40:
466:
1945:
1728:
1123:
772:
724:
2040:
1595:
736:
1740:
1329:
1607:
1317:
1171:
997:
51:
1931:
1484:
1009:
1135:
829:
2121:
2004:
1822:
1680:
1511:
1377:
1233:
1087:
691:
1992:
1889:
1861:
1847:
1764:
1752:
1716:
1668:
1571:
1523:
1437:
1365:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1245:
1221:
1159:
1075:
901:
841:
817:
703:
2076:
1776:
1583:
1449:
985:
913:
1917:
1903:
1704:
1692:
1559:
1425:
1401:
1183:
1147:
877:
784:
748:
889:
1461:
865:
937:
1619:
853:
1473:
1021:
973:
2016:
1836:
1547:
1413:
1269:
1099:
760:
2052:
949:
2088:
2064:
2028:
1980:
1875:
1535:
1389:
1257:
1111:
961:
925:
796:
3949:
2107:
247:
473:
505:
569:
553:
585:
537:
601:
521:
489:
1068:, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement. Since 2015, it has been published with a separate index, the Global Cities Outlook, which is a projection of a city's potential based on rate of change in 13 indicators across four dimensions: personal well-being, economics, innovation, and governance. The top ranked cities in 2023 are:
665:(GaWC). They rank world cities by their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks, although the authors caution that "concern for city rankings operates against
297:
Competing groups have devised competing means to classify and rank world cities and to distinguish them from other cities. Although there is a consensus on the leading world cities, the chosen criteria affect which other cities are included. Selection criteria may be based on a yardstick value (e.g.,
1063:
noted that "the world's biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions." The ranking is based on 27 metrics
677:
more heavily than political and cultural factors. The 2008 version of the list, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma world cities (three sub-categories), and cities with High
1504:, environment, and accessibility, with 70 individual indicators among them. The top ten world cities are also ranked by subjective categories, including manager, researcher, artist, visitor and resident. The top 10 cities in 2023 are:
1499:
The Tokyo-based
Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation, issued a study of global cities in 2008. They are ranked in six categories: economy, research and development, cultural interaction,
3072:
142:
worldwide. The global city represents the most complex and significant hub within the international system, characterized by links binding it to other cities that have direct, tangible effects on global
205:. Before then, other terms were used for urban centers with roughly the same features. The term 'world city', meaning a city heavily involved in global trade, appeared in a May 1886 description of
2973:
2940:
2912:
3131:
2448:
1973:
and online news. A fifth of digital mentions were for Tokyo, New York City, London, and Paris, identifying these as the world's super brands. Top cities in the 2019 edition are:
1344:
The Global
Economic Power Index reflecting three dimensions of economic power was introduced in 2012. In 2015, the second Global Economic Power Index, a meta list compiled by
3068:
3054:
3538:
3190:
2418:
2579:
1649:
has become one of the pre-eminent indicators of a global city's ranking. As of 2024, the cities representing the top ten financial centers according to the
2770:
2887:
1199:
64:
170:, and a globally influential output of ideas, innovations, or cultural products. Quintessential examples, based on most indices and research, include
616:
3220:
2969:
2154:
2944:
2922:
662:
456:
68:
3245:
2605:
3124:
2266:
1202:
released its Global Cities Index in 2024, ranking the world's largest 1,000 cities based on 27 indicators across five categories (economics,
2440:
3253:
3160:
3760:
639:
3094:
2474:
2799:
3753:
3006:
39:
3408:
465:
3765:
620:
Top global cities per the GaWC 2020 rankings. Shown are "Alpha ++" cities (marked in gold) and "Alpha +" cities (marked in red).
257:, an Alpha++ global city, where there are several characteristic elements of global cities like worldwide influential economic (
3770:
3267:
2647:
2210:
2471:"What are the characteristics of world cities and megacities, and how has their distribution changed since 1950? – HBK Portal"
2839:
2288:
3633:
2700:
2350:
3029:
2722:
2641:
2554:
2534:
2328:
266:
2501:
2380:
Doel, M., & Hubbard, P., (2002), "Taking World Cities
Literally: Marketing the City in a Global Space of flows",
2324:
1048:
4003:
3294:
3182:
2410:
402:
226:' entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th century, the earliest known example being a publication by the
2571:
3998:
3884:
632:
370:
119:
2774:
3483:
1650:
1640:
2832:"Read @ATKearney: Una Cuestión de Talento: Cómo el Capital Humano Determinará los Próximos Líderes Mundiales"
654:
314:
is a world city.) Although criteria are variable and fluid, typical characteristics of world cities include:
163:
2139:
678:
sufficiency and
Sufficiency presence. The cities in the top three classifications in the 2022 edition are:
278:
4008:
3983:
3978:
3212:
1654:
1355:
211:
26:
3628:
2316:
2184:
625:
349:
270:
3849:
3623:
3533:
1808:
155:
150:
The criteria of a global city vary depending on the source. Common features include a high degree of
2861:
2672:
3993:
3973:
2601:
2258:
3874:
3543:
2509:
1815:, knowledge and influence, and quality of life. The most important cities to UHNWIs in 2022 are:
258:
3250:
2394:
4013:
3859:
3748:
3720:
3605:
3156:
3217:
ING Media - Property PR | Architecture PR | Strategic communications for the BUILT ENVIRONMENT
3899:
3690:
3680:
3665:
3523:
3465:
3102:
2470:
2164:
1811:(HNWIs, having over $ 25 million of investable assets each). Criteria are economic activity,
286:
167:
3988:
3889:
3864:
3287:
2039:
1594:
1249:
735:
274:
127:
2998:
1358:), with city composite rank based on five other lists. The top global cities in 2015 are:
8:
3929:
3548:
302:
is a world city) or on an imminent determination (if the producer-service sector of city
227:
2809:
3828:
3261:
2234:
2205:
363:
159:
2744:
419:
offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the country,
3914:
3823:
3695:
3648:
3643:
3433:
3388:
2637:
2320:
2239:
1966:
1800:
1056:
2628:
3934:
3879:
3833:
3803:
3740:
3710:
3490:
3098:
2229:
2219:
2149:
1807:, which includes a "Global Cities Survey", evaluating the most important cities to
1796:
1646:
319:
262:
231:
76:
3813:
3725:
3515:
3500:
3418:
3311:
3280:
3257:
2704:
2558:
2538:
2505:
2332:
1812:
1345:
1207:
917:
658:
398:
388:
235:
2204:
Lenormand, Maxime; Gonçalves, Bruno; Tugores, Antònia; Ramasco, José J. (2015).
2120:
1969:
communications firm ING Media ranked 250 cities by total online mentions across
3909:
3869:
3615:
3595:
3423:
3356:
2804:
2280:
2003:
1821:
1679:
1510:
1376:
1232:
1086:
1039:
690:
673:. The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city-
416:
339:
219:
151:
144:
2831:
2697:
2346:
50:
3967:
3953:
3924:
3894:
3818:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3638:
3590:
3366:
2159:
2112:
1996:
1991:
1888:
1860:
1851:
1846:
1763:
1751:
1720:
1715:
1672:
1667:
1527:
1522:
1436:
1369:
1364:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1244:
1225:
1220:
1203:
1158:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1052:
900:
840:
707:
702:
479:
432:
384:
254:
198:
171:
123:
111:
56:
2718:
2551:
2531:
2311:
3904:
3788:
3685:
3670:
3563:
3505:
3478:
3455:
3413:
2917:
2243:
2224:
2179:
2144:
2126:
1970:
1793:
1350:
1214:) with more weight on economic factors. The top ranked cities in 2024 are:
1044:
893:
408:
High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities and
394:
The dominance of the national region with great international significance,
345:
323:
290:
282:
22:
2498:
977:
3730:
3715:
3600:
3568:
3553:
3473:
3450:
3403:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3351:
3324:
2862:"The distributed geography of opportunity: the 2023 Global Cities Report"
2169:
2134:
2075:
1865:
1775:
1756:
1739:
1582:
1570:
1448:
1441:
1328:
1297:
1163:
984:
941:
905:
816:
331:
195:
2941:"Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City"
2396:
Hemisfile: Perspectives on
Political and Economic Trends in the Americas
2155:
Metropolitan and urban regions with the largest foreign-born populations
472:
230:
in 1904. In the 21st century, the terms are usually focused on a city's
3919:
3854:
3705:
3655:
3495:
3428:
3393:
3319:
2174:
1501:
1211:
912:
377:
216:
2888:"New York, London Top Oxford Economics Ranking of 1,000 Global Cities"
3675:
3583:
3445:
3440:
3361:
3346:
2068:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1611:
1606:
1575:
1563:
1558:
1477:
1429:
1424:
1405:
1400:
1321:
1316:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1151:
1146:
996:
876:
857:
821:
788:
783:
752:
747:
674:
575:
568:
559:
552:
335:
250:
206:
166:, local or national economic dominance, high quality educational and
115:
21:"World city" redirects here. For hypothetical planetwide cities, see
3780:
3700:
3573:
3398:
3329:
1732:
1139:
888:
869:
833:
776:
591:
584:
409:
223:
1051:, published a ranking of global cities based on consultation with
265:) centers, headquarters of international political organizations (
1949:
1935:
1893:
1768:
1618:
1488:
1460:
1285:
1134:
1127:
1013:
881:
852:
845:
828:
728:
543:
536:
327:
139:
131:
2719:"Measuring the World City Network: New Results and Developments"
2347:"The Empire in One City? Liverpool's Inconvenient Imperial Past"
2203:
355:
Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area,
3660:
3558:
3336:
2032:
2015:
2008:
1930:
1835:
1826:
1744:
1684:
1623:
1546:
1515:
1483:
1472:
1465:
1412:
1381:
1333:
1268:
1237:
1098:
1091:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1001:
972:
965:
936:
929:
864:
759:
695:
511:
504:
436:
298:
if the producer-service sector is the largest sector then city
246:
175:
60:
2636:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
422:
High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.
3341:
2521:
Pashley, Rosemary. "HSC Geography". Pascal Press, 2000, p.164
2092:
2087:
2080:
2063:
2051:
2044:
2027:
2020:
1984:
1979:
1944:
1879:
1874:
1840:
1780:
1727:
1658:
1599:
1587:
1551:
1539:
1534:
1453:
1417:
1393:
1388:
1273:
1261:
1256:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1103:
989:
960:
953:
948:
924:
800:
795:
771:
764:
740:
723:
607:
600:
527:
520:
495:
488:
444:
440:
318:
The most prominent criterion has been providing a variety of
183:
179:
135:
72:
3030:"Tokyo remains third in global power index despite downturn"
412:
facilities; and attracting international student attendance,
3578:
3303:
2934:
2932:
2056:
359:
107:
3272:
2808:(November/December 2008). 21 October 2008. Archived from
1193:
306:
is greater than the combined producer-service sectors of
2929:
1960:
2913:"What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?"
2771:"2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook"
338:; and their amalgamation of financial headquarters, a
2384:, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 351–368. Subscription required.
2102:
3264:
and David Smith of
University of California, Irvine
2541:, GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2010
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
3251:The World-System's City System: A Research Agenda
2957:Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top.
2561:, GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005
2411:"Asian Cities Pay Hidden Price for Global Status"
1634:
397:The high percentage of residents employed in the
3965:
3260:by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the
1354:(distinct from a namesake list published by the
1032:
3149:
2938:
2365:
663:Globalization and World Cities Research Network
457:Globalization and World Cities Research Network
69:Globalization and World Cities Research Network
63:(bottom) are the only two cities ranked in the
2970:"The Top 10 most powerful cities in the world"
2259:"The global city: strategic site/new frontier"
1339:
162:, a well-developed and internationally linked
3288:
3268:UN-HABITAT.:. The State of the World's Cities
3183:"Tokyo world's most talked about city online"
633:
3246:Repository of Links Relating to Urban Places
2943:. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from
154:, a large population, the presence of major
2993:
2991:
2854:
1064:across five dimensions: business activity,
3295:
3281:
2690:
2626:
1494:
640:
626:
194:The term 'global city' was popularized by
2673:"GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020"
2494:
2492:
2233:
2223:
342:, and other major financial institutions,
189:
2988:
2737:
2552:International Students and Global Cities
2312:The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo
245:
203:The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo
3205:
3055:"The Global Financial Centres Index 35"
2885:
2344:
387:and other media and communications for
130:with varying degrees of influence over
3966:
3213:"The World's Most Talked About Cities"
3075:from the original on 28 September 2023
3061:
2725:from the original on 29 September 2018
2489:
2256:
2211:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1194:Global Cities Index (Oxford Economics)
3276:
3223:from the original on 23 December 2019
3027:
2972:. Yahoo! India Finance. 11 May 2012.
2842:from the original on 20 December 2019
2477:from the original on 17 November 2022
2451:from the original on 5 September 2017
2441:"The World's Most Influential Cities"
2269:from the original on 18 October 2006.
1629:
126:has created a hierarchy of strategic
110:that serves as a primary node in the
3193:from the original on 1 February 2020
3009:from the original on 9 November 2023
2707:". GaWC. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
2653:from the original on 11 January 2021
2608:from the original on 17 January 2021
2582:from the original on 16 October 2019
2421:from the original on 1 February 2016
2291:from the original on 20 October 2022
2250:
2206:"Human diffusion and city influence"
1961:The World's Most Talked About Cities
1786:
380:in business, economics, and culture,
3634:Technical aspects of urban planning
1043:, working with the consulting firm
431:Global city rankings are numerous.
426:
18:City important to the world economy
13:
3137:from the original on 23 March 2015
3047:
2976:from the original on 18 March 2013
2745:"The World According to GaWC 2022"
2716:
2399:. Institute of the Americas. 1994.
2345:Belchem, John (18 December 2009).
1955:
281:), and worldwide-known landmarks (
79:, commercial and cultural centers.
14:
4025:
3239:
3163:from the original on 20 June 2023
3157:"Knight Frank: City Wealth Index"
3028:Inoue, Yukana (9 November 2023).
2604:. University of Minnesota Press.
2353:from the original on 23 June 2012
1049:Chicago Council on Global Affairs
447:are the most commonly mentioned.
358:Major manufacturing centers with
222:used the term in 1915. The term '
3947:
3409:Cities with the most skyscrapers
2939:Richard Florida (3 March 2015).
2751:. Globalization and World Cities
2532:World City Networks 'From Below'
2119:
2105:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1943:
1929:
1915:
1901:
1887:
1873:
1859:
1845:
1834:
1820:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1482:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
794:
782:
770:
758:
746:
734:
722:
701:
689:
599:
583:
567:
551:
535:
519:
503:
487:
471:
464:
320:international financial services
49:
38:
3885:Sustainable Development Goal 11
3766:Most populous national capitals
3175:
3117:
3087:
3021:
2962:
2921:. 10 March 2015. Archived from
2905:
2879:
2824:
2792:
2763:
2710:
2665:
2620:
2594:
2564:
2544:
2524:
2515:
2463:
324:finance, insurance, real estate
158:, a significant and globalized
3771:Most populous satellite cities
2999:"Global Power City Index 2023"
2800:"The 2008 Global Cities Index"
2433:
2403:
2387:
2338:
2303:
2273:
2197:
1651:Global Financial Centres Index
1641:Global Financial Centres Index
1635:Global Financial Centres Index
1037:In 2008, the American journal
671:[emphasis in original]
667:the spirit of the GaWC project
1:
3761:Most densely populated cities
2886:Millson, Alex (21 May 2024).
2190:
1033:Global Cities Index (Kearney)
450:
164:transportation infrastructure
3003:The Mori Memorial Foundation
2257:Sassen, Saskia (July 2001).
2140:City quality of life indices
373:daily and at a global level,
114:The concept originates from
7:
2698:The World According to GaWC
2572:"Decoding City Performance"
2098:
1655:China Development Institute
1356:Martin Prosperity Institute
1340:Global Economic Power Index
681:
269:), world renowned museums (
241:
212:The Illustrated London News
122:, based on the thesis that
27:World city (disambiguation)
10:
4030:
3629:Theories of urban planning
3302:
2317:Princeton University Press
2185:Ranally city rating system
1809:high-net-worth individuals
1638:
714:
454:
350:multinational corporations
215:; British sociologist and
20:
3943:
3842:
3779:
3739:
3624:History of urban planning
3614:
3534:Central business district
3514:
3464:
3310:
2627:Abrahamson, Mark (2004).
376:Centers of new ideas and
3095:"The Wealth Report 2015"
2703:30 November 2012 at the
2499:GaWC Research Bulletin 5
1940:
807:
112:global economic network.
4004:Loughborough University
3875:Million Tree Initiative
2557:5 February 2006 at the
2510:Loughborough University
1926:
1912:
1898:
1884:
1870:
1856:
1831:
1817:
1495:Global Power City Index
310:other cities then city
259:New York Stock Exchange
156:multinational companies
75:are considered leading
3999:Economic globalization
3860:Ecological engineering
3749:World's largest cities
3721:Cycling infrastructure
3606:Peri-urban agriculture
3125:"Global Cities Survey"
2349:. Reviews in History.
2225:10.1098/rsif.2015.0473
294:
190:Origin and terminology
25:. For other uses, see
3900:Urban forest inequity
3691:Multiple nuclei model
3681:Concentric zone model
3666:Mixed-use development
3539:Most expensive cities
3524:World's cities by GDP
2504:8 August 2011 at the
2331:16 March 2015 at the
2165:List of cities by GDP
371:decision-making power
287:Empire State Building
249:
168:research institutions
3890:Sustainable urbanism
3865:Green infrastructure
2537:8 March 2006 at the
2417:. 15 February 2015.
617:class=notpageimage|
128:geographic locations
3930:Urban reforestation
3549:Most livable cities
3256:27 May 2006 at the
3187:Fdiintelligence.com
2602:"Struggling Giants"
1657:and analytics firm
1348:, was published by
1210:, environment, and
253:, the core area of
228:University of Texas
4009:Cultural geography
3984:Metropolitan areas
3979:Economic geography
3829:Urban homesteading
3754:throughout history
3262:University of Utah
2780:on 20 October 2013
2530:J.V. Beaverstock,
2447:. 14 August 2014.
1653:by the think tank
1630:Financial rankings
403:information sector
295:
201:in her 1991 book,
90:, also known as a
3961:
3960:
3954:Cities portal
3915:Urban heat island
3824:Urban exploration
3696:Linear settlement
3644:Public open space
3484:direct-controlled
3434:Abandoned village
3389:Metropolitan area
2925:on 10 March 2015.
2812:on 7 January 2010
2218:(109): 20150473.
1967:built environment
1805:The Wealth Report
1801:Citi Private Bank
1788:The Wealth Report
1057:Witold Rybczynski
672:
653:Jon Beaverstock,
415:Multi-functional
279:Guggenheim Museum
152:urban development
65:Alpha ++ category
4021:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3935:Zero-carbon city
3880:Sustainable city
3834:Unitary urbanism
3804:Urban morphology
3741:Urban population
3711:Bicycle-friendly
3491:Independent city
3466:Urban government
3424:Shrinking cities
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:. Archived from
3099:Knight Frank LLP
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:on 14 March 2015
2936:
2927:
2926:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2773:. Archived from
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2714:
2708:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2635:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2578:. 2 April 2019.
2568:
2562:
2548:
2542:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2342:
2336:
2309:Sassen, Saskia.
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:. No. 503.
2263:Seminar Magazine
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2201:
2150:Financial centre
2129:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1797:Knight Frank LLP
1779:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1647:financial center
1622:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1200:Oxford Economics
1186:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1000:
999:
988:
987:
976:
975:
964:
963:
952:
951:
940:
939:
928:
927:
916:
915:
904:
903:
892:
891:
880:
879:
868:
867:
856:
855:
844:
843:
832:
831:
820:
819:
799:
798:
787:
786:
775:
774:
763:
762:
751:
750:
739:
738:
727:
726:
706:
705:
694:
693:
670:
661:established the
655:Richard G. Smith
642:
635:
628:
603:
587:
571:
555:
539:
523:
507:
491:
475:
468:
427:General rankings
261:) and cultural (
238:infrastructure.
160:financial sector
53:
42:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
3994:Lists of cities
3974:Types of cities
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3939:
3838:
3814:Urban sociology
3775:
3735:
3726:Pedestrian zone
3610:
3544:Cheapest cities
3516:Urban economics
3510:
3501:Autonomous city
3460:
3419:Suburbanization
3312:Urban geography
3306:
3301:
3258:Wayback Machine
3242:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3105:on 18 June 2015
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3034:The Japan Times
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2930:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2705:Wayback Machine
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2677:www.lboro.ac.uk
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2559:Wayback Machine
2549:
2545:
2539:Wayback Machine
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2506:Wayback Machine
2497:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2333:Wayback Machine
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2255:
2251:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1963:
1958:
1956:Social rankings
1942:
1928:
1914:
1900:
1886:
1872:
1858:
1844:
1833:
1819:
1813:political power
1791:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1497:
1481:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1346:Richard Florida
1342:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1208:quality of life
1196:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1035:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
918:Luxembourg City
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
810:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
717:
712:
700:
688:
684:
659:Peter J. Taylor
652:
650:
649:
648:
647:
646:
621:
619:
613:
612:
611:
610:
604:
596:
595:
594:
588:
580:
579:
578:
572:
564:
563:
562:
556:
548:
547:
546:
540:
532:
531:
530:
524:
516:
515:
514:
508:
500:
499:
498:
492:
484:
483:
482:
476:
459:
453:
429:
399:services sector
389:global networks
313:
309:
305:
301:
267:UN headquarters
244:
236:high technology
232:financial power
192:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
54:
45:
44:
43:
30:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3959:
3958:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:Urban forestry
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:Green urbanism
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Climate change
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3639:Urban planners
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3616:Urban planning
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Municipal bond
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Satellite city
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3248:
3241:
3240:External links
3238:
3235:
3234:
3204:
3174:
3148:
3116:
3086:
3069:"GFCI 34 Rank"
3060:
3046:
3020:
2987:
2961:
2928:
2904:
2878:
2853:
2823:
2805:Foreign Policy
2791:
2762:
2736:
2709:
2689:
2664:
2643:978-0195142044
2642:
2619:
2593:
2563:
2543:
2523:
2514:
2512:, 28 July 1999
2488:
2462:
2432:
2402:
2386:
2364:
2337:
2302:
2272:
2249:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2116:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1829:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1645:Strength as a
1639:Main article:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1198:Advisory firm
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1061:Foreign Policy
1059:, and others.
1040:Foreign Policy
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
824:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:
791:
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:
698:
685:
683:
680:
645:
644:
637:
630:
622:
615:
614:
606:
605:
598:
597:
590:
589:
582:
581:
574:
573:
566:
565:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
541:
534:
533:
526:
525:
518:
517:
510:
509:
502:
501:
494:
493:
486:
485:
478:
477:
470:
469:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:Main article:
452:
449:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
417:infrastructure
413:
406:
395:
392:
381:
374:
367:
356:
353:
343:
340:stock exchange
311:
307:
303:
299:
271:the Met Museum
243:
240:
220:Patrick Geddes
191:
188:
55:
48:
47:
46:
37:
36:
35:
34:
33:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4026:
4015:
4014:Index numbers
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3956:
3955:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Urban prairie
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Urban ecology
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Anti-urbanism
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Urban culture
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Urban studies
3797:
3795:
3794:Urban warfare
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Urban renewal
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Commuter town
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2841:
2837:
2836:Atkearney.com
2833:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2717:Taylor, P.J.
2713:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2630:Global cities
2623:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:K. O'Connor,
2547:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:0-691-07063-6
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:"global city"
2276:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Globalization
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:Cities portal
2103:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1997:New York City
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:London-based
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1852:New York City
1848:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1721:San Francisco
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1673:New York City
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:New York City
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1370:New York City
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1310:San Francisco
1306:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:New York City
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:human capital
1201:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:New York City
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:human capital
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Saskia Sassen
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
993:
991:
986:
981:
979:
974:
969:
967:
962:
957:
955:
950:
945:
943:
938:
933:
931:
926:
921:
919:
914:
909:
907:
902:
897:
895:
890:
885:
883:
878:
873:
871:
866:
861:
859:
854:
849:
847:
842:
837:
835:
830:
825:
823:
818:
813:
812:
802:
797:
792:
790:
785:
780:
778:
773:
768:
766:
761:
756:
754:
749:
744:
742:
737:
732:
730:
725:
720:
719:
709:
708:New York City
704:
699:
697:
692:
687:
686:
679:
676:
668:
664:
660:
656:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
624:
623:
618:
609:
602:
593:
586:
577:
570:
561:
554:
545:
538:
529:
522:
513:
506:
497:
490:
481:
474:
467:
458:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:New York City
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:Considerable
368:
365:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:, notably in
321:
317:
316:
315:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:New York City
252:
248:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
200:
199:Saskia Sassen
197:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:New York City
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
145:socioeconomic
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:globalization
121:
120:urban studies
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:New York City
52:
41:
32:
28:
24:
16:
3945:
3905:Urban forest
3789:New Urbanism
3686:Sector model
3671:Urban design
3564:Modern ruins
3528:
3506:Capital city
3479:Municipality
3456:College town
3414:Urbanization
3225:. Retrieved
3216:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3186:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3103:the original
3089:
3079:28 September
3077:. Retrieved
3063:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3002:
2978:. Retrieved
2964:
2956:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:the original
2923:the original
2918:The Atlantic
2916:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2803:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2712:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2629:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2546:
2526:
2517:
2479:. Retrieved
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2415:The Diplomat
2414:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2355:. Retrieved
2340:
2310:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2284:
2275:
2262:
2252:
2215:
2209:
2199:
2180:Primate city
2145:Ecumenopolis
2127:World portal
1971:social media
1964:
1804:
1794:Estate agent
1792:
1787:
1644:
1498:
1351:The Atlantic
1349:
1343:
1197:
1060:
1045:A.T. Kearney
1038:
1036:
894:Kuala Lumpur
666:
651:
430:
348:of numerous
346:Headquarters
296:
291:Central Park
283:Times Square
210:
202:
193:
149:
104:world center
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:
31:
23:Ecumenopolis
15:
3989:Urban areas
3843:Environment
3731:Walkability
3716:Cyclability
3649:Green space
3601:Habitat III
3569:Shanty town
3554:Urban decay
3529:Global city
3474:City status
3451:Closed city
3404:Megalopolis
3384:Conurbation
3372:City proper
3352:Twin cities
3325:City centre
3227:23 December
2612:31 December
2481:17 November
2170:Megalopolis
2135:Caput Mundi
1866:Los Angeles
1757:Los Angeles
1442:Los Angeles
1298:Los Angeles
1164:Los Angeles
942:Mexico City
906:Los Angeles
383:Centers of
366:facilities,
332:accountancy
196:sociologist
88:global city
73:Both cities
3968:Categories
3920:Urban park
3855:Eco-cities
3706:Smart city
3656:Urban wild
3496:City-state
3429:Ghost town
3394:Metropolis
3320:Urban area
3197:1 February
3013:9 November
2846:16 October
2816:31 October
2729:1 November
2682:17 January
2586:16 October
2425:25 January
2295:20 October
2285:Britannica
2191:References
2175:Metropolis
1502:livability
1212:governance
451:GaWC study
378:innovation
217:geographer
100:alpha city
96:world city
92:power city
59:(top) and
3676:Grid plan
3584:Squatting
3446:Tent city
3441:Lost city
3362:Edge city
3347:Core city
2892:Bloomberg
2657:9 January
2576:Jll.co.uk
2455:29 August
2069:Barcelona
1922:Hong Kong
1908:Singapore
1709:Hong Kong
1697:Singapore
1612:Melbourne
1576:Amsterdam
1564:Singapore
1478:Stockholm
1430:Singapore
1406:Hong Kong
1322:Melbourne
1188:Hong Kong
1176:Melbourne
1152:Singapore
978:São Paulo
858:Frankfurt
822:Amsterdam
789:Singapore
753:Hong Kong
675:economics
576:Singapore
560:Hong Kong
364:container
336:marketing
251:Manhattan
207:Liverpool
147:affairs.
116:geography
77:financial
3781:Urbanism
3701:Land use
3574:Skid row
3399:Megacity
3330:Downtown
3254:Archived
3221:Archived
3191:Archived
3161:Archived
3132:Archived
3073:Archived
3007:Archived
2974:Archived
2951:16 March
2840:Archived
2723:Archived
2701:Archived
2648:Archived
2606:Archived
2580:Archived
2555:Archived
2535:Archived
2508:, GaWC,
2502:Archived
2475:Archived
2449:Archived
2419:Archived
2351:Archived
2329:Archived
2315:. 1991.
2289:Archived
2267:Archived
2244:26179991
2099:See also
1803:publish
1799:and the
1733:Shanghai
1250:San Jose
1140:Brussels
1047:and the
870:Istanbul
834:Brussels
777:Shanghai
682:Alpha ++
592:Shanghai
480:New York
410:research
263:Broadway
242:Criteria
224:megacity
3167:20 June
3141:18 June
3109:18 June
2980:19 June
2871:9 March
2866:Kearney
2749:Twitter
2235:4535413
1950:Beijing
1936:Toronto
1894:Chicago
1769:Chicago
1489:Toronto
1286:Seattle
1128:Beijing
1014:Toronto
882:Jakarta
846:Chicago
729:Beijing
715:Alpha +
544:Beijing
385:digital
328:banking
140:culture
132:finance
106:, is a
67:by the
3661:Zoning
3559:Ghetto
3377:limits
3337:Suburb
3304:Cities
3039:9 July
2897:21 May
2755:24 May
2640:
2445:Forbes
2323:
2242:
2232:
2033:Madrid
2009:London
1843:&
1827:London
1745:Geneva
1685:London
1624:Berlin
1516:London
1480:&
1466:Vienna
1382:London
1334:Zurich
1238:London
1092:London
1026:Warsaw
1002:Sydney
966:Mumbai
930:Madrid
696:London
657:, and
512:London
443:, and
437:London
334:, and
182:, and
176:London
138:, and
61:London
3342:Exurb
3135:(PDF)
3128:(PDF)
2784:9 May
2778:(PDF)
2651:(PDF)
2634:(PDF)
2357:9 May
2093:Osaka
2081:Seoul
2045:Dubai
2021:Paris
1985:Tokyo
1880:Tokyo
1841:Paris
1781:Seoul
1661:are:
1659:Z/Yen
1600:Dubai
1588:Seoul
1552:Paris
1540:Tokyo
1454:Seoul
1418:Paris
1394:Tokyo
1274:Paris
1262:Tokyo
1116:Tokyo
1104:Paris
990:Seoul
954:Milan
808:Alpha
801:Tokyo
765:Paris
741:Dubai
608:Dubai
528:Tokyo
496:Paris
445:Paris
441:Tokyo
209:, by
184:Tokyo
180:Paris
136:trade
102:, or
3579:Slum
3229:2019
3199:2020
3169:2023
3143:2015
3111:2015
3081:2023
3041:2024
3015:2023
2982:2013
2953:2015
2899:2024
2873:2024
2848:2019
2818:2008
2786:2012
2757:2022
2731:2018
2684:2023
2659:2021
2638:ISBN
2614:2020
2588:2019
2483:2022
2457:2017
2427:2016
2382:City
2359:2012
2321:ISBN
2297:2022
2240:PMID
2057:Rome
401:and
362:and
360:port
275:MOMA
234:and
118:and
108:city
2230:PMC
2220:doi
3970::
3219:.
3215:.
3189:.
3185:.
3159:.
3130:.
3097:.
3071:.
3032:.
3005:.
3001:.
2990:^
2955:.
2931:^
2915:.
2890:.
2864:.
2838:.
2834:.
2802:.
2747:.
2721:.
2675:.
2646:.
2574:.
2491:^
2473:.
2443:.
2413:.
2367:^
2327:.
2319:.
2287:.
2283:.
2261:.
2238:.
2228:.
2216:12
2214:.
2208:.
1206:,
1055:,
669:"
439:,
435:,
330:,
326:,
289:,
285:,
277:,
273:,
186:.
178:,
174:,
134:,
98:,
94:,
86:A
71:.
3296:e
3289:t
3282:v
3231:.
3201:.
3171:.
3145:.
3113:.
3083:.
3057:.
3043:.
3017:.
2984:.
2901:.
2875:.
2850:.
2820:.
2788:.
2759:.
2733:.
2696:"
2686:.
2661:.
2616:.
2590:.
2485:.
2459:.
2429:.
2361:.
2335:.
2299:.
2246:.
2222::
641:e
634:t
627:v
405:,
391:,
352:,
312:X
308:N
304:X
300:X
293:)
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpeg)