1546:
64:
772:
1896:
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929:
1621:
1927:
1169:
46:
811:, more than half of Germany's territory which is almost 19 million hectares, is used for farming, and located in the rural areas. Almost 10% of people in Germany have jobs related to the agricultural, forest and fisheries sectors; approximately a fifth of them are employed in the primary production. Since there is a policy of equal living conditions, people see rural areas as equivalent as urban areas. Village renewal is an approach to develop countryside and supports the challenges faced in the process of it.
1299:
86:
878:
662:
704:
1013:
820:
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disadvantages depending on the purpose of the classification. The 2011 rural urban area classification for
England and Wales classifies Output Areas (OA) and wards as either urban or rural depending on whether the bulk of their population falls in a settlement of greater than 10,000 residents. It also offers sub-classifications of urban and rural areas, based on population density. A 2021 rural urban classification is under development.
1241:, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions. Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies. In contrast to urban regions, which have many similarities, rural areas are highly distinctive from one another. For this reason there are a large variety of rural development approaches used globally.
1323:
4564:
3475:
1469:. To some extent, governments generally seek only to manage rural flight and channel it into certain cities, rather than stop it outright as this would imply taking on the expensive task of building airports, railways, hospitals, and universities in places with few users to support them, while neglecting growing urban and suburban areas.
584:" has a population density less than 150 people per square kilometre. In Canada, the census division has been used to represent "regions" and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent "communities". Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their population living in a rural community. Predominantly
4444:
3355:
1518:
Rural communities also face disadvantages in terms of legal and social protections, with women and marginalized communities frequently having a harder time accessing land, education and other support systems that help with economic development. Several policies have been tested in both developing and
593:
which are adjacent to metropolitan centres while rural non-metro-adjacent regions are those predominantly rural census divisions which are not adjacent to metropolitan centres. Rural northern regions are predominantly rural census divisions that are found either entirely or mostly above the following
753:
it is not applicable and there is no countryside as all of it is treated as the federal capital. Brasília is nominally the capital, but the capitality is shared through all
Federal District, because Brazil de facto defines its capital as a municipality, and in municipal matters, the Federal District
989:
It is generally said that the rural areas house up to 70% of India's population. Rural India contributes a large chunk to India's GDP by way of agriculture, self-employment, services, construction etc. As per a strict measure used by the
National Sample Survey in its 63rd round, called monthly per
1430:
for governments, which can lead to closures of state-funded offices and services, which further harm the rural economy. Schools are the archetypal example because they influence the decisions of parents of young children: a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger
637:
Statistics Canada defines rural areas by their population counts. This has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or fewer inhabitants. The current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population
588:
have less than 15 percent of their population living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Philip
Ehrensaft and Jennifer Beeman (1992). Rural metro-adjacent regions are predominantly rural
1234:
have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers. The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource-based
794:
In 2018, the government had launched the "Action Cœur de Ville" program to revitalize town centers across the country. 222 towns were selected as part of the five-year program. One of the program's aims is to make the towns attractive so the areas nearby can also benefit from investments.
3152:
There is no single definition of a rural area, as there are many different approaches to classifying what is 'rural' (or 'non-urban'). These include approaches based on population, population density, land use and socio-economic characteristics, all of which have different advantages and
1514:
systems that give rise to the marginalization and economic disadvantage found there. Rural areas, because of their small, spread-out populations, typically have less well maintained infrastructure and a harder time accessing markets, which tend to be concentrated in population centers.
1278:
typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to rural areas, however, this process often runs into obstacles in developing nations. Expanding the national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure. Additionally,
1712:, and higher rates of alcohol and smoking when compared to their urban counterparts. Additionally, the rate of poverty is higher in rural populations globally, contributing to health disparities due to an inability to access healthy foods, healthcare, and housing.
1553:
program. Access to affordable transportation has been a key part of gaining access to greater economic mobility in many parts of the world. For example, distributing bicycles was one of the key strategies used by China to reduce rural poverty in the 20th
1714:
Many countries have made it a priority to increase funding for research on rural health. These research efforts are designed to help identify the healthcare needs of rural communities and provide policy solutions to ensure those needs are
963:
Almost every Indian economic agency today has its own definition of rural India, some of which follow: According to the
Planning Commission, a town with a maximum population of 15,000 is considered rural in nature. In these areas the
4743:
3654:
1699:
such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, contributing to worse health outcomes and higher mortality rates. Factors contributing to these health disparities include remote
728:
In Brazil, there are different notions of "rural area" and "countryside". Rural areas are any place outside a municipality's urban development (buildings, streets) and it is carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside
4013:
4845:
Thomas C. Ricketts, Karen D. Johnson-Webb, Patricia Taylor. Chapel Hill: North
Carolina Rural Health Research Program, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, 1998. 13
1294:
share of the expense). If countries are able to overcome these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification, rural communities will be able to reap considerable amounts of economic and social development.
1059:
in village cultures. The majority of rural
Pakistani inhabitants livelihoods is based upon the rearing of livestock, which also comprises a significant part of Pakistan's gross domestic product. Some
4063:
1708:, decreased health insurance coverage among the population, lack of health infrastructure, and work force demographics. People living in rural areas also tend to have less education, lower
1764:
and finance attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities and
1128:
and finance attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities and
990:
capita expenditure, rural expenditure accounts for 55% of total national monthly expenditure. The rural population currently accounts for one-third of the total Indian FMCG sales.
1549:
Many parts of rural Africa, such as this community in
Mozambique, experience rural poverty. This woman was given access to a bicycle through a rural development program through a
1830:
Specific interventions and solutions will depend entirely on the needs of each region in each country, but generally speaking, regional planning at the macro level will seek to:
1396:(refining and processing) are consolidated. Rural exodus can also follow an ecological or human-caused catastrophe such as a famine or resource depletion. These are examples of
1176:, Bangladesh. Many government and non-governmental agencies invest in capacity building and opportunities for rural communities to gain greater access to economic opportunities.
699:, declining infrastructure, and fewer economic prospects. The declining population also results in less access to services, such as high-quality medical and education systems.
432:
1199:, poverty greater than urban or suburban economic regions due to lack of access to economic activities, and lack of investments in key infrastructure such as education.
4234:
1852:
Some thought into the various 'role's settlements in the region may play, for example some may be administrative, with others based upon manufacturing or transport.
3075:
2773:
traditionally associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas. It is an active academic field in much of the world, originating in the
843:. These definitions have various grades, but the upper point is any local government area with more than 26% of its population living in a rural settlement or
4448: • Thomas Reardon et al. (2008). "Effects of Non-Farm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective,"
3359: • Thomas Reardon et al. (2008). "Effects of Non-Farm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective,"
1545:
4632:
3543:
4720:
3631:
63:
4711:
4545: • Karla Hoff and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1993). "Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives," in Karla Hoff,
3622:
3456: • Karla Hoff and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1993). "Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives," in Karla Hoff,
411:
4685:
3596:
4559: • Rodrigo A. Chaves and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega (1996). "The Design of Successful Rural Financial Intermediaries: Evidence from Indonesia,"
3470: • Rodrigo A. Chaves and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega (1996). "The Design of Successful Rural Financial Intermediaries: Evidence from Indonesia,"
832:
4259:
1558:
Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth is a continuing difficulty for the international community, as it invests in
1302:
This graph shows the world rural electrification rate along with the electrification growth rate 1990–2016 and synthesizes data from the World Bank.
4657:
3568:
4366:
3257:
523:, where economic incentives encourage younger populations to go to cities for education and access to jobs, leaving older, less educated and less
1563:
4580:
3491:
1274:
fall short of their demand for electricity. As of 2019, 770 million people live without access to electricity – 10.2% of the global population.
4541:
4504:
3452:
3415:
3040:
2999:
4623:
4520:
3534:
3431:
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2306:
480:
are typically described as rural, as well as other areas lacking substantial development. Different countries have varying definitions of
1361:
3061:
527:
populations in the rural areas. Slower economic development results in poorer services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
4782:"Disentangling three decades of strategic spatial planning in England through participation, project promotion and policy integration"
4439: • Jean O. Lanjouwb and Peter Lanjouw (2001). "The Rural Non-farm Sector: Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries,"
3350: • Jean O. Lanjouwb and Peter Lanjouw (2001). "The Rural Non-farm Sector: Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries,"
4495:
4453:
3406:
3364:
693:), live in rural America. Definitions vary from different parts of the United States government as to what constitutes those areas.
3841:
4759:
4680:
3948:
3670:
3591:
1575:
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whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on agriculture. These food systems are vulnerable to extreme weather, which is expected to
4666:
4435:
3577:
3346:
1695:
and greater barriers in access to healthcare compared to urban populations. Globally, rural populations face increased burdens of
2778:
1776:
providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.
1140:
providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.
1080:
census areas are classified based on their degree of rurality. However, traffic law has a different interpretation and defines a
439:
2331:
1195:
of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Often, rural regions have experienced
3020:
4616:
4166:
3791:
3766:
3700:
3527:
771:
4747:
4342:
3658:
3135:
1786:, and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.
1150:, and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.
998:
In Japan, rural areas are referred to as "Inaka" which translates literally to "the countryside" or "one's native village".
4592:
4469:
3503:
3380:
4857:
4260:
Global evidence on inequities in rural health protection. New data on rural deficits in health coverage for 174 countries
2753:
2350:
737:) are officially defined as all municipalities outside the state/territory capital's metropolitan region. Some states as
4715: • Christopher B. Barrett and Emelly Mutambatsere (2008). "agricultural markets in developing countries,"
3626: • Christopher B. Barrett and Emelly Mutambatsere (2008). "agricultural markets in developing countries,"
1782:: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,
1146:: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,
3100:
Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2012). "Village renewal as an instrument of rural development: evidence from Weyarn, Germany".
1818:. The definition of these fields differs between languages and contexts. Sometimes the terms are used interchangeably.
804:
3165:
3079:
1086:... a road or a geographical area that is not an urban traffic area, to which the rural speed limit generally applies.
580:
defines a "predominantly rural region" as having more than 50% of the population living in rural communities where a "
4379:
3931:
3900:
3048:
2692:
2682:
2386:
2346:
1203:
690:
532:
312:
4636: • Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2007). "Toward a Territorial Approach to Rural Development,"
4395:
4368:
Healthy
Horizons- Outlook 2003-2007: A Framework for Improving the Health of Rural, Regional, and Remote Australians
3547: • Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2007). "Toward a Territorial Approach to Rural Development,"
2141:
682:
654:
647:
332:
3874:. In B.GardnerG. Rausser (eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, vol. 2, A, Amsterdam: NorthHolland: 1593–658.
1426:. Even in non-market sectors of the economy, providing services to smaller and more dispersed populations becomes
779:
15% of the French population lives in rural areas, spread over 90% of the country. The government under
President
695:
Rural areas tend to be poorer and their populations are older than in other parts of the United States because of
4210:
2441:
2226:
1977:
1846:
1393:
4274:"WHO guideline on health workforce development, attraction, recruitment and retention in rural and remote areas"
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in favor of rural areas named the "Agenda Rural". Among many initiatives recommended to redynamize rural areas,
487:
Rural areas have unique economic and social dynamics due to their relationship with land-based industry such as
4862:
1597:
1589:
1419:
4110:"SDG 2. Zero hunger | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
4922:
4134:"SDG 1. No poverty | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
2787:
While the issue of natural resource access transcends traditional rural spatial boundaries, the sociology of
2707:
2361:
1373:
745:
is singular in Brazil and it is de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in
4641:
3552:
1441:
Government policies to combat rural flight include campaigns to expand services to the countryside, such as
1032:
areas. This is due to the definition of a rural area in Pakistan being an area that does not come within an
4273:
3308:
2026:
1992:
741:
do not have any metropolitan regions, thus all of the state, except its capital is officially countryside.
31:
4396:"Rural Health in Rural Hands: Strategic Directions for Rural, Remote, Northern and Aboriginal Communities"
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4427:
3338:
2670:
1996:
1946:
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about 64% of Pakistanis live in rural areas. Most rural areas in Pakistan tend to be near cities and are
986:
RBI defines rural areas as those areas with a population of less than 49,000 (tier -3 to tier-6 cities).
900:
852:
248:
17:
1895:
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developed economies, including rural electrification and access to other technologies such as internet,
928:
3210:
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2185:
1724:
Because of their unique dynamics, different academic fields have developed to study rural communities.
1530:, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and
1219:
840:
302:
2832:
2677:
2246:
2116:
1982:
1550:
1280:
750:
595:
4517:
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2513:
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2236:
2071:
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is one of them. Research is being carried out to assess the impact of new projects in rural areas.
676:
35:
4689: • JunJie Wu (2008). "Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts,"
4294:
3907:
3600: • JunJie Wu (2008). "Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts,"
1422:, the population is too small to support certain businesses, which then also leave or close, in a
911:
and western regions, rural society is still perceived as lowly and primitive. Basic needs such as
531:
contributes to why three quarters of the global impoverished live in rural areas according to the
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3180:
2924:
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2191:
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125:
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Set regional level 'policy' and zoning which encourages a mix of housing values and communities.
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sets international goals to address these issues, and is deeply connected with investments in a
74:
4907:
4902:
4833:
4235:"Tackling inequalities in public service coverage to "build forward better" for the rural poor"
2471:
2401:
2391:
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2286:
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2176:
2081:
1753:
1377:
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1007:
888:
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137:
39:
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are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural poverty in
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to make rural flight illegal. Economic conditions that can counter rural depopulation include
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The remote rural villagers of Pakistan commonly live in houses made of bricks, clay or mud.
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and coastal China, rural areas are developing and, in some cases, statistically approaching
3729:
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2697:
2499:
2466:
2436:
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1941:
1936:
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A minimum of 75% of male working population involved in agriculture and allied activities.
689:' land area. An estimated 60 million people, or one in five residents (17.9% of the total
8:
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2216:
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3824:
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is one focus of rural sociology, and much of the field is dedicated to the economics of
831:
In Britain, there are various definitions of a rural area. "Rural" is defined by the UK
78:
4801:
4729:
4474:
4091:
4041:
3640:
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3117:
2739:
2381:
2376:
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2201:
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2151:
2011:
1988:
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1778:
Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of
1705:
1692:
1531:
1527:
1458:
1446:
1427:
1392:—when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market—and related
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1142:
Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of
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469:
382:
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216:
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Rural Development in the United States: Connecting Theory, Practice, and Possibilities
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Rural Development in the United States: Connecting Theory, Practice, and Possibilities
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1855:
Consider designating essential nuisance land uses locations, including waste disposal.
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4872:
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4375:
4162:
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4033:
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3258:"Exploring rural Japan from the comfort of your living room with 'The Inaka Project'"
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2006:
1811:
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is expected to reduce the effectiveness of programs reducing rural poverty and cause
1559:
1450:
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1365:
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1341:(also known as rural-to-urban migration, rural depopulation, or rural exodus) is the
1180:
1161:
1125:
1052:
1029:
788:
539:
132:
4678:• Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2008). "access to land and development,"
3985:
3589:• Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2008). "access to land and development,"
2563:
4892:
4793:
4430:(1993). "Rural Nonagricultural Activities in Development: Theory and Application,"
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4025:
3888:
3737:
3341:(1993). "Rural Nonagricultural Activities in Development: Theory and Application,"
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2411:
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2321:
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2121:
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1566:, 70 percent of the people in extreme poverty are in rural areas, most of whom are
1454:
1207:
851:). A number of measures are in place to protect the British countryside, including
607:
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JEL classification codes#Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories
3544:
JEL classification codes#Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories
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2016:
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4490: • Bruce L. Gardner (2005). "Causes of Rural Economic Development,"
3500:
3401: • Bruce L. Gardner (2005). "Causes of Rural Economic Development,"
1768:. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with
1132:. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with
2939:
2899:
2727:
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1972:
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1334:, illustrating the flight of young female adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa
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969:
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547:
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49:
4512:(2001). "The Role of Amenities and Quality of Life in Rural Economic Growth,"
4079:
4029:
3742:
3717:
3423:(2001). "The Role of Amenities and Quality of Life in Rural Economic Growth,"
2839:-care, and educational policies. Many rural sociologists work in the areas of
1862:
land or similar to resist settlement amalgamation and protect the environment.
1752:
and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than
1656:
environments. The concept of rural health incorporates many fields, including
1298:
1116:
and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than
899:
and means of living. Life in rural China differs from that of urban China. In
847:("market town" being defined as any settlement which has permission to hold a
4886:
4182:
4087:
4037:
3924:
The State of World Rural Poverty: An Inquiry into Its Causes and Consequences
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2509:
2021:
1967:
1773:
1765:
1495:
1480:
1227:
1196:
1137:
1129:
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972:. The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines 'rural' as follows:
965:
877:
848:
807:
and 107 urban districts. As one of the largest agricultural producers in the
686:
528:
504:
404:
347:
290:
209:
164:
157:
94:
85:
30:"Countryside", "The country", and "Rural" redirect here. For other uses, see
4319:"Addressing health inequities among people living in rural and remote areas"
1290:
of each hook-up is harder to do in lightly populated areas (yielding higher
4834:"Definitions of Rural: A Handbook for Health Policy Makers and Researchers"
4588:. Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER781) 32 pp, Description and chapter
4486:
4423:
3499:. Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER781) 32 pp, Description and chapter
3397:
3334:
2934:
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2559:
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affect agricultural systems the world over more as climate change increases
1567:
1491:
Gustave Courbet depicted nineteenth century rural poverty in this painting.
1412:
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1350:
1338:
1315:
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685:, often referred to as rural America, consists of approximately 97% of the
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516:
317:
285:
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152:
120:
90:
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Village elders participate in a training for rural health care workers in
1526:
In academic studies, rural poverty is often discussed in conjunction with
554:, such as mining and forestry. However, recent approaches more focused on
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to rural and remote areas. Rural communities are suffering from colossal
1211:
1121:
1077:
1036:
boundary. Rural areas in Pakistan that are near cities are considered as
945:
844:
488:
473:
377:
295:
243:
221:
199:
3309:"Land Transport Rule: Setting of Speed Limits 2003, Rule 54001 - Part 2"
661:
2949:
2804:
2156:
2076:
2001:
1859:
1681:
1571:
1498:
refers to situations where people living in non-urban regions are in a
1346:
1291:
1231:
1192:
1033:
904:
755:
712:
204:
4867:
4062:
Hallegatte, Stephane; Fay, Marianne; Barbier, Edward B. (June 2018).
2919:
2879:
2770:
2575:
2531:
1918:
1701:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1511:
1462:
1435:) can be applied more generally to many services and is explained by
1408:
1287:
1051:
among rural Pakistani villagers is often based upon the ownership of
1012:
933:
912:
819:
671:
4751: • Alan Okagaki, Kris Palmer, and Neil S. Mayer (1998).
3662: • Alan Okagaki, Kris Palmer, and Neil S. Mayer (1998).
3290:
1500:
state or condition of lacking the financial resources and essentials
976:
An area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer,
2884:
2816:
1815:
1783:
1633:
1625:
1215:
1147:
703:
599:
492:
477:
307:
57:
4706:• John W. Mellor (2008). "agriculture and economic development,"
4295:"Rural Health Disparities Overview - Rural Health Information Hub"
4211:"Rural Health Disparities Overview - Rural Health Information Hub"
3838:"Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) | Data"
3617:• John W. Mellor (2008). "agriculture and economic development,"
2722:
944:' in India. It has a very low population density. In rural areas,
2914:
1962:
1900:
1745:
1669:
1499:
1109:
1017:
957:
949:
941:
882:
631:
611:
603:
558:
take into account economic diversification in these communities.
512:
233:
4575:• James Roumasset (2008). "population and agricultural growth,"
3486:• James Roumasset (2008). "population and agricultural growth,"
1403:
The same phenomenon can also be brought about simply because of
4499: • Kiminori Matsuyama (2008). "Structural change,"
4464:• Thomas P. Tomich, Peter Kilby, and Bruce F. Johnston (1995).
3922:
Jazaïry, Idriss; Alamgir, Mohiuddin; Panuccio, Theresa (1992).
3410: • Kiminori Matsuyama (2008). "Structural change,"
3375:• Thomas P. Tomich, Peter Kilby, and Bruce F. Johnston (1995).
2909:
1869:
1842:. These areas may be utilised as parks, or unimproved farmland.
1645:
1322:
1041:
979:
Villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board,
836:
615:
524:
226:
194:
4755:. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development.
4607:• JunJie Wu, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A. Weber, ed. (2008).
3666:. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development.
3518:• JunJie Wu, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A. Weber, ed. (2008).
515:. These dynamics alongside larger economic forces encouraging
1653:
1173:
892:
623:
622:, 54th. As well, rural northern regions encompass all of the
4738: • William A. Galston and Karen Baehler (1995).
4734:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
4551:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
3806:
Van Assche, Kristof. & Hornidge, Anna-Katharina. (2015)
3649: • William A. Galston and Karen Baehler (1995).
3645:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
3462:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
550:. Historically, development policies have focused on larger
4014:"Poverty, rural population distribution and climate change"
2788:
1904:
1749:
1404:
1113:
577:
465:
461:
67:
3808:
Rural development. Knowledge & expertise in governance
3282:
3076:"BMELV - Agriculture and rural areas - Farming in Germany"
3036:
Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts
1872:
laws and policies that encourage the best use of the land.
803:
Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts, 295
4779:
3759:
Rural development research : a foundation for policy
4691:
Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues
4652:• Anthony J. Venables (2008). "New economic geography."
4161:. France: Graphic design: Rasmussen/CH. pp. 14–18.
3917:
3915:
3761:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press.
3602:
Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues
3563:• Anthony J. Venables (2008). "New economic geography."
1226:
have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly
4343:"Economic Stability - Healthy People 2030 | health.gov"
3062:"Un plan national de revitalisation des centres-villes"
3921:
2827:(including forests, mining, fishing and other areas),
968:
makes all the decisions. There are five people in the
940:
Rural areas are also known as the 'countryside' or a '
895:'s population (roughly 45%) and has a varied range of
578:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
4663:
Agricultural Household Modelling and Family Economics
4536:• Michael R. Carter (2008), "agricultural finance,"
3973:
Rural poverty and income dynamics in Asia and Africa.
3912:
3825:
https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections
3574:
Agricultural Household Modelling and Family Economics
3447:• Michael R. Carter (2008), "agricultural finance,"
519:
have led to significant demographic declines, called
4780:
Ziafati Bafarasat, Abbas; Oliveira, Eduardo (2021).
4061:
3965:
3877:
3864:
3181:"Greening the Blue: End Child Labour in Agriculture"
1202:
Rural development has traditionally centered on the
412:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
4205:
4203:
4057:
4055:
4012:Barbier, Edward B.; Hochard, Jacob P. (June 2018).
4007:
4005:
3823:IEA (2022), SDG7: Data and Projections, IEA, Paris
3715:
4473: • Alain de Janvry, Rinku Murgai, and
3384: • Alain de Janvry, Rinku Murgai, and
3128:
1704:, increased rates of health risk behaviors, lower
1586:displacement of rural communities to urban centers
833:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
4477:(2002). "Rural Development and Rural Policy," in
4183:"About Rural Health | CSELS | Rural Health | CDC"
3870:Janvry, A. de, E. Sadoulet, and R. Murgai. 2002.
3388:(2002). "Rural Development and Rural Policy," in
754:is treated and governs as a single municipality,
4884:
4266:
4251:
4200:
4175:
4126:
4052:
4002:
3986:"Transforming food systems for rural prosperity"
3784:Rural development : principles and practice
3693:Rural development : principles and practice
3142:. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023
4586:Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change
4150:
3786:(1. publ. ed.). London : SAGE. p. 7.
3716:Ward, Neil; Brown, David L. (1 December 2009).
3695:(1. publ. ed.). London : SAGE. p. 5.
3497:Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change
3205:
3203:
3201:
1564:International Fund for Agricultural Development
889:Rural society in the People's Republic of China
835:(DEFRA), using population data from the latest
638:density below 400 people per square kilometre.
4011:
3949:"The Rise and Fall of China's Cycling Empires"
3883:
538:Some communities have successfully encouraged
4736:. Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
4257:
3647:. Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
2777:in the 1910s with close ties to the national
2747:
1449:. Governments can also use restrictions like
948:is the chief source of livelihood along with
484:for statistical and administrative purposes.
460:is a geographic area that is located outside
433:
3895:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
3198:
3166:"Local Authority Rural-Urban Classification"
3033:Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020):
1523:, and improved access to credit and income.
542:, with policies such as increased access to
3718:"Placing the Rural in Regional Development"
1598:Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger
1502:for living. It takes account of factors of
4858:Census 2000 Urban and Rural Classification
4514:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
4064:"Poverty and climate change: introduction"
3425:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
3136:"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"
2754:
2740:
1925:
1590:Sustainable Development Goal 1: No Poverty
881:Fish farmer at peasant market in Danshan,
440:
426:
4609:Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics
3741:
3520:Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics
3064:. Banque des territoires. 12 August 2020.
1845:Designate transportation corridors using
783:launched an action plan in 2019 amid the
4863:North West Rural Affairs Forum (England)
4717:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4708:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4681:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4654:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4577:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4538:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4501:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4374:. National Rural Health Alliance. 2003.
3628:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3619:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3592:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3565:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3488:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3449:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3412:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
1899:Boy plowing with a tractor at sunset in
1894:
1849:and considering major new infrastructure
1619:
1544:
1486:
1326:Population age comparison between rural
1321:
1297:
1167:
1011:
927:
876:
818:
770:
702:
670:
660:
84:
62:
44:
27:Geographic area outside towns and cities
4638:Journal of Agricultural and Development
4584: • David McGranahan (1999).
3781:
3690:
3549:Journal of Agricultural and Development
3495: • David McGranahan (1999).
1431:towns that have one. But the concept (
561:
14:
4885:
3756:
3230:
3099:
1798:is an academic discipline that exists
1411:available in urban areas; examples of
4068:Environment and Development Economics
4018:Environment and Development Economics
3946:
3288:
3255:
3021:"Nos campagnes, territoires d'avenir"
4156:
3872:"Rural Development and Rural Policy"
2815:, public-lands policies, so-called "
1418:Once rural populations fall below a
1061:livestock raised by rural Pakistanis
594:lines of latitude in each province:
4661: • France Ivry (1994).
3572: • France Ivry (1994).
3233:"Inaka: Moving from Scorn to Pride"
1691:Rural populations often experience
540:economic development in rural areas
24:
4825:
4479:Handbook of Agricultural Economics
4403:Society of Rural Physicians Canada
3893:Spatial inequality and development
3390:Handbook of Agricultural Economics
3289:Zaidi, S. Akbar (29 August 2017).
1366:East Asia in the twentieth century
533:Food and Agricultural Organization
25:
4934:
4851:
4450:Journal of Agricultural Economics
3361:Journal of Agricultural Economics
1790:
1719:
1362:Britain in the eighteenth century
1353:seen from the rural perspective.
814:
468:. Typical rural areas have a low
4549:, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, ed.,
4508: • Steven C. Deller
4432:Journal of Development Economics
4258:Scheil-Adlung, X. (2015-05-05).
3460:, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, ed.,
3419: • Steven C. Deller
3343:Journal of Development Economics
3231:Asamen, Tim (10 February 2017).
2855:. Much of the research involves
2721:
1887:This section is an excerpt from
1822:This section is an excerpt from
1748:. Rural economies include both
1733:This section is an excerpt from
1610:This section is an excerpt from
1479:This section is an excerpt from
1345:of people from rural areas into
1314:This section is an excerpt from
1251:This section is an excerpt from
1183:is the process of improving the
1160:This section is an excerpt from
1112:. Rural economies include both
1097:This section is an excerpt from
869:This section is an excerpt from
718:
683:Rural areas in the United States
655:Rural areas in the United States
653:This section is an excerpt from
648:Rural areas in the United States
641:
566:
4812:
4773:
4700:
4672:
4646:
4601:
4569:
4530:
4466:Transforming Agrarian Economies
4458:
4416:
4388:
4359:
4335:
4311:
4287:
4227:
4102:
3978:
3940:
3855:
3844:from the original on 2018-09-17
3830:
3817:
3800:
3775:
3757:Rowley, Thomas D., ed. (1996).
3750:
3709:
3684:
3611:
3583:
3557:
3512:
3480:
3441:
3377:Transforming Agrarian Economies
3369:
3327:
3313:Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency
3301:
3249:
3224:
3172:
3002:from the original on 2021-09-03
2799:. Other areas of study include
2307:Peace, war, and social conflict
1604:
1172:A rural development academy in
775:A rural area in Northern France
3926:. New York: University Press.
3812:Wageningen Academic Publishers
3168:. UK Government. 24 June 2011.
3158:
3093:
3068:
3054:
3027:
3013:
2984:
2963:
1824:Regional planning § Principles
1727:
1428:proportionately more expensive
1245:
1154:
1071:
891:encompasses less than half of
511:or natural disasters, such as
13:
1:
4873:The Better India- Rural India
4798:10.1080/09654313.2020.1863920
4753:Strengthening Rural Economics
4742:. Wash., D.C.: Island Press.
4159:Global Policy Recommendations
3947:Huang, Frankie (2018-12-31).
3664:Strengthening Rural Economics
3653:. Wash., D.C.: Island Press.
3178:
2956:
1368:, it can occur following the
919:are a problem in these areas.
4611:. Resources for the Future.
3782:Moseley, Malcolm J. (2003).
3691:Moseley, Malcolm J. (2003).
3522:. Resources for the Future.
3291:"Rethinking urban and rural"
3114:10.1080/15575330.2011.575231
3078:. 2012-06-09. Archived from
1881:
1308:
1186:
1091:
32:Countryside (disambiguation)
7:
4724: • Karla Hoff,
3635: • Karla Hoff,
3256:Foley, Dylan (2019-04-20).
2996:United States Census Bureau
2867:
1262:is the process of bringing
1230:, niche manufacturers, and
1001:
10:
4939:
4868:Canadian Rural Partnership
2973:. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu
1978:Human environmental impact
1886:
1821:
1732:
1609:
1478:
1473:
1313:
1250:
1220:global production networks
1159:
1096:
1066:
1063:include cattle and goats.
1005:
868:
841:United Kingdom Census 2001
798:
652:
645:
29:
4786:European Planning Studies
4281:World Health Organization
4080:10.1017/S1355770X18000141
4030:10.1017/S1355770X17000353
3743:10.1080/00343400903234696
2785:colleges of agriculture.
2779:Department of Agriculture
1868:Consider building codes,
1640:or rural medicine is the
1551:Bicycle poverty reduction
1358:industrializing economies
1055:, which also may provide
766:
761:
723:
596:Newfoundland and Labrador
571:
507:cycles and vulnerable to
2992:"What is Rural America?"
2072:Structural functionalism
1697:noncommunicable diseases
993:
923:
863:
677:Marshall County, Indiana
675:A rural country road in
36:Country (disambiguation)
4299:www.ruralhealthinfo.org
4215:www.ruralhealthinfo.org
4157:Chan, Margaret (2010).
3971:Otsuka, Keijiro. 2009.
3315:. Ministry of Transport
2925:Rural Community Council
2813:amenity-led development
2809:environmental sociology
2092:Symbolic interactionism
1987:Industrial revolutions
1594:sustainable food system
1459:outdoor-focused tourism
1328:Pocahontas County, Iowa
858:
707:A rural landscape near
556:sustainable development
472:and small settlements.
4878:India Rural Population
4492:Agricultural Economics
4470:Arrow-page searchable.
4441:Agricultural Economics
4405:. 2002. Archived from
3403:Agricultural Economics
3381:Arrow-page searchable.
3352:Agricultural Economics
3262:The Japan Times Online
2971:"WordNet Search - 3.1"
2082:Social constructionism
1907:
1834:Resist development in
1754:agricultural economics
1744:is the study of rural
1629:
1555:
1492:
1335:
1303:
1218:. However, changes in
1177:
1118:agricultural economics
1108:is the study of rural
1021:
1016:Amra Kalan village in
1008:Pakistani village life
937:
886:
871:Rural society in China
828:
776:
758:-like (Brasília, DF).
715:
679:
668:
98:
82:
60:
40:Rural (disambiguation)
4494:, 32(s1), pp. 21-41.
4452:,51(2), pp. 266-288.
4434:, 40(1), pp. 75-101.
3861:2000 U.S. Census Data
3405:, 32(s1), pp. 21-41.
3363:,51(2), pp. 266-288.
3345:, 40(1), pp. 75-101.
3140:Open Geography Portal
3102:Community Development
2853:environmental studies
2849:community development
2783:land-grant university
2457:Conversation analysis
2032:Social stratification
1898:
1770:rural electrification
1623:
1548:
1490:
1325:
1301:
1260:Rural electrification
1253:Rural electrification
1171:
1134:rural electrification
1015:
931:
880:
822:
785:yellow vests movement
774:
706:
674:
664:
646:Further information:
628:Northwest Territories
552:extractive industries
529:This cycle of poverty
476:areas and areas with
89:A rural landscape in
88:
66:
48:
4923:Settlement geography
4563:, 24(1), pp. 65-78.
4483:(scrollable preview)
4443:, 26(1), pp. 1-23.
3975:New York: Routledge.
3889:Venables, Anthony J.
3827:, License: CC BY 4.0
3474:, 24(1), pp. 65-78.
3394:(scrollable preview)
3354:, 26(1), pp. 1-23.
2857:developing countries
2805:demographic patterns
1756:which focus more on
1710:socioeconomic status
1572:agricultural workers
1536:developing countries
1437:central place theory
1394:secondary industries
1332:Johnson County, Iowa
1120:which focus more on
1049:Socioeconomic status
666:Westminster, Vermont
562:Regional definitions
303:Types of communities
3734:2009RegSt..43.1237W
2841:development studies
2823:, the sociology of
2042:Social cycle theory
1913:Part of a series on
1875:Allocation of land.
1658:wilderness medicine
1562:. According to the
1540:developed countries
1457:, the expansion of
932:A rural village in
497:resource extraction
4762:2009-05-09 at the
4730:Joseph E. Stiglitz
4626:2008-10-31 at the
4595:2009-04-03 at the
4527:(close Pages tab).
4523:2011-07-21 at the
4475:Elisabeth Sadoulet
3673:2009-05-09 at the
3641:Joseph E. Stiglitz
3537:2008-10-31 at the
3506:2009-04-03 at the
3438:(close Pages tab).
3434:2011-07-21 at the
3386:Elisabeth Sadoulet
3043:. (Energy series)
2728:Society portal
2351:History of science
2332:Race and ethnicity
2012:Social environment
1908:
1780:economic geography
1706:population density
1693:health disparities
1630:
1556:
1532:spatial inequality
1528:spatial inequality
1493:
1451:internal passports
1447:distance education
1409:educational access
1374:primary industries
1336:
1304:
1206:of land-intensive
1178:
1144:economic geography
1022:
954:cottage industries
938:
897:standard of living
887:
829:
777:
739:Mato Grosso do Sul
716:
680:
669:
503:can be subject to
470:population density
217:Indigenous peoples
99:
83:
61:
4726:Avishay Braverman
4617:978-1-933115-65-8
4561:World Development
4547:Avishay Braverman
4168:978-92-4-156401-4
3793:978-0-7619-4766-0
3768:978-0-313-29726-7
3728:(10): 1237–1244.
3702:978-0-7619-4766-0
3637:Avishay Braverman
3528:978-1-933115-65-8
3472:World Development
3458:Avishay Braverman
3185:Greening the Blue
2875:American Old West
2845:community studies
2825:natural resources
2821:social disruption
2764:
2763:
2482:Social experiment
2362:Social psychology
2007:Social complexity
1840:earthquake faults
1812:regional planning
1762:Rural development
1642:interdisciplinary
1560:rural development
1461:, and a shift to
1455:commodities booms
1370:industrialization
1343:migratory pattern
1208:natural resources
1181:Rural development
1162:Rural development
1126:Rural development
1053:agricultural land
1024:According to the
885:in September 2005
789:energy transition
450:
449:
16:(Redirected from
4930:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4792:(8): 1375–1392.
4777:
4771:
4704:
4698:
4676:
4670:
4650:
4644:
4605:
4599:
4579:, 2nd Edition.
4573:
4567:
4534:
4528:
4462:
4456:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4400:
4392:
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4099:
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4050:
4049:
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3999:
3997:
3996:
3982:
3976:
3969:
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3962:
3960:
3959:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3919:
3910:
3906:
3881:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3722:Regional Studies
3713:
3707:
3706:
3688:
3682:
3615:
3609:
3587:
3581:
3561:
3555:
3516:
3510:
3490:, 2nd Edition.
3484:
3478:
3445:
3439:
3373:
3367:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3220:. December 2010.
3218:www.dhanbank.com
3215:
3207:
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3097:
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2477:Network analysis
2367:Sociocybernetics
2357:Social movements
2087:Social darwinism
2037:Social structure
1929:
1910:
1909:
1264:electrical power
1239:entrepreneurship
1188:
751:Federal District
608:British Columbia
591:census divisions
442:
435:
428:
400:Peasant movement
390:Nomadic conflict
138:Delivery service
101:
100:
79:Hyōgo Prefecture
56:, noted for its
21:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4918:Rural geography
4913:Rural economics
4883:
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4854:
4849:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4826:Further reading
4823:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4778:
4774:
4764:Wayback Machine
4750:
4737:
4723:
4719:, 2nd Edition.
4714:
4710:, 2nd Edition.
4705:
4701:
4688:
4677:
4673:
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4635:
4631: •
4630:
4628:Wayback Machine
4606:
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4597:Wayback Machine
4583:
4574:
4570:
4558:
4544:
4540:, 2nd Edition.
4535:
4531:
4525:Wayback Machine
4507:
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4463:
4459:
4447:
4438:
4428:Frances Stewart
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3689:
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3675:Wayback Machine
3661:
3648:
3634:
3630:, 2nd Edition.
3625:
3621:, 2nd Edition.
3616:
3612:
3599:
3588:
3584:
3571:
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3558:
3546:
3542: •
3541:
3539:Wayback Machine
3517:
3513:
3508:Wayback Machine
3494:
3485:
3481:
3469:
3455:
3451:, 2nd Edition.
3446:
3442:
3436:Wayback Machine
3418:
3409:
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3339:Frances Stewart
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2895:Developed areas
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2819:" development,
2801:rural migration
2797:farm production
2767:Rural sociology
2760:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2590:
2516:
2502:
2500:Major theorists
2492:
2491:
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2417:
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2107:
2097:
2096:
2067:Critical theory
2062:Conflict theory
2057:
2047:
2046:
2017:Social equality
1958:
1892:
1889:Rural sociology
1884:
1879:
1878:
1847:hubs and spokes
1827:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1742:Rural economics
1738:
1735:Rural economics
1730:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1443:electrification
1433:urban hierarchy
1319:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1276:Electrification
1268:market failures
1256:
1248:
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1242:
1165:
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1106:Rural economics
1102:
1099:Rural economics
1094:
1074:
1069:
1057:social prestige
1010:
1004:
996:
926:
921:
920:
915:and accessible
874:
866:
861:
825:Yorkshire Dales
817:
805:rural districts
801:
781:Emmanuel Macron
769:
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726:
721:
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691:U.S. population
658:
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582:rural community
576:In Canada, the
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509:extreme weather
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143:Electrification
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54:South Australia
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4898:Human habitats
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4852:External links
4850:
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4843:(6.12 MB)
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4772:
4732:, ed. (1993).
4699:
4693:, 23(4), pp.
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4645:
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4412:on 2014-03-09.
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1796:Rural planning
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1720:Academic study
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1582:climate crisis
1485:
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1467:exurbanization
1424:vicious circle
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1286:to reduce the
1272:national grids
1257:
1249:
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1222:and increased
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1006:Main article:
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917:transportation
907:economies. In
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857:
839:, such as the
816:
815:United Kingdom
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743:Rio de Janeiro
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4556:
4553:, ch. 2, pp.
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
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4526:
4522:
4519:
4516:, 83(2), pp.
4515:
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3464:, ch. 2, pp.
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3454:
3450:
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3430:
3427:, 83(2), pp.
3426:
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3413:
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3103:
3096:
3082:on 2012-06-09
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2905:Landed gentry
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2890:Country house
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2693:Organizations
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2447:Computational
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2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Environmental
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Consciousness
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Social equity
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Globalization
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:the field of
1805:
1801:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:rural tourism
1771:
1767:
1766:rural poverty
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1725:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1521:gender parity
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:rural economy
1505:
1504:rural society
1501:
1497:
1496:Rural poverty
1489:
1482:
1481:Rural poverty
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:critical mass
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:capital costs
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:rural tourism
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:rural poverty
1194:
1191:and economic
1190:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:rural tourism
1135:
1131:
1130:rural poverty
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1009:
999:
991:
987:
981:
978:
975:
974:
973:
971:
967:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:
930:
918:
914:
913:running water
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
884:
879:
872:
856:
854:
850:
849:street market
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
821:
812:
810:
806:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
773:
759:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
719:South America
714:
710:
705:
698:
694:
692:
688:
687:United States
684:
678:
673:
667:
663:
656:
649:
642:United States
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
587:
586:urban regions
583:
579:
567:North America
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:boom and bust
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
443:
438:
436:
431:
429:
424:
423:
421:
420:
413:
410:
406:
405:Via Campesina
403:
402:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
375:
369:
368:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
344:
343:
334:
333:United States
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
260:
259:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
218:
215:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
186:
185:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:South Karelia
92:
87:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4818:Nelson, 1969
4814:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4752:
4739:
4733:
4716:
4707:
4702:
4690:
4679:
4674:
4665:. Elsevier.
4662:
4653:
4648:
4640:, 4(1), pp.
4637:
4621:Description.
4608:
4603:
4585:
4576:
4571:
4560:
4550:
4537:
4532:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4478:
4465:
4460:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4424:Gustav Ranis
4418:
4407:the original
4402:
4390:
4367:
4361:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4326:. Retrieved
4322:
4313:
4302:. Retrieved
4298:
4289:
4280:
4268:
4253:
4242:. Retrieved
4238:
4229:
4218:. Retrieved
4214:
4191:. Retrieved
4189:. 2023-11-28
4186:
4177:
4158:
4152:
4141:. Retrieved
4137:
4128:
4117:. Retrieved
4113:
4104:
4071:
4067:
4021:
4017:
3993:. Retrieved
3990:www.ifad.org
3989:
3980:
3967:
3956:. Retrieved
3952:
3942:
3923:
3908:Pdf version.
3892:
3885:Kanbur, Ravi
3879:
3866:
3857:
3846:. Retrieved
3832:
3819:
3814:, Wageningen
3807:
3802:
3783:
3777:
3758:
3752:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3692:
3686:
3663:
3650:
3644:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3601:
3590:
3585:
3576:. Elsevier.
3573:
3564:
3559:
3551:, 4(1), pp.
3548:
3532:Description.
3519:
3514:
3496:
3487:
3482:
3471:
3461:
3448:
3443:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3389:
3376:
3371:
3360:
3351:
3342:
3335:Gustav Ranis
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3312:
3303:
3294:
3284:
3273:. Retrieved
3261:
3251:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:
3226:
3217:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:
3174:
3160:
3151:
3144:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:the original
3070:
3056:
3041:Wiley - ISTE
3035:
3029:
3015:
3004:. Retrieved
2995:
2986:
2975:. Retrieved
2965:
2935:Rural ghetto
2930:Rural crafts
2837:rural health
2765:
2678:Bibliography
2592:
2520:
2519:
2506:
2472:Mathematical
2452:Ethnographic
2432:Quantitative
2117:Architecture
2055:Perspectives
2027:Social power
1836:flood plains
1829:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1758:food systems
1750:agricultural
1740:
1723:
1690:
1686:telemedicine
1652:delivery in
1638:rural health
1631:
1617:
1612:Rural health
1605:Rural health
1568:smallholders
1557:
1525:
1517:
1494:
1417:
1413:pull factors
1405:higher wages
1402:
1398:push factors
1355:
1351:urbanization
1339:Rural flight
1337:
1330:, and urban
1316:Rural flight
1258:
1235:businesses.
1224:urbanization
1204:exploitation
1201:
1179:
1122:food systems
1114:agricultural
1104:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1046:
1023:
997:
988:
985:
962:
939:
830:
802:
793:
778:
730:
727:
709:Mount Shasta
697:rural flight
681:
636:
620:Saskatchewan
575:
537:
521:rural flight
517:urbanization
486:
481:
474:Agricultural
457:
453:
451:
355:Agricultural
296:Agricultural
239:Smallholders
222:Pastoralists
104:
91:Lappeenranta
4757:Description
4744:Description
4323:www.who.int
4239:www.who.int
4187:www.cdc.gov
4138:www.fao.org
4114:www.fao.org
3668:Description
3655:Description
2945:Urban decay
2861:Third World
2793:agriculture
2683:Terminology
2652:Baudrillard
2528:Tocqueville
2442:Comparative
2437:Qualitative
2407:Victimology
2237:Immigration
2222:Generations
2137:Criminology
1650:health care
1596:as part of
1463:remote work
1378:agriculture
1347:urban areas
1246:Electricity
1237:Education,
1212:agriculture
1155:Development
1078:New Zealand
1072:New Zealand
1026:2017 census
946:agriculture
853:green belts
845:market town
747:Greater Rio
544:electricity
489:agriculture
458:countryside
378:Agrarianism
170:Reservation
133:Development
18:The country
4887:Categories
4770:(press +).
4697:(press +).
4557:(press +).
4485:, ch. 31.
4352:2024-03-29
4347:health.gov
4328:2024-03-29
4304:2024-04-07
4244:2024-03-29
4220:2024-04-03
4193:2024-03-17
4143:2021-10-10
4119:2021-10-10
3995:2024-01-23
3958:2023-10-26
3848:2019-03-13
3681:(press +).
3608:(press +).
3468:(press +).
3396:, ch. 31.
3275:2019-09-19
3242:2019-09-19
3211:"In Focus"
3146:9 December
3086:2020-02-20
3006:2021-09-03
2977:2013-04-25
2957:References
2950:Wilderness
2833:identities
2803:and other
2708:By country
2462:Historical
2387:Technology
2327:Punishment
2312:Philosophy
2287:Mathematic
2277:Literature
2242:Industrial
2232:Historical
2157:Demography
2077:Positivism
2002:Popularity
1957:Key themes
1860:Green belt
1858:Designate
1682:telehealth
1292:per capita
1281:amortizing
1232:recreation
1193:well-being
1082:Rural area
1030:peri-urban
1020:, Pakistan
827:in England
756:city-state
735:Portuguese
713:California
454:rural area
395:Parliament
313:By Country
205:Farmworker
105:Rural area
97:in Finland
4806:234437777
4721:Abstract.
4712:Abstract.
4686:Abstract.
4658:Abstract.
4581:Abstract.
4565:Abstract.
4542:Abstract.
4505:Abstract.
4496:Abstract.
4487:Abstract.
4454:Abstract.
4445:Abstract.
4436:Abstract.
4262:(Report).
4096:158756317
4088:1355-770X
4046:158642860
4038:1355-770X
3632:Abstract.
3623:Abstract.
3597:Abstract.
3569:Abstract.
3492:Abstract.
3476:Abstract.
3453:Abstract.
3416:Abstract.
3407:Abstract.
3398:Abstract.
3365:Abstract.
3356:Abstract.
3347:Abstract.
3319:9 January
3270:0447-5763
3122:154040610
2920:Peasantry
2880:Boondocks
2771:sociology
2524:Martineau
2467:Interview
2392:Terrorism
2372:Sociology
2317:Political
2257:Knowledge
2177:Education
1919:Sociology
1882:Sociology
1838:or along
1804:alongside
1746:economies
1728:Economics
1702:geography
1678:economics
1674:sociology
1666:midwifery
1662:geography
1644:study of
1580:Thus the
1512:political
1309:Migration
1288:unit cost
1110:economies
1092:Economics
970:panchayat
966:panchayat
934:Rajasthan
909:northwest
749:. In the
501:economics
383:Socialism
281:Diversity
114:Economics
58:vineyards
4760:Archived
4746:and TOC
4667:Abstract
4624:Archived
4593:Archived
4521:Archived
4481:, v. 2A
3891:(2005).
3842:Archived
3671:Archived
3657:and TOC
3578:Abstract
3535:Archived
3504:Archived
3432:Archived
3392:, v. 2A
3000:Archived
2885:Bushland
2868:See also
2817:boomtown
2703:Timeline
2688:Journals
2656:Bourdieu
2648:Habermas
2644:Luhmann
2640:Foucault
2584:Mannheim
2564:Durkheim
2337:Religion
2297:Military
2262:Language
2247:Internet
2202:Feminist
2186:Jealousy
2172:Economic
2167:Disaster
2162:Deviance
2105:Branches
1983:Identity
1816:urbanism
1784:land use
1634:medicine
1626:Ethiopia
1554:century.
1538:than in
1390:forestry
1376:such as
1349:. It is
1216:forestry
1210:such as
1185:quality
1148:land use
1002:Pakistan
901:southern
731:interior
602:, 53rd;
600:Manitoba
598:, 50th;
548:internet
513:droughts
499:. Rural
493:forestry
478:forestry
372:Politics
360:Regional
308:Rurality
271:Agrarian
148:Internet
81:in Japan
71:terraces
4893:Ecology
4518:352-365
4283:. 2010.
3730:Bibcode
3429:352-365
3190:24 July
3179:林, 榮祥.
3023:. CGET.
2915:Outback
2859:or the
2660:Giddens
2658:·
2654:·
2646:·
2634:·
2632:Goffman
2628:Schoeck
2614:·
2606:·
2582:·
2580:Du Bois
2578:·
2570:·
2566:·
2558:·
2552:Tönnies
2550:·
2536:Spencer
2534:·
2512:·
2425:Methods
2402:Utopian
2347:Science
2292:Medical
2282:Marxist
2272:Leisure
2182:Emotion
2147:Culture
1963:Society
1942:Outline
1937:History
1901:Don Det
1670:nursing
1474:Poverty
1386:fishing
1270:as the
1067:Oceania
1042:suburbs
1018:Kharian
958:pottery
950:fishing
942:village
936:, India
883:Sichuan
799:Germany
632:Nunavut
612:Ontario
604:Alberta
525:wealthy
348:History
291:Tourism
276:Country
264:Society
234:Peasant
165:Poverty
158:Housing
4841:
4804:
4728:, and
4642:66-98.
4615:
4590:links.
4510:et al.
4378:
4165:
4094:
4086:
4044:
4036:
3930:
3899:
3790:
3765:
3699:
3639:, and
3553:66-98.
3526:
3501:links.
3421:et al.
3268:
3120:
3047:
2910:Nature
2851:, and
2698:People
2636:Bauman
2616:Nisbet
2612:Merton
2604:Gehlen
2600:Adorno
2593:1900s:
2568:Addams
2560:Simmel
2556:Veblen
2548:Pareto
2540:Le Bon
2521:1800s:
2514:Sieyès
2507:1700s:
2487:Survey
2412:Visual
2322:Public
2227:Health
2217:Gender
2207:Fiscal
2197:Family
1870:zoning
1800:within
1680:, and
1646:health
1510:, and
1388:, and
1382:mining
837:census
823:Rural
767:France
762:Europe
724:Brazil
618:, and
616:Quebec
572:Canada
495:, and
466:cities
318:Canada
286:Flight
227:Herder
210:Tenant
195:Farmer
189:People
175:Ghetto
153:Health
121:Crafts
38:, and
4837:(PDF)
4802:S2CID
4748:link.
4555:33-52
4426:and
4410:(PDF)
4399:(PDF)
4372:(PDF)
4277:(PDF)
4092:S2CID
4042:S2CID
3659:link.
3466:33-52
3337:and
3214:(PDF)
3118:S2CID
2671:Lists
2620:Mills
2596:Fromm
2588:Elias
2576:Weber
2510:Comte
2397:Urban
2382:Sport
2377:Space
2342:Rural
2302:Music
2252:Jewry
2152:Death
2112:Aging
1947:Index
1654:rural
1465:, or
1360:like
1174:Bogra
1034:urban
994:Japan
960:etc.
924:India
905:urban
893:China
864:China
624:Yukon
482:rural
462:towns
456:or a
323:China
244:Women
126:India
4766:and
4695:6-10
4613:ISBN
4376:ISBN
4163:ISBN
4084:ISSN
4034:ISSN
3928:ISBN
3897:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3763:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3677:and
3606:6-10
3524:ISBN
3321:2021
3295:Dawn
3266:ISSN
3192:2018
3148:2023
3045:ISBN
2831:and
2791:and
2789:food
2781:and
2624:Bell
2608:Aron
2572:Mead
2544:Ward
2532:Marx
2212:Food
2132:Body
1905:Laos
1772:and
1715:met.
1648:and
1407:and
1214:and
1189:life
1136:and
1084:as "
859:Asia
630:and
464:and
328:Laos
75:Kami
68:Rice
4794:doi
4768:PDF
4076:doi
4026:doi
3738:doi
3679:PDF
3110:doi
2267:Law
2122:Art
1814:or
1802:or
1684:or
1632:In
1570:or
1445:or
1372:of
1364:or
1356:In
1076:In
1044:.
1040:or
733:in
711:in
546:or
73:in
52:in
4889::
4846:p.
4800:.
4790:29
4788:.
4784:.
4468:.
4422:•
4401:.
4345:.
4321:.
4297:.
4279:.
4237:.
4213:.
4202:^
4185:.
4136:.
4112:.
4090:.
4082:.
4072:23
4070:.
4066:.
4054:^
4040:.
4032:.
4022:23
4020:.
4016:.
4004:^
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