242:
296:
22:
234:
69:
376:, and on an enchantment with the city center. For a long time, French society has remained pregnant with a sentiment of hostility to the city. The country and the rural civilization are perceived as holding and conserving "authentic" values—notably, with regard to tradition, family, respect for authority, connection with land, and sense of responsibility.
343:, first published in 1947. This book, profoundly urbophobic, has since guided the politics of spatial planning in France. It recommends harsh methods to decentralize the French state, to reduce the influence of Paris its macrocephalous capital, and to redistribute work and people throughout the territory.
319:, as they become progressively more numerous around the world. In the United States this spread is currently interpreted as a simple diffusion of the American model of urbanism, carrying an anti-urban discourse, adapted politically, contractually, and architecturally to the needs of local tradition.
433:
For the Khmer Rouge, the city was a western construction and a menace to the traditional values of
Cambodian society. The Khmer peasants, the sole keepers of true Cambodian values, were to struggle against the city and for de-urbanization. This anti-urbanist program would compel the city-dwellers to
195:
may critique the bad conditions while acknowledging the role of progress and innovation. With an anti-urban ideology, negative ideas about the city are contrasted with positive values of the country such as tradition, community, and stability, which appear in the
European context in the seventeenth
258:
at Paris, an incontrovertible element in the discourse of anti-urbanism and a source of the Swiss mythology, opposed the virtuous rural
Switzerland with the Switzerland corrupted by big cities. The village is presented as a source of national unity and a refuge against the menace of war.
303:
To avoid these ills and urban overcrowding, the
Americans embraced the idea of life on the outskirts, within nature, for a better way of life, yet near the city in order to reach its economic resources. Paradoxically, the rural component of American identity then gave rise to the
249:
Switzerland has not escaped the process of urbanization. This small, mountainous country constructs her identity and representations thereof on the mountain countryside and rural villages, entirely in opposition to the city, which is considered bad for people. The
279:
constructed their identity on rural, environmental values, with nature and agrarian self-sufficiency seen as beneficial for humanity, and urban life necessarily hierarchical and aristocratic. Their
Federalist opponents, in contrast, promoted urban commerce. The
168:, the first country to industrialize, saw the birth of the first anti-urban newspaper, based on sentiment arising from deplorable sanitary conditions. The city was described as black and disease-ridden, teeming with miserable exploited workers. The 1873–1896
454:
abounds with apocalyptic descriptions of the
Victorian city. Dickens describes a city where men have lost their humanity. The poor Oliver Twist must survive in a hostile urban world rife with banditry, violence, prostitution, and delinquency.
532:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 6. Some authors employ the terms indiscriminately. Joëlle Salomon Cavin distinguishes: urbophobia is hostility to the city while urbanophobia is hostility to that which is urban.
164:. In earlier times cities were seen as a source of wealth, employment, services, and culture; but they progressively came to be considered nefarious, the source of evils such as criminality, misery, and immorality.
645:, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, p. 2). Bernard Marchand, « L’urbaphobie en France depuis 200 ans : très bref résumé », Communication au colloque
419:
the grand new world capital though the work was interrupted by war. Following the war, the ruins were to be razed, and the country reconstructed in a manner favorable to the countryside.
772:
Philippe
Genestier, « L'urbanophilie actuelle, ou comment le constructionnisme politique cherche à se réaffirmer en s'indexant à la ville », Communication au colloque
528:
Philippe
Genestier, « L'urbanophilie actuelle, ou comment le constructionnisme politique cherche à se réaffirmer en s'indexant à la ville », Communication au colloque
826:
292:. They saw Europe and its industrial cities negatively. Jobs in the city attracted migrants, creating poor workers and forming potential hotbeds of revolution.
711:
Renaud Le Goix, « Les mots de l'Urbaphobie dans les métropoles des États-Unis : l'exemple des Gated communities », Communication au colloque
79:
408:
regime. The politicization of anti-urbanism in its most severe form, can bring about, beyond ignorance of the city, a destruction of all things urban.
372:
seems to be favored reading material for the country's leaders. In France, the politics of the city rest on a catastrophic and miserable vision of the
145:, the anti-urban vision remains relevant. The city is perceived as a site of frustration but antiurbanism manifests more as resentment towards the
641:
La « Nature » est ici définie comme « tout ce qui n’a pas besoin de l’activité humaine pour exister » (Augustin Berque, 1997,
200:
advocating a return to nature. One finds acute manifestations of antiurbanism at moments of economic, political, and social crisis such as the
553:
874:
La ville, mal-aimée : représentations anti-urbaines et aménagement du territoire en Suisse : analyse, comparaisons, évolution
276:
288:
sentiments to dominate the country's politics in the first half of the 19th century, though they did not prevent the coming of the
95:
130:, sometimes evoked by the expression "urbophobia" or "urbanophobia" This trope can become politicized and thus influence
737:
Bernard
Marchand, « L’urbaphobie en France depuis 200 ans : très bref résumé », Communication au colloque
724:
Bernard
Marchand, « L’urbaphobie en France depuis 200 ans : très bref résumé », Communication au colloque
595:
Bernard Marchand, « L’urbaphobie en France depuis 200 ans : très bref résumé », Communication au colloque
172:
also accounts for the mounting critiques of the city. The rising fear of cities can thus be understood as rejection of a
658:
Joëlle Salomon Cavin, « La ville mal-aimée : esquisse du profil helvétique », Communication au colloque
426:
The Vichy regime expected that after the war France would abandon industry and become an agricultural country again.
281:
327:
The antiurban ideologies of countries directly influence national planning, with clear consequences for society.
83:
411:
In the Nazi regime, the city was seen as a traitor to the nation and a cause of the downfall of man, and of the
134:. Antiurbanism, while appearing within different cultures for different political purposes, is a global concept
179:
From the second half of the twentieth century critiques of the city are social and environmental, dealing with
393:
255:
728:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 5–6; and Marchand in Salomon Cavin & Marchand (2010), pp. 208–209.
759:
Laurent Davezies, « Croissance sans développement en Île-de-France », Communication au colloque
126:
wish to destroy the city. Like other hostile attitudes, it may be an individual sentiment or a collective
909:
268:
434:
return to a culture of the earth, working alongside peasants for the greatness of the Cambodian nation.
34:
340:
87:
924:
550:
919:
914:
289:
153:
464:
893:
8:
831:
127:
43:
39:
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827:"A l'heure de la COP 26, pourquoi il faut relire 'Les Vraies Richesses' de Jean Giono"
427:
201:
241:
384:
Hostility concerning the city and the defense of the rural formed part of official
346:
Progressively, the French anti-urban vision has changed its goal, turning from the
131:
212:. Anti-urbanism is a significant component of the conservative American ideology.
750:
Bernard Marchand Salomon Cavin & Bernard Marchand, eds., (2010), pp. 209–210.
557:
451:
420:
416:
365:
361:
316:
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295:
209:
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in particular. Before the war, demolitions in Berlin partly cleared the way for
689:
Cynthia Ghorra-Gobin, in Salomon Cavin & Marchand (eds.), (2010), pp. 83–85
903:
272:
809:
Les cités-jardins de Ebenezer Howard : une œuvre contre la ville ?
680:
Cynthia Ghorra-Gobin, in Salomon Cavin & Marchand (eds.), (2010), p. 85.
626:
Les cités-jardins de Ebenezer Howard : une œuvre contre la ville ?
225:
Anti-urbanism has often served for the construction of national identities.
447:
401:
397:
305:
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21:
798:
Adeline Carrier in Joëlle Salomon Cavin et Bernard Marchand, eds. (2010).
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423:, in contrast, called for converting Poland into Germany's breadbasket.
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785:
Marc Cluet in Joëlle Salomon Cavin et Bernard Marchand (eds.), 2010,
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191:. In fact, positive and negative visions of the city may coexist;
152:
In the 17th and 18th centuries, anti-urbanism appeared amidst the
122:. It may may take the form a simple rejection of city life, or an
389:
165:
233:
351:
883:, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Lausanne.
876:, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Lausanne.
789:, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Lausanne.
335:
French anti-urbanism has been strongly influenced by the work
364:" always in opposition to the country, the rural France, the
462:
contain anti-urban themes, most explicitly in the 1937 book
404:, in the years 1930–1945, but equally decades later in the
141:
and concentration of nearly half the world's population in
430:
idea was to "re-root" the French people in French soil.
879:
Joëlle Salomon Cavin et Bernard Marchand (dir.), 2010,
862:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle. Accessed 6 May 2012.
208:
at the end of the 19th century, and during the rise of
881:
Antiurbain Origines et conséquences de l’urbaphobie
787:
Antiurbain Origines et conséquences de l’urbaphobie
215:
643:Entre sauvage et artifice. La nature dans la ville
571:Urbaphobie et désir d’urbain, au péril de la ville
901:
867:Usonia ou le mythe de la ville-nature américaine
700:Usonia ou le mythe de la ville-nature américaine
577:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 11.
815:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 2.
649:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 2.
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492:
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776:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, pp. 1, 6.
671:Salomon Cavin & Marchand (2010), p. 178.
715:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, pp. 1–2.
662:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, pp. 1–4.
586:Salomon Cavin & Marchand (2010) p. 325.
551:Population urbaine mondiale en 2008 et 2010
519:Salomon Cavin & Marchand (2010), p. 15.
437:
308:around American cities which we see today.
118:is hostility toward the city as opposed to
499:
477:
607:
605:
315:" are often listed among the symptoms of
149:rather than towards urbanity in general.
763:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 4.
741:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 7.
632:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 3.
599:, 5-12 juin 2007, Cerisy-la-Salle, p. 1.
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196:and eighteenth centuries along with the
82:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
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510:Salomon Cavin & Marchand (2010).
160:of thousands of peasants, and their
62:
15:
825:Piquet, Samuel (12 November 2021).
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13:
360:, seen as violent areas, "outside
14:
936:
869:, Ă©ditions de la Villette, Paris.
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245:Le Village Suisse (Paris) in 1900
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282:Democratic Party (United States)
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216:Political and cultural influence
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813:Ville mal aimée, ville à aimer
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761:Ville mal aimée, ville à aimer
739:Ville mal aimée, ville à aimer
726:Ville mal aimée, ville à aimer
713:Ville mal aimée, ville à aimer
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896:, 1996, by Tadashi Nakashima
872:Joëlle Salomon Cavin, 2005,
811:, Communication au colloque
702:, Ă©d. de la Villette, Paris.
628:, Communication au colloque
573:, Communication au colloque
541:Salomon Cavin (2010, p. 18).
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888:La Suisse urbaine 1750-1950
857:Communications au colloque
613:La Suisse urbaine 1750-1950
370:Paris and the French Desert
337:Paris and the French Desert
269:Democratic-Republican Party
33:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
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94:Such statements should be
560:- Statistiques mondiales.
256:1900 Universal Exposition
438:Anti-urbanism in culture
46:may contain suggestions.
31:may need to be rewritten
886:François Walter, 1994,
865:Catherine Maumi, 2008,
698:Catherine Maumi, 2008,
611:François Walter, 1994,
890:, Zoé, Carouge-Genève.
807:Joëlle Salomon Cavin,
624:Joëlle Salomon Cavin,
615:, Zoé, Carouge-Genève.
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341:Jean-François Gravier
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290:Industrial Revolution
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221:Anti-urban identities
154:Industrial Revolution
894:Down With The Cities
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465:Les Vraies Richesses
96:clarified or removed
323:Anti-urban politics
277:independent in 1776
910:Cultural geography
556:2016-06-08 at the
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104:January 2024
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88:unverifiable
80:weasel words
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40:You can help
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839:7 September
835:(in French)
406:Khmer Rouge
392:regimes of
366:true France
299:Los Angeles
206:Switzerland
193:agrarianism
147:global city
143:urban areas
120:the country
90:information
904:Categories
472:References
460:Jean Giono
413:Aryan race
386:propaganda
348:inner city
284:used such
357:banlieues
237:Chandolin
185:pollution
181:anonymity
176:reality.
124:urbicidal
78:contains
44:talk page
832:Marianne
554:Archived
428:PĂ©tain's
374:banliues
286:agrarian
390:fascist
388:of the
352:suburbs
350:to the
271:of the
166:England
400:, and
354:, the
158:exodus
156:, the
84:biased
42:. The
128:trope
841:2023
368:".
267:The
450:by
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