Nguyễn dynasty - Knowledge

3828: 3431: 121: 17972: 5449: 3521: 4283: 6819: 5371: 6123: 5407: 1350: 184: 5355: 5395: 5383: 6372: 5419: 887: 6788: 4254: 3139: 3800: 4472: 6422: 212: 3501: 2102: 7457: 11751: 7568: 858: 6749: 1932: 4357:"), the Vietnamese term which often refers to China but now was taken by Gia Long to emphasis his Son of Heaven status and the devaluation of China. Following next decades, Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven theory gradually lost their positions among the Vietnamese officials and intellectuals. When the fourth emperor, Tự Đức, ceded Southern Vietnam to France and called all Southern officials to give up arms, many ignored, disobeyed the Son of Heaven and continued to fight against invaders. Many dissents viewed him as surrendering and frightened of France. Rebellions against Tự Đức erupted every year from 1860 until he died in 1883. 2633: 3621: 11594: 5491: 2736: 4238: 941: 2645: 3317:(r. 1848–1883). Thiệu Trị or Prince Miên Tông, was the eldest son of Emperor Minh Mạng. His six-year reign showed a significant decrease in Catholic persecution. With the population growing fast from 6 million in the 1820s to 10 million in 1850, the attempts at agricultural self sufficiency were proving unworkable. Between 1802 and 1862, the court had faced 405 minor and large revolts of peasants, political dissents, ethnic minorities, Lê loyalists (people that were loyal to the old Lê Duy dynasty) across the country, this made responding to the challenge of European colonisers significantly more challenging. 17965: 173: 3235: 2215: 923: 905: 6860: 5190: 11492:, these agencies were tasked with keeping track of the seals, files, and chapters of their ministry. On duty of the Office of Ministry Seals Management were the correspondents of each individual ministry that received and distributed documents and records of a government agency. These two agencies usually had a few dozen officers who would import documents from their ministry. Usually the name of the ministry is directly attached to the seal agency's name, for example "Office of Civil Affairs Ministry Seals Management – Civil Affairs Ministry Officers on Duty" (吏印司吏直處, 3816: 5434: 3673: 3537: 3645: 6594:(清人). The Minh Hương were Chinese refugees that had migrated and settled down in Vietnam earlier during the 17th century, who married with Vietnamese women, had been substantially assimilated to local Kinh and Khmer populaces, and loyal to the Nguyen, compared to the Thanh nhân that recently arrived in Southern Vietnam, dominated the rice trade. During the reign of Minh Mạng, a restriction against the Thanh nhân was issued in 1827, Thanh nhân could not access to the state bureaucracy and had to be integrated into Kinh population like the Minh Hương. 4266: 11739: 3427:, who proclaimed himself to be a Lê prince, broke out in the north and escalated. Alongside the pretext of avenging the death of the missionaries the French invasion was designed to prove to Europe that France wasn't a second-rate power, and 'civilize' the area. In February 1861, French reinforcement and 70 warships led by General Vassoigne arrived and overwhelmed the Vietnamese strongholds. Facing the Alliance invasion and internal rebellion, Tự Đức chose to cede three Southern provinces to France in order to deal with the coinciding rebellion. 6692: 4389:, a Chinese geographer, reported that the bureaucrats in the Vietnamese court sat down and even felt free to search themselves for body lice during the court audiences. Gia Long once told the son of J.B. Chaigneau, one of his advisors, that the use of Son of Heaven in Vietnam was an "absurdity" and "at least in mixed Vietnamese–European Company." Once the young crown prince is chosen to succeed, his obligation is to be filial with parents, be well-educated in politics and classics, and internalize the morals and ethics of a ruler. 3593: 3396: 11708:), in Chinese symbolism (including Vietnamese symbolism) five-clawed dragons are symbols of an Emperor, while four-clawed dragons are seen as symbols or kings. To denote the high status of Emperor all monarchial robes, hats, and seals were adorned with five-clawed dragons and ordered the creation of new seals with five-clawed dragons as their seal knobs to showcase imperial legitimacy. Meanwhile, the wardrobes and other symbols of vassals and princes were adorned with four-clawed dragons symbolising their status as "kings". 11767: 3633: 844: 4226: 6840: 6831: 6676: 3577: 151: 3609: 6640: 4448: 4436: 3557: 6704: 3771: 2301: 6484: 3657: 6847: 6652: 3447: 6869: 2701:, who was responsible for French assistance, refused to provide it. Although the treaty was not implemented, de Behaine recruited French businessman who intended to trade in Vietnam and raised funds to assist Nguyễn Ánh. He spent fifteen thousand francs of his own money to purchase guns and warships. Cảnh and de Behaine returned to Gia Định in 1788 (after Nguyễn Ánh had recaptured it), followed by a ship with the war materiel. Frenchmen who were recruited included 13224:(Extracted from Truong Van Mon, "The Raja Praong Ritual: a Memory of the sea in Cham- Malay Relations", in Memory And Knowledge Of The Sea In South Asia, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Monograph Series 3, pp, 97–111. International Seminar on Maritime Culture and Geopolitics & Workshop on Bajau Laut Music and Dance", Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 23–24/2008) 6764: 3689: 11646:). During the Nguyễn dynasty period the "Achievement of the State" typically consisted of two dragons surrounding a moon or two dragons surrounding a Taijitu, this symbol was commonly found on the caps of high-ranking mandarins. The two dragons surrounding the moon implies that the emperor, or "sovereign", (represented by the dragons) was also the head of state (represented by either the moon or a Yin-Yang symbol). During the period of French domination (法屬, 3404: 2536: 7376: 7527: 3762:. A peace negotiation between Vietnam and France was reached on 5 January 1874. France formally recognized Vietnam's full independence from China; France would pay off Vietnam's Spanish debts; French force returned Hanoi to the Vietnamese; the Vietnamese military in Hanoi had to disband and be reduced to a simple police force; total religious and trade freedom was ensured; Vietnam was compelled to recognise all six southern provinces as French territories. 101: 7081: 11403: 11390: 11353: 11340: 11327: 11306: 11288: 7492: 4484: 6564: 5129: 5479: 6776: 6399: 17958: 6528:

urbanization in the late 19th century. Many peasants left tenant farms and poured into cities, they were hired by French-owned factories. By 1880 the Vietnamese were estimated back then as high as 18 million people, while modern estimates by Angus Maddison have suggested a lower figure of 12.2 million people. Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty was always a multiethnic complex. Nearly 80% percent of the Empire's population were

4460: 7214: 7419: 7333: 7124: 5815: 6664: 6520: 3913:. The French were granted Bình Thuận; Đà Nẵng and Qui Nhơn were opened for trade; the ruling sphere of the Vietnamese monarchy was reduced to Central Vietnam while Northern Vietnam became a French Protectorate. In November, Emperor Hiệp Hòa and Trần Tiễn Thành were executed by Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết for their perceived pro-French sympathies. 14-year-old Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng was crowned as Emperor 7295: 3377:, who urged the emperor to reform and transform the Empire following the Western model and open Vietnam to the west. Despite their efforts the conservative Confucian bureaucrats and Tự Đức himself had a literal interest in such reforms. The economy remained largely agricultural, with 95% of the population living in rural areas, only mining offered potential to the modernist's dreams of a western-style state. 4405:. These moves incorporated French officials directly into the administrative structure of the Imperial Huế Court and further legitimized French rule in the legislative branch of the Nguyễn government. From this period onwards any imperial edicts issued by the Emperors of Đại Nam had to be confirmed by the Resident-Superior of Annam giving him both legislative and executive power over the Nguyễn government. 5783:) that supervising entire northern of the southern part of the kingdom. In 1803, Vietnam had 57 prefectures, 41 subprefectures, 201 districts, 4,136 cantons and 16,452 villages, and then by the 1840s its had been increased to 72 prefectures, 39 subprefectures and 283 districts, which an average 30,000 people per district. Cambodia had been absorbed into the Vietnamese administrative system, bore the name 7255: 3705: 6734: 3929:, which confirmed French dominion over Vietnam. On 31 May 1885, France appointed the first governor of all Vietnam. On 9 June 1885, Vietnam ceased to exist after 83 years as an independent state. The leader of the pro-war faction, Tôn Thất Thuyết and his supporters revolted against the French in July 1885, but were forced to retreat to the Laotian highlands with the young emperor 11481:

kinds of documents, which was compiled by the Cabinet of the Nguyễn dynasty in the year Minh Mạng 3 (1822). The various types of seals of the Nguyễn dynasty had different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Ấn chương (印章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký (記).

2807:Ánh began to reorganize a strong armed force in Siam. He left Siam (after thanking King Rama I), and returned to Vietnam. During the 1787 war between Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Nhạc in northern Vietnam, Ánh recaptured the southern Vietnamese capital of Gia Định. Southern Vietnam had been ruled by the Nguyễns and they remained popular, especially with the ethnic Chinese. 2101: 11658:) was the sovereign over the Empire (the dragons), the Nguyễn Emperor now merely being the head of state (moon or Yin-Yang symbol). Moons also appeared on the shields of common Nguyễn dynasty soldiers representing the state, while soldiers of the imperial guards sometimes had shields depicting a red sun showcasing that they were a function of the empire. 2775:. Trịnh Bồng surrendered to the Lê and became a monk. Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh wanted to unify the country under Lê rule, and began to prepare the army to march south and attack the Tây Sơn. Huệ led the army, killed Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, and captured the later Lê capital. The Lê imperial family were exiled to China, and the later Lê dynasty collapsed. 6494:, a prominent Catholic and reformist intellectual, launched an attack on Confucian structures in 1867 as decadent. He wrote to Tự Đức: "the evil that has been brought on China and on our country by the Confucian way of life." He criticized the court's Confucian education as dogmatic and unrealistic, promoted for his education reform. 3490:, in which he called to revise the 1862 treaty. In July 1864, another draft treaty was signed. France returned the three provinces to Vietnam, but still held control over three important cities Saigon, Mỹ Tho, and Thủ Dầu Một. In 1866, France convinced Tự Đức to hand over the southern provinces of Vĩnh Long, Hà Tiên, and Châu Đốc. 2572:. The alliance was largely victorious from July through November, and the Tây Sơn army retreated north. However, Emperor Nguyễn Huệ halted the retreat and counter-attacked the Siamese forces in December. In the decisive battle of Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút, more than 20,000 Siamese soldiers died and the remainder retreated to Siam. 183: 2474:, leading to support by wealthy Chinese for Ánh. He returned to Giồng Lữ, defeated Admiral Nguyễn Học of the Tây Sơn and captured eighty battleships. Ánh then began a campaign to reclaim southern Vietnam, but Nguyễn Huệ deployed a naval force to the river and destroyed his navy. Ánh again escaped with his followers to 16280:"Admiring Dragons and Phoenixes on the Treasures of the Nguyen Dynasty. – This is also the name of the exhibition which is co-organized by the National Museum of History and Hue Monuments Conservation Center. The exhibition opening ceremony was on the morning of September 7 (7/9), at Hue Museum of Royal Antiquities" 16122:"Ấn triện đồng triều Nguyễn. – Ấn triện bằng đồng là loại liên quan đến uy quyền. Vua Nguyễn cấp ấn triện cho những bề tôi là để ban ủy quyền cho các bề tôi thay mặt vua cai trị dân. Nghiên cứu về ấn triện bằng đồng thời Nguyễn sẽ hiểu thêm về hệ thống quan chức triều Nguyễn cũng như nhiều vấn đề khác liên quan" 6460:(thanksgiving ritual) to heaven. In addition, the emperor believed that holy spirits and natural goddesses of his country can also make rain. In 1804, Gia Long built the Nam Hải Long Vương Temple (Temple of Southern Ocean Dragon King) in Thuận An, northeast of Hue in his faithfulness to the god of Thuận An ( 3827: 6527:

Before the French conquest, the Vietnamese population was very sparse due to the agricultural backbones economy of the country. The population in 1802 was 6.5 million people and had only grown to 8 million by 1840. Rapid industrialization after the 1860s ushered in massive population growth and rapid

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During Gia Long's years, Catholicism was peacefully worshipped without any restriction. Began with Minh Mạng, who considered Christianity as a heterodox religion for its rejection of ancestor worship, the important belief of the Vietnamese monarchy. After reading the Bible (Old and New Testament), he

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By the late 1860s, pirates, bandits, and remnants of the Taiping rebellion in China, fled to Tonkin and turned Northern Vietnam into a hotbed for their raid activities. The Vietnamese state was too weak to fight against the pirates. These Chinese rebels eventually formed their own mercenary armies as

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Rama I, fearing the growing influence of the Tây Sơn dynasty in Cambodia and Laos, decided to dispatch his army against it. In Bangkok, Ánh began to recruit Vietnamese refugees in Siam to join his army (which totaled over 9,000). He returned to Vietnam and prepared his forces for the Tây Sơn campaign

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After the death of Emperor Tự Đức (and according to his will), Dục Đức ascended to the throne on 19 July 1883. He was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting a paragraph from Tự Đức's will. With no time to announce his dynastic title, his era name was named for his

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The Nguyễn dynasty viewed cultures that were "non-Chinese" as barbaric and called themselves the Central Kingdom (Trung Quốc, 中國). This includes the Han Chinese under the Qing dynasty who were viewed as "non-Chinese". As the Qing have caused the Chinese to not be "Han" anymore. Chinese were referred

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that ravaged and killed 200,000 people across the country. His reign mainly focused on centralizing and stabilizing the state, by abolishing the Viceroy system and implementing a new full bureaucracy-provincial-based administration. He also halted diplomacy with Europe, and cracked down on religious

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in 1636 as his residence and established the dominion of the Nguyễn lord in the southern part of the country. Although the Nguyễn and Trịnh lords ruled as de facto rulers in their respective lands, they paid official tribute to the Lê emperors in a ceremonial gesture, and recognize Lê dynasty as the

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In 1802 the Nguyen dynasty was recognized with an imperial pardon and tributary status. there was no doubt in anyone's mind that China was the superior and the tributary state the inferior. The Vietnamese kings clearly realized that they had to acknowledge China's suzerainty and become tributaries

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were forced to join public works in order to limit the influence of Buddhism and promote Confucianism as the sole dominant belief of the society. However, such embracing a Sinic Confucian culture among the Vietnamese populace whom lived amidst a Southeast Asian infrastructure, widening the distance

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While seeking to maximize the use of Indochina's natural resources and manpower to fight World War I, France cracked down on Vietnam's patriotic mass movements. Indochina (mainly Vietnam) had to provide France with 70,000 soldiers and 70,000 workers, who were forcibly drafted from villages to serve

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mounted an attack on the Red River Delta, but was soon driven back by the Vietnamese navy and suffered several losses. After the Napoleonic War and Gia Long's death, the British Empire renewed relations with Vietnam in 1822. During his reign, a system of roads connecting Hanoi, Hue, and Saigon with

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to France. The French were allowed to trade freely and control foreign trade in Vietnam. Vietnam had to build one ship per year which was similar to the French ship which brought aid and gave it to France. Vietnam was obligated to supply food and other aid to France when the French were at war with

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In 1782, Nguyễn Ánh escaped to Cambodia and the Tây Sơn seized southern Vietnam (now Cochinchina). They had discriminated against the ethnic Chinese, displeasing the Chinese-Vietnamese. That April, Nguyễn loyalists Tôn Thất Dụ, Trần Xuân Trạch, Trần Văn Tự and Trần Công Chương sent military support

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attacked and captured Gia Định from the sea and defeated the Nguyễn Lord forces. The Tây Sơn received widespread popular support as they presented themselves as champions of the Vietnamese people, who rejected any foreign influence and fought for the full reinstitution of the Lê dynasty. Hence, the

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inhabited the hills west of the Red River Delta, and although subordinate to the central authority, they were permitted to bear arms, a privilege not accorded to any other subjects of the court of Huế. The Tày and the Mang live in the northern highlands of Tonkin, both submitted to Huế court along

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besides making them replace skirts with trousers. Han Chinese Ming dynasty refugees numbering 3,000 came to Vietnam at the end of the Ming dynasty. They opposed the Qing dynasty and were fiercely loyal to the Ming dynasty. Vietnamese women married these Han Chinese refugees since most of them were

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On 18 August, French battleships began shelling Vietnamese positions in the Thuận An citadel. Two days later, at dawn, Courbet and the French marines landed on the shore. By the next morning, all Vietnamese defenses in Huế were overwhelmed by the French. Emperor Hiệp Hòa dispatched mandarin Nguyễn

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to the north to deal with these various problems but had to avoid all international attention, particularly from China. On 25 April 1882, Rivière took Hanoi without facing any resistance. Tự Đức informed the Chinese court that their tributary state was being attacked. In September 1882, 17 Chinese

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hit Vietnam, having travelled from India. The epidemic quickly spread out of control and killed 800,000 people (8–10% of Vietnam's 1847 population) across the Empire. Locusts plagued northern Vietnam in 1854, and a major rebellion in the following year damaged much of the Tonkin countryside. These

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as Commandery Princess of Cambodia. Cambodian officials were required to wear Vietnamese-style clothing, and govern in Vietnamese style. However the Vietnamese rule over Cambodia did not last long and proved draining to Vietnam's economy to maintain. Minh Mạng died in 1841, whilst a Khmer uprising

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of the Empire" and the "Achievement of the State" were identical to their Imperial Chinese counterparts, the "Achievement of the Empire" first appeared in Vietnam during the 11th century and were identical during the Later Lê and Nguyễn periods consisting of two Dragons surrounding a flaming sun,

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At that time, Nguyễn Huệ's influence became stronger in northern Vietnam; this made Emperor Nguyễn Nhạc of the Tây Sơn dynasty suspect Huệ's loyalty. The relationship between the brothers became tense, eventually leading to battle. Huệ had his army surround Nhạc's capital, at Quy Nhơn citadel, in

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The Nguyễn dynasty's seal are rich and diverse in types and had strict rules and laws that regulated their manipulation, management, and use. The common practice of using seals was clearly recorded in the book "Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển sự lệ" on how to use seals, how to place them, and on what

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Just two years after French recognition, Tự Đức sent an embassy to Qing China in 1876 and re-provoked the tributary relationship with the Chinese (the last mission was in 1849). In 1878, Vietnam renewed relations with Thailand. In 1880, Britain, Germany, and Spain were still debating the fate of

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the Vietnamese and sank many Vietnamese ships in Đà Nẵng, demanding the release of Lefèbvre. Angered by the incident, Thiệu Trị ordered all European documents in his palace to be smashed, and all European caught on Vietnamese land were to immediate execution. In autumn, two British warships of

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systems of both the Later Lê and Nguyễn dynasties were similar to those found in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The sun symbol as a flaming disc in Vietnam dates back to the 11th century and during the Nguyễn dynasty period this symbol was often depicted with pointed rays. The moon

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Japan for its notorious policies on Christians. Minh Mạng also was influenced by anti-Christian propaganda written by Vietnamese Confucian officials and literati, which described the mixing of men and women and liberal society among the Church. The most thing he worried about Christianity and

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and Ming dynasties which were learned by the Vietnamese, who saw themselves as sharing a civilization with the Qing. This event triggered a diplomatic disaster. The consequence was that non-"Han Chinese highland tribes" and other non-Vietnamese peoples living near (or in) Vietnam were called

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proposed a direct military campaign against Vietnam to revise the 1874 treaty. Because Tự Đức was too preoccupied to keep the French out of his Empire without directly engaging against them, he requested assistance from the Chinese court. In 1882, 30,000 Qing troops flooded into the northern

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Catholicism was writing texts that proved that Christianity was a means for Europeans to take over foreign countries. He also praised the anti-Christian policy in Japan. Churches were destroyed and many Christians were imprisoned. The persecution got intense during the reign of his grandson

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that killed roughly 8% of the country's population, while the countries isolationist policies damaged the economy. France and Spain declared war on Vietnam in September 1858. Faced with these industrialised powers, the hermit Nguyễn dynasty and its military crumbled, the alliance capturing

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The Nguyễn dynasty retained the bureaucratic and hierarchic system of previous dynasties. The emperor was the head of state who wielded absolute authority. Under the emperor was the Ministry of Interior (which worked on papers, imperial messages and recording) and four Grand Secretariats

4289: 16314:"Giải mã 'rồng 5 móng' của nhà Nguyễn. Để thể hiện tính độc lập giữa Hoàng đế Việt Nam và các nước láng giềng, Vua Gia Long đã có chỉ dụ về quy định các hình thêu, đúc rồng trên trang phục, đồ dùng của vua và hoàng thái tử chỉ được thêu rồng 5 móng, khác với rồng 4 móng của Trung Hoa" 14180:

Vol. 3, Issues 25–36. p. 233. 1996 "In 1834 the 'Vien Co Mat' (secret affairs institute) was set up for the first time in the feudal history of Vietnam, comprising four high-ranking mandarins. This was the key agency in the royal court, just besides the king, which was entitled to

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until it was crushed by the government forces in 1835. In January, he issued the first country-wide prohibition of Catholicism, and began persecuting Christians. 130 Christian missionaries, priests and church leaders were executed, dozens of churches were burned and destroyed.

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These burdens proved heavy since agriculture experienced natural disasters from 1914 to 1917. Lacking a unified nationwide organization, the vigorous Vietnamese national movement failed to use the difficulties France had as a result of the war to stage significant uprisings.

14205:, p. 757 Spencer C. Tucker – 2011 "At the capital of Hue, Minh Mang established the Noi Cac Vien (Grand Secretariat) and the Co Mat Vien (Privy Council). The rest of the bureaucracy was also re-organized with the creation of a nine-rank Mandarin corps. It was also under Minh 2838:) in the Battle of Thị Nại. They were victorious, capturing a large amount of Tây Sơn equipment. Quang Toản became unpopular due to his murders of generals and officials, leading to a decline in the army. In 1799, Ánh captured the citadel of Quy Nhơn. He seized the capital ( 11466:. It was a yellow flag with a single or three horizontal red stripes, sometimes in 1822, it was entirely blank yellow or white. The emperor's personal flag was a golden dragon spitting fire, surrounded by clouds, a silver moon, and a black crescent on a yellow background. 3073:

during the fifteenth-century golden age (1470–1497), as such he adopted a Confucian-bureaucratic government model, and sought unification with northern literati. To ensure stability over the unified kingdom, he placed two of his most loyal and Confucian-educated advisors,

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to protest against the executions of two Spanish Dominican missionaries. Seven months later, they sailed to the south to attack Saigon and the rich Mekong Delta. The Alliance troops held Saigon for two years, while a rebellion of Lê loyalists led by Catholic bishop Pedro

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of Catholics his grandfather had orchestrated. During Tự Đức's first twelve years, Vietnamese Catholics faced harsh persecution with 27 European missionaries, 300 Vietnamese priests and bishops, and 30,000 Vietnamese Christians executed and crucified from 1848 to 1860.

2029:, fears that his fate will be like his elder brother; therefore, he tried to escape the capital to avoid the purges. Later, he asks his sister, Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo (the wife of Trịnh Kiểm) to ask Kiểm to appoint him to be the governor of far-south frontier of Đại Việt, 3357:, with his sentence being reduced to life imprisonment. Aware of the rise of Western influences in Asia, Tự Đức confirmed his grandfathers isolationist policy towards the European powers, prohibiting embassies, forbidding trade and contact with foreigners and renewing 4392:

After the 1884 Treaty of Huế was signed, the Nguyễn dynasty became two protectorates of France and the French installed their own administrators. Although the Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty were still nominally in control of the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, the

4282: 3168:, no Western advisors who had served Gia Long remained in Minh Mạng's court. The last French consul of Vietnam, Eugene Chaigneau, was never able to obtain audience with Minh Mạng. After he left, France ceased attempts at contact. In the next year he launched an anti- 2717:. A total of twenty people joined Ánh's army. The French purchased and supplied equipment and weaponry, reinforcing the defense of Gia Định, Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên, Biên Hòa, Bà Rịa and training Ánh's artillery and infantry according to the European model. 3869:

denounced the three regents for their irregular handling of Tự Đức's succession. Tôn Thất Thuyết excoriated Phan Đình Phùng and sent him from the court to his home territory, where later he led a nationalist resistance movement against the French for ten years.

2419:, who granted him exile and offered support in his struggle with the Tây Sơn. In April 1782 a Tây Sơn army invaded Cambodia, detained and forced Ang Eng to pay tribute, and demanded, that all Vietnamese nationals living in Cambodia were to return to Vietnam. 2830:, succeeded him as emperor of the Tây Sơn and was a poor leader. In 1793, Nguyễn Ánh began a campaign against Quang Toản. Due to conflict between officials of the Tây Sơn court, Quang Toản lost battle after battle. In 1797, Ánh and Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh attacked 6415:

between the population and the court far away. Buddhism was still prevalent in mainstream society and had its presence within the imperial palace. Empress mothers, queens, princess, and concubines were devout Buddhists, despite the patriarchal prohibition.

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in 1774. Its military had had considerable losses in manpower after a series of campaigns in Cambodia and proved unable to contain the revolt. By the end of the year, the Trịnh lords had formed an alliance with the Tây Sơn rebels and captured Huế in 1775.

6316:: 交領右衽). Although the Chinese-influenced trousers and tunic were mandated by the Nguyen government, skirts were worn in isolated north Vietnamese hamlets until the 1920s. Chinese style clothing was ordered for the Vietnamese military and bureaucrats by 6138:" (土). This indicates that during the beginning of the period of French domination the Vietnamese still maintained the "Hoa-Di distinction" while the indigenous peoples and the subjects of the Manchu Qing (Thanh) dynasty were viewed as "less civilised". 5448: 2214: 2597:

The war between the Nguyễn lord and the Tây Sơn dynasty forced Ánh to find more allies. His relationship with de Behaine improved, and support for an alliance with France increased. Before the request for Siamese military assistance, de Behaine was in

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coins were often depicted facing dexter (to the right), while during the Thiệu Trị period (1841–1847) and later these coins depicted dragons guardant (facing forwards). Dragons were considered to be one of the four sacred animals together with the

3842:. When news of Rivière's death reached France, there was immediate outcry and demands for a response. The French Parliament quickly voted for the conquest of Vietnam. Tens of thousands of French and Chinese reinforcements poured into the 6628:, in 1845. The first photos of the Vietnamese were taken by Fedor Jagor in November 1857 in Singapore. Due to the forbidden contact to foreigners, photography returned to Vietnam again during the French conquest and had shots taken by 6507:, when most of the state efforts were to annihilate Vietnamese Christianity. Unironically, even during the height of the anti-Catholic campaign, many Catholic scholars were still permitted to hold high positions in the imperial court. 3183:. He coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus in violation of their religions to forcibly assimilate them to Vietnamese culture. The first Cham revolt for independence took place in 1833–1834 when 16818:

Sion. Eine Stimme in der Kirche für unsere Zeit. Eine rel. Zeitschrift ... eine Hausbibliothek für Geistliche und fromme katholische Familien. Hrsg. durch einen Verein von Katholiken u. red. von Thomas Wiser u. W. Reithmeier: Volume

6154:) to refer to the Vietnamese. According to the emperor, "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs." These policies were directed at the 4384:

title for "monarch" or " sovereign ruler") by the ordinary Vietnamese folks. The concept of a divine Son of Heaven has not been dogmatically practiced, and the monarch's divinity was not absolute due to the dual theory. For example,

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By the summer of 1781, Ánh's forces had grown to 30,000 soldiers, 80 battleships, three large ships and two Portuguese ships procured with the help of de Behaine. Ánh organized an unsuccessful ambush of the Tây Sơn base camps in the

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provinces and occupied cities. The Black Flags had also been returning, together, collaborating with local Vietnamese officials and harassing French businesses. In March, the French responded by sending a second expedition led by

5370: 6510:

After an imperial edict in late 1862, Catholicism was officially recognized and worshipers of the faith obtained state protection. It is estimated that late-19th century Vietnam had about 600,000 to 700,000 Catholic Christians.

4416:) became a salaried employee of the Indochinese colonial structure, reducing their power to being only a civil servant of the Protectorate government. The Resident-Superior of Annam also took over the management of provincial 6579:

The Kinh people are distributed across the lowland of the country from Tonkin to Cochichina. The Chams live in central Vietnam and the Mekong Delta. The Hoa people particularly concentrated in urbanised areas such as Saigon,

2787:

to lead the military campaign into Vietnam. The campaign failed, and later on, the Qing recognized the Tây Sơn as the legitimate dynasty in Vietnam. However, with the death of Huệ (1792), the Tây Sơn dynasty began to weaken.

2552:

in June 1784, after which he captured Gia Định. Rama I nominated his nephew, Chiêu Tăng, as admiral the following month. The admiral led Siamese forces including 20,000 marine troops and 300 warships from the Gulf of Siam to

12917: 3901:

to French possession, and to accept a French résident in Huế who could demand imperial audiences. He sent an ultimatum to the regents that "The name Vietnam will no longer exist in history" if they did not comply with this.

3520: 14827: 6632:

during the French invasion of Da Nang (September 1858). Since the French seizure of Saigon in 1859, the city and southern Vietnam had been opening to foreigners, and photography entered Vietnam exclusively from France and

3195:) against the Vietnamese emperor. The rebellion failed to gain the support of the Cham elite and was quickly suppressed by the Vietnamese military. A second revolt began the following year, led by a Muslim clergy named 11693:(Sacred turtle). During the Nguyễn dynasty period the depiction of dragons in Vietnamese art reached their zenith and the quality and variety of Nguyễn dynasty dragons was much higher than those of earlier dynasties. 5406: 120: 2817:

In 1788 de Behaine and Ánh's son, Prince Cảnh, arrived in Gia Định with modern war equipment and more than twenty Frenchmen who wanted to join the army. The force was trained and strengthened with French assistance.

13200: 2076:; the Nguyễn clan, just like their Trịnh relatives in the north, recognize the authority of the Lê emperors over Đại Việt yet at the same time solely exercise political power over their own territory. The official 3500: 1912:

summoned those who were still loyal to the Lê emperor and formed a new army to begin another revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung. In 1539, the coalition returned to Đại Việt beginning their military campaign against the

4471: 3620: 2461:

Phạm Ngạn, who had a close relationship with Emperor Thái Đức, at Tham Lương bridge. Thái Đức, angry, thought that the ethnic Chinese had collaborated in the killing. He sacked the town of Cù lao (present-day

11675:

appeared on many state symbols during the Nguyễn dynasty period including on imperial edicts, coins, buildings, and the badges of the Imperial Guard. During the Minh Mạng period (1820–1841) dragons on silver

1547:

in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. From the third century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called

5354: 4062:

escaped from his palace to participate in an uprising of Vietnamese troops. The French were informed of the plan, and its leaders were arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to the island of

5394: 14660: 14592: 3722:

had done and cooperated with local Vietnamese officials to interfere with French business interests. As France was looking to acquire Yunnan and Tonkin, when in 1873, a French merchant-adventurer named

3486:, even with their missionaries urging them to. To the Queen dowager, Từ Dụ, the court, and the people, the 1862 treaty was a national humiliation. Tự Đức once again sent a mission to the French Emperor 2033:(modern Quảng Bình to Quảng Nam provinces). Trịnh Kiểm, thinking of this proposal as an opportunity to remove the power and influence of Nguyễn Hoàng away from the capital city, agreed to the proposal. 11700:, or Gia Long 15 (1816), Emperor Gia Long instructed the court to create special clothes, hats, and seals for himself and the crown prince to denote independence from China. These regalia all depicted 2644: 3991:, confirmed Vietnam's status as French protectorates and severed Vietnam's tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty by requiring that all of Vietnam's foreign affairs be conducted through France. 3430: 6994:

Their succession practically is according to the law of primogeniture, but sometimes conflicted. The first succession conflict arose in 1816 when Gia Long was designing for an heir. His first prince

6122: 5382: 2395:, marched to Gia Định and occupied the city in December 1777. The Tây Sơn returned to Gia Định in February 1778 and recaptured the province. When Ánh approached with his army, the Tây Sơn retreated. 16034:"Vai trò và vị trí đóng dấu của các loại ấn trên tài liệu Châu bản triều Nguyễn. 10/01/2012 – Lượt xem: 931 – Trải qua các triều đại, ấn chương Việt Nam ngày càng phong phú về loại hình và hình thể" 5418: 18191: 211: 17071: 12185: 6456:(offering heaven for wind and rain during a drought) that the emperor and court officials perform for wishing heaven to rain down his kingdom. If the offer went successful, they had to conduct 16037: 16283: 19048: 7010:

were dragged by the ill-failing Emperor Thiệu Trị as a potential heir. At first, Thiệu Trị apparently chose Prince Hồng Bảo because he was older, but after hearing advice from two regents

6101:

This occurred after Vietnam had sent a delegate to Beijing, whereupon a diplomatic disaster caused Vietnam to view other "non-Chinese" as barbaric in much the same way as the Qing. By the

3099:

were constructed and finished. In 1812, Gia Long issued the Gia Long Code, which was instituted based on the Ch'ing Code of China, replaced the previous Thánh Tông's 1480 Code. In 1811, a

15040: 6979:, before they came to rule in south Vietnam from 1558 to 1777 and from 1780 to 1802, then became the ruling dynasty of the entire Vietnam. Traditionally, the family traces themselves to 2915:, and ethnic minorities, resulting in more than two hundred rebellions across the country during his twenty-one-year reign. He also further expanded Vietnamese imperialism in modern-day 3752: 13235: 4376:", which is borrowed from China) to demonstrate that the ruler was descended and commissioned by heaven to rule the kingdom. However, in most cases, Nguyen rulers were formally called 17874: 4085:

Nationalist sentiment intensified in Vietnam (especially during and after the First World War), but uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain concessions from the French. The

18168: 16950:

The Resources and Statistics of Nations Exhibiting the Geographical Position and Natural Resources, the Area and Population, the Political Statistics ... of All Countries · Volume 2

11520:– Where the main content of the seal (symbol or word) is engraved, this area is usually in the face down position. The stamp surface is often used up to engrave letters or drawings. 3838:

Backed by the Chinese army and prince Hoàng Kế Viêm, Liu Yongfu, and the Black Flags decided to attack Rivière. On 19 May 1883, the Black Flags ambushed and beheaded Rivière at the

14824: 5506:

When mandarins retired, they could receive one hundred to four hundred quan from the emperor. When they died, the imperial court provided twenty to two hundred quan for a funeral.

3799: 1148:, the Nguyễn dynasty was forced to give up sovereignty over parts of Southern Vietnam to France in 1862 and 1874, and after 1883 the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the French 5779:). Frequently, there were twelve governor-generals and eleven governors, although, in some periods, the Emperor would appoint a "commissioner in charge of patrolled borderlands" ( 17971: 4253: 12184:(in Vietnamese). Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) – Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam). 11715:

of the French protectorate of Annam would also consist of golden dragons with one being a sword per fess charged with a scroll inscribed with two Traditional Chinese characters

7011: 2312:

The 17th-century war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn ended in an uneasy peace, with the two sides creating de facto separate states although both professed loyalty to the same

14620:(A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan). p. 14. Archived from 3494:, the governor of the three provinces immediately resigned. Without resistance, in 1867, the French annexed the provinces and turned their attention to the northern provinces. 6691: 2018: 3353:-the elder brother of Tự Đức, the primogeniture heir rebelled against Tự Đức on the day of his accession. This coup failed but he was spared execution on the intervention of 3058:) to Emperor Jiaqing as the countries name, this displeased the emperor who was disconcerted by such pretentions, and Nguyễn Phúc Ánh had to officially rename his kingdom as 2610:

of France for assistance; de Behaine agreed to coordinate an alliance between France and Vietnam, and Ánh gave him a letter to present at the French court. Ánh's oldest son,

2516:

agreed to ally with the Nguyễn lord and intervene militarily in Vietnam. Châu Văn Tiếp sent a secret letter to Ánh about the alliance. After meeting with Siamese generals at

8668: 3874: 9879: 8305: 7002:, the eldest son of Prince Cảnh, as the crown prince, while other support Prince Đảm (later Minh Mang). The second conflict was the 1847 succession when two young princes 2895:, it was one among three major Southeast Asian powers at the time. The emperor Gia Long was relatively friendly toward Western powers and Christianity. After his reign of 6818: 1888:. They attempted to restore the Lê dynasty to power, igniting an anti-Mạc rebellion, in favor of the loyalist cause. Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn clan again took up arms in 18457: 14104: 12271: 3739:, in late November the French and Lê loyalists opened fire at the Vietnamese citadel of Hanoi. Tự Đức immediately sent delegations to negotiate with Garnier, but Prince 3373:

In the 1850–70s, a new class of liberal intellectuals emerged in the court as persecution relaxed, many of them Catholics who had studied abroad in Europe, most notably

17261: 6787: 6428: 6421: 3334:. In 1847, Thiệu Trị had made peace with Siam, but the imprisonment of Dominique Lefebvre offered an excuse for French and British aggression. In April the French navy 2887:

to the north. The ruling Nguyễn emperors established and ran the first well-defined imperial administrative and bureaucratic system of Vietnam and annexed Cambodia and

18452: 3873:

To knock Vietnam out of the war, France decided to take a direct assault on the city of Huế. The French army split up itself into two parts: the smaller under General

3199:

with support from the old Cham royalty, highland people, and Vietnamese dissents. Minh Mạng mercilessly crushed the Ja Thak rebellion and executed the last Cham ruler

2759:

escaped to the north but got captured by the local people. He then committed suicide. After the Tây Sơn army returned to Quy Nhơn, subjects of the Trịnh lord restored

14134: 8426: 5424: 19091: 18391: 16583:——— (2004b), "The Nguyen dynasty's policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the first half of the Nineteenth Century", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 15338: 15299: 15194: 11457: 5811:, the Huế court imposed the co-existing tributary and quasi-bureaucratic governance system, while allowing these people to have their own local rulers and autonomy. 5515: 5433: 3226:

on the throne. The rebellion lasted for two years, gathering much support from Vietnamese Catholics, Khmers, Chinese merchants in Saigon, and even the Siamese ruler

16321: 15560: 1140:. Vietnamese territory peaked in the history from 1834 to 1841. The empire also used to implement a strong assimilation policy against ethnic minority and suppress 19374: 15521: 15490: 6391:

and actively restricted Buddhism. Scholars, elites, and officials attacked Buddhist doctrines and criticized them as superstitious and useless. The third emperor,

11750: 11415: 8547: 19316: 12886: 6440:

Confucianism itself was the ideology of the Nguyen court, also provided the basic core of classical education and civil examination every year. Gia Long pursued

2387:

Pigneau de Behaine decided to support Ánh, who had declared himself heir to the Nguyễn lordship. A month later the Tây Sơn army under Nguyễn Huệ had returned to

1108:

and ruled the unified Vietnamese state independently from 1802 to 1883 before being a French protectorate. During the independence period, Nguyễn Vietnam was a

19535: 3482:. and war reparations were required to be sent to France. Despite the religious elements of this treaty, France would not intervene in the Christian revolt in 15638: 15589: 7038:(Thăng Long) to show the new unity of the country; the fourth, Tự Đức, means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth, Đồng Khánh, means "Collective Celebration". 5533:

Each protectorate, besides having their own separated regional governments, was under patrol of one greater, powerful unit called Overlord of Citadel, or the

2056:

kingdom. This event of Nguyễn Hoàng leaving Thăng Long laid the foundation for the eventual fragmentation and division of Đại Việt later down the road as the

1535:

BC), and later as "越". At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early eighth century BC, a tribe on the middle

17760: 16129: 3885:, the sea gate of Hue on August 17. Harmand demanded the two regents Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết surrender Northern Vietnam, North-Central Vietnam ( 1349: 16064: 6297: 4225: 14615: 3086:

of Hanoi and Saigon. From 1780 to 1820, roughly 300 Frenchmen served Gia Long's court as officials. Seeing the French influence in Vietnam with alarm, the

16210: 3349:, or Prince Hồng Nhậm was Thiệu Trị's youngest son, well-educated in Confucian learning, he was crowned by minister and co-regent Trương Đăng Quế. Prince 2614:, was chosen to accompany de Behaine. Due to inclement weather, the voyage was postponed until December 1784. The group departed from Phú Quốc Island for 19475: 17904: 16207:"No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today" 6371: 4237: 2934:(r. 1847–1883) would be assailed by serious problems that ultimately decimated the Vietnamese state. In the late 1840s, Vietnam was struck by the global 17614:

Nguyễn Quang Trung Tiến (1999). "Hệ quả cuộc cách mạng 1789 đối với tiến trình thâm nhập Việt Nam của chủ nghĩa tư bản Pháp và "tấn bi kịch Gia Long"".

17134:. Vol. Tập một: Tiền biên và Chính biên-Kỷ thứ nhất (từ 1558 đến 1819) (bản dịch của Viện Sử học Việt Nam ed.). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. 14193:, p. 55 Mark W. McLeod – 1991 "... Minister of Public Office (Thuong thu Bo Lai) as well as his membership in the emperor's Privy Council (Co mat vien)" 14054: 11499:

Since the Nguyễn dynasty period seals have a fairly uniform shape (with or without a handle), the uniform description of these seals in Vietnamese are:

1239:

divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyễn Phúc rule, Nguyễn Vietnam became no longer a

17400: 11526:- The face of the seal, where other information about the seal is engraved, usually in the supine position. In the case of the flat-head pyramid seal ( 4158: 2771:, emperor of the Lê dynasty, wanted to regain power from the Trịnh. He summoned Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, governor of Nghệ An, to attack the Trịnh lord at the 12181: 5818:

Map of 1883 Indochina Peninsula, shows three Vietnamese regions and client territories (Pays des Mois and Royme de Tran-ninh) of the Vietnamese Crown.

3008:

united Vietnam after a three-hundred-year division of the country. He celebrated his coronation at Huế on 1 June 1802 and proclaimed himself emperor (

2356:

elimination of the Nguyễn and Trinh lordships was considered a priority and all but one member of the Nguyễn family captured at Saigon were executed.

2025:, leader of the Trịnh clan, killed Nguyễn Uông, the eldest son of Kim in order to take over the control of the loyalist forces. The sixth son of Kim, 17683:

Weber, Nicholas (2011). "Securing and Developing the Southwestern Region: The Role of the Cham and Malay Colonies in Vietnam (18th–19th centuries)".

6748: 6441: 5490: 3994:

After this the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the two French protectorates. Annam and Tonkin were combined with Cochinchina and the neighboring

16033: 11484:

Seals in the Nguyễn dynasty were overseen by a pair of agencies referred to as the Office of Ministry Seals Management – Officers on Duty (印司 – 直處,

2779:

1787. Nhạc begged Huệ not to kill him, and they reconciled. In 1788, Lê emperor Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China and asked for military assistance. The

2072:

would rule (wielding actual political power). Meanwhile the descendants of the Nguyễn clan, through the bloodline of Nguyễn Hoàng would rule in the

19525: 18028: 16728: 16279: 6629: 4412:

took over the financial and property management duties of the Nguyễn dynasty's imperial court meaning that the Nguyễn dynasty Emperor (at the time

3257:

Minh Mạng also expanded his empire westward, putting central and southern Laos under Cam Lộ Province, and collided with his father's former ally –

2663: 3536: 3478:

the island of Poulo Condoræ would allow Catholicism, three ports would be open to French trade, and the sea opened to allow French expansion into

3153:

and fourth son of Emperor Gia Long. Educated in Confucian principles from youth, Minh Mạng became the Emperor of Vietnam in 1820, during a deadly

2632: 19510: 3111:

to seek support from Vietnam. Gia Long sent 13,000 men to Cambodia, successfully restoring his vassal to his throne, and beginning a more formal

2826:

After the fall of the citadel at Gia Định, Nguyễn Huệ prepared an expedition to reclaim it before his death on 16 September 1792. His young son,

15070: 15032: 11561:

In its 143 years of existence, the government of the Nguyễn dynasty had created more than 100 imperial seals. These imperial seals were made of

6359:

community. The imprisonment of missionaries who had illegally entered the country was the primary pretext for the French to invade (and occupy)

3028:) in the north. Gia Long prioritized the nation's defense and worked to avoid another civil war. He replaced the feudal system with a reformist 19301: 6432: 3632: 18153: 16061:"Seals of Nguyen Dynasty showcased. Around 140 seals of the Nguyen Dynasty are displayed at an exhibition which opened in Hanoi on October 12" 4154: 3576: 1275: 19084: 13243: 5465: 4265: 4150: 17540:

Koizomi, Junko (2015). "The 'Last' Friendship Exchanges between Siam and Vietnam, 1879–1882: Siam between Vietnam and France – and Beyond".

6991:. Grandsons of the emperor were Hoàng tôn. Daughters of the emperor were called Hoàng nữ, and always earned the title công chúa (princess). 19515: 19367: 19296: 7030:, which have meaning in Chinese and Vietnamese. For example, the first ruler's era name, Gia Long, is the combination of the old names for 6162:. Nguyễn Phúc Chu had referred to the Vietnamese as "Han people" in 1712, distinguishing them from the Chams. The Nguyễn lords established 6077: 17148: 12483: 2993:

between the Chinese Empire and the French Republic was signed on 9 June 1885 recognizing French dominion over Vietnam. All emperors after

1671:

in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" or "Vietnam" instead. Between 1804 and 1813, the name

16660: 15155: 15100: 6675: 3343:

arrived in Đà Nẵng and attempted to force a commercial treaty on Vietnam, but the emperor refused. He died a few days later of apoplexy.

3087: 2730: 2407:

and his brother Nguyễn Huệ sent a naval force to attack Ánh. Ánh's army was defeated and he fled via Ba Giồng to Svay Rieng in Cambodia.

18033: 17465:

Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the Annales de la Propagation de la Foi".

15233: 15010: 14748: 11766: 5768:) was the lowest administrative unit, which one respected person nominally took care of village administrative, which called lý trưởng. 3644: 3358: 3090:

sent two envoys to Gia Long in 1803 and 1804 to convince him to abandon his friendship with the French. In 1808, a British fleet led by

2973:

orchestrated the murders of three emperors in a year. This presented an opportunity to the French. The Huế court was forced to sign the

19485: 18762: 18727: 18350: 16905:——— (2004b), "The late 18th and early 19th-century Mekong Delta in the Regional Trade System", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 15459: 12404:"Vietnam–Champa Relations and the Malay–Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries – The Vietnamese Victory over Champa in 1693" 7154: 3815: 5752:, in areas whereas having a significant population of ethnic minorities). Under prefecture and subprefecture, there was the district ( 19500: 18431: 17709: 16365: 14617:

Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese Hi story from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambod

12372: 4162: 2014: 1938: 3608: 1144:. Unlike their ancestors, the Nguyễn dynasty applied a closed country policy and harsh Confucianism until the French came. With the 417: 17311:

Vietnam and the Chinese model: a comparative study of Vietnamese and Chinese government in the first half of the nineteenth century

16826: 15412: 15324:

Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

14951:

Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

14291:

Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

6452:

in Vietnamese-script collections. The court rigidly imported these Chinese books from Chinese merchants. Confucian rituals such as

5346: 4401:. In 1897 the Resident-Superior was granted the power to appoint the Nguyễn dynasty Emperors and presided over the meetings of the 2499: 273: 12926:, p. 157, "...When my father Thế tổ Cao hoàng đế possessed An Nam, our kingdom was named the country of Great Việt Nam ...". 10301: 6999: 6639: 6340:"barbarian" by the Vietnamese imperial court. The essay distinguishes the Yi and Hua, and mentions Zhao Tuo, Wen, Shun and Taibo. 4032:

to Vietnam in the XVI Century, although it was the French who built most of the churches and established missions in the country.

2286: 19520: 19360: 19033: 18110: 17897: 14912: 4989:

Assistant Instructors and Librarians at Imperial and Hanlin Institutes, Assistant Directors of Boards and Courts, Circuit Censors

3180: 19043: 12320: 2466:), which had a large Chinese population, and ordered the oppression of the Chinese community to avenge their assistance to Ánh. 19530: 18376: 12297: 12267: 5004:

Secretaries & Tutors at Imperial & Hanlin Institutes, Secretaries and Registrars at Imperial Offices, Police Magistrate

4329:. The Gia Long Code in 1812 declared the Vietnamese monarch as the universal ruler of all Vietnam; using the Confucian concept 3592: 1606:

compiled around 239 BC. By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, educated Vietnamese called themselves and their people as

126: 18690: 17498:

Dyt, Karynth (2015). "Calling for Wind and Rain" Rituals: Environment, Emotion, and Governance in Nguyễn Vietnam, 1802–1883".

14096: 12146: 2592: 19270: 18105: 18095: 17448: 17383: 17360: 17337: 17267: 17212: 17119: 17101: 17080: 17048: 17029: 17007: 16966: 16896: 16859: 16806: 16787: 16706: 16672: 16650: 16601: 16574: 16490: 16471: 16444: 16426: 16317: 16125: 15554: 15515: 15484: 15453: 15332: 15293: 15266: 15227: 15188: 15149: 14986: 14959: 14808: 14781: 14742: 14693: 14654: 14586: 13184: 12550: 12463: 12436: 12356: 7561:

Collaborated with the French, and was a political figurehead for French colonial rulers. Unpopular to the Vietnamese people.

4435: 4041: 3735:

arrived at Tonkin in November. Because local administrators had allied with the Black Flags and mistrusted of Hanoi governor

3672: 2797: 1267: 601: 17169: 16712: 16530: 15610: 10321: 5019:

Assistant Secretaries in Imperial Offices and Law Secretaries, Provincial Deputy Sub-Prefects, Buddhist & Taoist priests

4005:

French rule also reinforced ingredients that the Portuguese had already added to Vietnam's cultural stew: Catholicism and a

3975:. The terms were, however, considered overly harsh in French diplomatic circles and never ratified in France. The following 3556: 3138: 2903:

ruler; introducing a policy of isolationism which kept the country from the rest of the world for nearly 40 years until the

2673:

on behalf of Nguyễn Ánh. The treaty stipulated that France provide four frigates, 1,200 infantry troops, 200 artillery, 250

19167: 19136: 19058: 18345: 18182: 16869:

Li, Tana (1994), "Rice Trade in the 18th and 19th Century Mekong Delta and Its Implication", in Aphornsuvan, Thanet (ed.),

15386: 14126: 11489: 11420: 5760:). Under district and canton, the bundle of hamlets around one common religious temple or social factor point, the village 4695: 4685: 4655: 4333:

to provide monarchs absolute power. Their reign and popular images were judged based on how prosperous the livelihood (民生,

4206: 3626:

A French naval gun, deployed on a dyke, supports a marine infantry attack on the Vietnamese positions at Gia Cuc (Gia Quất)

1761: 791: 18611: 18702: 18100: 16313: 5150: 4809: 4447: 4092:

For Vietnam, the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 was as decisive as the 1858 French seizure of Đà Nẵng. The

3779:

Vietnam, and the Chinese Embassy in Paris openly rejected the 1874 Franco-Vietnamese agreement. In Paris, Prime Minister

3757: 1892:

and revolted against the Mạc. However the initial rebellion failed and the loyalist forces had to fled to the kingdom of

1043: 18737: 18355: 11724: 10498: 7003: 3853:

was crowned as Emperor Dục Đức but was, however, imprisoned and executed after three days by the three powerful regents

3350: 19495: 19141: 18670: 17890: 17425: 17230: 16524: 15122: 14559: 10312: 6720: 6286:

speakers, replacing their traditional skirts. The Qing-influenced tunics and trousers were worn by the Vietnamese. The

4705: 3909:

On 25 September, two court officials, Trần Đình Túc and Nguyễn Trọng Hợp signed a twenty-seven-article treaty known as

2985:

was signed in 1884, France finished its annexation and partitioning of Vietnam into three constituent protectorates of

2449:

Qing and fled to Southeast Asia (including Vietnam). Many Han Chinese were welcomed by the Nguyễn lords to resettle in

1195:

and establishing their own imperial rule in the entire country in the early 19th century. The dynastic rule began with

1024: 18920: 12890: 6651: 6106: 5941: 3176: 2850:, all of the members of the Tây Sơn was captured. Ánh then executed all the members of the Tây Sơn dynasty that year. 1904:(modern day Laos). The Lê loyalists under Lê Ninh, a descendant of the imperial family, escaped to Muang Phuan (today 19126: 18016: 17594: 17318: 17190: 16985: 16619: 16555: 16437:

Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Years 1–2012 Population, GDP at PPP, and GDP Per Capita. Volume 1, By Rank

16258: 14494: 11968: 11598: 11453: 10344: 5176: 4483: 4109: 4076: 3937:. Thuyết called up the nobility, loyalists and nationalists to arm for the resistance against the French occupation ( 3839: 3172:

propaganda campaign, denouncing the religion as "vicious" and full of "false teaching." In 1832 Minh Mạng turned the

3100: 334: 19157: 16180:"AP0678-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d'An Binh (12)" 16153:"AP0670-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d'An Binh (13)" 14484: 6703: 5158: 3656: 3288:

as the governor of the Cambodian province, expanding his forcible religious assimilation to the new territory. King

2772: 2282: 1543:, a term later used for peoples further south. Between the seventh and fourth centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the 783: 19490: 18717: 18697: 18325: 18298: 18293: 18137: 15632: 15583: 7617: 6004: 5645: 4715: 4105: 4080: 3112: 1675:(full name) was used officially by Emperor Gia Long. In 1839, the name Vietnam was completely abolished by Emperor 18163: 17300:

Whitmore, John K.; Zottoli, Brian (2016), "The Emergence of the state of Vietnam", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),

16121: 14644: 14576: 11738: 7601: 6952: 5478: 4144: 3785: 1295: 684: 18937: 18403: 16060: 11475: 7187:

Thiệu Thiên Long Vận Chí Thiện Thuần Hiếu Khoan Minh Duệ Đoán Văn Trị Vũ Công Thánh Triết Chượng Chương Hoàng Đế

4354: 3995: 3688: 2666: 1824:

through one form or another. The clan's affiliations with the ruling elites dated back to the tenth century when

1645:(who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the 1248: 162: 19038: 18865: 18541: 18536: 17634: 17130: 16342: 16036:(in Vietnamese). Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of VietNam). 14621: 11791: 11318: 10548: 7864: 7132:

Thể Thiên Xương Vận Chí Hiếu Thuần Đức Văn Vũ Minh Đoán Sáng Thuật Đại Thành Hậu Trạch Phong Công Nhân Hoàng Đế

6983:(?–979), the first duke of Đại Việt. Princes and male descendants of Gia Long are called Hoàng Thân, while male 3374: 3042:

of the Qing Empire, with Gia Long receiving an imperial pardon and recognition as the ruler of Vietnam from the

1618:(Vietnamese people). However, this designation was for the Vietnamese themselves and not for the whole country. 17606: 16914:——— (2004c), "Ships and ship building in the Mekong delta, 1750–1840", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 16749: 16206: 15360: 14889: 14845: 14510: 14294: 11918: 8673: 5154: 3366: 3154: 2369: 19311: 11593: 11514:– The handle for pressing the seal down on texts. In case the seal is shaped like a pyramid, there is no knob. 8310: 2811:, the youngest brother of Tây Sơn (who ruled southern Vietnam), could not defend the citadel and retreated to 2428: 1258:

The Nguyễn dynasty remained the formal emperors of Annam and Tonkin within Indochina until the final stage of

19505: 18767: 18722: 18651: 18426: 18335: 18313: 14046: 7162: 6663: 3854: 3335: 1784:

However, in Vietnamese historiography, modern historians often refer to this period in Vietnamese history as

509: 19131: 17394: 10507: 10007: 7850: 7456: 6279: 3933:(Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch.) Meanwhile the French installed his pro-French brother Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ as emperor 3922: 2333: 18927: 18308: 17938: 17851: 7089:

Khai Thiên Hoằng Đạo Lập Kỷ Thùy Thống Thần Văn Thánh Vũ Tuấn Đức Long Công Chí Nhân Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng Đế

6854: 6775: 6327:, "On Distinguishing Barbarians", was based on the Qing sign "Vietnamese Barbarians' Hostel" (越夷會館) on the 3972: 3954: 3507: 2185: 2176: 2077: 1157: 1101: 912: 229: 27: 19008: 12268:"Ai là tể tướng đầu tiên trong lịch sử Việt Nam? (Who is the first prime minister in Vietnamese history?)" 9888: 7556: 6266:

were treated as Vietnamese since 1829. They were not allowed to go to China, and also not allowed to wear

4364:(黃帝, Sino-Vietnamese title for "Emperor") in the court while referring himself the first person honorific 3731:

government responded by sending out a new attack without talking with the Hue court. A French army led by

3062:

the next year to satisfy the emperor. The country was officially known as 'The (Great) Vietnamese state' (

2325: 18794: 18646: 18511: 18065: 17934: 16179: 16152: 11786: 9046: 7448: 7405: 6850: 4615: 3968: 3950: 3938: 3252: 2726: 2693:

left France for Pondicherry to wait for the military support promised by the treaty. However, due to the

2659: 2001:

on the throne. However, the Mạc at this point still controls most of the country, including the capital,

1153: 1137: 1037: 894: 19306: 18799: 15606:'Lost worlds' or 'lost causes'?: biodiversity conservation, forest management, and rural life in Vietnam 15585:'Lost worlds' or 'lost causes'?: biodiversity conservation, forest management, and rural life in Vietnam 10138: 8431: 6995: 6804: 4217: 3223: 3150: 2690: 2611: 1659:

in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to

1318: 1168: 19188: 18895: 18885: 18757: 18707: 18641: 18606: 18591: 18571: 18303: 18120: 18060: 17565: 17490: 17440: 16852:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

16698: 14922: 9730: 7015: 6317: 6301: 4394: 4345:, everything has to stay in its right order. Gia Long also perceived the ancient Chinese conception of 4048: 4029: 3386: 1314: 1145: 814: 19003: 18752: 18616: 18601: 14709: 12403: 9274: 7323: 7286: 7280: 7244:

Suppressed Đoàn Hữu Trưng's rebellion. Facing French invasions. Ceded Cochinchina to France after the

7166: 5972: 5699: 3898: 3858: 3207: 2970: 1629: 505: 19074: 18870: 18809: 18476: 18158: 18125: 17768: 15673: 15062: 11857: 9870: 9388: 7567: 6107:

Vietnamese culture by ceasing "barbarous" habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long

6029: 5550: 5525:

During the reign of Gia Long, the kingdom was divided into twenty-three quasi-militant protectorates

5439: 4128: 3980: 3793:, Cao Bằng, Bac Ninh, and Thái Nguyên, under the pretext of defending against the French aggression. 3075: 2990: 2867:

period. During this period the Nguyễn dynasty's territories comprised the present-day territories of

2827: 2529: 2376:. With Tây Son search parties closing in, he kept on moving and eventually met the French missionary 520: 236: 18998: 18875: 18551: 18521: 17039:

Momoki, Shiro (2015), "The Vietnamese empire and its expansion, c. 980–1840", in Wade, Geoff (ed.),

16393: 8552: 6468:

ritual was performed. His successor, Minh Mạng, continued to build several temples dedicated to the

5740:

In 1831, Minh Mạng reorganised his kingdom by converting all these protectorates into 31 provinces (

3206:

In 1833, as Minh Mạng had been trying to take firm control over the six southern provinces, a large

19248: 19242: 19230: 18970: 18880: 18556: 18386: 18070: 17519:

Friedland, William H. (1977). "Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam. Alexander B. Woodside".

17200: 16928: 14298: 14081: 11899: 11880: 11651: 11449: 9616: 7366: 6920: 6763: 6697:

Group of female musicians from Cochinchina to perform in the colonial exposition in Marseille, 1922

6449: 5139: 4459: 3976: 3964: 3926: 3910: 3710: 3475: 3330:, taking all local officials hostage with the demands that Thiệu Trị free imprisoned French bishop 3091: 3005: 2982: 2974: 2955: 2583:

in Thailand. The Siamese army escorted him back to Bangkok, and he was briefly exiled in Thailand.

1642: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1014: 658: 645: 354: 106: 18824: 18526: 17710:"The relationship between Nanyue and Annam in the ancient historical records of China and Vietnam" 17650:

Smith, R. B. (1974). "Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802–62)".

7222:

Thể Thiên Hanh Vận Chí Thành Đạt Hiếu Thể Kiện Đôn Nhân Khiêm Cung Minh Lược Duệ Văn Anh Hoàng Đế

6568: 6363:. Like Qing China, a number of incidents involved other European nations during the 19th century. 4153:

and heavy setbacks in the war, the Japanese in a last ditch effort to gather support in Indochina

3467: 2525: 2337: 1864:'s vassal, Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ in a rebellion, emerged as the intermediate victor and established the 1231:

gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs. Finally, the

19480: 19236: 19224: 18975: 18947: 18814: 18596: 18546: 18531: 18486: 18381: 16779: 14685:

Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA

14554:. Book collections on Project MUSE (illustrated ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 39. 11942: 6341: 5967: 5784: 5693: 5143: 3941:). The movement lasted for 11 years (1885–1896) and Thuyết was forced to exile in China in 1888. 3463: 3407: 3298: 3281: 2959: 2951: 2768: 2702: 2368:

escaped and with the help of the Vietnamese Catholic priest Paul Hồ Văn Nghị soon arrived at the

1224: 632: 350: 193: 141: 18636: 18631: 18576: 7375: 6444:. Confucian rituals and ideas were circulations based within ancient Confucian teaching such as 4861: 3866: 3424: 2556:

Province. In addition, more than 30,000 Siamese infantry troops crossed the Cambodian border to

1997:, this occurred after the loyalist's capture of Thanh Hoá province, reinstalling the Lê emperor 100: 19341: 18845: 18804: 18732: 18621: 18506: 18040: 17257: 12479: 11939:

Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents

11630: 6903: 6611: 6131: 5882: 5599: 4346: 4124: 4101: 4100:

invaded Vietnam on 22 September 1940, attempting to construct military bases to strike against

3849:

Tự Đức died on 17 July. Succession trouble temporarily paralyzed the court. One of his nephews

3740: 2958:

which gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs. The

2561: 2505: 2329: 1857: 1837: 1204: 539: 18860: 18360: 17964: 16567:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

15322: 15283: 15178: 15139: 15092: 14949: 14800:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

14798: 14773:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

14771: 14734:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

14683: 14551:

Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

12664:

Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (2005), Danh tướng Việt Nam, tập 3, Việt Nam: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục, tr. 195

12453: 12426: 12380: 12346: 9502: 9160: 6335:

Lý Văn Phức. It argued that the Qing did not subscribe to the neo-Confucianist texts from the

5361: 5198: 4402: 3234: 2290: 2083: 1207:

over the course of several decades in the latter half of the 19th century, beginning with the

172: 18850: 18468: 17754: 17223:

Vua Gia Long và người Pháp: khảo sát về ảnh hưởng của người Pháp trong giai đoạn triều Nguyễn

17089: 17017: 16995: 15544: 15217: 15002: 14976: 14732: 14549: 13174: 12455:

New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations

10685: 6733: 5554: 4665: 4528: 4417: 3215: 3079: 2835: 2400: 2197: 1833: 671: 247: 19321: 18496: 16887:——— (2004a), "The Water Frontier: In Introduction", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 15505: 15474: 15443: 11720: 11701: 11548:

of An Bình" (安平男) in the year Bảo Đại 14 (保大拾肆年, 1939) he was also given a golden seal and a

6146:

of ethnic minorities became state policy. He claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's

3331: 3095:

postal stations and inns was established, several canals connecting the Mekong River to the

2653:, the French priest who recruited armies for Nguyễn Ánh during Ánh's war against the Tây Sơn 2569: 2565: 2478:. Cambodia later cooperated with the Tây Sơn to destroy Ánh's force and made him retreat to 2041: 2010: 1918: 1889: 1820:

had long exerted substantial political influence and military power throughout early modern

1817: 1317:

in August 1945. This ended the 143-year rule of the Nguyễn dynasty and 384-year rule of the

19079: 18772: 18742: 18418: 17844: 16759: 16171: 16144: 14917: 11462:

The Nguyễn dynasty's national flag or the Imperial flag first appeared during the reign of

7418: 7245: 6572: 6355:, were opposed to French involvement in Vietnam, and tried to reduce the country's growing 6034: 5197:

Vietnam's monetary subunit was the quan (貫). One quan equaled 10 coins, equivalent to

4624: 4477:

Mandarin (left) in the traditional Áo tấc and mandarin (right) in the imperial court dress.

4360:

A dual theory of sovereignty existed in Vietnam. All the Nguyễn monarchs were addressed as

4016:-based, because the French relied on a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric, 3435: 3390: 3274: 3266: 3030: 2904: 2847: 2670: 2317: 1513: 1208: 1200: 1192: 863: 617: 614: 598: 19449: 19326: 18265: 17717: 16359: 16027: 16025: 16023: 14710:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries" 11712: 11344: 10917: 8054: 7551: 7408:. Dethroned after one year, continuing his rebellion until captured in 1888 and exiled to 7332: 6395:, elevated Confucianism as the true religion and while regarding Buddhism as superstition. 3751:

to attack the French. Garnier was killed on 21 December by the Black Flag soldiers at the

2735: 1845: 1841: 8: 19434: 19291: 19162: 18819: 18747: 18712: 18581: 18436: 18330: 18247: 18115: 16346: 16096: 14646:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History

11541: 11331: 10729: 7971: 7542: 7439: 7174: 6975:(Nguyen Gia Mieu) had historically been founded in the 14th century in Gia Miêu village, 6872: 6127: 5534: 5202: 4515: 4381: 4307: 4013: 4009: 3934: 3878: 3806: 3511: 3439: 3196: 3104: 3063: 3017: 3009: 2994: 2966: 2744: 2710: 2682: 2381: 2341: 1703: 1593: 1503: 1422: 1376: 1093: 1081: 787: 342: 308: 201: 18855: 18626: 18481: 15420: 11488:), this is a term that refers to two agencies which were established within each of the 11227: 8931: 7294: 6909: 5800: 5049:

Secretaries in Offices of Assistant Governors, Salt Controllers & Transport Stations

4244: 3211: 2221: 2196:

tried to create the autonomous regime. They expanded their territory by making parts of

2181: 2122: 2108: 2092: 2080:

of the two families however, would not begin until 1627, the first war between the two.

2045: 2026: 1942: 1789: 1600:; "Hundred Yue/Viet"; ). The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book 1176: 19101: 18890: 18782: 18566: 18561: 18491: 17667: 17557: 17482: 16764:

Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel: Asia – Vol II: Southern and Western Asia

16638: 16381: 16020: 11997: 11626:

symbolised the state, the sun the empire, stars the sovereigns, and clouds the heaven.

7535:

Tự Đại Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế

6980: 6976: 6859: 5957: 5892: 5682: 5589: 5109:

Prefectural Tax Collector, Deputy Jail Warden, Deputy Police Commissioner, Tax Examiner

4326: 4182: 4086: 3877:

stayed in Hanoi and waited for reinforcement from France while the French fleet led by

3728: 3599: 3471: 3340: 3165: 2899:

brought a new approach, he ruled for 21 years from 1820 to 1841, as a conservative and

2760: 2756: 2740: 2650: 2576: 2377: 2348: 2022: 1998: 1869: 1825: 1821: 1299: 1220: 876: 19454: 19414: 19096: 18586: 18271: 18223: 18085: 16959:

Print and Power: Confucianism, Communism, and Buddhism in the Making of Modern Vietnam

14926: 11357: 11081: 10707: 8112: 7957: 7588: 7275: 6890: 4170: 3850: 3704: 2061: 2052:, the territory which have been previously conquered during the 15th century from the 1872:, taking the throne for himself, effectively ending the once prosperous but declining 1683:

restored it on 11 March 1945 when declaring independence from France and founding the

1680: 1283: 688: 463: 19404: 18932: 18829: 18685: 18408: 18211: 18090: 18023: 17944: 17867: 17671: 17561: 17486: 17444: 17421: 17379: 17356: 17333: 17314: 17266:, vol. 2, Sài Gòn: Trung tâm Học liệu Xuất bản thuộc Bộ Giáo dục, archived from 17236: 17226: 17208: 17186: 17115: 17097: 17076: 17044: 17025: 17003: 16981: 16962: 16892: 16855: 16802: 16783: 16745: 16702: 16668: 16646: 16615: 16597: 16570: 16551: 16520: 16486: 16467: 16440: 16422: 15550: 15511: 15480: 15449: 15328: 15289: 15262: 15223: 15184: 15145: 14982: 14955: 14885: 14804: 14777: 14738: 14689: 14650: 14582: 14555: 14490: 13180: 12546: 12459: 12432: 12352: 11985: 11964: 11772: 11672: 11667: 11375: 11292: 10329: 8208: 7773: 7597: 7199: 6984: 6863: 6529: 6392: 6348: 6305: 6267: 6135: 5935: 5724: 4917: 4837:

Brigadiers of Artillery & Musketry, Brigadier of Scouts, Banner Division Colonel

4675: 4633: 4330: 4318: 4186: 4166: 4140: 4025: 4017: 3865:

succeeded on 30 July as Emperor Hiệp Hòa. The senior Censorate official of the court

3736: 3285: 3069:

Gia Long asserted that he was reviving the bureaucratic state that was built by King

2927: 2808: 2694: 2404: 2352: 2278: 1684: 1459: 1303: 1279: 1161: 396: 392: 382: 19409: 18501: 18217: 16694:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

14681: 14078:

Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy

12293: 11896:

Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy

11877:

Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy

11310: 10515: 7839: 7234: 6352: 5952: 5930: 5719: 5676: 3050:. The envoys sent to China to acquire this recognition cited the ancient kingdom of 2931: 2748: 2365: 451: 19265: 18993: 18656: 18398: 18075: 18050: 18001: 17788: 17784: 17742: 17700: 17692: 17659: 17586: 17549: 17528: 17507: 17474: 17162:

The War in Tong-king:Why the French are in Tong-king, and what They are Doing There

17112:

Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam: Food and Drink in the Long Nineteenth Century

17066: 16871:

An International Seminar on Thailand and her neighbours: Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia

16847: 12138: 11635: 11610: 11550: 7609: 7095: 6533: 6491: 6388: 6380: 6313: 6183:, "The Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders"), distinguishing the 5862: 5771:

Two nearby provinces were combined into a pair. Every pair had a governor-general (

5624: 5614: 4409: 4293: 3999: 3958: 3543: 3455: 3395: 3321: 2986: 2947: 2892: 2780: 2714: 2706: 2678: 2467: 2450: 2230: 2193: 2117: 2037: 1811: 1565: 1557: 1467: 1330: 1252: 1216: 1188: 1105: 849: 403: 17: 19424: 18235: 11394: 11250: 10749: 7999: 7353: 5897: 5619: 3914: 3164:

Minh Mạng shunned relations with the European powers. By 1824, after the death of

2126: 2049: 2030: 1988: 1602: 19439: 19352: 19118: 18787: 18777: 18253: 18006: 16692: 16514: 16262: 15604: 15256: 14879: 14831: 11822: 10895: 8040: 7477: 7359: 7239: 7052: 6834: 6586: 6581: 6356: 6251: 6163: 5189: 4413: 4231:

Imperial seal, decorated with a dragon, and its imprint against a red background.

4178: 4097: 3988: 3984: 3918: 3843: 3732: 3719: 3567: 3491: 3309:

Over the next forty years, Vietnam was ruled by two further independent emperors

3043: 3039: 3020:

Gia Long (嘉隆). This title emphasized his rule from "Gia" Định region (modern-day

2764: 2580: 2340:(around modern-day Ho Chi Minh City) by sea before the arrival of Tây Sơn leader 2253: 2243: 2152: 2142: 2073: 2069: 2057: 1951: 1914: 1865: 1646: 1263: 779: 316: 251: 19419: 19331: 19053: 18229: 16925:

Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

16273: 16271: 15390: 11634:

while the "Achievement of the State" is known to have been used as early as the

6988: 6963: 6442:

Confucianism to create and maintain a conservative society and social structures

6211: 5994: 5867: 5847: 5609: 5571: 5007:

Bodyguards, Lieutenants of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts, Second Lieutenants

4643:

Banner Unit Lieutenant General, General-in-Chief, Provincial Commander-in-Chief

3862: 3790: 3695: 3679: 2603: 2487: 2479: 1829: 1623: 1571: 1450: 1432: 18320: 16115: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16105: 14156: 11606: 8789: 7108: 7018:, he revised the heir at last minute and choose Hồng Nhậm as the crown prince. 6830: 6283: 6102: 5832: 4006: 2842:) on 3 May 1801, and Quang Toản retreated north. On 20 July 1802, Ánh captured 2509: 2316:. After 100 years of domestic peace, the Nguyễn lords were confronted with the 2006: 1964: 1909: 1881: 1877: 1844:; she served as the official regent of Đại Việt for her son, the child emperor 1585: 1495: 1487: 1113: 801: 554: 328: 19208: 18516: 17746: 17663: 17590: 17478: 17240: 11963:. Economic History of Southeast Asia Project. Australian National University. 11797: 11719:(大南) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon and the other being a golden 5887: 5792: 5594: 1717: 1427: 1160:(in Northern Vietnam). They later cancelled treaties with France and were the 1089: 1077: 991: 358: 19469: 19399: 19336: 18205: 18130: 17871: 17696: 16936: 16268: 14302: 14164: 11849: 11757: 11690: 11655: 10168: 7728: 7613: 7144: 6293: 6188: 6134:

referring to the ethnic groups as "Hán (-Vietnamese)" (漢), "Thanh" (清), and "

5989: 5947: 5872: 5729: 5630: 5541:(Viceroy of Northern Protectorates) in Hanoi, and southern protectorates had 4939:

Lieutenant Colonel of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts Captain, Police Major

4373: 4322: 3527: 3354: 3146: 3127: 3123: 3070: 2896: 2839: 2698: 2475: 2463: 2458: 2130: 2087: 1741: 1676: 1525: 1367: 1307: 1278:

in March 1945 and proclaimed independence for its constituent countries. The

1117: 930: 493: 312: 288: 275: 262: 217: 189: 188:

Vietnam at its greatest extent (1834–1841) under the latter reign of Emperor

17775:(1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". 17302:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2

16594:

Cult, Culture, and Authority : Princess Lieu Hanh in Vietnamese History

16505: 16102: 6553: 6498:

considered the Christianity religion irrational and ridiculous, and praised

6483: 5788: 5454:

Phục mạng ceremony when mandarin receive the edict from the Emperor in 1895.

4115:, who still retained the administration of the colony. During this time the 3770: 2553: 2392: 2313: 2239: 2138: 2065: 1960: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1508: 1463: 18080: 18011: 17511: 15507:

Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes

15476:

Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes

15445:

Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes

15219:

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The Lands Below the Winds

11639: 11366: 11238: 8204: 7608:

in 1945, ending the Vietnamese monarchy. Installed as head of state of the

7114: 6937: 6839: 6598: 6549: 6545: 6499: 6445: 6336: 6242: 6215: 6203: 6184: 6143: 6014: 5962: 5925: 5909: 5877: 5857: 5852: 5808: 5796: 5687: 5651: 5604: 5583: 5577: 4174: 4112: 3967:

led to the rest of Vietnam becoming French protectorates, divided into the

3894: 3882: 3744: 3663: 3487: 3451: 3415: 3239: 3200: 3096: 3035: 2884: 2863:

In Vietnamese historiography, the independent period is referred to as the

2544: 2483: 2438: 2434: 2391:. Ánh seized the opportunity and quickly raised an army at his new base in 2373: 2009:, who had served as leader of the loyalists throughout the 12 years of the 1650: 1390: 1287: 1271: 1259: 1244: 1149: 1141: 1133: 776: 569: 242: 233: 19275: 17574: 16255: 15258:

Searching for Vietnam: Selected Writings on Vietnamese Culture and Society

11554:(金牌) with his noble title on it. The seal had the seal script inscription 7322:

Four-month emperor (30 July – 29 November 1883), poisoned by the order of

6602:

with taxes and tribute, but were allowed to have their hereditary chiefs.

5999: 5915: 5902: 5665: 5636: 4974:

Inner Deputy Supervisors of Instruction at Hanlin Institutes, Sub-Prefects

4297: 3886: 3583: 3446: 3292:

of Cambodia died in the next year and Ming Mang installed Chan's daughter

2965:

The last independent Nguyễn emperor of note was Tự Đức. Upon his death, a

1922: 1637:

carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in

19028: 18942: 17772: 16771: 16612:

The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam

16352: 15281: 12270:. Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations. 5 February 2014. 11638:

period and this early Trần version consists of two Dragons surrounding a

7158: 7066: 7047: 6941: 6846: 6621: 6617: 6557: 6537: 6288: 6238: 6147: 5983: 5920: 5804: 5670: 4120: 3890: 3789:

divisions (200,000 men) crossed the Sino-Vietnamese borders and occupied

3780: 3724: 3289: 3184: 3169: 3108: 2908: 2697:

and the abolition of the French monarchy, the treaty was never executed.

2619: 2599: 2442: 1897: 1544: 1521: 1212: 1109: 216:

Administrative divisions of Việt Nam in 1838 during the reign of Emperor

197: 19429: 18241: 17882: 17553: 17372:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

17041:

Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia

16250: 16248: 12451: 12001: 11588: 11407: 10767: 7985: 7396: 6868: 6584:, and Hanoi. The Hoa people tended to be divided into two groups called 5744:). Each province had a series of smaller jurisdictions: the prefecture ( 3930: 3403: 2831: 2812: 2535: 2388: 17072:

The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam

16246: 16244: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16236: 16234: 16232: 16230: 16228: 15093:"The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk" 7170: 6541: 6332: 6219: 6155: 6111: 5979: 4185:, Bảo Đại abdicated on 25 August 1945 after the Viet Minh launched the 4093: 3944: 3748: 3370:

various crises weakened the empire's control over Tonkin considerably.

3280:

In 1834, the Vietnamese Crown fully annexed Cambodia and renamed it to

3047: 2962:

concluded the French annexation of Cochinchina that had begun in 1862.

2433:

Support for the Nguyễn lords by the Chinese Vietnamese began after the

565: 19444: 18259: 17396:

Việt sử: xứ đàng trong, 1558–1777. Cuộc nam-tié̂n của dân-tộc Việt-Nam

16419:

Pirates of Empire Colonisation and Maritime Violence in Southeast Asia

13201:"The Raja Praong Ritual: A Memory of the Sea in Cham- Malay Relations" 12540: 11402: 11389: 11352: 11339: 11326: 11305: 11287: 11059: 8098: 7512: 7177:, renamed the country Đại Nam (Great South), suppressed Christianity. 6259: 6256: 6230: 6227: 6199: 6196: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 4064: 4059: 2300: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1473: 1403: 1400: 1397: 18340: 18288: 17652:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

17628: 16483:

Imperial Bandits: Outlaws and Rebels in the China-Vietnam Borderlands

16031: 14978:

Globalization: A View by Vietnamese Consumers Through Wedding Windows

14489:(illustrated ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 53, 111. 14041: 14039: 14037: 11682: 11582: 11510: 7605: 7365:

Eight-month emperor (2 December 1883 – 31 July 1884). Signing of the

6384: 6360: 4896: 4764: 4725: 4116: 3479: 3310: 2900: 2784: 2607: 2188:, after refusing to pay tax and tribute to the central government in 1668: 1247:

but a colony of France. In 1887, Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, and the

1120:. During its existence, the empire directly expanded into modern-day 16225: 15364: 14514: 7207:

Carried out policies of isolationism. Pulling troops from Cambodia.

5128: 3179:

into a Vietnamese province, the final conquest in a long history of

2739:

Vietnam at the end of the 18th century. The Tây Sơn army, including

2517: 19394: 19172: 18199: 17532: 17375: 17352: 12929: 12428:

The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)

11990:

Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

11818: 11677: 11643: 11622: 11463: 10533: 9992: 7875: 7683: 7526: 7315: 7103: 7080: 7027: 6998:

died in 1802. As a result, two rival factions emerged, one support

6933: 6411: 6398: 6110:

soldiers and single men. They did not wear Manchu hairstyle unlike

6009: 5640: 4342: 3563: 3270: 3262: 3227: 3157: 2938: 2920: 2880: 2872: 2557: 1901: 1893: 1660: 1638: 1517: 1196: 1121: 971: 809: 805: 584: 436: 362: 346: 17714:

Honghe Prefecture Center for Vietnamese Studies, Honghe University

14034: 7520:

Rebelled against the French and exiled to Réunion Island in 1916.

7491: 5112:

Third Class Sergeant, Corporal, First & Second Class Privates

4739:

Banner Captain General, Commandants of Divisions, Brigade General

4157:, imprisoned their civil servants and proclaimed independence for 3466:

was signed, resulting in Vietnam losing three southern provinces;

3261:, in Vientiane and Cambodia. He backed the revolt of Laotian king 2504:

Following consecutive losses to the Tây Sơn, Ánh sent his general

2344:, whose forces defeated the Nguyễn garrison and seized Quảng Nam. 1836:

in 965. Another instance of their influences materializes through

18169:

Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

17957: 17855: 17815: 16095:, Đỗ Văn Ninh, 2002, trang 327 mục 571. Hộ ấn ty, hộ trực xứ (in 14682:

Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (2006).

14359: 14203:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and ...

11618: 7409: 6739: 6682: 6407: 6324: 6105:

the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt

6052: 5708: 5442:

under Ministry of Education of Nguyễn Dynasty (Học Bộ : 學部).

4398: 4386: 4012:. The spelling used in the Vietnamese transliteration is in fact 3547: 3419: 3325: 3293: 3083: 2935: 2891:

into its territories in the 1830s. Together with Chakri Siam and

2868: 2623: 2615: 2521: 2416: 1993:

In 1539, the Lê dynasty was restored in opposition to the Mạc in

1664: 1540: 1536: 1056: 995: 959: 377: 266: 16182:(in French). L'Association des Amis du Vieux Huế. Archived from 16155:(in French). L'Association des Amis du Vieux Huế. Archived from 6563: 5826:

Three regions and 31 provinces (encompassed modern-day Vietnam):

5814: 5376:

Ministry of Administration of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lại Bộ : 吏部).

5079:

Sub-director of Studies, Archivists in Office of Salt Controller

4047:

on the French battlefront. Vietnam also contributed 184 million

3107:, a Vietnamese tributary state, forcing the pro-Vietnamese King 18915: 12294:"The development of Le government in fifteenth century Vietnam" 11570: 11566: 11536:– A word used to indicate the impression of the seal on a text. 7031: 7007: 6755: 6625: 6504: 6328: 6064: 5836: 5546: 3638:

French warships deployed off the Thuận An forts, 18 August 1883

3483: 3346: 3314: 3219: 3173: 3051: 3021: 2978: 2943: 2912: 2888: 2674: 2540: 2513: 2471: 2446: 2263: 2205: 2161: 2053: 1973: 1577: 1561: 1549: 1479: 1443: 1129: 474: 370: 17803: 16840:

A Physical, Historical, Political, & Descriptive Geography

16499: 16318:

BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)

16183: 16156: 16126:

Bào Tàng Lich Sù Quóc Gia (Vietnam National Museum of History)

15503: 15472: 15441: 12732: 11854:

East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute

6300:. Chinese-influenced trousers and tunics were ordered by lord 6241:) during 19th-century Nguyễn rule. Since 1827, descendants of 4341:(rectification of names), according to the Confucian biblical 3142:Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) under the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng. 2677:(African soldiers), and other equipment. Nguyễn Ánh ceded the 18029:

Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century

17675: 17542:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

16307: 16305: 16303: 16301: 14097:"Vietname em 2015: os portugueses reemergem, 500 anos depois" 12071: 11686: 11578: 11545: 11544:. For example, after Léon Louis Sogny received the title of " 8195:- Emperors of the independent Vietnamese monarchy (1802–1883) 7285:

Three-day emperor (20–23 July 1883), deposed and poisoned by

7213: 7035: 6159: 6058: 5842: 4021: 3192: 3188: 3025: 2989:, and turned the Nguyễn into a vassal monarchy. Finally, the 2843: 2189: 2002: 1994: 1788:, or simply Vietnam to distinguish with the pre-19th century 1748:(大越南國, which means "Great Vietnam"), and it was shortened to 1634: 1553: 1359: 1180: 963: 797: 366: 26:"Kingdom of Vietnam" redirects here. For other kingdoms, see 17141:

A smaller manual of modern geography. Physical and political

14834:. Văn hóa học, 21 February 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2015. 14464: 13417: 13381: 11617:

as the "Symbol of the Empire" and auspicious clouds and the

7123: 6519: 5427:, Minister of Justice of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hình Bộ : 刑部). 5217:): 400 quan; rice: 300 kg; per-capita tax: 70 quan 3438:

in 20/9/1863 for peace treaty negotiation, Head of legation

3297:

was in progress with Siamese support, putting an end to the

2626:

in February 1787, and Louis XVI agreed to meet them in May.

2622:, and Ánh moved his family to Bangkok. The group arrived in 2512:

rule, wanted to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam. King

2422: 2017:

period, was assassinated in 1545 by a captured Mạc general,

1828:

was appointed the first grand chancellor of the short-lived

17834: 17828: 17630:

War and trade: Siamese interventions in Cambodia, 1767–1851

16052: 15763: 14394: 14392: 13405: 12845: 12843: 11574: 11562: 7634: 6556:(called Thô then), and other ethnic minorities such as the 4932:

Provincial Advisor to Defense Command Lieutenant Governor (

4397:

gradually gained more influence over the imperial court in

4104:

in Southeast Asia. This led to a period of Indochina under

3399:

The Alliance (France-Spain) army capture of Saigon in 1859.

3258: 3122:

Gia Long died in 1819 and was succeeded by his fourth son,

3116: 2916: 2876: 2201: 1905: 1363: 1125: 967: 772: 17284:

Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden

16298: 16277: 15835: 15775: 14313: 14311: 13566: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13359: 13357: 13016: 12980: 12968: 12798: 12119: 12059: 7254: 6406:

Building new Buddhist pagodas and temples were forbidden.

6304:

during the 18th century, replacing traditional Vietnamese

5787:

from 1834 to 1845. With areas having minority groups like

5561:

16 protectorates under joint-governance from the Viceroys.

3861:

and Tran Tien Thanh for unknown reasons. Tự Đức's brother

2755:

In 1786, Nguyễn Huệ led the army against the Trịnh lords;

1900:

allows them to establish an exiled loyalist government in

1290:

during the last months of the war and restored Vietnamese

17304:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197–233 17127: 16978:

The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874

16032:

Ths. Đoàn Thu Thủy – Nguyễn Thu Hường (10 January 2012).

15871: 15823: 15137: 14225: 14223: 14191:

The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874

13782: 13734: 13698: 13674: 13236:"The Uprisings of Katip Sumat and Ja Thak Wa (1833–1835)" 13144: 13142: 13069: 13067: 12958: 12956: 12792: 12768: 12640: 12580: 12248: 11614: 7248:. Fought against French invasions of 1873 and 1882–1883. 6112:

later Chinese migrants to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty

5412:

Ministry of Public Works of Nguyễn Dynasty (Công Bộ: 工部).

3246: 2815:. The citadel of Gia Định was seized by the Nguyễn lords. 2791: 2720: 17685:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

17155:(1st ed.). Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà Xuất bản Trẻ. 16010: 16008: 16006: 15895: 15799: 14529: 14452: 14440: 14428: 14416: 14404: 14389: 14377: 14365: 13926: 13578: 13453: 12840: 12236: 12182:"Người lao động Việt Nam được nghỉ ngày 1.5 từ bao giờ?" 12083: 6292:

was developed in the 1920s, when compact, close-fitting

6262:) by Nguyễn rulers, to distinguish with ethnic Chinese. 3979:

provided a softened version of the previous treaty. The

2997:

were chosen by the French, and only ruled symbolically.

2429:

Hoa people § Early immigration: 15th-18th centuries

1653:

to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (

1199:

ascending the throne in 1802, after ending the previous

19317:

Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking

17613: 17575:""Confucianism" in Vietnam: A State of the Field Essay" 15991: 15907: 15859: 14675: 14323: 14308: 14271: 14259: 14247: 14235: 13962: 13938: 13902: 13890: 13878: 13866: 13770: 13758: 13722: 13638: 13614: 13525: 13393: 13369: 13354: 13040: 12830: 12828: 12815: 12813: 12721: 12715: 12030: 12028: 12026: 7485:

Exiled to Réunion Island due to anti-French activities

6681:

Group of musicians in Huế, 1919. They are sitting on a

4368:(he who give the order). They also used the concept of 2384:

in the Gulf of Thailand, both escaped Tây Sơn capture.

2107:

Map of Vietnam from 1569 to 1592 shows the division of

18399:

Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)

17313:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 16665:

Armies of the Nineteenth Century: Burma and Indo-China

16485:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 15955: 15943: 15931: 15919: 15787: 15715: 15703: 15653: 15282:

Jayne Werner; John K. Whitmore; George Dutton (2012).

15033:"#18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai" 14220: 13986: 13974: 13950: 13914: 13854: 13842: 13830: 13818: 13806: 13710: 13662: 13626: 13542: 13501: 13477: 13465: 13342: 13139: 13091: 13064: 13052: 13004: 12953: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12043: 11540:

Seals were also given to people after they received a

6117: 6087: 4259:

Imperial sword and hunting rifle of emperor Minh Mang.

3921:

in May 1884, on 6 June the French Ambassador in China

3614:

Turcos and fusiliers-marins at Bắc Ninh, 12 March 1884

3414:

In September 1858, Napoleon III orchestrated a Franco-

3187:, a Cham mullah who had just returned to Vietnam from 1627:) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem 1038:

Emperor of Đại Nam/Emperor of Việt Nam/King of Vietnam

17733:

Meacham, William (1996). "Defining the Hundred Yue".

17024:. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press. 16776:

Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present

16119: 16003: 15979: 15967: 15847: 15811: 15739: 15637:. University of California Press. 2006. p. 317. 14578:

The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History

14208: 14022: 14010: 13998: 13794: 13746: 13686: 13590: 13554: 13513: 13489: 13441: 13429: 13270: 13258: 13103: 13028: 12941: 12905: 12480:"A Brief History of the Tay Son Movement (1771–1802)" 12200: 12013: 12011: 11589:

Sun, moon, auspicious clouds, and the Yin-Yang symbol

5549:. Two famously viceroys during Gia Long's reign were 4951:

Provincial Vice Education Commissioner of Guozijian (

4192:

This ended the 143-year reign of the Nguyễn dynasty.

3133: 2295: 1880:, the leader of the Nguyễn clan with his allies, the 17185:. Vol. 1 (part 2). Cambridge University Press. 16548:

The Last Emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai

16088: 16086: 16084: 16082: 15883: 14127:"O jesuíta beirão a quem o Vietname deve o alfabeto" 13650: 13602: 13330: 13318: 13306: 13282: 13172: 13154: 13127: 13115: 13079: 12992: 12825: 12810: 12224: 12023: 3945:

French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)

2977:

in September 1883, which formalised the handover of

2539:

Nguyễn Ánh (sitting, 2nd row) in audience with King

2508:

to Siam to request military assistance. Siam, under

2021:. Shortly after Nguyễn Kim's death, his son-in-law, 17735:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

16941:

Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945: Volume 10

16345:chính biên, trang 921 tập 1 NXB Giáo dục 2002. (in 16311: 15671: 15275: 12889:. Hue Monuments Conservation Centre. Archived from 12452:Michael Arthur Aung-Thwin; Kenneth R. Hall (2011). 12173: 12095: 12040: 8178:Simplified family tree of the Nguyen Phuc dynasty: 4119:, a communist resistance movement, developed under 2064:, establishing a unique political system where the 19382: 17633:(PhD thesis). University of Wollongong Australia. 17176:(in Vietnamese). Sài Gòn: Nhà xuất bản Văn Sử Học. 15751: 15691: 15435: 15320: 15127:. Michelin Travel Publications. 2002. p. 200. 14947: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14338: 12445: 12212: 12161: 12107: 12008: 11458:Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units 5516:Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units 5400:Ministry of Finance of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hộ Bộ: 戸部). 4926:Administration Commissioner of Trường Thọ palace ( 4089:greatly impacted 20th-century Vietnamese history. 4002:, of which they became administrative components. 3765: 3747:, had enlisted the Chinese Black Flags militia of 2208:in 1693 and ruled in an unbroken line until 1776. 1768:(南朝, Southern dynasty) on its official documents. 1440:(越南國) under the Nguyễn dynasty, is a variation of 1274:in 1940, but as the war seemed increasingly lost, 17759:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 17168: 17061:(in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Văn Học Publishing House. 16880:Việt Nam học kỷ yếu Hội thảo quốc tế lần thứ nhất 16204: 16079: 15727: 15602: 15581: 14825:Về lịch sử người Minh Hương và người Hoa ở Nam bộ 14283: 13294: 12709: 12697: 12673: 12652: 12592: 12528: 12504: 12321:"Confucian Constitutionalism in Imperial Vietnam" 8198: 8190: 8182: 6150:for Vietnam, and used the term "Han people" (漢人, 5496:Geography class in a colonial school. Hanoi, 1920 5245:): 150 quan; rice: 120 kg; tax: 20 quan 5238:): 180 quan; rice: 150 kg; tax: 30 quan 5231:): 250 quan; rice: 200 kg; tax: 50 quan 5224:): 300 quan; rice: 250 kg; tax: 60 quan 4424:) of the Government-General of French Indochina. 4314:), later renamed the Ministry of Secret Council. 2304:The cover of Tân Dân Tử's (1875–1955) 1930 book, 2272: 1982: 1187:independently ruled in southern territory as the 19467: 17282:Verlag d. Industrie-Comptoirs (Austria) (1827). 16799:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 16684:Progressive geography, adapted to junior classes 16058: 15542: 15180:A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads 11844: 11842: 5388:Ministry of Rites of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lễ Bộ: 禮部). 5252:): 120 quan; rice: 90 kg; tax: 16 quan 4489:Mandarins kowtow in front of the Imperial palace 4427: 3650:The attack on the Thuận An forts, 20 August 1883 3304: 2520:, Ánh, thirty officials and some troops visited 1776:Westerners in the past often called the kingdom 1722: 1708: 1441: 1395: 1381: 74: 58: 42: 17299: 17295:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 16455:The Works of Francis Maitland Balfour: Volume 3 16278:Story and photos: Dong Van (8 September 2018). 15314: 14941: 14877: 14796: 14769: 14730: 14335: 12935: 12559: 12541:Naval Intelligence Division (Anh Quốc) (2013). 12179: 11915:Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954 7600:under Japanese occupation during World War II; 6344:and Woodside described Vietnam's Confucianism. 6130:-period text regarding the demographics of the 5545:(Viceroy of Gia Định Protectorates) resides in 5537:. For examples, the northern protectorates had 5266:): 60 quan; rice: 50 kg; tax: 10 quan 5259:): 80 quan; rice: 60 kg; tax: 14 quan 4977:Police Captain, Lieutenant or First Lieutenant 4441:Nguyễn dynasty mandarins in the imperial palace 4292:The visit of Bảo Đại to the ancestral tombs of 3917:. After achieving peace with China through the 3024:) in the far south to Thăng "Long" (modern-day 2283:Tây Sơn dynasty § Conquest of Nguyễn lords 1908:). During this exile, the Marquis of An Thanh, 1800: 1203:. The Nguyễn dynasty was gradually absorbed by 19302:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth 17928: 17707: 17527:(2). Chicago: University of Chicago: 520–521. 17415: 17332:. Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program. 17256: 16918:, Singapore University Press, pp. 119–135 16873:, Thammasat University Press, pp. 198–213 16265:by Hubert de Vries. Retrieved: 19 August 2021. 15254: 14574: 12780: 12738: 12685: 12401: 12125: 12077: 11912: 7427:Hoằng Liệt Thống Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế 6793:Model of a traditional ship in central Vietnam 6645:Early photograph of Fortress of Danang in 1845 6187:from the Vietnamese. Minh Mang implemented an 5484:Tailoring class in a colonial school in Hanoi. 5336:): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan 5329:): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan 5322:): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 4 quan 5315:): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 5 quan 5308:): 22 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan 5301:): 25 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan 5294:): 30 quan; rice: 22 kg; tax: 6 quan 5287:): 30 quan; rice: 25 kg; tax: 7 quan 5280:): 35 quan; rice: 30 kg; tax: 8 quan 5273:): 40 quan; rice: 43 kg; tax: 9 quan 3925:signed with Nguyen Van Tuong the Protectorate 3727:was intercepted by local Hanoi authority, the 2802: 2287:Trịnh–Nguyễn War § Conquest of Huế – 1775 2068:emperors would reign (as figureheads) yet the 19536:States and territories disestablished in 1945 19368: 19085:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam 17898: 17728:– via CNKI Journal Translation Project. 17626: 17434: 16891:, Singapore University Press, pp. 1–20, 15546:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907 15536: 14642: 14581:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. 12424: 12351:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–. 12065: 11839: 11601:(嗣德通寶) coin depicting an imperial sun symbol. 5466:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam 5201:600. Officials received the following taxes ( 4962:Captain, Assistant Major in Princely Palaces 4337:) of the people and the Confucian concept of 3470:, Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa which became the basis of 2410: 2170: 1654: 1569: 1471: 1132:through a continuation of the centuries-long 16909:, Singapore University Press, pp. 71–84 16742:Dragon Ascending: Vietnam and the Vietnamese 16587:, Singapore University Press, pp. 85–99 15575: 15549:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 41–. 15288:. Columbia University Press. pp. 295–. 15215: 15176: 15131: 12344: 11650:) these symbols could be interpreted as the 11506:– The geometric block, or body, of the seal. 6669:A Vietnamese noble posed for the photograph. 6191:policy for minority non-Vietnamese peoples. 4408:In the year 1898, the federal government of 4173:as its Emperor. The Empire of Vietnam was a 4131:, over one million people starved to death. 3821:Signing of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883 2853: 2689:On 27 December 1787, Pigneau de Behaine and 2524:to meet Rama I in May 1784. The governor of 1851: 1679:. However, the Nguyễn dynasty under Emperor 1294:rule in Southern Vietnam. It ended with the 1219:followed; the occupied territory became the 1191:(1558–1777, 1780–1802) before defeating the 17088: 17056: 16994: 16831:A School Physical and Descriptive Geography 16198: 15327:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 117–. 14954:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 134–. 14790: 14763: 14724: 12986: 12974: 12744: 12616: 12604: 12598: 12565: 11775:are found everywhere in imperial buildings. 6657:The Nobility leaving the Imperial Citiadel. 5509: 5157:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4855:Senior Palace Administration Commissioner ( 4757:Grand coordinator and provincial governor ( 4134: 2638:Signatures on the 1787 Treaty of Versailles 1211:in 1858 which led to the occupation of the 19476:States and territories established in 1802 19375: 19361: 18326:House of People's Representatives of Annam 17905: 17891: 17138: 16727: 16177: 16150: 15841: 15248: 14636: 13166: 12733:Đặng Việt Thủy & Đặng Thành Trung 2008 12628: 12534: 12418: 12338: 7341:Thiệu Đức Chí Hiếu Uyên Duệ Nghị Hoàng Đế 6817: 6387:, Gia Long was not a Buddhist. He adopted 4453:The imperial guards of the Nguyễn dynasty. 4195: 3222:, attempting to place Minh Mang's brother 3181:colonial conflict between Cham and Vietnam 2532:, advised Ánh against foreign assistance. 2347:In early 1777 a large Tây Sơn force under 2332:, where he left a garrison under co-ruler 1868:. He did this by deposing the Lê emperor, 1458:"), a name that can be traced back to the 1348: 210: 182: 167:Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 19092:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted 17912: 17767: 17518: 17220: 16846: 16500:Đặng Việt Thủy; Đặng Thành Trung (2008). 16120:Lan Phương (Tổng hợp) (14 October 2015). 15877: 15829: 15504:John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). 15473:John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). 15442:John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). 15209: 15170: 14568: 13179:. Parkstone International. pp. 25–. 12849: 12804: 12750: 12516: 12242: 12089: 12034: 11954: 11952: 11913:Brocheux, Pierre; Hémery, Daniel (2011). 6296:were added to predecessor of the áo dài, 6222:by the Vietnamese, who called themselves 6055:, capital city, population (1880): 30,000 5340: 5177:Learn how and when to remove this message 4420:and was a member of the Supreme Council ( 4317:The Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty was an 3833:French propaganda painting in Hanoi, 1942 2658:On 28 November 1787, ,Behaine signed the 2575:Ánh, disillusioned with Siam, escaped to 2423:Chinese Vietnamese support for Nguyễn Ánh 1816:The Nguyễn clan, which originated in the 1663:'s Nanyue, which included the regions of 1276:Japan overthrew the French administration 711:557,000 km (215,000 sq mi) 19297:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 18154:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 17416:Knoblock, John; Riegel, Jeffrey (2001). 17308: 17225:(in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Hồng Đức. 17159: 16947: 16837: 16825: 16690: 16512: 15913: 15901: 15865: 15805: 15672:Woodside; Kelley; Cooke (9 March 2016). 15183:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 285–. 14884:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 14535: 14470: 14458: 14446: 14434: 14422: 14410: 14398: 14383: 14371: 14329: 14317: 14265: 14253: 14241: 14229: 13423: 13387: 13363: 13097: 13046: 13022: 12774: 12726: 12691: 12576: 12574: 12510: 12318: 12254: 11983: 11592: 7404:Resisting against French rule under the 6562: 6518: 6482: 6397: 6370: 6121: 6078:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 6067:, major city, population (1880): 100,000 6061:, major city, population (1880): 120,000 5813: 5188: 3774:French victory in Thuận An, August 1883. 3769: 3586:by Aspirant Hautefeuille and his sailors 3445: 3429: 3402: 3394: 3233: 3137: 2981:to the French administration. After the 2821: 2734: 2534: 2299: 2184:and his successors started to engage in 1937:Map of Vietnam from 1540 to 1592 during 1805: 1744:'s, the official name of the empire was 19526:Former countries of the interwar period 19097:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin 17732: 17616:Tạp chí Thông tin Khoa học và Công nghệ 17539: 17183:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 17180: 17147: 16882:, Thế giới Publishing, pp. 141–150 16770: 16628: 16545: 16480: 16461: 16452: 16416: 15997: 15961: 15949: 15937: 15925: 15769: 15222:. Yale University Press. pp. 90–. 14837: 14613: 14277: 14075: 13992: 13968: 13956: 13944: 13908: 13896: 13884: 13872: 13860: 13848: 13836: 13824: 13812: 13788: 13776: 13764: 13740: 13728: 13716: 13704: 13680: 13668: 13644: 13632: 13620: 13536: 13471: 13411: 13399: 13375: 13348: 13148: 13133: 13073: 13058: 13010: 12962: 12873: 12756: 12646: 12522: 12431:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–. 12053: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11893: 11874: 11821:requested the name "Nam Việt", but the 6754:1884 drawing of a marriage ceremony in 6567:Children playing a traditional game in 6523:Traditional Pharmacy in Tonkin, Vietnam 4992:Gate Guard Lieutenants, Second Captain 4349:and in 1805 he confessed his Empire as 2560:Province. On 25 November 1784, Admiral 2493: 2013:(from 1533 to 1545) and throughout the 1164:for a short time until 25 August 1945. 19511:Former countries in Vietnamese history 19468: 19049:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục 17572: 17281: 17199: 17109: 17065: 17038: 17016: 16975: 16961:. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. 16956: 16637: 16609: 16434: 16205:VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). 15817: 15793: 15781: 15721: 15709: 15659: 15361:"有个国家居然视自己是中国, 清政府做了一件事, 刺激到崩溃_历史_万花镜" 15261:. Kyoto University Press. p. 64. 14974: 14663:from the original on 27 September 2023 14595:from the original on 27 September 2023 14511:"有个国家居然视自己是中国, 清政府做了一件事, 刺激到崩溃_历史_万花镜" 14482: 14155: 14133:(in European Portuguese). 4 May 2020. 14028: 14016: 14004: 13980: 13932: 13920: 13800: 13752: 13692: 13596: 13584: 13572: 13560: 13548: 13519: 13507: 13495: 13483: 13459: 13336: 13324: 13312: 13288: 13276: 13264: 13121: 13109: 13085: 13034: 12998: 12947: 12923: 12911: 12834: 12819: 12206: 11958: 11949: 6781:Tết new year holiday in temple Vietnam 6709:Judge and offender in the local trial. 5735: 4058:In May 1916, sixteen-year-old emperor 3247:War with Siam and invasion of Cambodia 3214:(an adopted son of the Saigon viceroy 3038:. The Nguyen dynasty was founded as a 2792:Franco–Nguyễn alliance against Tây Sơn 2721:Qing China–Lê alliance against Tây Sơn 2606:Island. Ánh asked him to contact King 2564:died in battle against the Tây Sơn in 1939:Southern and Northern Dynasties period 200:) and other polities under Vietnamese 23:Imperial dynasty in Vietnam, 1802–1945 19356: 19271:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam 18106:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 18096:History of Vietnam during World War I 17886: 17682: 17649: 17464: 17346: 17290: 17000:The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History 16796: 16758: 16681: 16659: 16582: 16564: 16014: 15985: 15973: 15889: 15853: 15448:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 6–. 14214: 13656: 13608: 13447: 13435: 13160: 12887:"Brief history of the Nguyen dynasty" 12634: 12610: 12586: 12571: 12274:from the original on 11 November 2017 12230: 12017: 11936: 11730: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11237: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10953: 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by Chinese 4042:History of Vietnam during World War I 2359: 1633:. The name has also been found on 12 1421: 1286:was a nominally independent Japanese 410:under Japanese occupation (1940–1945) 17708:Shaofei, YE; Guoqing, Zhang (2016). 17637:from the original on 20 January 2021 17392: 17330:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 17327: 17247: 17174:Lịch sử Nội Chiến Việt Nam 1771–1802 16935: 16739: 16591: 16059:english.cinet.vn (13 October 2011). 15138:Gary Yia Lee; Nicholas Tapp (2010). 15073:from the original on 4 February 2016 15013:from the original on 21 January 2016 14981:. University of Utah. pp. 34–. 14905: 14871: 14803:. SEAP Publications. pp. 137–. 14776:. SEAP Publications. pp. 136–. 14751:from the original on 20 January 2023 14547: 14486:Brother Enemy: The War After the War 14137:from the original on 31 October 2023 14107:from the original on 31 October 2023 12861: 12218: 12167: 12101: 11925: 11848: 7026:The following list is the emperors' 5347:Six Ministries of the Nguyễn dynasty 5155:adding citations to reliable sources 5122: 4686:Ministry of Justice (imperial China) 3301:and Vietnamese control of Cambodia. 2727:Tây Sơn dynasty § Qing invasion 2586: 2403:. In March 1782 the Tây Sơn emperor 1860:, after defeating and executing the 1524:and bronze inscriptions of the late 1462:of the second century BC. The term " 1041:Titles given by the Chinese empires: 19516:Former countries in Chinese history 17597:from the original on 27 August 2016 17497: 17403:from the original on 4 January 2024 17369: 17022:United States and Vietnam 1787–1941 16913: 16904: 16886: 16815: 16715:from the original on 4 January 2024 16631:The North American Review:Volume 52 16533:from the original on 4 January 2024 16312:Bee (baodatviet.vn) (3 June 2012). 16286:from the original on 19 August 2021 16282:. Thua Thien Hue Online Newspaper. 15757: 15745: 15733: 15697: 15641:from the original on 4 January 2024 15613:from the original on 4 January 2024 15592:from the original on 4 January 2024 15563:from the original on 4 January 2024 15524:from the original on 4 January 2024 15493:from the original on 4 January 2024 15462:from the original on 4 January 2024 15341:from the original on 4 January 2024 15302:from the original on 4 January 2024 15236:from the original on 4 January 2024 15197:from the original on 4 January 2024 15158:from the original on 4 January 2024 14843: 14737:. SEAP Publications. pp. 34–. 14047:"The conquest of Vietnam by France" 13300: 12486:from the original on 2 October 2020 12312: 12300:from the original on 2 October 2020 12180:Nguyễn Thu Hoài (21 January 2019). 12149:from the original on 31 August 2018 12113: 8187:- Lords of Cochinchina (1550s–1777) 7347:Nephew (son of Hiệp Hòa's brother) 6987:of previous Nguyen lords are named 6118:Vietnamisation of ethnic minorities 6088:Culture and cultural discrimination 5459: 5052:Assistant Major in Nobles' Palaces 4155:overthrew the French administration 4051:in loans and 336,000 tons of food. 3126:, who soon became known as Emperor 2907:. Minh Mạng tightened control over 2308:, depicted the exile of Nguyễn Ánh. 2291:Lê dynasty § Tây Sơn rebellion 1740:In 1839, under the rule of Emperor 163:Heirloom Seal of the Southern Realm 13: 18763:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) 18728:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) 17627:Rungswasdisab, Puangthong (1995). 17467:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17349:Vietnam: a global studies handbook 17128:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn (2007). 17075:, University of California Press, 16922: 16877: 16868: 16801:. University of California Press. 16368:from the original on 16 April 2021 15674:"Q. How Confucian is/was Vietnam?" 15043:from the original on 23 March 2010 14881:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 14094: 14057:from the original on 17 April 2019 13233: 11279: 7155:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) 6798: 6487:Vietnamese Buddhist monks in Hanoi 6282:. Trousers were adopted by female 3380: 3149:was the younger brother of prince 3134:Rise and expansion under Minh Mạng 3119:seized northern Cambodia in 1814. 3000: 2296:The end of the Nguyễn lords' reign 2060:would solidify their power in the 14: 19547: 19486:1945 disestablishments in Vietnam 18825:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets 18723:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam 18017:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam 17797: 16943:. University of California Press. 16735:. Nhà Xuất bản Văn hóa-Thông tin. 16508:: Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân. 16324:from the original on 16 July 2022 16213:from the original on 16 July 2022 16132:from the original on 17 July 2022 16067:from the original on 16 July 2022 16040:from the original on 16 July 2022 15103:from the original on 7 March 2016 14649:. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–. 12188:from the original on 16 July 2022 11986:"Re-assessing the Nguyễn Dynasty" 11961:Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn 11756:An Imperial seal made during the 11454:List of flags of French Indochina 6331:residence of Nguyen diplomat and 5520: 5360:Privy Council of Nguyễn Dynasty ( 5037:City Gate Clerk, Sub-Lieutenants 2798:Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802 1840:, the empress consort of emperor 1752:(大南, which means "Great South"). 1560:), etc., collectively called the 1520:"戉" for an axe (a homophone), in 146:("The Emperor Mounts His Throne") 19501:Vietnamese independence movement 19059:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty 18698:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia 18299:Court of Imperial Entertainments 18138:French Indochina in World War II 17970: 17963: 17956: 16336: 16178:Christophe (17 September 2013). 16151:Christophe (17 September 2013). 15665: 15625: 15405: 15387:"张明扬 : 历史上异域的中国梦 _ 腾讯 · 大家" 15379: 15353: 15141:Culture and Customs of the Hmong 15115: 15085: 15055: 15025: 14995: 14968: 14817: 14702: 14607: 14541: 14513:. 29 August 2016. Archived from 14503: 14476: 14196: 14184: 14171: 14149: 14119: 14088: 14069: 12373:"A Glimpse of Vietnam's History" 11959:Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony (1993). 11765: 11749: 11737: 11401: 11388: 11351: 11338: 11325: 11304: 11286: 7566: 7525: 7490: 7455: 7417: 7374: 7331: 7293: 7253: 7212: 7122: 7079: 6867: 6858: 6845: 6838: 6829: 6786: 6774: 6762: 6747: 6732: 6702: 6690: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6532:, whom language belonged to the 6472:(Rainmaking god) and altars for 6420: 5489: 5477: 5447: 5432: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5353: 5127: 4911:Junior Court of Imperial Seals ( 4568:Left Right Imperial Clan Court ( 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4281: 4264: 4252: 4236: 4224: 4207:Government of the Nguyễn dynasty 4081:French Indochina in World War II 3826: 3814: 3798: 3703: 3687: 3671: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3598:French attack on the citadel of 3591: 3575: 3555: 3535: 3519: 3510:on 17 February 1859, painted by 3499: 3269:against the Siamese, and seized 2643: 2631: 2415:Ánh met with the Cambodian King 2213: 2204:, captured the last vestiges of 2100: 2040:, emperor of the newly-restored 1930: 1156:(in Central Vietnam) as well as 939: 921: 903: 885: 856: 842: 171: 148: 119: 99: 19259:Orders, decorations, and medals 18703:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) 18691:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh 17094:Philip's Atlas of World History 17043:, Routledge, pp. 144–166, 16923:——— (2018) . 16361:Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine 15609:. Yale University. p. 67. 15588:. Yale University. p. 67. 15285:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition 15067:Fashion-hjistory.lovetoknow.com 13227: 13218: 13193: 12879: 12867: 12855: 12786: 12762: 12703: 12679: 12667: 12658: 12622: 12498: 12472: 12395: 12365: 12286: 12260: 12131: 11811: 11696:In the third month of the year 11621:as "Symbols of the State". The 7269:Nephew (adopted son of Tự Đức) 6278:The Nguyễn dynasty popularized 5557:(Saigon). By 1802, these were: 4849:Junior Head of Six Ministries ( 4808:State Auxiliary Academician of 4070: 4028:were also the ones who brought 3809:and Harmand at Huế, August 1883 3766:End of independence (1874–1885) 3284:. Minh Mạng placed the general 3238:Execution of French missionary 2969:crisis followed, as the regent 2593:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh 2457:to Ánh. The Nguyễn army killed 2453:and set up business and trade. 2336:. He fled further south to the 2220:Map of Vietnam from 1627 shows 2015:Northern and Southern dynasties 1884:remained fiercely loyal to the 1249:French Protectorate of Cambodia 796:Silver and gold cash coins and 19521:1802 establishments in Vietnam 19384:Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty 18909:Special administrative regions 17804:homepage of The Nguyễn Dynasty 17789:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121 17607:University of California Press 17435:Yue Hashimoto, Oi-kan (1972). 17207:, Cambridge University Press, 16878:——— (2002), 16854:. Cambridge University Press. 16838:——— (1881). 16614:. University of Hawaii Press. 16596:, University of Hawaii Press, 16421:, Cambridge University Press, 14295:Harvard University Asia Center 12793:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 12769:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 12641:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 12581:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 11977: 11919:University of California Press 11906: 11887: 11868: 11744:Flag of Nguyễn period Vietnam. 8173: 6721:Military of the Nguyễn dynasty 6605: 5529:and four military departments 4465:Eunuchs of the Nguyễn dynasty. 4321:, which means he was both the 4165:and Vietnam, which became the 4035: 3320:In 1845, the American warship 2773:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long 2370:Paris Foreign Missions Society 2273:Tây Sơn–Nguyễn war (1771–1802) 1983:Nguyễn's dominion in the south 1771: 1723: 1622: 1449: 1431: 1396: 1251:were grouped together to form 404:French colonial administration 1: 19531:Tributaries of Imperial China 18768:Bombardment of Tourane (1847) 18336:Imperial Household Department 18314:Office of the National Altars 18034:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution 17935:French protectorates of Annam 17860:1 June 1802 – 30 August 1945 17749:(inactive 17 September 2024). 17579:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 17521:American Journal of Sociology 17500:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 17420:. Stanford University Press. 17309:Woodside, Alexander (1988) . 16610:Dutton, George Edson (2006). 16435:Avakov, Alexander V. (2015), 15634:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 14975:Nguyen, Thuc-Doan T. (2008). 14178:Vietnam Law & Legal Forum 13173:Jean-François Hubert (2012). 12936:Whitmore & Zottoli (2016) 11832: 11530:), the flat head is the back. 7604:and transferred power to the 6851:French protectorates of Annam 6514: 6024:Client/dependent territories: 5711:, directly ruled by Gia Long. 4818:Court Auxiliary Academician ( 4796:Administration Commissioner ( 4790:Senior Head of 6 Ministries ( 4428:Civil service and bureaucracy 4200: 4077:1940–1946 in French Indochina 3998:in 1887 to form the Union of 3305:Decline of the Nguyễn dynasty 3115:for the next 30 years, while 2602:and Ánh asked him to come to 2545:Phra Thinang Amarin Winitchai 2125:was appointed as governor of 1641:that dates to 1558. In 1802, 1529: 111: 18839:Prominent military personnel 18795:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương 18309:Court of Imperial Sacrifices 17250:Annam and its minor currency 17160:Staunton, Sidney A. (1884). 16481:Bradley, Camp Davis (2016). 16464:Early Photography in Vietnam 14688:. Routledge. pp. 474–. 12722:Nguyễn Quang Trung Tiến 1999 12458:. Routledge. pp. 158–. 12326:. National Taiwan University 4578:Three Vice-Ducal Ministers ( 4108:with the cooperation of the 3983:, which reaffirmed the 1884 3955:Tonkin (French protectorate) 3881:and Jules Harmand sailed to 3508:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 2743:, ruled the north (purple); 2186:rivalry with the Trịnh lords 1801:Background and establishment 1755: 1516:was first written using the 1221:French colony of Cochinchina 1104:, which was preceded by the 446:1847–1883 (last independent) 28:List of Vietnamese dynasties 7: 18921:Principality of Thuận Thành 18404:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 17458: 17399:(in Vietnamese). Xuân thu. 17205:A History of the Vietnamese 17153:Lịch sử Khẩn Hoang Miền Nam 17131:Đại Nam thực lục chính biên 17002:. Oxford University Press. 16417:Amirell, Stefan E. (2019), 15321:Alexander Woodside (1971). 15144:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 138–. 14948:Alexander Woodside (1971). 14362:, Canada, 2008. pp. 35–40. 14289:Alexander Barton Woodside: 12348:A History of the Vietnamese 11787:List of monarchs of Vietnam 11780: 11528:ấn triện hình tháp đầu bằng 11476:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 7153:Annexed Cambodia after the 7021: 6714: 6464:), the place where most of 6366: 6166:after 1790. Gia Long said, 4802:Surveillance Commissioner ( 4020:. Due to their presence in 3951:Annam (French protectorate) 3365:In the late 1840s, another 3177:Principality of Thuận Thành 3130:(r. 1820–1841) of Vietnam. 2946:in early 1859. A series of 2858: 2803:Nguyễn Ánh's counter-attack 2664:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2500:Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút 2470:had previously occurred in 2200:as a protectorate, invaded 1614:, which combined to become 1128:and ended the existence of 1116:, especially under Emperor 672:Declaration of Independence 10: 19552: 19189:French Indochinese piastre 18758:Cambodian rebellion (1840) 18708:Cambodian rebellion (1820) 18304:Court of the Imperial Stud 18121:Communist Party of Vietnam 18061:French conquest of Vietnam 17952: 17566:Cambridge University Press 17491:Cambridge University Press 17441:Cambridge University Press 17347:Woods, L. Shelton (2002). 17181:Tarling, Nicholas (1999). 16957:McHale, Frederick (2008). 16699:Cambridge University Press 16691:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 16565:Choi, Byung Wook (2004a), 16404: 16093:Từ điển chức quan Việt Nam 15678:Cindyanguyen.wordpress.com 15603:Pamela D. McElwee (2003). 15582:Pamela D. McElwee (2003). 15510:. Routledge. pp. 6–. 15479:. Routledge. pp. 6–. 14923:Chinese Culture University 14614:Zottoli, Brian A. (2011). 14103:(in European Portuguese). 14076:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). 12545:. Routledge. p. 176. 12126:Shaofei & Guoqing 2016 12078:Knoblock & Riegel 2001 11894:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). 11875:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). 11665: 11661: 11613:, the Vietnamese used the 11473: 11447: 11438: 10756:r. December 1883–July 1884 7630: 7593:Cimetière de Passy, France 6802: 6725: 6718: 6609: 6402:Church of Sơn Tây in 1884. 6273: 6082: 6075: 6071: 5707:4 departments surrounding 5513: 5501: 5463: 5344: 4395:Resident-Superior of Annam 4215: 4211: 4204: 4138: 4129:famine in northern Vietnam 4127:support. During 1944–1945 4074: 4039: 3948: 3923:Jules Patenôtre des Noyers 3387:French conquest of Vietnam 3384: 3250: 2795: 2731:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 2724: 2686:other East Asian nations. 2590: 2579:in April 1785 and then to 2497: 2445:refused to live under the 2426: 2411:Nguyễn–Cambodian agreement 2276: 2174: 2171:Nguyễn-Trịnh confrontation 1986: 1809: 1795: 1690: 1335: 1328: 1146:French conquest of Vietnam 815:French Indochinese piastre 25: 15: 19496:Former monarchies of Asia 19390: 19284: 19258: 19217: 19201: 19181: 19150: 19117: 19110: 19067: 19021: 18986: 18963: 18956: 18908: 18838: 18678: 18669: 18466: 18445: 18419:Provincial administration 18417: 18369: 18282:Ministries & agencies 18281: 18190: 18181: 18159:Vietnamese famine of 1945 18146: 18049: 17986: 17979: 17921: 17862: 17849: 17841: 17811: 17747:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537 17664:10.1017/S0035869X00131995 17591:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.314 17479:10.1017/S0022463404000141 17139:Richardson, John (1880). 17110:Peters, Erica J. (2012), 16519:(4 ed.). Routledge. 16453:Balfour, Francis (1884). 16209:. VietNam Breaking News. 16063:. VietNam Breaking News. 15543:Charles Holcombe (2001). 14548:Choi, Byung Wook (2018). 11858:Columbia University Press 11800:, official of the dynasty 11189: 11187: 11185: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11143: 11141: 10997: 10995: 10979: 10977: 10833: 10831: 10815: 10813: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10640: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10594: 10592: 10570: 10568: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10368: 10366: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10250: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10204: 10202: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10079: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10047: 9946: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9675: 9673: 9561: 9559: 9447: 9445: 9333: 9331: 9219: 9217: 9105: 9103: 8991: 8989: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8870: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8734: 8732: 8613: 8611: 8492: 8490: 8371: 8369: 8250: 8248: 8169:Years are reigning years. 8108: 8094: 8050: 8036: 7995: 7981: 7967: 7953: 7871: 7863: 7849: 7835: 7769: 7724: 7679: 7412:until his death in 1943. 7309:Uncle (son of Thiệu Trị) 6959: 6947: 6929: 6896: 6886: 6878: 6825: 6816: 6811: 6620:of Vietnam were taken by 5635:Vĩnh Thanh (later became 5022:Deputy Police Lieutenant 4883:Banner Brigade Commander 4870:Court of Imperial Seals ( 4149:In March 1945, after the 3906:Thượng Bắc to negotiate. 3840:Second Battle of Cầu Giấy 3434:Vietnamese delegation to 3113:occupation of the country 2991:Treaty of Tientsin (1885) 2854:Imperial rule (1802–1883) 2747:the middle (yellow), and 2364:In 1775, the 13-year-old 1876:. Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ's son, 1852:Lê dynasty's loyal vassal 1716: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1655: 1570: 1472: 1419:Vietnamese pronunciation: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1347: 1342: 1062: 1052: 1030: 1020: 1010: 1002: 986: 981: 955: 821: 768: 764: 754: 744: 734: 724: 720: 715: 707: 702: 698: 681: 668: 655: 642: 629: 611: 595: 579: 575: 561: 549: 545: 533: 529: 519: 515: 499: 487: 483: 473: 469: 457: 442: 432:• 1802–1820 (first) 430: 426: 416: 388: 376: 323: 304: 258: 225: 209: 181: 160: 135: 95: 90: 75: 59: 43: 37: 18957:Palaces & mausoleums 18738:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion 18718:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion 18294:Court of Judicial Review 18071:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre 17697:10.1163/156852011X614037 17573:Kelley, Liam C. (2006). 16976:McLeod, Mark W. (1991). 16929:Cornell University Press 16797:Keith, Charlers (2012). 16682:Hiley, Richard (1848) . 16629:Everett, Edward (1841). 16513:Chandler, David (2018). 16409: 15413:"越南名儒李文馥-龙文,乡贤,名儒-龙文新闻网" 14878:Leo Suryadinata (1997). 14846:"越南的明鄉人與華人移民的族群認同與本土化差異" 14797:Choi Byung Wook (2004). 14770:Choi Byung Wook (2004). 14731:Choi Byung Wook (2004). 14299:Harvard University Press 14082:Harvard University Press 11984:Lockhart, Bruce (2001). 11945:. pp. 157–158, 160. 11937:Lebra, Joyce C. (1975). 11900:Harvard University Press 11881:Harvard University Press 11804: 11652:French National Assembly 11469: 11450:List of flags of Vietnam 11443: 8218:Nguyễn Phúc family tree 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7471:Cousin (son of Dục Đức) 7169:. Annexed the remaining 6450:Spring and Autumn Annals 6280:Qing-influenced clothing 6218:) were used to refer to 6142:Under emperor Minh Mạng 5543:Gia Định thành Tổng trấn 5510:Administrative divisions 5118: 4953:Quốc tử giám phó Đốc học 4905:Head of six ministries ( 4751:6 Ministerial Advisors ( 4706:Ministry of Public Works 4135:Empire of Vietnam (1945) 3418:bombardment and invaded 3046:for recognizing Chinese 2950:followed with first the 2926:Minh Mạng's successors, 1324: 1213:southern area of Vietnam 459:• 1926–1945 (last) 230:Internal imperial system 19491:Nguyen dynasty emperors 19312:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi 19044:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí 18928:Principality of Hà Tiên 18487:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 18101:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 17293:A Voyage to Cochinchina 16948:McGregor, John (1834). 16816:Kollman (pub.) (1846). 16780:Oxford University Press 16546:Chapuis, Oscar (2000). 16502:54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam 16462:Bennett, Terry (2020). 15255:A. Terry Rambo (2005). 14921:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 14855:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 14830:8 December 2015 at the 14575:Norman G. Owen (2005). 14051:Encyclopædia Britannica 11943:Oxford University Press 11794:– served Emperor Tự Đức 10540:r. August–December 1883 7401:Thonac Cemetery, France 5659:7 Central protectorates 4778:Major General, Colonel 4196:National administration 3981:1885 Treaty of Tientsin 3408:Treaty of Saigon (1862) 3253:Siamese–Vietnamese wars 2960:Treaty of Saigon (1874) 2905:French invasion in 1858 2883:to the west and Manchu 2865:Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập 2703:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 2380:. By retreating to the 2048:to the lordship of the 1848:between 1442 and 1453. 1138:Siamese–Vietnamese wars 305:Official languages 19342:Vietnamese nationalism 19034:Đại Nam nhất thống chí 18805:Pacification of Tonkin 18733:Nduai Kabait rebellion 18111:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 18051:French protectorate(s) 17512:10.1525/vs.2015.10.2.1 17437:Phonology of Cantonese 17418:The Annals of Lü Buwei 17370:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 16996:Mikaberidze, Alexander 16643:Vietnam: A New History 16261:16 August 2021 at the 15003:"Angelasancartier.net" 14925:. 1983. Archived from 14643:A. Dirk Moses (2008). 14483:Chanda, Nayan (1986). 14356:Trung Kỳ Dân biến 1908 12710:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12698:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12674:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12653:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12593:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12529:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12505:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12425:George Coedes (2015). 12139:"韩周敬: 越南阮朝嘉、明时期国号问题析论" 11883:. pp. 34–40, 201. 11713:national coats of arms 11602: 8207:and Tonkin/Emperor of 7579:Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 7225:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm 7190:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông 6769:Elephant parade in Huế 6612:Photography in Vietnam 6576: 6524: 6488: 6403: 6379:Although the previous 6376: 6139: 5819: 5748:), the subprefecture ( 5567:Sơn Nam Thượng (Hanoi) 5341:Political organization 5206: 5194: 5097:Second Class Sergeant 4928:Cai bạ cung Trường Thọ 4913:Thượng bảo thiếu Khanh 4753:Lục bộ Tả Hữu Tham tri 4311: 3996:Cambodian protectorate 3969:Protectorates of Annam 3775: 3459: 3450:Vietnamese mission to 3443: 3411: 3400: 3243: 3143: 3066:: Đại Việt Nam quốc), 3013: 2752: 2548: 2309: 1941:shows the division of 1597: 1556:, Luoyue (Vietnamese: 1507: 1454:; literally "Southern 1442: 1097: 1085: 782:(denominated in phần, 19075:Imperial Academy, Huế 19022:Society & culture 18446:French administration 18351:Ministry of Education 18164:Abdication of Bảo Đại 17393:Phan, Khoang (1985). 17328:Wilcox, Wynn (2010). 17252:. Noronha & Sons. 17090:O'Brien, Patrick Karl 17059:Việt sử xứ Đàng Trong 16980:. New York: Praeger. 16744:. Arcade Publishing. 16569:, SEAP Publications, 16516:A History of Cambodia 16466:. Renaissance Books. 16439:, Algora Publishing, 15216:Anthony Reid (1990). 15177:Anthony Reid (2015). 15063:"Ao Dai – LoveToKnow" 12345:K. W. Taylor (2013). 12035:Norman & Mei 1976 11596: 11494:Lại Ấn ty Lại Trực xứ 10322:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định 10313:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm 7503:Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San 7387:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch 7344:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng 7306:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật 7266:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân 7117:and unified Vietnam. 6953:Abdication of Bảo Đại 6566: 6522: 6486: 6401: 6374: 6308:derived from Chinese 6245:refugees were called 6237:(漢人 referring to the 6125: 5822:In 1832, there were: 5817: 5440:Imperial Academy, Huế 5345:Further information: 5304:Seventh junior rank ( 5297:Seventh senior rank ( 5192: 5082:First Class Sergeant 5042:Seventh junior rank ( 5027:Seventh senior rank ( 4830:Provincial governor ( 4814:Thị trung Trực học sĩ 4666:Ministry of Personnel 4529:Three Ducal Ministers 4145:Abdication of Bảo Đại 4067:in the Indian Ocean. 3773: 3694:French troops attack 3506:Capture of Saigon by 3449: 3442:(first row, middle) . 3433: 3406: 3398: 3385:Further information: 3237: 3191:declared a holy war ( 3141: 3092:William O'Bryen Drury 2952:1862 Treaty of Saigon 2822:Defeat of the Tây Sơn 2738: 2725:Further information: 2591:Further information: 2538: 2303: 2277:Further information: 1806:Origin of Nguyễn clan 1329:Further information: 1306:by the anti-colonial 1296:abdication of Bảo Đại 1225:1862 Treaty of Saigon 1025:Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 16:For the surname, see 19506:Vietnamese dynasties 19307:House of Nguyễn Phúc 19080:Imperial examination 18971:Imperial City of Huế 18815:Vue Pa Chay's revolt 18810:Thái Nguyên uprising 18800:Yên Thế Insurrection 18773:Cochinchina campaign 17291:White, John (1824). 17057:Phan Khoang (2001). 16848:Lieberman, Victor B. 16833:. Oxford University. 16740:Kamm, Henry (1996). 16686:. Oxford University. 15393:on 16 September 2016 15037:Beyondvictoriana.com 15007:angelasancartier.net 14918:Chinese Encyclopedia 14859:(4). 國立成功大學越南研究中心: 8 12938:, pp. 200, 226. 12402:Danny Wong Tze Ken. 11860:. pp. 101–102. 10549:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai 10499:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo 10345:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Bửu 10302:Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường 7627:residential palace. 7538:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo 7468:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân 7447:Suppress Hàm Nghi's 7367:Treaty of Huế (1884) 7303:Văn Lãng Quận Vương 7246:Cochinchina campaign 7004:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo 7000:Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường 6973:House of Nguyễn Phúc 6805:House of Nguyễn Phúc 6742:city drawing in 1875 6536:, and the rest were 6347:Emperors Minh Mạng, 5318:Eighth junior rank ( 5311:Eighth senior rank ( 5262:Fourth junior rank ( 5255:Fourth senior rank ( 5234:Second junior rank ( 5227:Second senior rank ( 5193:Nguyễn dynasty coins 5151:improve this section 5072:Eighth junior rank ( 5057:Eighth senior rank ( 4944:Fourth junior rank ( 4901:Quốc tử giám Đốc học 4888:Fourth senior rank ( 4820:Trực học sĩ các điện 4773:Tả Hữu Phó đô ngự sử 4744:Second junior rank ( 4648:Second senior rank ( 4638:Thị trung Đại học sĩ 4625:House of Councillors 4218:House of Nguyễn Phúc 4151:liberation of France 3863:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật 3476:Treaty of Huế (1863) 3391:Cochinchina campaign 3031:Doctrine of the Mean 2871:and parts of modern 2783:of the Qing ordered 2767:) as the next lord. 2671:Palace of Versailles 2660:Treaty of Versailles 2494:Nguyễn–Siam alliance 1514:Early Middle Chinese 1366:produced during the 1319:House of Nguyễn Phúc 1272:French collaboration 1237:1884 Treaties of Huế 1209:Cochinchina Campaign 1175:subordinates of the 1169:House of Nguyễn Phúc 19292:Domain of the Crown 19182:Colonial currencies 19137:Khải Định Thông Bảo 18994:Thien Tho Mausoleum 18748:Ja Thak Wa uprising 18743:Katip Sumat's Jihad 18713:Ja Lidong rebellion 18331:Imperial Clan Court 18116:Le Travail movement 17987:Sovereign Việt Nam 17554:10.1017/trn.2015.18 16639:Goscha, Christopher 16592:Dror, Olga (2007), 16550:. Greenwood Press. 16364:(in French). 1941. 16256:Armorial of Vietnam 15784:, pp. 421–422. 15772:, pp. 305–306. 15099:. 20 October 2010. 14473:, pp. 238–239. 14084:. pp. 200–201. 13575:, pp. 436–437. 13426:, pp. 159–163. 13414:, pp. 283–288. 13390:, pp. 152–153. 12781:Trần Trọng Kim 1971 12686:Trần Trọng Kim 1971 11902:. pp. 123–124. 11702:five-clawed dragons 11689:(Unicorn), and the 10489:Nguyễn Phúc Tăng Du 8947:Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo 7430:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ 7175:Ja Thak Wa uprising 6873:Domain of the Crown 6835:Nam Hà / Đàng Trong 5736:Minh Mạng and later 5539:Bắc thành Tổng trấn 5332:Ninth junior rank ( 5325:Ninth senior rank ( 5290:Sixth junior rank ( 5283:Sixth senior rank ( 5276:Fifth junior rank ( 5269:Fifth senior rank ( 5248:Third junior rank ( 5241:Third senior rank ( 5220:First junior rank ( 5213:First senior rank ( 5102:Ninth junior rank ( 5087:Ninth senior rank ( 5012:Sixth junior rank ( 4997:Sixth senior rank ( 4982:Fifth junior rank ( 4967:Fifth senior rank ( 4842:Third junior rank ( 4824:Court academician ( 4783:Third senior rank ( 4716:Ministry of Defense 4696:Ministry of Finance 4608:First junior rank ( 4561:First senior rank ( 4549:* Grand Protector ( 4537:* Grand Preceptor ( 4516:Imperial Clan Court 4106:Japanese occupation 3927:Treaty of Patenôtre 3899:Bình Thuận Province 3711:Capture of Hưng Hóa 3530:(16 December 1861). 3512:Antoine Morel-Fatio 3313:(r. 1841–1847) and 3105:Kingdom of Cambodia 2983:Treaty of Patenôtre 2930:(r. 1841–1847) and 2711:Olivier de Puymanel 1704:Vietnamese alphabet 1423:[viə̀tnaːm] 1377:Vietnamese alphabet 1356:Việt Nam Nguyên Bảo 659:Protectorate Treaty 646:End of independence 583:Coronation of lord 285: / 202:sphere of influence 19102:Tonkin Free School 18938:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá 18783:Garnier Expedition 18753:Lê Văn Khôi revolt 18512:Michael Hồ Đình Hy 18492:Jean Marie Despiau 17868:Monarchy abolished 17720:on 16 October 2018 17221:Thụy Khuê (2017). 17114:, AltaMira Press, 16916:The Water Frontier 16907:The Water Frontier 16889:The Water Frontier 16585:The Water Frontier 14161:Vietnam: A History 14095:Zeller, João van. 13025:, pp. 46, 48. 12987:Mikaberidze (2020) 12975:Mikaberidze (2020) 12893:on 7 February 2019 12876:, pp. 245–246 12795:, pp. 207–211 12700:, pp. 182–183 12607:, pp. 522–523 12595:, pp. 110–111 12519:, pp. 140–142 12482:. EnglishRainbow. 12383:on 21 October 2009 12066:Yue Hashimoto 1972 11731:Gallery of symbols 11721:five-clawed dragon 11603: 11556:An Bình Nam chi ấn 10714:r. 20–23 July 1883 10508:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Y 9047:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên 7449:Cần Vương movement 7406:Cần Vương movement 7173:kingdom after the 7167:Lê Văn Khôi revolt 6985:lineal descendants 6977:Thanh Hóa Province 6917:Emperor of Đại Nam 6914:Emperor of Vietnam 6577: 6525: 6489: 6404: 6377: 6140: 5820: 5785:Tây Thành Province 5775:) and a governor ( 5471:Colonial education 5195: 4934:Tham hiệp các trấn 4832:Hiệp trấn các trấn 4596:* Vice Protector ( 4584:* Vice Preceptor ( 4510:Bậc trên nhất phẩm 4508:Upper first rank ( 4503:Military position 4327:head of government 4272:Hoàng Việt luật lệ 4183:Surrender of Japan 4087:Russian Revolution 3977:1884 Treaty of Huế 3965:1883 Treaty of Huế 3939:Cần Vương movement 3911:Harmand Convention 3851:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái 3776: 3753:Battle of Cầu Giấy 3729:French Cochinchina 3666:, 16 December 1883 3550:), September 1858. 3472:French Cochinchina 3462:In June 1862, the 3460: 3444: 3412: 3401: 3332:Dominique Lefèbvre 3299:Tây Thành province 3282:Tây Thành Province 3244: 3166:Jean Marie Despiau 3144: 2975:Harmand Convention 2956:1863 Treaty of Huế 2753: 2751:the south (green). 2651:Pigneau de Behaine 2570:Vĩnh Long Province 2566:Mang Thít District 2549: 2378:Pigneau de Behaine 2360:Nguyễn Ánh escapes 2330:Quảng Nam province 2328:fled south to the 2310: 2086:chose the city of 1890:Thanh Hóa province 1822:Vietnamese history 1818:Thanh Hóa Province 1621:The form Vietnam ( 1343:Country of Vietnam 1300:surrender of Japan 1268:occupied Indochina 1229:1863 Treaty of Huế 1102:Vietnamese dynasty 289:16.467°N 107.600°E 19463: 19462: 19350: 19349: 19197: 19196: 19142:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo 19017: 19016: 18933:Sip Song Chau Tai 18904: 18903: 18896:Trương Minh Giảng 18886:Nguyễn Tri Phương 18830:August Revolution 18665: 18664: 18642:Trương Minh Giảng 18592:Nguyễn Tri Phương 18409:Vietnamese dragon 18177: 18176: 18091:Hanoi Poison Plot 18041:Văn Thân movement 18024:Citadel of Saigon 17945:Empire of Vietnam 17881: 17880: 17450:978-0-521-08442-0 17385:978-1-57607-770-2 17362:978-1-57607-416-9 17339:978-0-877-27782-8 17270:on 27 August 2018 17248:Toda, Ed (1882). 17214:978-0-520-07417-0 17170:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 17164:. Cupples, Upham. 17121:978-0-759-12075-4 17103:978-0-54008-867-6 17082:978-0-520-03954-4 17050:978-0-41558-995-6 17031:978-0-788-10810-5 17009:978-0-199-39406-7 16968:978-0-82484-304-5 16898:978-0-74253-082-9 16861:978-0-521-80496-7 16808:978-0-52027-247-7 16789:978-0-19005-379-6 16708:978-11071-1-873-7 16674:978-1-90154-306-3 16667:. Foundry Books. 16652:978-0-46509-436-3 16603:978-0-8248-2972-8 16576:978-1-501-71952-3 16504:(in Vietnamese). 16492:978-0-295-74205-2 16473:978-19129-6-104-7 16446:978-1-62894-101-2 16428:978-1-108-63682-7 16316:(in Vietnamese). 16124:(in Vietnamese). 15842:Richardson (1880) 15748:, pp. 12–13. 15556:978-0-8248-2465-5 15517:978-1-136-97842-5 15486:978-1-136-97843-2 15455:978-0-203-85269-9 15423:on 8 October 2016 15367:on 29 August 2016 15334:978-0-674-93721-5 15295:978-0-231-51110-0 15268:978-1-920901-05-9 15229:978-0-300-04750-9 15190:978-0-631-17961-0 15151:978-0-313-34527-2 15039:. 14 March 2010. 14988:978-0-549-68091-8 14961:978-0-674-93721-5 14823:Nguyễn Đức Hiệp. 14810:978-0-87727-138-3 14783:978-0-87727-138-3 14744:978-0-87727-138-3 14695:978-1-134-23881-1 14656:978-1-84545-452-4 14588:978-0-8248-2890-5 14517:on 29 August 2016 13935:, pp. 69–70. 13791:, pp. 55–61. 13743:, pp. 63–64. 13707:, pp. 50–51. 13683:, pp. 48–49. 13587:, pp. 38–39. 13462:, pp. 42–44. 13186:978-1-78042-964-9 13176:The Art of Champa 12807:, pp. 30–31. 12552:978-1-136-20911-6 12465:978-1-136-81964-3 12438:978-1-317-45094-8 12358:978-0-521-87586-8 12257:, pp. 10–11. 11921:. pp. 78–81. 11668:Vietnamese dragon 11277: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11255: 11243: 11233: 11089: 11067: 10925: 10903: 10775: 10757: 10737: 10715: 10541: 10523: 10337: 10176: 10008:Nguyễn Phúc Dương 10000: 9889:Nguyễn Phúc Thuần 9731:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 8209:Empire of Vietnam 8160: 8159: 7624: 7623: 7598:Empire of Vietnam 7358:Bồi Lăng (within 7165:. Suppressed the 7016:Nguyễn Tri Phương 6969: 6968: 6864:Empire of Vietnam 6408:Buddhist clergies 6318:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 6302:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 6214:referring to the 6202:referring to the 6132:Hưng Hóa Province 5187: 5186: 5179: 5116: 5115: 4918:Grand Secretaries 4862:Chargé d'affaires 4857:Cai bạ Chính dinh 4676:Ministry of Rites 4634:Grand Secretariat 4574:Tả Hữu tôn chính" 4422:Conseil supérieur 4331:Mandate of Heaven 4245:Yishan guan (翼善冠) 4187:August Revolution 4167:Empire of Vietnam 4141:Empire of Vietnam 4018:Francisco de Pina 3737:Nguyễn Tri Phương 3286:Trương Minh Giảng 3103:broke out in the 2828:Nguyễn Quang Toản 2695:French Revolution 2587:French assistance 2526:Gia Định Province 2338:Gia Định Province 2334:Nguyễn Phúc Dương 2326:Nguyễn Phúc Thuần 2318:Tây Sơn rebellion 2306:Gia Long tẩu quốc 2262: Kingdom of 2160: Kingdom of 1972: Kingdom of 1963:under command of 1760:During the 1930s 1746:Đại Việt Nam Quốc 1738: 1737: 1698:Empire of Đại Nam 1685:Empire of Vietnam 1411: 1410: 1304:August Revolution 1280:Empire of Vietnam 1162:Empire of Vietnam 1070: 1069: 977: 976: 951: 950: 947: 946: 869: 868: 501:• 1884–1885 489:• 1818–1820 393:Absolute monarchy 343:Mahayana Buddhism 153: 67:(1804–1839; 1945) 19543: 19377: 19370: 19363: 19354: 19353: 19127:Tự Đức Thông Bảo 19115: 19114: 19039:Đại Nam thực lục 18961: 18960: 18871:Nguyễn Văn Thành 18866:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức 18679:Battles and wars 18676: 18675: 18657:Philippe Vannier 18652:Nguyễn Văn Tường 18542:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức 18537:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 18477:Bạch Xuân Nguyên 18453:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ 18392:Provincial flags 18188: 18187: 18076:Hanoi Exhibition 18054:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬) 17984: 17983: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17907: 17900: 17893: 17884: 17883: 17842:Preceded by 17809: 17808: 17792: 17777:Monumenta Serica 17764: 17758: 17750: 17729: 17727: 17725: 17716:. Archived from 17704: 17701:Brill Publishers 17679: 17646: 17644: 17642: 17623: 17610: 17604: 17602: 17585:(1–2): 314–370. 17569: 17536: 17515: 17494: 17454: 17431: 17412: 17410: 17408: 17389: 17366: 17343: 17324: 17305: 17296: 17287: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17263:Việt Nam sử lược 17253: 17244: 17217: 17196: 17177: 17165: 17156: 17144: 17135: 17124: 17106: 17085: 17062: 17053: 17035: 17013: 16991: 16972: 16953: 16944: 16932: 16919: 16910: 16901: 16883: 16874: 16865: 16843: 16834: 16822: 16812: 16793: 16767: 16755: 16736: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16687: 16678: 16656: 16634: 16625: 16606: 16588: 16579: 16561: 16542: 16540: 16538: 16509: 16496: 16477: 16458: 16449: 16431: 16398: 16397: 16391: 16387: 16385: 16377: 16375: 16373: 16356: 16350: 16343:Đại Nam thực lục 16340: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16329: 16309: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16291: 16275: 16266: 16254:De Rode Leeuw – 16252: 16223: 16222: 16220: 16218: 16202: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16186:on 26 March 2022 16175: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16164: 16148: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16137: 16117: 16100: 16090: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16072: 16056: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16045: 16029: 16018: 16012: 16001: 15995: 15989: 15983: 15977: 15971: 15965: 15959: 15953: 15947: 15941: 15935: 15929: 15923: 15917: 15911: 15905: 15899: 15893: 15887: 15881: 15878:Lieberman (2003) 15875: 15869: 15863: 15857: 15851: 15845: 15839: 15833: 15830:Lieberman (2003) 15827: 15821: 15815: 15809: 15803: 15797: 15791: 15785: 15779: 15773: 15767: 15761: 15755: 15749: 15743: 15737: 15731: 15725: 15719: 15713: 15707: 15701: 15695: 15689: 15688: 15686: 15684: 15669: 15663: 15657: 15651: 15650: 15648: 15646: 15629: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15618: 15601: 15599: 15597: 15579: 15573: 15572: 15570: 15568: 15540: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15529: 15502: 15500: 15498: 15471: 15469: 15467: 15439: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15428: 15419:. Archived from 15409: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15398: 15389:. Archived from 15383: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15372: 15363:. Archived from 15357: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15346: 15318: 15312: 15311: 15309: 15307: 15279: 15273: 15272: 15252: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15213: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15202: 15174: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15163: 15135: 15129: 15128: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15108: 15089: 15083: 15082: 15080: 15078: 15059: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15048: 15029: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15018: 14999: 14993: 14992: 14972: 14966: 14965: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14898: 14875: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14864: 14850: 14841: 14835: 14821: 14815: 14814: 14794: 14788: 14787: 14767: 14761: 14760: 14758: 14756: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14706: 14700: 14699: 14679: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14668: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14629: 14611: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14600: 14572: 14566: 14565: 14545: 14539: 14533: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14507: 14501: 14500: 14480: 14474: 14468: 14462: 14456: 14450: 14444: 14438: 14432: 14426: 14420: 14414: 14408: 14402: 14396: 14387: 14381: 14375: 14369: 14363: 14354:Trần Gia Phụng. 14352: 14333: 14327: 14321: 14315: 14306: 14287: 14281: 14275: 14269: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14245: 14239: 14233: 14227: 14218: 14212: 14206: 14200: 14194: 14188: 14182: 14175: 14169: 14168: 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14123: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14092: 14086: 14085: 14073: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14062: 14043: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14014: 14008: 14002: 13996: 13990: 13984: 13978: 13972: 13966: 13960: 13954: 13948: 13942: 13936: 13930: 13924: 13918: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13870: 13864: 13858: 13852: 13846: 13840: 13834: 13828: 13822: 13816: 13810: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13786: 13780: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13744: 13738: 13732: 13726: 13720: 13714: 13708: 13702: 13696: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13672: 13666: 13660: 13654: 13648: 13642: 13636: 13630: 13624: 13618: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13588: 13582: 13576: 13570: 13564: 13558: 13552: 13546: 13540: 13534: 13523: 13517: 13511: 13505: 13499: 13493: 13487: 13481: 13475: 13469: 13463: 13457: 13451: 13445: 13439: 13433: 13427: 13421: 13415: 13409: 13403: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13379: 13373: 13367: 13361: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13280: 13274: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13242:. Archived from 13231: 13225: 13222: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13137: 13131: 13125: 13119: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13095: 13089: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13062: 13056: 13050: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12921: 12915: 12909: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12898: 12883: 12877: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12853: 12850:Lieberman (2003) 12847: 12838: 12832: 12823: 12817: 12808: 12805:Lieberman (2003) 12802: 12796: 12790: 12784: 12778: 12772: 12766: 12760: 12759:, pp. 54–55 12754: 12748: 12745:Phan Khoang 2001 12742: 12736: 12730: 12724: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12701: 12695: 12689: 12683: 12677: 12671: 12665: 12662: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12617:Phan Khoang 2001 12614: 12608: 12605:Phan Khoang 2001 12602: 12596: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12569: 12566:Phan Khoang 2001 12563: 12557: 12556: 12538: 12532: 12526: 12520: 12514: 12508: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12379:. Archived from 12369: 12363: 12362: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12325: 12316: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12264: 12258: 12252: 12246: 12243:Lieberman (2003) 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12177: 12171: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12090:Lieberman (2003) 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12063: 12057: 12051: 12038: 12032: 12021: 12015: 12006: 12005: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11956: 11947: 11946: 11934: 11923: 11922: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11846: 11826: 11815: 11792:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 11769: 11753: 11741: 11599:Tự Đức Thông Bảo 11424: 11405: 11392: 11355: 11342: 11329: 11308: 11290: 11253: 11241: 11231: 11228:Georges Vĩnh San 11087: 11065: 10923: 10901: 10773: 10755: 10735: 10713: 10539: 10521: 10335: 10174: 10139:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 9998: 9880:Nguyễn Phúc Hiệu 9871:Nguyễn Phúc Luân 9389:Nguyễn Phúc Thái 8677: 8556: 8435: 8314: 8306:Nguyễn Công Duẩn 8224: 8223: 8215: 8214: 8202: 8201: 8194: 8193: 8186: 8185: 7851:Thoại Thái Vương 7635: 7610:State of Vietnam 7570: 7529: 7494: 7465:Hoài Trạch Công 7459: 7421: 7390:Younger brother 7378: 7335: 7297: 7257: 7216: 7135:Nguyễn Phúc Đảm 7126: 7092:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 7083: 7041: 7040: 6996:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 6871: 6862: 6849: 6842: 6833: 6821: 6809: 6808: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6751: 6736: 6706: 6694: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6573:Nghệ An province 6534:Vietic languages 6492:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 6476:(Cloud God) and 6431:The panorama of 6424: 6389:Neo-Confucianism 6268:the Manchu queue 6168:"Hán di hữu hạn" 5551:Nguyễn Văn Thành 5493: 5481: 5460:Education system 5451: 5436: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5357: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5131: 5123: 4734:Tả Hữu Đô ngự sử 4616:Council of State 4494: 4493: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4410:French Indochina 4319:absolutist ruler 4285: 4268: 4256: 4240: 4228: 4123:from 1941, with 4110:collaborationist 4000:French Indochina 3959:French Indochina 3855:Nguyễn Văn Tường 3830: 3818: 3802: 3761: 3707: 3691: 3675: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3595: 3579: 3559: 3544:Siege of Tourane 3542:French warships 3539: 3523: 3503: 3484:Northern Vietnam 3464:Treaty of Saigon 3456:Tuileries Palace 3375:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 3367:cholera outbreak 3322:USS Constitution 3151:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 3076:Nguyễn Văn Thành 2987:French Indochina 2948:unequal treaties 2836:Phú Yên Province 2781:Qianlong Emperor 2715:Jean-Marie Dayot 2707:Philippe Vannier 2691:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 2647: 2635: 2612:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 2547:, Bangkok, 1782. 2530:Nguyễn Văn Thành 2468:Ethnic cleansing 2451:Southern Vietnam 2401:Phú Yên province 2261: 2251: 2237: 2228: 2217: 2177:Trịnh–Nguyễn War 2159: 2150: 2136: 2115: 2111:between land of 2104: 1971: 1958: 1949: 1934: 1921:, capturing the 1874:later Lê dynasty 1782:Annamite Empire. 1734: 1733: 1712: 1711: 1695: 1694: 1658: 1657: 1626: 1575: 1574: 1539:were called the 1534: 1531: 1477: 1476: 1453: 1447: 1435: 1425: 1420: 1407: 1406: 1385: 1384: 1352: 1340: 1339: 1331:Names of Vietnam 1253:French Indochina 1217:unequal treaties 979: 978: 943: 942: 925: 924: 907: 906: 889: 888: 873: 872: 860: 859: 846: 845: 839: 838: 823: 822: 800:(denominated in 633:Treaty of Saigon 625: 624:1 September 1858 587: 510:Nguyễn Văn Tường 447: 300: 299: 297: 296: 295: 290: 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 214: 186: 175: 155: 154: 123: 113: 103: 85: 84: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 63: 62: 61: 53: 52: 47: 46: 45: 35: 34: 18:Nguyen (surname) 19551: 19550: 19546: 19545: 19544: 19542: 19541: 19540: 19466: 19465: 19464: 19459: 19386: 19381: 19351: 19346: 19280: 19254: 19213: 19193: 19177: 19146: 19106: 19063: 19013: 18999:Khiêm Mausoleum 18982: 18952: 18900: 18881:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn 18861:Nguyễn Cư Trinh 18834: 18788:Sino-French War 18778:Tonkin campaign 18661: 18617:Tôn Thất Thuyết 18602:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 18587:Phan Thanh Liêm 18582:Phan Thanh Giản 18577:Phan Đình Phùng 18557:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn 18462: 18458:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ 18441: 18413: 18365: 18277: 18173: 18147:Japanese period 18142: 18053: 18045: 17994: 17992: 17990: 17988: 17975: 17969: 17968: 17962: 17961: 17955: 17954: 17950: 17929:Sovereign state 17917: 17911: 17877: 17870: 17859: 17847: 17845:Tây Sơn dynasty 17837: 17831: 17827:Founding year: 17825: 17820: 17800: 17795: 17752: 17751: 17723: 17721: 17640: 17638: 17600: 17598: 17461: 17451: 17428: 17406: 17404: 17386: 17363: 17340: 17321: 17273: 17271: 17233: 17215: 17193: 17122: 17104: 17083: 17051: 17032: 17010: 16988: 16969: 16899: 16862: 16827:Johnston, A. K. 16809: 16790: 16752: 16718: 16716: 16709: 16675: 16653: 16645:. Basic Books. 16622: 16604: 16577: 16558: 16536: 16534: 16527: 16493: 16474: 16447: 16429: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16401: 16389: 16388: 16379: 16378: 16371: 16369: 16358: 16357: 16353: 16341: 16337: 16327: 16325: 16310: 16299: 16289: 16287: 16276: 16269: 16263:Wayback Machine 16253: 16226: 16216: 16214: 16203: 16199: 16189: 16187: 16176: 16172: 16162: 16160: 16159:on 5 April 2022 16149: 16145: 16135: 16133: 16118: 16103: 16091: 16080: 16070: 16068: 16057: 16053: 16043: 16041: 16030: 16021: 16013: 16004: 15996: 15992: 15984: 15980: 15972: 15968: 15960: 15956: 15948: 15944: 15936: 15932: 15924: 15920: 15914:Staunton (1884) 15912: 15908: 15902:Woodside (1988) 15900: 15896: 15888: 15884: 15876: 15872: 15866:Staunton (1884) 15864: 15860: 15852: 15848: 15840: 15836: 15828: 15824: 15816: 15812: 15806:Johnston (1881) 15804: 15800: 15792: 15788: 15780: 15776: 15768: 15764: 15756: 15752: 15744: 15740: 15732: 15728: 15720: 15716: 15708: 15704: 15696: 15692: 15682: 15680: 15670: 15666: 15658: 15654: 15644: 15642: 15631: 15630: 15626: 15616: 15614: 15595: 15593: 15580: 15576: 15566: 15564: 15557: 15541: 15537: 15527: 15525: 15518: 15496: 15494: 15487: 15465: 15463: 15456: 15440: 15436: 15426: 15424: 15411: 15410: 15406: 15396: 15394: 15385: 15384: 15380: 15370: 15368: 15359: 15358: 15354: 15344: 15342: 15335: 15319: 15315: 15305: 15303: 15296: 15280: 15276: 15269: 15253: 15249: 15239: 15237: 15230: 15214: 15210: 15200: 15198: 15191: 15175: 15171: 15161: 15159: 15152: 15136: 15132: 15121: 15120: 15116: 15106: 15104: 15091: 15090: 15086: 15076: 15074: 15061: 15060: 15056: 15046: 15044: 15031: 15030: 15026: 15016: 15014: 15001: 15000: 14996: 14989: 14973: 14969: 14962: 14946: 14942: 14932: 14930: 14929:on 9 March 2021 14911: 14910: 14906: 14896: 14894: 14892: 14876: 14872: 14862: 14860: 14848: 14842: 14838: 14832:Wayback Machine 14822: 14818: 14811: 14795: 14791: 14784: 14768: 14764: 14754: 14752: 14745: 14729: 14725: 14715: 14713: 14708: 14707: 14703: 14696: 14680: 14676: 14666: 14664: 14657: 14641: 14637: 14627: 14625: 14624:on 7 March 2016 14612: 14608: 14598: 14596: 14589: 14573: 14569: 14562: 14546: 14542: 14536:Chandler (2018) 14534: 14530: 14520: 14518: 14509: 14508: 14504: 14497: 14481: 14477: 14471:Woodside (1988) 14469: 14465: 14459:Woodside (1988) 14457: 14453: 14447:Woodside (1988) 14445: 14441: 14435:Woodside (1988) 14433: 14429: 14423:Woodside (1988) 14421: 14417: 14411:Woodside (1988) 14409: 14405: 14399:Woodside (1988) 14397: 14390: 14384:Woodside (1988) 14382: 14378: 14372:Woodside (1988) 14370: 14366: 14353: 14336: 14330:Woodside (1988) 14328: 14324: 14318:Woodside (1988) 14316: 14309: 14288: 14284: 14276: 14272: 14266:Woodside (1988) 14264: 14260: 14254:Woodside (1988) 14252: 14248: 14242:Woodside (1988) 14240: 14236: 14230:Woodside (1988) 14228: 14221: 14213: 14209: 14201: 14197: 14189: 14185: 14176: 14172: 14157:Karnow, Stanley 14154: 14150: 14140: 14138: 14125: 14124: 14120: 14110: 14108: 14093: 14089: 14074: 14070: 14060: 14058: 14045: 14044: 14035: 14027: 14023: 14015: 14011: 14003: 13999: 13991: 13987: 13979: 13975: 13967: 13963: 13955: 13951: 13943: 13939: 13931: 13927: 13919: 13915: 13907: 13903: 13895: 13891: 13883: 13879: 13871: 13867: 13859: 13855: 13847: 13843: 13835: 13831: 13823: 13819: 13811: 13807: 13799: 13795: 13787: 13783: 13775: 13771: 13763: 13759: 13751: 13747: 13739: 13735: 13727: 13723: 13715: 13711: 13703: 13699: 13691: 13687: 13679: 13675: 13667: 13663: 13655: 13651: 13643: 13639: 13631: 13627: 13619: 13615: 13607: 13603: 13595: 13591: 13583: 13579: 13571: 13567: 13559: 13555: 13547: 13543: 13535: 13526: 13518: 13514: 13506: 13502: 13494: 13490: 13482: 13478: 13470: 13466: 13458: 13454: 13446: 13442: 13434: 13430: 13424:Chandler (2018) 13422: 13418: 13410: 13406: 13398: 13394: 13388:Chandler (2018) 13386: 13382: 13374: 13370: 13364:Woodside (1988) 13362: 13355: 13347: 13343: 13335: 13331: 13323: 13319: 13311: 13307: 13299: 13295: 13287: 13283: 13275: 13271: 13263: 13259: 13249: 13247: 13246:on 26 June 2015 13232: 13228: 13223: 13219: 13209: 13207: 13199: 13198: 13194: 13187: 13171: 13167: 13159: 13155: 13147: 13140: 13132: 13128: 13120: 13116: 13108: 13104: 13098:Woodside (1988) 13096: 13092: 13084: 13080: 13072: 13065: 13057: 13053: 13047:Woodside (1988) 13045: 13041: 13033: 13029: 13023:Woodside (1988) 13021: 13017: 13009: 13005: 12997: 12993: 12985: 12981: 12973: 12969: 12961: 12954: 12946: 12942: 12934: 12930: 12922: 12918: 12910: 12906: 12896: 12894: 12885: 12884: 12880: 12872: 12868: 12860: 12856: 12848: 12841: 12833: 12826: 12818: 12811: 12803: 12799: 12791: 12787: 12779: 12775: 12767: 12763: 12755: 12751: 12743: 12739: 12731: 12727: 12720: 12716: 12708: 12704: 12696: 12692: 12684: 12680: 12672: 12668: 12663: 12659: 12651: 12647: 12639: 12635: 12629:Huỳnh Minh 2006 12627: 12623: 12615: 12611: 12603: 12599: 12591: 12587: 12579: 12572: 12564: 12560: 12553: 12539: 12535: 12527: 12523: 12515: 12511: 12503: 12499: 12489: 12487: 12478: 12477: 12473: 12466: 12450: 12446: 12439: 12423: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12400: 12396: 12386: 12384: 12371: 12370: 12366: 12359: 12343: 12339: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12303: 12301: 12292: 12291: 12287: 12277: 12275: 12266: 12265: 12261: 12255:Holcombe (2017) 12253: 12249: 12241: 12237: 12229: 12225: 12217: 12213: 12205: 12201: 12191: 12189: 12178: 12174: 12166: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12137: 12136: 12132: 12124: 12120: 12112: 12108: 12100: 12096: 12088: 12084: 12076: 12072: 12064: 12060: 12052: 12041: 12033: 12024: 12016: 12009: 11982: 11978: 11971: 11957: 11950: 11935: 11926: 11911: 11907: 11892: 11888: 11873: 11869: 11847: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11823:Jiaqing Emperor 11816: 11812: 11807: 11783: 11776: 11770: 11761: 11754: 11745: 11742: 11733: 11670: 11664: 11591: 11486:Ấn ty – Trực xứ 11478: 11472: 11460: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11435: 11418: 11416:Prince Minh Đức 11319:Kiên Thái Vương 11282: 11280:Succession line 11086: 11064: 10922: 10900: 10774:r. July 1884–85 10772: 10754: 10734: 10712: 10538: 10520: 10334: 10173: 9997: 9733: 9619: 9617:Nguyễn Phúc Trú 9505: 9503:Nguyễn Phúc Chu 9391: 9277: 9275:Nguyễn Phúc Tần 9163: 9161:Nguyễn Phúc Lan 9049: 8792: 8678: 8671: 8669:Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ 8557: 8550: 8548:Nguyễn Văn Lang 8436: 8429: 8315: 8308: 8199: 8191: 8183: 8176: 8116: 8110: 8102: 8096: 8058: 8052: 8044: 8038: 8003: 7997: 7989: 7983: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7955: 7879: 7873: 7865:Kiên Thái Vương 7843: 7837: 7777: 7771: 7732: 7726: 7687: 7681: 7633: 7618:1955 referendum 7541:Cousin (son of 7324:Tôn Thất Thuyết 7287:Tôn Thất Thuyết 7053:Posthumous name 7044:Portrait/Photo 7034:(Gia Định) and 7024: 7012:Trương Đăng Quế 6866: 6857: 6844: 6837: 6807: 6801: 6799:Imperial family 6794: 6791: 6782: 6779: 6770: 6767: 6758: 6752: 6743: 6737: 6728: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6707: 6698: 6695: 6686: 6679: 6670: 6667: 6658: 6655: 6646: 6643: 6614: 6608: 6517: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6430: 6425: 6369: 6310:jiaoling youren 6276: 6120: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6042:Jarai chiefdoms 6021: 5764:or the commune 5756:), the canton ( 5738: 5704: 5656: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5485: 5482: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5443: 5437: 5428: 5422: 5413: 5410: 5401: 5398: 5389: 5386: 5377: 5374: 5365: 5358: 5349: 5343: 5299:Chánh thất phẩm 5215:Chánh nhất phẩm 5183: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5148: 5132: 5121: 5029:Chánh thất phẩm 4931: 4925: 4922:Đông các học sĩ 4916: 4910: 4904: 4876:General Staff ( 4875: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4829: 4826:Học sĩ các điện 4823: 4817: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4762: 4756: 4723: 4713: 4703: 4693: 4683: 4673: 4663: 4632: 4623: 4620:Tham chính viện 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4563:Chánh nhất phẩm 4548: 4543:* Grand Tutor ( 4542: 4536: 4527: 4490: 4487: 4478: 4475: 4466: 4463: 4454: 4451: 4442: 4439: 4430: 4312:Tứ trụ Đại thần 4303: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4286: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4257: 4248: 4241: 4232: 4229: 4220: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4198: 4179:Empire of Japan 4147: 4139:Main articles: 4137: 4083: 4075:Main articles: 4073: 4044: 4038: 3989:Sino-French War 3985:Tientsin Accord 3961: 3949:Main articles: 3947: 3919:Tientsin Accord 3867:Phan Đình Phùng 3859:Tôn Thất Thuyết 3844:Red River Delta 3834: 3831: 3822: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3768: 3755: 3733:Francis Garnier 3713: 3708: 3699: 3692: 3683: 3682:, 19 July 1883. 3676: 3667: 3662:The capture of 3660: 3651: 3648: 3639: 3636: 3627: 3624: 3615: 3612: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3582:The capture of 3580: 3571: 3568:Tonkin campaign 3560: 3551: 3540: 3531: 3526:Bombardment of 3524: 3515: 3504: 3492:Phan Thanh Giản 3440:Phan Thanh Giản 3393: 3383: 3381:French conquest 3359:the persecution 3307: 3255: 3249: 3218:) broke out in 3203:in early 1835. 3136: 3124:Nguyễn Phúc Đảm 3044:Jiaqing Emperor 3040:tributary state 3006:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 3003: 3001:Gia Long period 2971:Tôn Thất Thuyết 2954:, and then the 2861: 2856: 2848:Tây Sơn dynasty 2824: 2816: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2733: 2723: 2654: 2648: 2639: 2636: 2595: 2589: 2502: 2496: 2431: 2425: 2413: 2382:Thổ Chu Islands 2362: 2298: 2293: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2247: 2235: 2233: 2226: 2218: 2179: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2134: 2120: 2113: 2105: 2084:Nguyễn Phúc Lan 2019:Dương Chấp Nhất 1991: 1985: 1978: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1956: 1954: 1947: 1935: 1854: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1774: 1758: 1693: 1647:Jiaqing Emperor 1630:Sấm Trạng Trình 1532: 1418: 1371: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1201:Tây Sơn dynasty 1193:Tây Sơn dynasty 1100:) was the last 1048: 1044:King of Vietnam 1042: 1040: 1015:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 970: 966: 962: 940: 934: 922: 916: 904: 898: 886: 880: 864:Tây Sơn dynasty 857: 843: 813: 795: 757: 747: 737: 727: 691: 674: 661: 648: 635: 623: 620: 604: 588: 582: 536: 506:Tôn Thất Thuyết 502: 490: 460: 448: 445: 433: 406: 341: 337: 333: 315: 311: 294:16.467; 107.600 293: 291: 287: 284: 279: 276: 274: 272: 271: 270: 252:Empire of Japan 246: 240: 221: 205: 176: 170: 168: 166: 156: 149: 145: 131: 130: 129: 124: 116: 115: 109: 104: 86: 82: 81: 80: 73: 72: 70: 66: 65: 64: 57: 56: 54: 50: 49: 48: 41: 40: 31: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 19549: 19539: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19481:Nguyen dynasty 19478: 19461: 19460: 19458: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19391: 19388: 19387: 19380: 19379: 19372: 19365: 19357: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19344: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19322:Thoại Hà Canal 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19288: 19286: 19282: 19281: 19279: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19262: 19260: 19256: 19255: 19253: 19252: 19246: 19240: 19234: 19228: 19221: 19219: 19215: 19214: 19212: 19211: 19205: 19203: 19199: 19198: 19195: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19185: 19183: 19179: 19178: 19176: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19154: 19152: 19151:Currency units 19148: 19147: 19145: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19132:Tự Đức Bảo Sao 19129: 19123: 19121: 19112: 19108: 19107: 19105: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19089: 19088: 19087: 19077: 19071: 19069: 19065: 19064: 19062: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19025: 19023: 19019: 19018: 19015: 19014: 19012: 19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18990: 18988: 18984: 18983: 18981: 18980: 18979: 18978: 18967: 18965: 18958: 18954: 18953: 18951: 18950: 18948:Trấn Tây Thành 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18924: 18923: 18912: 18910: 18906: 18905: 18902: 18901: 18899: 18898: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18876:Nguyễn Văn Tồn 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18842: 18840: 18836: 18835: 18833: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18820:Yên Bái mutiny 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18791: 18790: 18785: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18694: 18693: 18682: 18680: 18673: 18667: 18666: 18663: 18662: 18660: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18647:Trương Tấn Bửu 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18622:Trần Trọng Kim 18619: 18614: 18609: 18607:Thoại Ngọc Hầu 18604: 18599: 18597:Thân Văn Nhiếp 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18572:Phạm Thận Duật 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18552:Nguyễn Văn Tồn 18549: 18547:Nguyễn Văn Tâm 18544: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18497:Hoàng Cao Khải 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18473: 18471: 18464: 18463: 18461: 18460: 18455: 18449: 18447: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18423: 18421: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18395: 18394: 18384: 18379: 18373: 18371: 18367: 18366: 18364: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18317: 18316: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18285: 18283: 18279: 18278: 18276: 18275: 18269: 18263: 18257: 18251: 18245: 18239: 18233: 18227: 18221: 18215: 18209: 18203: 18196: 18194: 18185: 18179: 18178: 18175: 18174: 18172: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18150: 18148: 18144: 18143: 18141: 18140: 18135: 18134: 18133: 18128: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18057: 18055: 18047: 18046: 18044: 18043: 18038: 18037: 18036: 18026: 18021: 18020: 18019: 18009: 18004: 17998: 17996: 17993:thời độc lập, 17981: 17977: 17976: 17953: 17951: 17949: 17948: 17942: 17932: 17925: 17923: 17919: 17918: 17914:Nguyễn dynasty 17910: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17887: 17879: 17878: 17866: 17861: 17848: 17843: 17839: 17838: 17832: 17826: 17823:Nguyễn dynasty 17821: 17812: 17807: 17806: 17799: 17798:External links 17796: 17794: 17793: 17765: 17730: 17705: 17691:(5): 739–772. 17680: 17658:(2): 153–169. 17647: 17624: 17611: 17570: 17548:(1): 131–164. 17537: 17533:10.1086/226584 17516: 17495: 17473:(2): 261–285. 17460: 17457: 17456: 17455: 17449: 17432: 17427:978-0804733540 17426: 17413: 17390: 17384: 17367: 17361: 17344: 17338: 17325: 17319: 17306: 17297: 17288: 17279: 17258:Trần Trọng Kim 17254: 17245: 17232:978-6049517655 17231: 17218: 17213: 17197: 17191: 17178: 17166: 17157: 17145: 17143:. John Murray. 17136: 17125: 17120: 17107: 17102: 17086: 17081: 17067:Popkin, Samuel 17063: 17054: 17049: 17036: 17030: 17018:Miller, Robert 17014: 17008: 16992: 16986: 16973: 16967: 16954: 16945: 16937:Marr, David G. 16933: 16920: 16911: 16902: 16897: 16884: 16875: 16866: 16860: 16844: 16842:. E. Stanford. 16835: 16823: 16813: 16807: 16794: 16788: 16768: 16766:. E. Stanford. 16756: 16750: 16737: 16725: 16707: 16688: 16679: 16673: 16657: 16651: 16635: 16626: 16620: 16607: 16602: 16589: 16580: 16575: 16562: 16556: 16543: 16526:978-0429964060 16525: 16510: 16497: 16491: 16478: 16472: 16459: 16450: 16445: 16432: 16427: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16351: 16335: 16297: 16267: 16224: 16197: 16170: 16143: 16101: 16078: 16051: 16019: 16017:, p. 197. 16002: 16000:, p. 214. 15998:Kiernan (2019) 15990: 15988:, p. 155. 15978: 15976:, p. 154. 15966: 15962:Bennett (2020) 15954: 15950:Bennett (2020) 15942: 15938:Bennett (2020) 15930: 15926:Bennett (2020) 15918: 15906: 15904:, p. 272. 15894: 15882: 15880:, p. 430. 15870: 15858: 15856:, p. 272. 15846: 15844:, p. 159. 15834: 15832:, p. 433. 15822: 15810: 15808:, p. 322. 15798: 15796:, p. 136. 15786: 15774: 15770:Kiernan (2019) 15762: 15750: 15738: 15726: 15724:, p. 343. 15714: 15712:, p. 349. 15702: 15690: 15664: 15662:, p. 325. 15652: 15624: 15574: 15555: 15535: 15516: 15485: 15454: 15434: 15404: 15378: 15352: 15333: 15313: 15294: 15274: 15267: 15247: 15228: 15208: 15189: 15169: 15150: 15130: 15114: 15084: 15054: 15024: 14994: 14987: 14967: 14960: 14940: 14904: 14890: 14870: 14836: 14816: 14809: 14789: 14782: 14762: 14743: 14723: 14712:. 17 June 2004 14701: 14694: 14674: 14655: 14635: 14606: 14587: 14567: 14561:978-1501719523 14560: 14540: 14538:, p. 153. 14528: 14502: 14495: 14475: 14463: 14461:, p. 148. 14451: 14449:, p. 244. 14439: 14437:, p. 146. 14427: 14425:, p. 147. 14415: 14413:, p. 145. 14403: 14401:, p. 143. 14388: 14386:, p. 142. 14376: 14374:, p. 141. 14364: 14334: 14322: 14307: 14282: 14280:, p. 303. 14278:Kiernan (2019) 14270: 14258: 14246: 14234: 14219: 14217:, p. 295. 14207: 14195: 14183: 14170: 14167:. p. 162. 14148: 14118: 14087: 14068: 14033: 14021: 14009: 13997: 13993:Chapuis (2000) 13985: 13983:, p. 475. 13973: 13971:, p. 107. 13969:Bradley (2016) 13961: 13957:Chapuis (2000) 13949: 13947:, p. 319. 13945:Kiernan (2019) 13937: 13925: 13923:, p. 474. 13913: 13911:, p. 106. 13909:Bradley (2016) 13901: 13899:, p. 194. 13897:Amirell (2019) 13889: 13887:, p. 191. 13885:Amirell (2019) 13877: 13875:, p. 102. 13873:Bradley (2016) 13865: 13861:Chapuis (2000) 13853: 13849:Bradley (2016) 13841: 13837:Chapuis (2000) 13829: 13825:Chapuis (2000) 13817: 13813:Chapuis (2000) 13805: 13793: 13789:Chapuis (2000) 13781: 13779:, p. 180. 13777:Amirell (2019) 13769: 13767:, p. 179. 13765:Amirell (2019) 13757: 13745: 13741:Bradley (2016) 13733: 13731:, p. 174. 13729:Amirell (2019) 13721: 13717:Chapuis (2000) 13709: 13705:Chapuis (2000) 13697: 13685: 13681:Chapuis (2000) 13673: 13669:Bradley (2016) 13661: 13649: 13647:, p. 169. 13645:Amirell (2019) 13637: 13633:Chapuis (2000) 13625: 13623:, p. 305. 13621:Kiernan (2019) 13613: 13601: 13589: 13577: 13565: 13553: 13551:, p. 435. 13541: 13539:, p. 290. 13537:Kiernan (2019) 13524: 13512: 13510:, p. 434. 13500: 13488: 13486:, p. 433. 13476: 13472:Chapuis (2000) 13464: 13452: 13450:, p. 163. 13440: 13438:, p. 175. 13428: 13416: 13412:Kiernan (2019) 13404: 13402:, p. 286. 13400:Kiernan (2019) 13392: 13380: 13378:, p. 285. 13376:Kiernan (2019) 13368: 13366:, p. 249. 13353: 13351:, p. 283. 13349:Kiernan (2019) 13341: 13329: 13317: 13305: 13293: 13281: 13279:, p. 420. 13269: 13267:, p. 419. 13257: 13226: 13217: 13192: 13185: 13165: 13163:, p. 141. 13153: 13151:, p. 279. 13149:Kiernan (2019) 13138: 13134:Chapuis (2000) 13126: 13114: 13112:, p. 418. 13102: 13090: 13078: 13076:, p. 277. 13074:Kiernan (2019) 13063: 13061:, p. 276. 13059:Kiernan (2019) 13051: 13049:, p. 248. 13039: 13037:, p. 401. 13027: 13015: 13013:, p. 274. 13011:Kiernan (2019) 13003: 12991: 12989:, p. 488. 12979: 12977:, p. 487. 12967: 12965:, p. 273. 12963:Kiernan (2019) 12952: 12950:, p. 400. 12940: 12928: 12916: 12914:, p. 398. 12904: 12878: 12866: 12854: 12852:, p. 427. 12839: 12824: 12809: 12797: 12785: 12773: 12761: 12749: 12737: 12725: 12714: 12702: 12690: 12678: 12666: 12657: 12645: 12633: 12621: 12609: 12597: 12585: 12570: 12558: 12551: 12533: 12521: 12517:Thụy Khuê 2017 12509: 12497: 12471: 12464: 12444: 12437: 12417: 12394: 12364: 12357: 12337: 12319:Bui Ngoc Son. 12311: 12285: 12259: 12247: 12245:, p. 187. 12235: 12233:, p. 350. 12223: 12211: 12209:, p. 298. 12199: 12172: 12160: 12130: 12118: 12116:, p. 932. 12106: 12104:, p. 510. 12094: 12092:, p. 405. 12082: 12080:, p. 510. 12070: 12058: 12039: 12022: 12007: 11976: 11969: 11948: 11924: 11905: 11886: 11867: 11850:Kang, David C. 11837: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11771: 11764: 11762: 11755: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11666:Main article: 11663: 11660: 11654:(that is: the 11607:Imperial China 11590: 11587: 11538: 11537: 11531: 11521: 11515: 11507: 11490:Six Ministries 11474:Main article: 11471: 11468: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11399: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11380: 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9965: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 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9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8220: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8203:- Emperors of 8196: 8188: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8107: 8104: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8049: 8046: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 7994: 7991: 7980: 7977: 7966: 7963: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7870: 7867: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7848: 7845: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7622: 7621: 7594: 7591: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7546: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7475: 7474:1889–1907 (10) 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7452: 7451: 7445: 7442: 7437: 7434: 7433:Older brother 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7414: 7413: 7402: 7399: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7318: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7151: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7119: 7118: 7111: 7109:Thiên Thọ lăng 7106: 7101: 7098: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7057:Personal name 7055: 7050: 7045: 7023: 7020: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6960:Cadet branches 6957: 6956: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6921:Chief of State 6918: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6843:Nguyễn dynasty 6827: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6813: 6803:Main article: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6761: 6759: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6719:Main article: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6637: 6630:Paul Berranger 6610:Main article: 6607: 6604: 6560:, Jarai, Dao. 6544:(Han people), 6516: 6513: 6480:(Thunder God). 6427: 6426: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6383:were faithful 6368: 6365: 6275: 6272: 6220:ethnic Chinese 6119: 6116: 6103:Nguyễn dynasty 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6076:Main article: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6032: 6030:Luang Phrabang 6026: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5522: 5521:Under Gia Long 5519: 5514:Main article: 5511: 5508: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5464:Main article: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5368: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5327:Chánh cửu phẩm 5323: 5316: 5313:Chánh bát phẩm 5309: 5306:Tòng thất phẩm 5302: 5295: 5288: 5285:Chánh lục phẩm 5281: 5274: 5271:Chánh ngũ phẩm 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5243:Chánh tam phẩm 5239: 5232: 5229:Chánh nhị phẩm 5225: 5222:Tòng nhất phẩm 5218: 5207:thuế đầu người 5185: 5184: 5167:September 2018 5135: 5133: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089:Chánh cửu phẩm 5084: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059:Chánh bát phẩm 5054: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044:Tòng thất phẩm 5039: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999:Chánh lục phẩm 4994: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969:Chánh ngũ phẩm 4964: 4963: 4960: 4949: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4907:Thiếu thiêm sự 4893: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4851:Thiếu thiêm sự 4847: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4792:Chánh thiêm sự 4788: 4785:Chánh tam phẩm 4780: 4779: 4776: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4653: 4650:Chánh nhị phẩm 4645: 4644: 4641: 4629:Tham Nghị viện 4613: 4610:Tòng nhất phẩm 4605: 4604: 4601: 4590:* Vice Tutor ( 4566: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500:Civil position 4498: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4355:Middle Kingdom 4288: 4287: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4223: 4216:Main article: 4213: 4210: 4205:Main article: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4136: 4133: 4072: 4069: 4040:Main article: 4037: 4034: 3987:and ended the 3946: 3943: 3879:Amédée Courbet 3836: 3835: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3807:Amédée Courbet 3804: 3797: 3767: 3764: 3743:, governor of 3715: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3561: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3516: 3505: 3498: 3382: 3379: 3341:Sir John Davis 3306: 3303: 3251:Main article: 3248: 3245: 3135: 3132: 3088:British Empire 3002: 2999: 2893:Konbaung Burma 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2823: 2820: 2804: 2801: 2796:Main article: 2793: 2790: 2769:Lê Chiêu Thống 2722: 2719: 2683:Côn Sơn Island 2656: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2630: 2618:and thence to 2588: 2585: 2577:Thổ Chu Island 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2424: 2421: 2412: 2409: 2361: 2358: 2297: 2294: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2258: 2248: 2234: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2175:Main article: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2156: 2147: 2133: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2091:legitimacy of 1987:Main article: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1968: 1955: 1946: 1936: 1929: 1853: 1850: 1838:Nguyễn Thị Anh 1832:under emperor 1810:Main article: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1786:Nguyễn Vietnam 1773: 1770: 1764:used the name 1762:its government 1757: 1754: 1736: 1735: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1616:người Việt Nam 1586:Cantonese Yale 1488:Cantonese Yale 1409: 1408: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1326: 1323: 1298:following the 1282:under Emperor 1215:. A series of 1114:Southeast Asia 1074:Nguyễn dynasty 1068: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999: 988: 984: 983: 975: 974: 957: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 944: 937: 927: 926: 919: 909: 908: 901: 891: 890: 883: 870: 867: 866: 861: 853: 852: 847: 835: 834: 829: 819: 818: 770: 766: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 751: 748: 745: 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 713: 712: 709: 705: 704: 700: 699: 696: 695: 694:25 August 1945 692: 682: 679: 678: 675: 669: 666: 665: 662: 656: 653: 652: 651:25 August 1883 649: 643: 640: 639: 636: 630: 627: 626: 621: 612: 609: 608: 605: 596: 593: 592: 589: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 563: 562:Historical era 559: 558: 555:rule by decree 551: 547: 546: 543: 542: 540:Trần Trọng Kim 537: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 521:Prime Minister 517: 516: 513: 512: 503: 500: 497: 496: 491: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 458: 455: 454: 449: 443: 440: 439: 434: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 414: 413: 412: 411: 408: 397:modern cabinet 390: 386: 385: 380: 374: 373: 329:State ideology 325: 321: 320: 306: 302: 301: 260: 256: 255: 227: 223: 222: 215: 207: 206: 187: 179: 178: 158: 157: 147: 133: 132: 125: 118: 117: 105: 98: 97: 96: 93: 92: 88: 87: 39:Đại Việt Quốc 38: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19548: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19389: 19385: 19378: 19373: 19371: 19366: 19364: 19359: 19358: 19355: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19327:Vĩnh Tế Canal 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19289: 19287: 19283: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19263: 19261: 19257: 19250: 19247: 19244: 19241: 19238: 19235: 19232: 19229: 19226: 19223: 19222: 19220: 19216: 19210: 19207: 19206: 19204: 19200: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19180: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19155: 19153: 19149: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19120: 19116: 19113: 19109: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19086: 19083: 19082: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19072: 19070: 19066: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19026: 19024: 19020: 19010: 19009:Ứng Mausoleum 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18991: 18989: 18985: 18977: 18976:Meridian Gate 18974: 18973: 18972: 18969: 18968: 18966: 18962: 18959: 18955: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18922: 18919: 18918: 18917: 18914: 18913: 18911: 18907: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18891:Phan Văn Thúy 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18846:Hoàng Kế Viêm 18844: 18843: 18841: 18837: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18780: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18688: 18687: 18684: 18683: 18681: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18668: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18612:Tôn Thất Đính 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18562:Phan Văn Thúy 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18532:Ngô Đình Khôi 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18522:Ngô Đình Diệm 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18507:Hoàng Kế Viêm 18505: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18470: 18465: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18424: 18422: 18420: 18416: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18393: 18390: 18389: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18382:Đăng đàn cung 18380: 18378: 18375: 18374: 18372: 18368: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18286: 18284: 18280: 18273: 18270: 18267: 18264: 18261: 18258: 18255: 18252: 18249: 18246: 18243: 18240: 18237: 18234: 18231: 18228: 18225: 18222: 18219: 18216: 18213: 18210: 18207: 18204: 18201: 18198: 18197: 18195: 18193: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18180: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18145: 18139: 18136: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18123: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18052: 18048: 18042: 18039: 18035: 18032: 18031: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17999: 17997: 17985: 17982: 17978: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17946: 17943: 17940: 17936: 17933: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17920: 17915: 17908: 17903: 17901: 17896: 17894: 17889: 17888: 17885: 17876: 17873: 17869: 17865: 17858: 17857: 17853: 17846: 17840: 17836: 17830: 17824: 17819: 17817: 17810: 17805: 17802: 17801: 17790: 17786: 17782: 17778: 17774: 17770: 17769:Norman, Jerry 17766: 17762: 17756: 17748: 17744: 17740: 17736: 17731: 17719: 17715: 17711: 17706: 17702: 17698: 17694: 17690: 17686: 17681: 17677: 17673: 17669: 17665: 17661: 17657: 17653: 17648: 17636: 17632: 17631: 17625: 17621: 17617: 17612: 17608: 17596: 17592: 17588: 17584: 17580: 17576: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17543: 17538: 17534: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17505: 17501: 17496: 17492: 17488: 17484: 17480: 17476: 17472: 17468: 17463: 17462: 17452: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17433: 17429: 17423: 17419: 17414: 17402: 17398: 17397: 17391: 17387: 17381: 17377: 17373: 17368: 17364: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17345: 17341: 17335: 17331: 17326: 17322: 17320:0-674-93721-X 17316: 17312: 17307: 17303: 17298: 17294: 17289: 17285: 17280: 17269: 17265: 17264: 17259: 17255: 17251: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17228: 17224: 17219: 17216: 17210: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17194: 17192:0-521-66370-9 17188: 17184: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17167: 17163: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17142: 17137: 17133: 17132: 17126: 17123: 17117: 17113: 17108: 17105: 17099: 17095: 17091: 17087: 17084: 17078: 17074: 17073: 17068: 17064: 17060: 17055: 17052: 17046: 17042: 17037: 17033: 17027: 17023: 17019: 17015: 17011: 17005: 17001: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16987:0-275-93562-0 16983: 16979: 16974: 16970: 16964: 16960: 16955: 16951: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16934: 16930: 16926: 16921: 16917: 16912: 16908: 16903: 16900: 16894: 16890: 16885: 16881: 16876: 16872: 16867: 16863: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16836: 16832: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16810: 16804: 16800: 16795: 16791: 16785: 16781: 16777: 16773: 16769: 16765: 16761: 16757: 16753: 16747: 16743: 16738: 16734: 16730: 16726: 16714: 16710: 16704: 16700: 16696: 16695: 16689: 16685: 16680: 16676: 16670: 16666: 16662: 16658: 16654: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16636: 16632: 16627: 16623: 16621:0-8248-2984-0 16617: 16613: 16608: 16605: 16599: 16595: 16590: 16586: 16581: 16578: 16572: 16568: 16563: 16559: 16557:0-313-31170-6 16553: 16549: 16544: 16532: 16528: 16522: 16518: 16517: 16511: 16507: 16503: 16498: 16494: 16488: 16484: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16465: 16460: 16456: 16451: 16448: 16442: 16438: 16433: 16430: 16424: 16420: 16415: 16414: 16395: 16383: 16367: 16363: 16362: 16355: 16348: 16344: 16339: 16323: 16319: 16315: 16308: 16306: 16304: 16302: 16285: 16281: 16274: 16272: 16264: 16260: 16257: 16251: 16249: 16247: 16245: 16243: 16241: 16239: 16237: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16229: 16212: 16208: 16201: 16185: 16181: 16174: 16158: 16154: 16147: 16131: 16127: 16123: 16116: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16108: 16106: 16098: 16094: 16089: 16087: 16085: 16083: 16066: 16062: 16055: 16039: 16035: 16028: 16026: 16024: 16016: 16011: 16009: 16007: 15999: 15994: 15987: 15982: 15975: 15970: 15964:, p. 24. 15963: 15958: 15952:, p. 20. 15951: 15946: 15940:, p. 18. 15939: 15934: 15928:, p. 15. 15927: 15922: 15916:, p. 38. 15915: 15910: 15903: 15898: 15892:, p. 85. 15891: 15886: 15879: 15874: 15868:, p. 37. 15867: 15862: 15855: 15850: 15843: 15838: 15831: 15826: 15820:, p. 28. 15819: 15818:Avakov (2015) 15814: 15807: 15802: 15795: 15794:Popkin (1979) 15790: 15783: 15782:Taylor (2013) 15778: 15771: 15766: 15760:, p. 14. 15759: 15754: 15747: 15742: 15735: 15730: 15723: 15722:Kelley (2006) 15718: 15711: 15710:Kelley (2006) 15706: 15700:, p. 15. 15699: 15694: 15679: 15675: 15668: 15661: 15656: 15640: 15636: 15635: 15628: 15612: 15608: 15607: 15591: 15587: 15586: 15578: 15562: 15558: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15539: 15523: 15519: 15513: 15509: 15508: 15492: 15488: 15482: 15478: 15477: 15461: 15457: 15451: 15447: 15446: 15438: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15392: 15388: 15382: 15366: 15362: 15356: 15340: 15336: 15330: 15326: 15325: 15317: 15301: 15297: 15291: 15287: 15286: 15278: 15270: 15264: 15260: 15259: 15251: 15235: 15231: 15225: 15221: 15220: 15212: 15196: 15192: 15186: 15182: 15181: 15173: 15157: 15153: 15147: 15143: 15142: 15134: 15126: 15125: 15118: 15102: 15098: 15094: 15088: 15072: 15068: 15064: 15058: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15028: 15012: 15008: 15004: 14998: 14990: 14984: 14980: 14979: 14971: 14963: 14957: 14953: 14952: 14944: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14919: 14914: 14908: 14893: 14887: 14883: 14882: 14874: 14858: 14854: 14847: 14840: 14833: 14829: 14826: 14820: 14812: 14806: 14802: 14801: 14793: 14785: 14779: 14775: 14774: 14766: 14750: 14746: 14740: 14736: 14735: 14727: 14711: 14705: 14697: 14691: 14687: 14686: 14678: 14662: 14658: 14652: 14648: 14647: 14639: 14623: 14619: 14618: 14610: 14594: 14590: 14584: 14580: 14579: 14571: 14563: 14557: 14553: 14552: 14544: 14537: 14532: 14516: 14512: 14506: 14498: 14496:9780151144204 14492: 14488: 14487: 14479: 14472: 14467: 14460: 14455: 14448: 14443: 14436: 14431: 14424: 14419: 14412: 14407: 14400: 14395: 14393: 14385: 14380: 14373: 14368: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14349: 14347: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14339: 14332:, p. 11. 14331: 14326: 14320:, p. 10. 14319: 14314: 14312: 14304: 14303:Cambridge, MA 14300: 14296: 14292: 14286: 14279: 14274: 14268:, p. 19. 14267: 14262: 14256:, p. 18. 14255: 14250: 14244:, p. 14. 14243: 14238: 14231: 14226: 14224: 14216: 14211: 14204: 14199: 14192: 14187: 14179: 14174: 14166: 14165:Penguin Books 14162: 14158: 14152: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14122: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14091: 14083: 14079: 14072: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14031:, p. 93. 14030: 14029:Goscha (2016) 14025: 14019:, p. 90. 14018: 14017:Goscha (2016) 14013: 14007:, p. 91. 14006: 14005:Goscha (2016) 14001: 13995:, p. 71. 13994: 13989: 13982: 13981:Taylor (2013) 13977: 13970: 13965: 13959:, p. 67. 13958: 13953: 13946: 13941: 13934: 13933:Goscha (2016) 13929: 13922: 13921:Taylor (2013) 13917: 13910: 13905: 13898: 13893: 13886: 13881: 13874: 13869: 13863:, p. 66. 13862: 13857: 13851:, p. 90. 13850: 13845: 13839:, p. 65. 13838: 13833: 13827:, p. 63. 13826: 13821: 13815:, p. 61. 13814: 13809: 13803:, p. 67. 13802: 13801:Goscha (2016) 13797: 13790: 13785: 13778: 13773: 13766: 13761: 13755:, p. 66. 13754: 13753:Goscha (2016) 13749: 13742: 13737: 13730: 13725: 13719:, p. 53. 13718: 13713: 13706: 13701: 13695:, p. 65. 13694: 13693:Goscha (2016) 13689: 13682: 13677: 13671:, p. 50. 13670: 13665: 13659:, p. 49. 13658: 13653: 13646: 13641: 13635:, p. 87. 13634: 13629: 13622: 13617: 13611:, p. 47. 13610: 13605: 13599:, p. 60. 13598: 13597:Goscha (2016) 13593: 13586: 13585:McLeod (1991) 13581: 13574: 13573:Taylor (2013) 13569: 13563:, p. 39. 13562: 13561:McLeod (1991) 13557: 13550: 13549:Taylor (2013) 13545: 13538: 13533: 13531: 13529: 13522:, p. 59. 13521: 13520:Goscha (2016) 13516: 13509: 13508:Taylor (2013) 13504: 13498:, p. 35. 13497: 13496:McLeod (1991) 13492: 13485: 13484:Taylor (2013) 13480: 13474:, p. 47. 13473: 13468: 13461: 13460:Miller (1990) 13456: 13449: 13444: 13437: 13432: 13425: 13420: 13413: 13408: 13401: 13396: 13389: 13384: 13377: 13372: 13365: 13360: 13358: 13350: 13345: 13339:, p. 56. 13338: 13337:Goscha (2016) 13333: 13327:, p. 31. 13326: 13325:McLeod (1991) 13321: 13315:, p. 57. 13314: 13313:Goscha (2016) 13309: 13303:, p. 12. 13302: 13297: 13291:, p. 30. 13290: 13289:McLeod (1991) 13285: 13278: 13277:Goscha (2016) 13273: 13266: 13265:Goscha (2016) 13261: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13230: 13221: 13206: 13202: 13196: 13188: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13169: 13162: 13157: 13150: 13145: 13143: 13135: 13130: 13124:, p. 45. 13123: 13122:Goscha (2016) 13118: 13111: 13110:Taylor (2013) 13106: 13100:, p. 37. 13099: 13094: 13088:, p. 24. 13087: 13086:McLeod (1991) 13082: 13075: 13070: 13068: 13060: 13055: 13048: 13043: 13036: 13035:Taylor (2013) 13031: 13024: 13019: 13012: 13007: 13001:, p. 49. 13000: 12999:Goscha (2016) 12995: 12988: 12983: 12976: 12971: 12964: 12959: 12957: 12949: 12948:Taylor (2013) 12944: 12937: 12932: 12925: 12924:Momoki (2015) 12920: 12913: 12912:Taylor (2013) 12908: 12892: 12888: 12882: 12875: 12870: 12863: 12858: 12851: 12846: 12844: 12837:, p. 71. 12836: 12835:Goscha (2016) 12831: 12829: 12822:, p. 70. 12821: 12820:Goscha (2016) 12816: 12814: 12806: 12801: 12794: 12789: 12783:, p. 155 12782: 12777: 12771:, p. 203 12770: 12765: 12758: 12753: 12747:, p. 519 12746: 12741: 12735:, p. 279 12734: 12729: 12723: 12718: 12712:, p. 183 12711: 12706: 12699: 12694: 12688:, p. 111 12687: 12682: 12676:, p. 178 12675: 12670: 12661: 12655:, p. 124 12654: 12649: 12643:, p. 195 12642: 12637: 12631:, p. 143 12630: 12625: 12619:, p. 517 12618: 12613: 12606: 12601: 12594: 12589: 12583:, p. 188 12582: 12577: 12575: 12568:, p. 508 12567: 12562: 12554: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12530: 12525: 12518: 12513: 12506: 12501: 12485: 12481: 12475: 12467: 12461: 12457: 12456: 12448: 12440: 12434: 12430: 12429: 12421: 12406:. web archive 12405: 12398: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12368: 12360: 12354: 12350: 12349: 12341: 12322: 12315: 12299: 12295: 12289: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12256: 12251: 12244: 12239: 12232: 12227: 12221:, p. 41. 12220: 12215: 12208: 12207:Verlag (1827) 12203: 12187: 12183: 12176: 12170:, p. 46. 12169: 12164: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12127: 12122: 12115: 12110: 12103: 12098: 12091: 12086: 12079: 12074: 12067: 12062: 12055: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12036: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12020:, p. 38. 12019: 12014: 12012: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11972: 11970:981-3016-69-8 11966: 11962: 11955: 11953: 11944: 11940: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11920: 11916: 11909: 11901: 11897: 11890: 11882: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11843: 11838: 11824: 11820: 11814: 11810: 11799: 11796: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11774: 11773:Dragon motifs 11768: 11763: 11759: 11752: 11747: 11740: 11735: 11734: 11728: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11673:Dragon motifs 11669: 11659: 11657: 11656:French people 11653: 11649: 11645: 11642:(a symbol of 11641: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11600: 11595: 11586: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11552: 11547: 11543: 11535: 11532: 11529: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11508: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11467: 11465: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11404: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11391: 11387: 11379: 11377: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11365:Crown Prince 11363: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11341: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11296: 11294: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11270: 11252: 11240: 11229: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11163: 11161: 11153: 11151: 11110: 11108: 11084: 11083: 11062: 11061: 11028: 11026: 10946: 10944: 10920: 10919: 10898: 10897: 10864: 10862: 10782: 10780: 10770: 10769: 10752: 10751: 10732: 10731: 10710: 10709: 10687: 10677: 10674: 10664: 10662: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10638: 10628: 10626: 10612: 10610: 10559: 10557: 10550: 10536: 10535: 10518: 10517: 10509: 10500: 10481: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10454: 10452: 10444: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10402: 10400: 10382: 10380: 10357: 10355: 10346: 10332: 10331: 10323: 10314: 10303: 10293: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10270: 10268: 10258: 10256: 10255: 10248: 10238: 10236: 10218: 10216: 10193: 10191: 10171: 10170: 10140: 10130: 10127: 10097: 10095: 10094: 10077: 10061: 10059: 10045: 10043: 10034: 10032: 10009: 9995: 9994: 9969: 9967: 9909: 9907: 9890: 9881: 9872: 9848: 9845: 9835: 9833: 9823: 9822: 9809: 9789: 9764: 9762: 9732: 9708: 9706: 9650: 9648: 9618: 9594: 9592: 9536: 9534: 9504: 9480: 9478: 9422: 9420: 9390: 9366: 9364: 9308: 9306: 9276: 9252: 9250: 9194: 9192: 9162: 9138: 9136: 9080: 9078: 9048: 9024: 9022: 8966: 8964: 8933: 8909: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8884: 8883: 8868: 8848: 8823: 8821: 8791: 8767: 8765: 8709: 8707: 8675: 8670: 8646: 8644: 8588: 8586: 8554: 8549: 8525: 8523: 8467: 8465: 8433: 8428: 8427:Nguyễn Văn Lỗ 8404: 8402: 8346: 8344: 8312: 8307: 8283: 8281: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8197: 8189: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8087: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8029: 8007: 8002: 8001: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7946: 7911: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7868: 7866: 7854: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7834: 7801: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7756: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7711: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7666: 7636: 7628: 7619: 7615: 7614:Ngo Dinh Diem 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7263:Huệ Hoàng Đế 7262: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7163:Lao rebellion 7160: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7113:Defeated the 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6789: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6603: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6512: 6508: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6462:Thần Thuận An 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6400: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6373: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6189:acculturation 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6115: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6079: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6047:Chief cities: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675:Quảng Nghĩa ( 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5517: 5507: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5335: 5334:Tòng cửu phẩm 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5320:Tòng bát phẩm 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5292:Tòng lục phẩm 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278:Tòng ngũ phẩm 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5257:Chánh tứ phẩm 5254: 5251: 5250:Tòng tam phẩm 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236:Tòng nhị phẩm 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5181: 5178: 5170: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5136:This section 5134: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5104:Tòng cửu phẩm 5101: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5074:Tòng bát phẩm 5071: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5014:Tòng lục phẩm 5011: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4984:Tòng ngũ phẩm 4981: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890:Chánh tứ phẩm 4887: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4872:Thượng bảo tự 4867: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4844:Tòng tam phẩm 4841: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4763:Supreme Vice- 4760: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4746:Tòng nhị phẩm 4743: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4524:Tôn nhân lệnh 4521: 4520:Tông Nhân Phủ 4517: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374:Son of Heaven 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323:head of state 4320: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4208: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102:Allied forces 4099: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3786:Henri Rivière 3782: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741:Hoàng Kế Viêm 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3071:Lê Thánh Tông 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054:(Vietnamese: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2799: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:Thomas Conway 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2581:Ko Kut Island 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:Châu Văn Tiếp 2559: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:Châu Văn Tiếp 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2459:grand admiral 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2437:replaced the 2436: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324:Nguyễn lord, 2322: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2302: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2265: 2256:as rump state 2255: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2163: 2154: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Lê Trang Tông 1996: 1990: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896:, where king 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870:Lê Cung Hoàng 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:Mạc Đăng Dung 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:Việt Nam Quốc 1670: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1603:Lüshi Chunqiu 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1527: 1526:Shang dynasty 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Triệu dynasty 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1438:Việt Nam Quốc 1434: 1429: 1424: 1416: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383:Nước Việt Nam 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358:(越南元寶), gold 1357: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:protectorates 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 973: 969: 965: 961: 958: 956:Today part of 954: 938: 936: 935:North Vietnam 933: 929: 928: 920: 918: 915: 911: 910: 902: 900: 897: 893: 892: 884: 882: 879: 875: 874: 871: 865: 862: 855: 854: 851: 848: 841: 840: 837: 836: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 820: 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 793: 789: 785: 781: 778: 774: 771: 767: 763: 759: 753: 749: 743: 739: 733: 729: 723: 719: 714: 710: 706: 701: 697: 693: 690: 686: 680: 677:11 March 1945 676: 673: 667: 663: 660: 654: 650: 647: 641: 637: 634: 628: 622: 619: 616: 610: 606: 603: 600: 594: 590: 586: 578: 574: 571: 567: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541: 538: 532: 528: 524: 522: 518: 514: 511: 507: 504: 498: 495: 492: 486: 482: 478: 476: 472: 468: 465: 462: 456: 453: 450: 441: 438: 435: 429: 425: 421: 419: 415: 409: 405: 401: 400: 398: 394: 391: 387: 384: 381: 379: 375: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:Folk religion 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 303: 298: 268: 264: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 238: 235: 231: 228: 224: 219: 213: 208: 203: 199: 195: 191: 185: 180: 174: 165: 164: 159: 144: 143: 142:Đăng đàn cung 138: 134: 128: 122: 108: 102: 94: 89: 55:Việt Nam Quốc 36: 33: 29: 19: 19383: 19285:Other topics 19004:An Mausoleum 18851:Lê Văn Duyệt 18686:Tây Sơn wars 18632:Đặng Huy Trứ 18627:Trần Cao Vân 18527:Ngô Đình Khả 18482:Cao Xuân Dục 18377:Coat of arms 18341:Quốc Tử Giám 18321:Hàn lâm viện 18126:Phú Riềng Đỏ 18002:Nguyễn lords 17991:(Nhà Nguyễn 17913: 17863: 17850: 17833:Deposition: 17822: 17813: 17780: 17776: 17773:Mei, Tsu-lin 17755:cite journal 17738: 17734: 17722:. Retrieved 17718:the original 17713: 17699:– via 17688: 17684: 17674:– via 17655: 17651: 17639:. Retrieved 17629: 17619: 17615: 17605:– via 17599:. Retrieved 17582: 17578: 17564:– via 17545: 17541: 17524: 17520: 17503: 17499: 17489:– via 17470: 17466: 17436: 17417: 17405:. Retrieved 17395: 17371: 17348: 17329: 17310: 17301: 17292: 17283: 17272:, retrieved 17268:the original 17262: 17249: 17222: 17204: 17201:Taylor, K.W. 17182: 17173: 17161: 17152: 17140: 17129: 17111: 17096:, Philip's, 17093: 17070: 17058: 17040: 17021: 16999: 16977: 16958: 16949: 16940: 16924: 16915: 16906: 16888: 16879: 16870: 16851: 16839: 16830: 16817: 16798: 16775: 16772:Kiernan, Ben 16763: 16760:Keane, A. H. 16741: 16733:Gia Định xưa 16732: 16717:. Retrieved 16693: 16683: 16664: 16642: 16630: 16611: 16593: 16584: 16566: 16547: 16535:. Retrieved 16515: 16501: 16482: 16463: 16454: 16436: 16418: 16370:. Retrieved 16360: 16354: 16338: 16326:. Retrieved 16288:. Retrieved 16215:. Retrieved 16200: 16188:. Retrieved 16184:the original 16173: 16161:. Retrieved 16157:the original 16146: 16134:. Retrieved 16092: 16069:. Retrieved 16054: 16042:. Retrieved 16015:Heath (2003) 15993: 15986:Smith (1974) 15981: 15974:Smith (1974) 15969: 15957: 15945: 15933: 15921: 15909: 15897: 15890:Choi (2004b) 15885: 15873: 15861: 15854:Keane (1896) 15849: 15837: 15825: 15813: 15801: 15789: 15777: 15765: 15753: 15741: 15736:, p. 4. 15729: 15717: 15705: 15693: 15681:. Retrieved 15677: 15667: 15655: 15643:. Retrieved 15633: 15627: 15615:. Retrieved 15605: 15594:. Retrieved 15584: 15577: 15565:. Retrieved 15545: 15538: 15526:. Retrieved 15506: 15495:. Retrieved 15475: 15464:. Retrieved 15444: 15437: 15425:. Retrieved 15421:the original 15416: 15407: 15395:. Retrieved 15391:the original 15381: 15369:. Retrieved 15365:the original 15355: 15343:. Retrieved 15323: 15316: 15304:. Retrieved 15284: 15277: 15257: 15250: 15238:. Retrieved 15218: 15211: 15199:. Retrieved 15179: 15172: 15160:. Retrieved 15140: 15133: 15123: 15117: 15105:. Retrieved 15096: 15087: 15075:. Retrieved 15066: 15057: 15045:. Retrieved 15036: 15027: 15015:. Retrieved 15006: 14997: 14977: 14970: 14950: 14943: 14931:. Retrieved 14927:the original 14916: 14907: 14895:. Retrieved 14880: 14873: 14861:. Retrieved 14856: 14852: 14844:蔣為文 (2013). 14839: 14819: 14799: 14792: 14772: 14765: 14753:. Retrieved 14733: 14726: 14714:. Retrieved 14704: 14684: 14677: 14665:. Retrieved 14645: 14638: 14626:. Retrieved 14622:the original 14616: 14609: 14597:. Retrieved 14577: 14570: 14550: 14543: 14531: 14519:. Retrieved 14515:the original 14505: 14485: 14478: 14466: 14454: 14442: 14430: 14418: 14406: 14379: 14367: 14355: 14325: 14290: 14285: 14273: 14261: 14249: 14237: 14232:, p. 9. 14215:Keane (1896) 14210: 14202: 14198: 14190: 14186: 14177: 14173: 14160: 14151: 14139:. Retrieved 14130: 14121: 14109:. Retrieved 14100: 14090: 14077: 14071: 14059:. Retrieved 14050: 14024: 14012: 14000: 13988: 13976: 13964: 13952: 13940: 13928: 13916: 13904: 13892: 13880: 13868: 13856: 13844: 13832: 13820: 13808: 13796: 13784: 13772: 13760: 13748: 13736: 13724: 13712: 13700: 13688: 13676: 13664: 13657:Keith (2012) 13652: 13640: 13628: 13616: 13609:Keith (2012) 13604: 13592: 13580: 13568: 13556: 13544: 13515: 13503: 13491: 13479: 13467: 13455: 13448:Heath (2003) 13443: 13436:Heath (2003) 13431: 13419: 13407: 13395: 13383: 13371: 13344: 13332: 13320: 13308: 13296: 13284: 13272: 13260: 13248:. Retrieved 13244:the original 13239: 13234:Dharma, Po. 13229: 13220: 13208:. Retrieved 13204: 13195: 13175: 13168: 13161:Choi (2004a) 13156: 13136:, p. 4. 13129: 13117: 13105: 13093: 13081: 13054: 13042: 13030: 13018: 13006: 12994: 12982: 12970: 12943: 12931: 12919: 12907: 12895:. Retrieved 12891:the original 12881: 12874:Tarling 1999 12869: 12864:, p. 83 12857: 12800: 12788: 12776: 12764: 12757:Sơn Nam 2009 12752: 12740: 12728: 12717: 12705: 12693: 12681: 12669: 12660: 12648: 12636: 12624: 12612: 12600: 12588: 12561: 12542: 12536: 12531:, p. 91 12524: 12512: 12507:, p. 89 12500: 12488:. Retrieved 12474: 12454: 12447: 12427: 12420: 12408:. Retrieved 12397: 12385:. Retrieved 12381:the original 12376: 12367: 12347: 12340: 12328:. Retrieved 12314: 12302:. Retrieved 12288: 12276:. Retrieved 12262: 12250: 12238: 12231:Hiley (1848) 12226: 12214: 12202: 12190:. Retrieved 12175: 12163: 12151:. Retrieved 12142: 12133: 12121: 12109: 12097: 12085: 12073: 12068:, p. 1. 12061: 12054:Meacham 1996 11993: 11989: 11979: 11960: 11941:. New York: 11938: 11914: 11908: 11895: 11889: 11876: 11870: 11861: 11853: 11813: 11716: 11710: 11705: 11697: 11695: 11683:Phượng hoàng 11671: 11647: 11640:lotus flower 11636:Trần dynasty 11628: 11604: 11560: 11555: 11549: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11509: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11461: 11414: 11406: 11393: 11373: 11364: 11356: 11343: 11330: 11317: 11309: 11291: 11080: 11058: 10916: 10902:r. 1889–1907 10894: 10766: 10748: 10728: 10706: 10532: 10514: 10328: 10167: 9991: 8932:Nguyễn Hoàng 8205:French Annam 8177: 8162: 8161: 8111: 8097: 8053: 8039: 7998: 7984: 7970: 7956: 7874: 7838: 7772: 7727: 7682: 7625: 7612:, ousted by 7596:Head of the 7585:1926–45 (13) 7548:1916–25 (12) 7509:1907–16 (11) 7147:(Minh Mạng) 7096:Nguyễn lords 7025: 6993: 6972: 6970: 6938:Confucianism 6615: 6599:Mường people 6596: 6591: 6585: 6578: 6526: 6509: 6496: 6490: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446:The Analects 6439: 6405: 6381:Nguyễn lords 6378: 6346: 6322: 6309: 6306:áo tràng vạt 6287: 6284:White H'mong 6277: 6263: 6250: 6246: 6243:Ming dynasty 6234: 6223: 6216:Tang dynasty 6208:"Đường nhân" 6207: 6204:Qing dynasty 6193:"Thanh nhân" 6192: 6167: 6151: 6144:sinicisation 6141: 6098: 6095:"Thanh nhân" 6094: 6091: 5940: 5821: 5797:Hmong people 5781:kinh lược sứ 5780: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5648:(Tiền Giang) 5570:Sơn Nam Hạ ( 5555:Lê Văn Duyệt 5553:(Hanoi) and 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5505: 5425:Tôn Thất Đàn 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5264:Tòng tứ phẩm 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5196: 5173: 5164: 5149:Please help 5137: 5103: 5088: 5073: 5058: 5043: 5028: 5013: 4998: 4983: 4968: 4957:Tuyên phủ sứ 4956: 4955:), Prefect ( 4952: 4946:Tòng tứ phẩm 4945: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4889: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4843: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4784: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4709: 4699: 4689: 4679: 4669: 4659: 4656:6 ministries 4649: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4609: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4570:Tôn nhân phủ 4569: 4562: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4421: 4407: 4391: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4316: 4304: 4271: 4191: 4181:. After the 4175:puppet state 4148: 4113:Vichy French 4091: 4084: 4071:World War II 4057: 4053: 4045: 4004: 3993: 3962: 3908: 3904: 3872: 3848: 3837: 3777: 3716: 3488:Napoleon III 3461: 3454:'s court at 3452:Napoleon III 3425:Tạ Văn Phụng 3416:Spanish army 3413: 3372: 3364: 3345: 3326: 3319: 3308: 3279: 3256: 3240:Pierre Borie 3216:Lê Văn Duyệt 3205: 3201:Po Phaok The 3163: 3161:minorities. 3145: 3121: 3097:Gulf of Siam 3080:Lê Văn Duyệt 3068: 3059: 3055: 3036:Confucianism 3029: 3016:), with the 3004: 2964: 2925: 2885:Qing dynasty 2879:, bordering 2864: 2862: 2846:and end the 2825: 2806: 2777: 2754: 2688: 2681:estuary and 2662:with French 2657: 2596: 2574: 2550: 2503: 2455: 2439:Ming dynasty 2435:Qing dynasty 2432: 2414: 2397: 2386: 2363: 2346: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2279:Tây Sơn wars 2194:Nguyễn lords 2182:Nguyễn Hoàng 2180: 2145:'s authority 2123:Nguyễn Hoàng 2082: 2046:Nguyễn Hoàng 2035: 2027:Nguyễn Hoàng 1992: 1855: 1846:Lê Nhân Tông 1842:Lê Thái Tông 1834:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh 1830:Đinh dynasty 1815: 1812:Nguyễn lords 1785: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1765: 1759: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1710:Đại Nam Quốc 1672: 1651:Qing dynasty 1628: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1592:; 1589: 1584:; 1581: 1576:; 1564:(Bách Việt, 1545:State of Yue 1502:; 1499: 1494:; 1491: 1486:; 1483: 1478:; 1455: 1437: 1414: 1412: 1355: 1310: 1291: 1288:puppet state 1260:World War II 1257: 1240: 1189:Nguyễn lords 1184: 1172: 1166: 1142:Christianity 1106:Nguyễn lords 1098:triều Nguyễn 1073: 1071: 1006:19th century 931: 913: 895: 877: 850:Nguyễn lords 832:Succeeded by 831: 826: 810:lạng / lượng 777:copper-alloy 756:• 1942 746:• 1890 736:• 1858 726:• 1830 607:20 July 1802 570:World War II 535:• 1945 351:Christianity 338: 327: 248:Puppet state 243:protectorate 204:(light red). 192:, including 161: 140: 136: 127:Coat of arms 71:Đại Nam Quốc 32: 18856:Lê Văn Khôi 18637:Trương Định 18361:Viện cơ mật 18274:(1925–1945) 18268:(1916–1925) 18262:(1907–1916) 18256:(1889–1907) 18250:(1885–1889) 18244:(1884–1885) 18238:(1883–1884) 18220:(1847–1883) 18214:(1841–1847) 18208:(1820–1841) 18202:(1802–1820) 18086:Duy Tân Hội 17941:(1883–1945) 17931:(1802–1883) 17816:Royal house 17783:: 274–301. 17724:9 September 17506:(2): 1–42. 17407:9 September 16390:|work= 15683:19 November 15660:Kelley 2006 15427:19 November 15107:19 November 15077:19 November 15047:19 November 15017:19 November 14716:19 November 14667:18 November 14599:18 November 14305:1988, S. 10 13205:Cham Unesco 12219:Toda (1882) 12168:Toda (1882) 11996:(1): 9–53. 11723:positioned 11706:rồng 5 móng 11685:(Phoenix), 11631:Achievement 11611:Royal Korea 11542:noble title 11425:(1910–1990) 11419: [ 11410:(1871–1944) 11397:(1869–1884) 11378:(1943–2017) 11369:(1936–2007) 11360:(1913–1997) 11347:(1885–1925) 11334:(1864–1889) 11321:(1845–1876) 11313:(1829–1883) 11295:(1801–1847) 11254:(1944–2017) 11242:(1934–2007) 8940:Nguyễn Uông 8672: [ 8551: [ 8430: [ 8309: [ 8211:(1885–1945) 8174:Family tree 7436:1885–89 (9) 7393:1884–85 (8) 7350:1883–84 (7) 7231:1847–83 (4) 7196:1841–47 (3) 7159:Muang Phuan 7141:1820–41 (2) 7100:1802–20 (1) 7067:Regnal name 7048:Temple name 6942:Catholicism 6908:Emperor of 6887:Final ruler 6622:Jules Itier 6618:photographs 6606:Photography 6333:Hoa Chinese 6298:áo ngũ thân 6239:Han dynasty 6160:hill tribes 6148:Han dynasty 5984:Cochinchina 5888:Tuyên Quang 5863:Thái Nguyên 5627:or Phiên An 5615:Thái Nguyên 5595:Tuyên Quang 5362:Cơ Mật Viện 4810:Secretariat 4769:Đô sát viện 4730:Đô sát viện 4403:Viện cơ mật 4300:, 4/11/1932 4294:Nguyễn Clan 4121:Ho Chi Minh 4036:World War I 4030:Catholicism 4007:Latin-based 3781:Jules Ferry 3756: [ 3725:Jean Dupuis 3720:Black Flags 3678:Capture of 3566:during the 3562:Capture of 3290:Ang Chan II 3275:Savannakhet 3224:Prince Cảnh 3212:Lê Văn Khôi 3185:Katip Sumat 3170:Catholicism 3109:Ang Chan II 3101:coup d'état 3034:, based on 2909:Catholicism 2765:Trịnh Giang 2745:Nguyễn Nhạc 2667:Armand Marc 2620:Pondicherry 2600:Chanthaburi 2443:Han Chinese 2342:Nguyễn Nhạc 2153:Mạc dynasty 2118:Nguyễn clan 2070:Trịnh lords 2038:Lê Anh Tông 1952:Mạc dynasty 1898:Photisarath 1866:Mạc dynasty 1772:Other names 1533: 1200 1522:oracle bone 1313:led by the 1110:great power 1021:Final ruler 881:Cochinchina 827:Preceded by 817:(from 1885) 664:6 June 1884 638:5 June 1862 591:1 June 1802 550:Legislature 407:(1883–1945) 319:(from 1884) 292: / 245:(1883–1945) 239:(1802–1883) 198:direct rule 177:(1846–1945) 114:1920s–1945) 83:(1839–1945) 51:(1802–1804) 19470:Categories 19440:Thành Thái 19435:Đồng Khánh 19119:Cash coins 18567:Phạm Quỳnh 18502:Hoàng Diệu 18467:Prominent 18254:Thành Thái 18248:Đồng Khánh 18183:Government 18007:Đàng Trong 17741:: 93–100. 17274:28 October 17241:1079783921 16751:1559703067 16729:Huỳnh Minh 16661:Heath, Ian 16347:Vietnamese 16097:Vietnamese 15758:Dyt (2015) 15746:Dyt (2015) 15734:Dyt (2015) 15698:Dyt (2015) 14891:9813055502 14628:29 January 14141:31 October 14111:31 October 14101:Observador 14061:31 January 13301:Li (2004a) 13240:Cham Today 12897:5 February 12543:Indo-China 12490:2 February 12410:2 February 12387:2 February 12330:2 February 12304:2 February 12278:5 February 12192:2 February 12018:Woods 2002 11833:References 11817:At first, 11648:Pháp thuộc 11448:See also: 11332:Đồng Khánh 11226:Bảo Ngọc ( 11088:r. 1925–45 11066:r. 1907–16 10924:r. 1916–25 10896:Thành Thái 10736:r. 1885–89 10730:Đồng Khánh 10522:r. 1848–83 10336:r. 1841–47 10175:r. 1820–41 9999:r. 1802–20 8790:Nguyễn Kim 8041:Thành Thái 8004:1883–1884 7972:Đồng Khánh 7616:after the 7543:Đồng Khánh 7532:Hoằng Tông 7478:Thành Thái 7440:Đồng Khánh 7360:Khiêm Lăng 7240:Khiêm Lăng 7204:Xương Lăng 7171:Panduranga 7161:after the 7157:. Annexed 6981:Nguyễn Bặc 6948:Deposition 6930:Traditions 6923:of Vietnam 6616:The first 6592:Thanh nhân 6587:Minh Hương 6515:Demography 6435:procession 6252:Minh Hương 6235:"Hán nhân" 6128:Đồng Khánh 6005:Định Tường 5973:Bình Thuận 5953:Quảng Ngãi 5942:Thừa Thiên 5931:Quảng Bình 5720:Quảng Bình 5700:Bình Thuận 5692:Bình Hoà ( 5677:Quảng Ngãi 5646:Định Tường 5582:Kinh Bắc ( 5203:Vietnamese 4414:Thành Thái 4382:Vietnamese 4353:(中國, "the 4351:Trung Quốc 4339:chính danh 4308:Vietnamese 4201:Government 4094:Axis power 4026:Portuguese 4014:Portuguese 3935:Đồng Khánh 3749:Liu Yongfu 3324:landed in 3064:Vietnamese 3048:suzerainty 3010:Vietnamese 2995:Đồng Khánh 2967:succession 2761:Trịnh Bồng 2757:Trịnh Khải 2749:Nguyễn Ánh 2741:Nguyễn Huệ 2554:Kiên Giang 2482:, then to 2427:See also: 2393:Long Xuyên 2366:Nguyễn Ánh 2349:Nguyễn Huệ 2314:Lê dynasty 2246:'s control 2244:Trịnh clan 2240:Lê dynasty 2143:Trịnh clan 2139:Lê dynasty 2058:Trịnh clan 2044:appointed 2042:Lê dynasty 2023:Trịnh Kiểm 2011:Lê–Mạc War 2007:Nguyễn Kim 2003:Thăng Long 1995:Thăng Long 1965:Nguyễn Kim 1961:Lê dynasty 1910:Nguyễn Kim 1886:Lê dynasty 1882:Trịnh clan 1878:Nguyễn Kim 1862:Lê dynasty 1826:Nguyễn Bặc 1643:Nguyễn Ánh 1608:người Việt 1594:Vietnamese 1504:Vietnamese 1496:Wade–Giles 1315:communists 1245:Qing China 1243:vassal of 1227:, and the 1177:Lê dynasty 1094:Vietnamese 1086:Nhà Nguyễn 1082:Vietnamese 1063:Deposition 780:cash coins 760:25,552,000 750:14,752,000 740:12,031,000 730:10,500,000 716:Population 685:Abdication 585:Nguyễn Ánh 566:Modern era 402:under the 389:Government 383:Vietnamese 378:Demonym(s) 309:Vietnamese 107:Court flag 19450:Khải Định 19425:Kiến Phúc 19405:Thiệu Trị 19400:Minh Mạng 19337:Việt gian 19276:Kim Khánh 19209:Hương ước 19068:Education 18943:Trấn Ninh 18469:mandarins 18437:Tổng Trấn 18289:Censorate 18266:Khải Định 18236:Kiến Phúc 18212:Thiệu Trị 18206:Minh Mạng 18131:Việt Minh 18066:Cần Vương 17989:/ Đại Nam 17672:155581972 17641:16 August 17562:163196181 17487:153524504 16774:(2019) . 16663:(2003) . 16392:ignored ( 16382:cite book 16290:19 August 15645:4 October 15617:4 October 15596:4 October 15567:4 October 15466:4 October 15345:4 October 15306:21 August 15240:21 August 15201:21 August 15162:21 August 14131:www.dn.pt 12862:Kamm 1996 12377:geocities 12153:31 August 12102:Phan 1985 11758:Minh Mạng 11597:A silver 11583:meteorite 11558:(安平男之印). 11395:Kiến Phúc 11376:Bảo Thắng 11345:Khải Định 11293:Thiệu Trị 11251:Bảo Thăng 11232:(b. 1933) 10918:Khải Định 10750:Kiến Phúc 10330:Thiệu Trị 10169:Minh Mạng 8117:1926–1945 8103:1907–1916 8059:1916–1925 8055:Khải Định 8045:1889–1907 8000:Kiến Phúc 7990:1884–1885 7976:1885–1889 7844:1847–1883 7778:1841–1847 7774:Thiệu Trị 7733:1820–1840 7729:Minh Mệnh 7688:1802–1819 7606:Viet Minh 7602:abdicated 7552:Khải Định 7424:Cảnh Tông 7354:Kiến Phúc 7338:Giản Tông 7260:Cung Tông 7200:Thiệu Trị 7150:Hiếu Lăng 7145:Minh Mệnh 7028:era names 7008:Hồng Nhậm 6904:Quảng Nam 6590:(明鄉) and 6393:Thiệu Trị 6385:Buddhists 6361:Indochina 6349:Thiệu Trị 6264:Minh nhân 6247:Minh nhân 6224:"Hán dân" 6000:Vĩnh Long 5968:Khánh Hoà 5958:Bình Định 5948:Quảng Nam 5936:Quảng Trị 5916:Thanh Hoá 5903:Ninh Bình 5898:Quảng Yên 5893:Hải Dương 5730:Quảng Nam 5725:Quảng Trị 5716:Quảng Đức 5694:Khánh Hoà 5683:Bình Định 5666:Thanh Hoá 5637:Vĩnh Long 5620:Quảng Yên 5590:Hải Dương 5138:does not 4897:Guozijian 4878:Tham quân 4765:Censorate 4726:Censorate 4598:Thiếu bảo 4592:Thiếu phó 4580:Tam Thiếu 4418:mandarins 4380:(𪼀, the 4298:Thanh Hóa 4117:Viet Minh 3915:Kiến Phúc 3887:Thanh Hoá 3698:fortress. 3600:Hải Dương 3584:Ninh Bình 3480:Kampuchea 3474:. In the 3311:Thiệu Trị 3277:in 1827. 3267:Vientiane 3208:rebellion 3147:Minh Mạng 3128:Minh Mạng 2928:Thiệu Trị 2901:Confucian 2897:Minh Mạng 2834:(then in 2809:Nguyễn Lữ 2785:Sun Shiyi 2608:Louis XVI 2476:Hậu Giang 2353:Nguyễn Lữ 2131:Quảng Nam 2127:Thuận Hóa 2050:Thuận Hóa 2036:In 1558, 2031:Thuận Hóa 1989:Thuận Hóa 1925:in 1543. 1919:Thanh Hóa 1856:In 1527, 1792:kingdom. 1766:Nam Triều 1756:Nam Triều 1742:Minh Mạng 1677:Minh Mạng 1669:Guangdong 1639:Hải Phòng 1612:người Nam 1598:Bách Việt 1590:Baak Yuet 1518:logograph 1466:" (Yue) ( 1436:), fully 1413:The name 1368:Minh Mạng 1308:Việt Minh 1118:Minh Mạng 1053:Estate(s) 990:State of 494:Minh Mạng 399:in 1945) 339:Minority: 324:Religion 237:tributary 218:Minh Mạng 190:Minh Mạng 169:大南受天永命傳國璽 91:1802–1945 19430:Hàm Nghi 19420:Hiệp Hòa 19395:Gia Long 19332:Tôn Thất 19218:Treaties 19111:Currency 19054:Khăn vấn 18671:Military 18432:Tuần phủ 18242:Hàm Nghi 18230:Hiệp Hòa 18200:Gia Long 18192:Emperors 18012:Nam tiến 17922:Overview 17875:declared 17872:Republic 17635:Archived 17601:9 August 17595:Archived 17459:Articles 17401:Archived 17376:ABC-CLIO 17353:ABC-CLIO 17260:(1971), 17203:(2013), 17172:(1973). 17151:(2009). 17092:(2007), 17069:(1979), 17020:(1990). 16998:(2020). 16939:(1981). 16850:(2003). 16829:(1880). 16762:(1896). 16731:(2006). 16713:Archived 16641:(2016). 16531:Archived 16366:Archived 16328:25 March 16322:Archived 16284:Archived 16259:Archived 16211:Archived 16190:24 March 16163:24 March 16130:Archived 16071:25 March 16065:Archived 16038:Archived 15639:Archived 15611:Archived 15590:Archived 15561:Archived 15528:9 August 15522:Archived 15497:9 August 15491:Archived 15460:Archived 15417:Lwxww.cn 15397:9 August 15371:9 August 15339:Archived 15300:Archived 15234:Archived 15195:Archived 15156:Archived 15101:Archived 15071:Archived 15041:Archived 15011:Archived 14853:台灣國際研究季刊 14828:Archived 14749:Archived 14661:Archived 14593:Archived 14521:25 April 14159:(1997). 14135:Archived 14105:Archived 14055:Archived 12484:Archived 12298:Archived 12272:Archived 12186:Archived 12147:Archived 12114:Ooi 2004 12002:40860771 11852:(2012). 11825:refused. 11819:Gia Long 11781:See also 11725:affronté 11711:The two 11704:(蠪𠄼𤔻, 11691:Linh quy 11644:Buddhism 11623:heraldic 11464:Gia Long 11408:Hàm Nghi 11367:Bảo Long 11239:Bảo Long 10768:Hàm Nghi 10686:Cường Để 10534:Hiệp Hòa 9993:Gia Long 7986:Hàm Nghi 7876:Hiệp Hoà 7684:Gia Long 7557:Ứng Lăng 7397:Hàm Nghi 7316:Hiệp Hòa 7312:1883 (6) 7272:1883 (5) 7219:Dực Tông 7129:Thánh Tổ 7104:Gia Long 7060:Lineage 7022:Emperors 6989:Tôn Thất 6964:Tôn Thất 6934:Buddhism 6910:Đại Việt 6902:Lord of 6715:Military 6569:Quỳ Châu 6500:Tokugawa 6478:Thần Sấm 6474:Thần Mây 6433:Nam Giao 6367:Religion 6357:Catholic 6323:An 1841 6249:(明人) or 6164:colonies 6152:Hán nhân 6039:Cambodia 6035:Vientine 6010:An Giang 5995:Gia Định 5990:Biên Hoà 5912:(Annam) 5910:Trung Kỳ 5883:Hưng Hoá 5873:Hưng Yên 5868:Nam Định 5858:Bắc Ninh 5853:Cao Bằng 5848:Lạng Sơn 5777:Tuần phủ 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