres 2883:Bùi Diễm 2842:Thailand 2795:Cambodia 2555:de facto 2439:Vietcong 2264:nation. 2251:(1957). 2078:Piastres 2069:cinnamon 1825:and the 1753:Cold War 1712:Cường Để 1593:Cường Để 1535:Tuần phủ 1502:celibacy 1446:mandarin 1373:dictator 1231:mandarin 1223:Catholic 1214:-backed 1042:(nephew) 1036:(cousin) 994:(father) 970:reaction 680:Hải Lăng 652:mandarin 537:(father) 85:1st 32:In this 8477:Vietnam 8463:Portals 8450:Commons 8239:Impacts 8229:Đắk Sơn 8190:Weapons 7800:Outline 7713:Đỗ Mười 7693:Vietnam 7517:Bửu Lộc 7497:Bảo Đại 7219:Vietnam 7105:Bảo Đại 7043:Bảo Đại 6961:Related 6834:figures 6703:Bửu Hội 6691:figures 6512:Prince 5710:Sources 5621:, p. 57 4198:. 1954. 4173:2753754 4055:1952326 3044:to Diệm 3021:Honours 2966:bayonet 2964:with a 2585:during 2534:pagodas 2325:Cái Sắn 2278:, 1966. 2276:Tuy Hoa 2213:in 1961 1844:Cao Đài 1840:Hòa Hảo 1809:Map of 1772:Montana 1724:Vatican 1643:Bảo Đại 1575:Bảo Đại 1549:Bảo Đại 1546:emperor 1514:convent 1462:eunuchs 1251:Bảo Đại 686:Tuần vũ 676:Prefect 482:Cần Lao 357:Bảo Đại 354:Monarch 335:of the 314:Bửu Lộc 312:Prince 301:Bảo Đại 225:Himself 171:Himself 126:Bảo Đại 38:surname 8225:My Lai 7987:Events 7748:acting 7397:(1945) 7333:acting 7322:Tô Lâm 7318:(2024) 7306:(2023) 7288:(2018) 7028:(1945) 6851:Đỗ Mậu 6656:Policy 6605:Events 6439: 6420: 6401: 6375: 6346: 6320: 6301: 6270: 6239: 6220: 6198: 6167: 6124: 6105: 6062: 6020: 5959: 5928: 5909: 5878: 5852: 5830: 5795: 5764: 5743: 5613: 5491: 5379: 4891: 4804:20 May 4648: 4528: 4503: 4171: 4128: 4097: 4061: 4053: 3918: 3519: 3231:Legacy 3206: 3176: 3146: 3117: 3086: 3058:Malaya 3055: 2958:Cholon 2875:, and 2853:France 2836:, the 2834:Taiwan 2677:Saigon 2560:corvée 2526:Taoism 2514:, and 2311:Taiwan 2309:, and 2082:Pounds 1954:Ba Cụt 1441:priest 1425:Tự Đức 1310:Europe 1308:, and 1304:, the 1293:, and 1273:, and 1259:France 986:Family 698:(1933) 584: 531:Parent 436:Saigon 283:(1954) 274:Deputy 36:, the 8407:SEATO 8362:Songs 8357:Games 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