Anonymity - Knowledge

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explains: "David Chaum was very ahead of his time. He predicted in the early 1980s concerns that would arise on the internet 15 or 20 years later." There are some people though that consider anonymity in internet being a danger for our society as a whole. David Davenport, an assistant professor in the Computer Engineering Department of Bilkent University in Ankara, Turkey, considers that by allowing anonymous Net communication, the fabric of our society is at risk. "Accountability requires those responsible for any misconduct be identified and brought to justice. However, if people remain anonymous, by definition, they cannot be identified, making it impossible to hold them accountable." he says.

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communication as good. For example, message boards established outside companies, but for employees of such companies to vent their opinions on their employer, have sometimes been used in ways that at least the companies themselves were not happy about . Police use of anonymity is a complex issue, since the police often will want to know the identity of the tipper in order to get more information, evaluate the reliability or get the tipper as a witness. Is it ethical for police to identify the tipper if it has opened up an anonymous tipping hotline?

840:. As of February 2015, the treaty was signed -but not all ratified- by 31 states as well as the European Union. Japan was on 4 October 2012 the first to ratify the treaty. It creates an international regime for imposing civil and criminal penalties on Internet counterfeiting and copyright infringement. Although ACTA is intentionally vague, leaving signatories to draw precise rules themselves, critics say it could mean innocent travellers having their laptops searched for unlicensed music, or being jailed for carrying a 5456: 802:"(...) protections for anonymous speech are vital to democratic discourse. Allowing dissenters to shield their identities frees them to express critical minority views . . . Anonymity is a shield from the tyranny of the majority. . . . It thus exemplifies the purpose behind the Bill of Rights and of the First Amendment in particular: to protect unpopular individuals from retaliation . . . at the hand of an intolerant society." 844:. Infringers could be liable for the total loss of potential sales (implying that everyone who buys a counterfeit product would have bought the real thing). It applies to unintentional use of copyright material. It puts the onus on website owners to ensure they comply with laws across several territories. It has been negotiated secretively and outside established international trade bodies, despite EU criticisms. 573:

of a prior negative experience during which they did not maintain an anonymous presence. Such experiences include stalking, releasing private information by an opposing school political group, or tricking an individual into traveling to another country for a job that did not exist. Participants in this study stated that they were able to avoid their previous problems by using false identification online.

853: 498:(ISP), and this ISP can then provide information about what customer that IP address was leased to. This does not necessarily implicate a specific individual (because other people could be using that customer's connection, especially if the customer is a public resource, such as a library), but it provides regional information and serves as powerful circumstantial evidence. 287:

unsavory. Benefactors may not wish to identify themselves as capable of giving. A benefactor may wish to improve the world, as long as no one knows who did it, out of modesty, wishing to avoid publicity. Another reason for anonymous charity is a benefactor who does not want a charitable organization to pursue them for more donations, sometimes aggressively.

751:, and of the First Amendment in particular: to protect unpopular individuals from retaliation—and their ideas from suppression—at the hand of an intolerant society". The Supreme court explained that protecting anonymous political speech receives the highest protection however, this priority takes on new dimensions in the digital age. 478:

people who use the internet to interact with friends or known contacts. While these usernames can take on an identity of their own, they are sometimes separated and anonymous from the actual author. According to the University of Stockholm this is creating more freedom of expression, and less accountability.

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have keys to a bank safe and that, one day, contents of the safe go missing (lock not violated). Without additional information, we cannot know for sure whether it was Alice, Bob or Carol who emptied the safe. Notably, each element in {Alice, Bob, Carol} could be the perpetrator with a probability of

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People may openly discuss personal stuff which would be embarrassing to tell many people about, such as sexual problems. Research shows that anonymous participants disclose significantly more information about themselves . People might also feel more open to sharing their personal work anonymously if

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is often attributed to relative Internet anonymity, due to the fact that potential offenders are able to mask their identities and prevent themselves from being caught. A principal in a high school stated that comments made on these anonymous site are "especially vicious and hurtful since there is no

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system was developed to allow secure anonymous transactions. Another example would be Enymity, which actually makes a purchase on a customer's behalf. When purchasing taboo goods and services, anonymity makes many potential consumers more comfortable with or more willing to engage in the transaction.

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Anonymous commercial transactions can protect the privacy of consumers. Some consumers prefer to use cash when buying everyday goods (like groceries or tools), to prevent sellers from aggregating information or soliciting them in the future. Credit cards are linked to a person's name, and can be used

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Anonymity may reduce the accountability one perceives to have for their actions, and removes the impact these actions might otherwise have on their reputation. This can have dramatic effects, both useful and harmful to various parties involved. Thus, it may be used for psychological tactics involving

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and other virtual communication, although recently some important service providers like Google try to discourage pseudonymity. Someone using a pseudonym would be strictly considered to be using "pseudonymity" not "anonymity", but sometimes the latter is used to refer to both (in general, a situation

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People in a country with a repressive political regime may use anonymity (for example Internet-based anonymity servers in other countries) to avoid persecution for their political opinions. Note that even in democratic countries, some people claim, rightly or wrongly, that certain political opinions

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Though Internet anonymity can provide a harmful environment through which people can hurt others, anonymity can allow for a much safer and relaxed internet experience. In a study conducted at Carnegie Mellon University, 15 out of 44 participants stated that they choose to be anonymous online because

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blocking. Additionally, the appropriateness of anonymous organizational communication varies depending on the use, with organizational surveys or assessments typically perceived as highly appropriate and firing perceived as highly inappropriate. Anonymity use and appropriateness have also been found

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Anonymous charity has long been a widespread and durable moral precept of many ethical and religious systems, as well as being in practice a widespread human activity. A benefactor may not wish to establish any relationship with the beneficiary, particularly if the beneficiary is perceived as being

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An important example for anonymity being not only protected, but enforced by law is the vote in free elections. In many other situations (like conversation between strangers, buying some product or service in a shop), anonymity is traditionally accepted as natural. There are also various situations

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People dependent on an organization, or afraid of revenge, may divulge serious misuse, which should be revealed. Anonymous tips can be used as an information source by newspapers, as well as by police departments, soliciting tips aimed at catching criminals. Not everyone will regard such anonymous

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says: "The regulation of anonymous and pseudonymous communications promises to be one of the most important and contentious Internet-related issues of the next decade". Anonymity and pseudonymity can be used for good and bad purposes. And anonymity can in many cases be desirable for one person and

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address the issue of IP tracking. In short, they work by encrypting packets within multiple layers of encryption. The packet follows a predetermined route through the anonymizing network. Each router sees the immediate previous router as the origin and the immediate next router as the destination.

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serve as virtual mailing addresses, which means that any time any resource on the Internet is accessed, it is accessed from a particular IP address, and the data traffic patterns to and from IP addresses can be intercepted, monitored, and analysed, even if the content of that traffic is encrypted.

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have been performed anonymously when benefactors do not wish to be acknowledged. A person who feels threatened might attempt to mitigate that threat through anonymity. A witness to a crime might seek to avoid retribution, for example, by anonymously calling a crime tipline. Criminals might proceed

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When it is necessary to refer to someone who is anonymous, it is typically necessary to create a type of pseudo-identification for that person. In literature, the most common way to state that the identity of an author is unknown is to refer to them as simply "Anonymous". This is usually the case

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Most commentary on the Internet is essentially done anonymously, using unidentifiable pseudonyms. However this has been widely discredited in a study by the University of Birmingham, which found that the number of people who use the internet anonymously is statistically the same as the number of

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In conversational settings, anonymity may allow people to reveal personal history and feelings without fear of later embarrassment. Electronic conversational media can provide physical isolation, in addition to anonymity. This prevents physical retaliation for remarks, and prevents negative or

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Anonymity can be used to protect a criminal performing many different crimes, for example slander, distribution of child pornography, illegal threats, racial agitation, fraud, intentional damage such as distribution of computer viruses, etc. The exact set of illegal acts varies from country to

378:, many painting workshops can be identified by their characteristic style and discussed and the workshop's output set in chronological order. Sometimes archival research later identifies the name, as when the "Master of Flémalle"—defined by three paintings in the Städelsches Kunstinstitut in 579:

is called the Godfathers of anonymity and he has a claim to be one of the great visionaries of contemporary science. In the early 1980s, while a computer scientist at Berkeley, Chaum predicted the world in which computer networks would make mass surveillance a possibility. As Dr. Joss Wright

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describes situations where the acting person's identity is unknown. Some writers have argued that namelessness, though technically correct, does not capture what is more centrally at stake in contexts of anonymity. The important idea here is that a person be non-identifiable, unreachable, or

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However, anonymous online speech is not without limits. It is clearly demonstrated in a case from 2008, one in which the defendant stated on a law-school discussion board that two women should be raped, an anonymous poster's comments may extend beyond free speech protections. In the case, a

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not desirable for another person. A company may, for example, not like an employee to divulge information about improper practices within the company, but society as a whole may find it important that such improper practices are publicly exposed. Good purposes of anonymity and pseudonymity:

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spelling, generally with a specific city designation, is traditionally used by scholars in the humanities to refer to an ancient writer whose name is not known, or to a manuscript of their work. Many such writers have left valuable historical or literary records: an incomplete list of such

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If Carol has a definite alibi at the time of perpetration, then we may deduce that it must have been either Alice or Bob who emptied the safe. In this particular case, the perpetrator is not completely anonymous anymore, as both Alice and Bob now know "who did it" with a probability of 1.

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entities. A website nominally associated with the group describes it as "an internet gathering" with "a very loose and decentralized command structure that operates on ideas rather than directives". The group became known for a series of well-publicized publicity stunts and distributed

405:". This name is often modified to "Jane Doe" when the anonymity-seeker is female. The same names are also commonly used when the identification of a dead person is not known. The semi-acronym Unsub is used as law enforcement slang for "Unknown Subject of an Investigation". 602:

are persecuted. gives an overview of uses of anonymity to protect political speech. Every country has a limit on which political opinions are allowed, and there are always people who want to express forbidden opinions, like racial agitation in most democratic countries.

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behavior or discussion from tarnishing the reputation of the speaker. This can be beneficial when discussing very private matters, or taboo subjects or expressing views or revealing facts that may put someone in physical, financial, or legal danger (such as

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depicted a fictional collaboration by people who had never previously met and did not know who had recruited them. The anonymous purchase of a gun or knife to be used in a crime helps prevent linking an abandoned weapon to the identity of the perpetrator.

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The word anonymous was borrowed into English around 1600 from the Late Latin word "anonymus", from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νώνῠμος (anṓnumos, "without name"), from ᾰ̓ν- (an-, "un-") with ὄνῠμᾰ (ónuma), Aeolic and Doric dialectal form of ὄνομᾰ (ónoma, "name").

947:, good looks, wealth or other unrelated or mildly related aspects of the people is the main reason for interest in their work, rather than the work itself) or to break into a field or area of interest normally dominated by males (as by the famous 827:

recognizes in Article. 8 (Title II: "Freedoms") the right of everyone to protection of personal data concerning him. The right to privacy is now essentially the individual's right to have and to maintain control over information about him.

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There are two aspects, one, giving to a large charitable organization obscures the beneficiary of a donation from the benefactor, the other is giving anonymously to obscure the benefactor both from the beneficiary and from everyone else.

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Relative anonymity is often enjoyed in large crowds. Different people have different psychological and philosophical reactions to this development, especially as a modern phenomenon. This anonymity is an important factor in

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1. However, as long as none of them was convicted with 100% certainty, we must hold that the perpetrator remains anonymous and that the attribution of the probability of 1 to one of the players has to remain undecided.

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Anonymity can also be used as a protection against legal prosecution. For example, when committing unlawful actions, many criminals attempt to avoid identification by the means of obscuring/covering their faces with

84:(called the "anonymity set"), "anonymity" of that element refers to the property of that element of not being identifiable within this set. If it is not identifiable, then the element is said to be "anonymous". 50:, or liberty. Over the past few years, anonymity tools used on the dark web by criminals and malicious users have drastically altered the ability of law enforcement to use conventional surveillance techniques. 2045:

Kelly, Brian (2012). "Investing in a Centralized Cybersecurity Infrastructure: Why "Hacktivism" can and should influence cybersecurity reform". Boston University Law Review 92 (5): 1663–1710. Retrieved May 2,

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Anonymity is perceived as a right by many, especially the anonymity in the internet communications. The partial right for anonymity is legally protected to various degrees in different jurisdictions.

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Thus, no router ever knows both the true origin and destination of the packet. This makes these services more secure than centralized anonymizing services (where a central point of knowledge exists).

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in most countries, passengers are not allowed to board flights unless they have identified themselves to airline or transportation security personnel, typically in the form of the presentation of an

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Connecticut federal court must apply a standard to decide whether the poster's identity should be revealed. There are several tests, however, that the court could apply when considering this issue.

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Even when the act is not illegal, anonymity can be used for offensive or disruptive communication. For example, some people use anonymity in order to say harmful things about other people, known as

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anonymously to conceal their participation in a crime. Anonymity may also be created unintentionally, through the loss of identifying information due to the passage of time or a destructive event.

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People can contribute to online social discussion with reduced risk of harm by online predators. Online predators include "criminals, hackers, scammers, stalkers, and malicious online vendors".

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The term "anonymous message" typically refers to a message that does not reveal its sender. In many countries, anonymous letters are protected by law and must be delivered as regular letters.

935:, where an artist or a group attempts to remain anonymous, for various reasons such as adding an element of mystique to themselves or their work, attempting to avoid what is known as the " 759: 5083: 1695: 2242: 125:

numbers, etc. A pseudonym enables the other party to link different messages from the same person and, thereby, to establish a long-term relationship. Pseudonyms are widely used in

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attacks on government, religious, and corporate websites. An image commonly associated with Anonymous is the "man without a head" represents leaderless organization and anonymity.

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use cards that personally identify the consumer engaging in each transaction (possibly for later solicitation, or for redemption or security purposes), or that act as a numerical

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Anonymity sometimes clashes with the policies and procedures of governments or private organizations. In the United States, disclosure of identity is required to be able to

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Kristina Ringland, Internet User Anonymity, First Amendment Protections and Mobilisa: Changing The Cahill Test, 5 SHIDLER J. L. COM. & TECH. 16 (2009), available at <

5078: 459:, until the mid-19th century, most writers in Great Britain, especially the less well known, did not sign their names to their work in newspapers, magazines and reviews. 1644: 1426: 5128: 641:

country, but most countries have many laws forbidding certain "informational" acts, everything from high treason to instigation of rebellion, etc., to swindling.

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also offer the ability to create anonymous email accounts which do not require any personal information from the account holder. Other sites, however, including

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Pseudonymity can be used to experiment with role playing, for example a man posing as a woman in order to understand the feelings of people of different gender.

267:, groups of criminals may collaborate on a certain project without revealing to each other their names or other personally identifiable information. The movie 1563:

Anonymous Online Comments:The Law and Best Media Practices from Around the World, by Kyle A. Heatherly,* Anthony L. Fargo,** and Jason A. Mark***, March 2018

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center on February 10, 2008, donning masks, scarves, hoods, and sunglasses to obscure their faces, and gloves and long sleeves to protect them from leaving

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identification of anonymous authors by writing style is a potential risk, which is expected to grow as analytic techniques improve and computing power and

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that require persons detained to self-identify when requested by a law enforcement officer, when the person is reasonably suspected of committing a crime.

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With few perceived negative consequences, anonymous or semi-anonymous forums often provide a soapbox for disruptive conversational behavior. The term "

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Pseudonymity can be a tool for timid people to dare establish contacts which can be of value for them and others, e.g. through contact advertisements.

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with older texts in which the author is long dead and unable to claim authorship of a work. When the work claims to be that of some famous author the

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way to trace their source and it can be disseminated widely. "Cyberbullying, as opposed to general bullying, is still a widely-debated area of

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often feels a need to honor the remains of soldiers for whom identification is impossible. In many countries, such a memorial is named the

762:: "People are permitted to interact pseudonymously and anonymously with each other so long as those acts are not in violation of the law". 3725: 2401: 1357: 2288: 2187: 1797: 3190: 2273: 1768: 1519: 616:

People are more equal in anonymous discussions, factors like status, gender, etc., will not influence the evaluation of what they say.

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and the subsequent new political climate. Although it is still difficult to oversee their exact implications, measures such as the

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are only few of the signs that the exercise of the right to the anonymous exchange of information is under substantial pressure.

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In work settings, the three most common forms of anonymous communication are traditional suggestion boxes, written feedback, and

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Sometimes a person may desire a long-term relationship (such as a reputation) with another party without necessarily disclosing

1325:"The effects of perceived anonymity and anonymity states on conformity and groupthink in online communities: A Knowledge study" 5335: 892: 743: 5158: 4964: 2092:

See TOMAS A. LIPINSKI, TO SPEAK OR NOT TO SPEAK: DEVELOPING LEGAL STANDARDS FOR ANONYMOUS SPEECH ON THE INTERNET 942 (2002)

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The border between illegal and legal but offensive use is not very sharp, and varies depending on the law in each country.

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they feel that their friends and family would harass them or disapprove of their work. Examples of such work could include

553:, ask users to sign in with their legal names. In the case of Google+, this requirement led to a controversy known as the 401:

In legal cases, a popularly accepted name to use when it is determined that an individual needs to maintain anonymity is "

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Gröndahl, Tommi; Asokan, N. (2020). "Text Analysis in Adversarial Settings: Does Deception Leave a Stylistic Trace?".

1922: 5232: 5153: 5138: 5034: 4898: 4824: 2325: 1544: 1466: 2379: 4921: 4789: 4140: 4016: 3863: 747:(1995) case: "Anonymity is a shield from the tyranny of the majority...It thus exemplifies the purpose behind the 5108: 5039: 5004: 3932: 1593:

Ohm, Paul (13 August 2009). "Broken Promises of Privacy: Responding to the Surprising Failure of Anonymization".

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The right to internet anonymity is also covered by European legislation that recognizes the fundamental right to

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The history of anonymous expression in political dissent is both long and with important effect, as in the

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Anonymity can be used for online payments for criminals paying others to perform illegal acts or purchases.

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Kang et al. (2013). Why Do People Seek Anonymity on the Internet? Informing Policy and Design. CHI 2013.

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to that party. In this case, it may be useful for the person to establish a unique identifier, called a

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The right of individuals for "anonymous reading" was established in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in

525:(which pair up random users for a conversation) capitalized on a fascination with anonymity. Apps like 63: 17: 2345: 46:

untrackable. Anonymity is seen as a technique, or a way of realizing, a certain other values, such as

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to freely express themselves regarding the strategies they employ to perform their jobs objectively.

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Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity

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mir Efrati, AutoAdmit Suit Update: Defendant "AK47" Responds, WALL ST. J.: LAW BLOG, Feb. 28, 2008

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Oppliger, Rolf (2000). "Privacy protection and anonymity services for the World Wide Web (WWW)".

899:, ratification would likely have taken much longer as individuals worked through the issues. The 861: 3162: 903:, however, was not anonymous. If it had been unsigned, it might well have been less effective. 5386: 4984: 4979: 4926: 4407: 4279: 3848: 3757: 3524: 3395: 3252: 2881: 959:). Some seem to want to avoid the "limelight" of popularity and to live private lives, such as 754:

The right of individuals for "anonymous communication" was established by the decision in case

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methodically identified numerous early Renaissance Florentine and Sienese workshops under such

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People may get more objective evaluation of their messages, by not showing their real name.

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Most modern newspapers and magazines attribute their articles to individual editors, or to

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express a very strong support for anonymous editing as one of the basic requirements of

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any respective party to purport or support or discredit any sort of activity or belief.

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is collaboratively written mostly by authors using either unidentifiable pseudonyms or

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to be significantly related to the quality of relationships with key others at work.

81: 2508: 1197: 679:(used as a mass noun) is a loosely associated international network of activist and 62:

In certain situations, however, it may be illegal to remain anonymous. For example,

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One of the most controversial international legal acts, regarding this subject is

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under the pseudonym "Publius" and "the Federal Farmer" spoke up in rebuttal. The

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identifiers, although a few have used identified pseudonyms or their real names.

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Donors Increasingly Make Their Big Gifts Anonymously, Chronicle Analysis Finds

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searching for children to abuse or a swindler searching for people to rip off.

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to discover other information, such as postal address, phone number, etc. The

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Nissenbaum, Helen (1999). "The Meaning of Anonymity in an Information Age".

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The tradition of anonymous speech is older than the United States. Founders

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Situation in which a person is non-identifiable, unreachable, or untrackable

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Serge Gutwirth; Ronald Leenes; Paul de Hert Springer (September 11, 2014).

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Anonymity can be used to seek contacts for performing illegal acts, like a

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The pressure on anonymous communication has grown substantially after the

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as "Amico di Sandro" for an anonymous painter in the immediate circle of

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center on February 10, 2008. Three of the protesters can be seen wearing

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let the user to explore the web anonymously. Some email providers, like

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has repeatedly recognized rights to speak anonymously derived from the

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are also considered to be an established effect of internet anonymity.

207: 203: 1341: 1324: 198:. This perceived anonymity can be compromised by technologies such as 4493: 4366: 4351: 4213: 4100: 3838: 3730: 3490: 3205: 2888: 2822: 2768: 2715: 2710: 2583: 1111: 976: 972: 895:. Without the public discourse on the controversial contents of the 479: 391: 379: 341: 236: 156: 106: 2500: 760:

United States District Court for the Northern District of California

295:

Attempts at anonymity are not always met with support from society.

76:, in reference to an arbitrary element (e.g., a human, an object, a 4700: 4230: 4218: 4179: 4157: 4048: 3937: 3882: 3705: 3504: 2964: 2917: 2876: 2847: 2835: 2778: 2758: 2720: 2681: 2491: 1014: 999: 956: 944: 872: 857: 713: 636:

There has always, however, also been a negative side of anonymity:

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On the other hand, some policies and procedures require anonymity.

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in which a person might choose to withhold their identity. Acts of

2136:

of the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of California"

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attracted strong attention in the 1980s and 1990s), and by DJ duo

451:, but it speaks with a collective voice". Guardian considers that 4907: 4809: 4715: 4670: 4071: 4043: 3511: 3139: 2894: 2800: 2649: 2623: 2574: 1653: 1329:

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

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who was actually a woman named Alice Bradley Sheldon, and likely

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let people share things anonymously or quasi-anonymously whereas

526: 307: 248: 47: 4271: 2841: 4240: 4115: 3225: 2671: 1018: 991: 980: 518: 256: 1388:"Clemency, A Neglected Aspect of Early Christian Philanthropy" 852: 5421: 4190: 3919: 3905: 3901: 2055: 885:. In the tradition of anonymous British political criticism, 664:

use anonymity to harm discussions in online social platforms.

359: 227: 214: 144: 1669:"Teen cyberbullying grows with "anonymous" social chat apps" 1439: 1436:

By Sam Kean (January 09, 2008) The Chronicle of Philanthropy

213:

Anonymity also permits highly trained professionals such as

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McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n, 514 U.S. 334, 342 (1995)

1125: 983:, "anonymity is vital to him because graffiti is illegal". 912: 327:

grow. Authors may resist such identification by practicing

299: 252: 195: 4876: 1787:"Anonymity on the Internet: Why the Price May Be Too High" 16:

This article is about identification. For other uses, see

1204:

Matthews, Steve (2010). "Anonymity and the Social Self".

986:

Anonymity has been used in music by avant-garde ensemble

502: 149: 2205:"McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n, 514 U.S. 334 (1995)" 1766:

Anonymity on the Internet: Why the Price May Be Too High

306:

prevents disclosure of individual voting patterns. In

64:

24 of the U.S. states have "stop and identify" statutes

2185:

Digital Anonymity and the Law. Tensions and Dimensions

1887:

By the Water Cooler in Cyberspace, the Talk Turns Ugly

1825:(1999). "Legal Issues in Anonymity and Pseudonymity". 1657:. September 17, 2013. Retrieved on September 22, 2013. 583: 489:

However, the Internet was not designed for anonymity:

152:

activity, or unpopular, or outlawed political views).

130:

where the legal identity of the person is disguised).

1745:"Horizon: The defenders of anonymity on the internet" 922: 2545: 2134:

Columbia Insurance Company v. Seescandy.com, et al.

1948:"Nameless in Cyberspace: Anonymity on the Internet" 1908:"Nameless in Cyberspace, anonymity on the Internet" 1642:

Real names, real problems: Pseudonymity under siege

1248:"Tallinn, Hacking, and Customary International Law" 756:

Columbia Insurance Company v. Seescandy.com, et al.

447:fully adopts this policy, saying "Many hands write 5356:International Association of Privacy Professionals 259:or other hand coverings in order to not leave any 1355: 220: 5472: 5321:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 1896:, by Reed Abelson, New York Times, 29 April 2001 1349: 927:Anonymity is directly related to the concept of 891:were anonymously authored by three of America's 796:An above-mentioned 1995 Supreme Court ruling in 691: 971:(an anonymous sculptor whose exhibited work in 2474: 1445: 290: 4892: 4287: 2531: 785:, the European Cybercrime Convention and the 348:, an author claiming—and long believed—to be 334: 2083:Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60, 64 (1960) 1009:This is frequently applied in fiction, from 831: 825:European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights 462: 2444: 1322: 1024: 494:This address can be mapped to a particular 4899: 4885: 4294: 4280: 2538: 2524: 1225:"Data Collection and the Regulatory State" 1175: 1083:On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog 838:Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) 419: 2490: 1983:. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1906:Wallace, Jonathan D. (December 8, 1999). 1784: 1666: 1403: 1340: 1307: 1263: 1148:Wallace, Kathleen A (1999). "Anonymity". 901:United States Declaration of Independence 847: 344:author is identified as "Pseudo-", as in 2289:"University of Washington School of Law" 1996: 1859: 1821: 1245: 1222: 1203: 994:(until 2004), costumed comedy rock band 856:Modern pasquinades glued to the base of 851: 162: 133: 25: 1905: 1742: 1364:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1147: 455:. According to Ross Eaman, in his book 277: 194:, and behavior in situations such as a 5473: 2334:from the original on February 8, 2015. 2317:Reforming European Data Protection Law 2272:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2000:(1995). "Anonymity and its Enmities". 1518:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1021:, where a hidden identity is assumed. 5336:Electronic Privacy Information Center 4880: 4275: 2519: 2438: 2346:"EUR-Lex - 12012P/TXT - EN - EUR-Lex" 1928:from the original on 27 February 2012 1729: 1727: 1725: 1539:. Scarecrow Press, 2009. p. 73. 1532: 1385: 1323:Tsikerdekis, Michail (8 March 2013). 1289: 798:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission 744:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission 428:. An exception is the Markker weekly 1803:from the original on 10 January 2024 1693: 671: 628:People can avoid becoming famous by 5316:Center for Democracy and Technology 2445:Hattenstone, Simon (17 July 2003). 2138:. Legal.web.aol.com. Archived from 1592: 1469:from the original on March 24, 2018 1088:Personally identifiable information 1048:List of anonymously published works 584:Arguments for and against anonymity 13: 2382:from the original on 9 August 2016 1862:Future Generation Computer Systems 1743:Radford, Mike (3 September 2014). 1722: 1296:Management Communication Quarterly 103:personally identifying information 14: 5492: 4301: 2402:"The Infrastructure of Democracy" 2352:from the original on 17 June 2016 2105:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n 1794:Michigan Technological University 1710:from the original on 28 June 2013 1675:from the original on 4 March 2016 1572:Jacob Palme and Mikael Berglund, 1150:Ethics and Information Technology 923:Anonymity and pseudonymity in art 810: 630:publishing their work anonymously 386:. The 20th-century art historian 5455: 5454: 4922:Right of access to personal data 4790:Concentration of media ownership 3186:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2107:" (93–986), 514 U.S. 334 (1995)" 2056:"Gabriella Coleman on Anonymous" 1755:from the original on 2015-02-14. 1667:Armerding, Taylor (2014-03-24). 1553:from the original on 2015-02-08. 1356:Carbonell, Rachel (2016-09-28). 1206:American Philosophical Quarterly 1114:: "anonymous". Derived from the 699: 2468: 2419: 2394: 2364: 2338: 2320:. Springer, 2014. p. 406. 2307: 2280: 2235: 2222: 2211:from the original on 2016-07-06 2197: 2178: 2167:from the original on 2013-06-08 2163:. Law.cornell.edu. 1953-03-09. 2153: 2124: 2113:from the original on 2012-12-01 2095: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2049: 2039: 2020: 1990: 1966: 1954:from the original on 1 May 2016 1940: 1899: 1880: 1853: 1815: 1785:Davenport, David (April 2002). 1778: 1759: 1736: 1687: 1660: 1634: 1613: 1586: 1566: 1557: 1526: 1501:from the original on 2015-07-14 1481: 1451: 1420: 1386:Caner, Daniel F. (2018-06-26). 1368:from the original on 2016-09-29 979:(1993-2021). For street artist 735:anonymous political campaigning 346:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 96: 5331:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5311:American Civil Liberties Union 5265:Privacy-enhancing technologies 2103:"U.S. Supreme Court decision " 1379: 1316: 1283: 1272: 1246:Ghappour, Ahmed (2017-01-01). 1239: 1223:Ghappour, Ahmed (2017-09-01). 1216: 1141: 1105: 919:as conducted on the Internet. 352:, an early Christian convert. 221:Anonymity, commerce, and crime 1: 1874:10.1016/S0167-739X(99)00062-X 1135: 996:The Radioactive Chicken Heads 823:, freedom of impression. The 692:Legal protection of anonymity 501:Anonymizing services such as 109:. Examples of pseudonyms are 2404:. 2006-05-11. Archived from 87: 7: 5056:Data protection authorities 4906: 1694:King, Alison (April 2010). 1574:"Anonymity on the Internet" 1078:Online disinhibition effect 1041: 414:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 291:Issues facing the anonymous 10: 5497: 5260:Social networking services 3849:Imperial, royal, and noble 2425:Depictions, text in Dutch 1533:Eaman, Ross (2009-10-12). 1446:Gröndahl & Asokan 2020 466: 335:Referring to the anonymous 15: 5450: 5374: 5351:Global Network Initiative 5303: 5295:Virtual assistant privacy 5275:Privacy-invasive software 5203: 5167: 5054: 4950: 4914: 4833: 4777: 4739: 4661: 4610: 4575: 4519: 4476: 4469: 4433: 4385: 4309: 4256: 4064: 4036: 3933:Imperial, royal and noble 3918: 3829: 3810: 3743: 3632: 3542: 3450: 3368: 3330: 3307: 3224: 3171: 3138: 3053: 3020: 2937: 2926: 2821: 2751: 2632: 2606: 2557: 2027:Anonymity on the Internet 1583:, Jacob Palme's Home Page 1093:Anonymity (social choice) 1053:List of anonymous masters 832:International legislation 496:Internet Service Provider 463:Anonymity on the Internet 80:), within a well-defined 4866:Society of the Spectacle 2774:Maiden and married names 1536:The A to Z of Journalism 1309:10.1177/0893318905279191 1290:Scott, Craig R. (2005). 1098: 1025:Mathematics of anonymity 969:De Onbekende Beeldhouwer 686:denial-of-service (DDoS) 457:The A to Z of Journalism 350:Dionysius the Areopagite 167:Protesters of the group 5346:Future of Privacy Forum 5341:European Digital Rights 4747:Influence of mass media 4552:Narcotizing dysfunction 4261:Category:Lists of names 2432:1 November 2010 at the 2427:Retrieved 23 June 2017. 1972:Joinson, A. N. (2001). 1839:10.1080/019722499128574 1827:The Information Society 1190:10.1080/019722499128592 1178:The Information Society 1162:10.1023/A:1010066509278 862:Talking Statues of Rome 767:United States v. Rumely 737:was established in the 420:Anonymity and the press 270:The Thomas Crown Affair 5387:Cellphone surveillance 5304:Advocacy organizations 4927:Expectation of privacy 4408:Freedom of information 3191:Eritrean and Ethiopian 1229:Connecticut Law Review 881:, or scurrilous as in 864: 848:Anonymity and politics 610:or vocal performances. 439:run their leaders, or 329:adversarial stylometry 179: 39: 5366:Privacy International 4937:Right to be forgotten 4795:Exploitation of women 4121:Galton–Watson process 3726:Ancient Tamil country 3148:Australian Aboriginal 2478:ACM Computing Surveys 2002:Journal of Online Law 1700:Vanderbilt Law Review 1124:, meaning "without a 1031:Alice, Bob, and Carol 888:The Federalist Papers 855: 821:freedom of expression 775:2001 terrorist attack 719:The Federalist Papers 467:Further information: 166: 134:Psychological effects 30:Protesters outside a 29: 3888:Post-nominal letters 3007:Indigenous Taiwanese 2447:"Something to spray" 1998:Froomkin, A. Michael 1823:Froomkin, A. Michael 382:— was identified as 278:Anonymity in charity 5402:Global surveillance 5270:Privacy engineering 5255:Personal identifier 5205:Information privacy 4942:Post-mortem privacy 4841:Advanced capitalism 4527:Cult of personality 4441:Advanced capitalism 4248:Surnames by country 3873:Pre-nominal letters 2930:Surnames by country 2109:. Law.cornell.edu. 1265:10.1017/aju.2017.59 1128:" or "namelessness" 1002:(1998–present) and 965:J. D. Salinger 937:cult of personality 590:A. Michael Froomkin 569:in several states. 312:identification card 121:, student numbers, 119:credit card numbers 5442:Personality rights 4762:Semiotic democracy 4686:Civil disobedience 4598:Media manipulation 4588:Crowd manipulation 4511:Tabloid journalism 4425:Media transparency 4403:Media independence 4317:24-hour news cycle 4111:Endonym and exonym 4054:Calendar of saints 4037:Related traditions 3811:Manners of address 3173:Sub-Saharan Africa 2594:Nobiliary particle 2190:2015-02-08 at the 2061:2012-01-28 at the 2032:2008-02-21 at the 1979:2007-02-21 at the 1892:2016-07-04 at the 1771:2015-03-19 at the 1647:2013-09-20 at the 1579:2008-02-21 at the 1432:2008-01-21 at the 1405:10.3390/rel9080229 1063:Data anonymization 1029:Suppose that only 865: 779:World Trade Center 739:U.S. Supreme Court 706:Alexander Hamilton 560:The prevalence of 437:British newspapers 180: 40: 5468: 5467: 5412:Mass surveillance 4874: 4873: 4800:Freedom of speech 4618:Theodor W. Adorno 4606: 4605: 4593:Managing the news 4413:Freedom of speech 4393:Media development 4357:News broadcasting 4337:Independent media 4322:Alternative media 4269: 4268: 4197:Personal identity 4032: 4031: 3739: 3738: 3680: 3628: 3627: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3533: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3441: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3293: 3286: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2752:By life situation 2705: 1621:"Anonymous email" 1342:10.1002/asi.22795 953:James Tiptree, Jr 911:, and other U.S. 905:John Perry Barlow 897:U.S. Constitution 869:Letters of Junius 672:Anonymous (group) 396:Sandro Botticelli 5488: 5458: 5457: 5326:Data Privacy Lab 5285:Privacy software 4932:Right to privacy 4901: 4894: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4846:Culture industry 4815:Social influence 4768:The Lonely Crowd 4711:Political satire 4676:Call-out culture 4653:Jacques Rancière 4648:Marshall McLuhan 4623:Jean Baudrillard 4567:Viral phenomenon 4501:Public relations 4474: 4473: 4347:Mainstream media 4332:Electronic media 4296: 4289: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4082:Anthropomorphism 3827: 3826: 3775:Buddhist surname 3676: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3531:Hispanic America 3529: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3437: 3408: 3401: 3396:African-American 3394: 3387: 3305: 3304: 3289: 3282: 3253:Ashkenazi Jewish 3058:and Western Asia 3023:and Central Asia 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2935: 2934: 2796:Placeholder name 2701: 2645:Double-barrelled 2540: 2533: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2494: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2442: 2436: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2291:. Archived from 2284: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2248:. 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4570: 4569: 4564: 4562:Sensationalism 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451:Bipartisanship 4448: 4446:American Dream 4443: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4017:Ecclesiastical 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3965: 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3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2547:Personal names 2543: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2437: 2418: 2393: 2378:. 2012-02-11. 2363: 2337: 2326: 2306: 2279: 2234: 2221: 2196: 2177: 2152: 2123: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2048: 2038: 2019: 1989: 1965: 1939: 1919:CATO Institute 1898: 1879: 1868:(4): 379–391. 1852: 1833:(2): 113–127. 1814: 1777: 1758: 1735: 1721: 1706:(3): 845–884. 1686: 1659: 1633: 1612: 1601:: 1701, 2010. 1585: 1565: 1556: 1545: 1525: 1480: 1450: 1438: 1419: 1378: 1348: 1315: 1282: 1271: 1238: 1215: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1040: 1026: 1023: 961:Thomas Pynchon 943:(in which the 924: 921: 849: 846: 833: 830: 812: 811:European Union 809: 791:data retention 787:European Union 783:US Patriot Act 771: 770: 763: 758:(1999) of the 752: 749:Bill of Rights 701: 698: 693: 690: 673: 670: 666: 665: 659: 652: 649:Child grooming 645: 642: 634: 633: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 603: 599: 585: 582: 513:Sites such as 469:Anonymous post 464: 461: 421: 418: 376:history of art 336: 333: 292: 289: 279: 276: 222: 219: 135: 132: 98: 95: 89: 86: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5493: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397:Eavesdropping 5395: 5393: 5392:Data security 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Secret ballot 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250:Personal data 5248: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5035:United States 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Mediatization 4755: 4753: 4752:Media studies 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4731:Strike action 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Demonstration 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4461:Pensée unique 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4327:Digital media 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303:Media culture 4297: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797:Mandaean name 3795: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758:Biblical name 3756: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3284:Ancient Greek 3281: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3230:North America 3227: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3021:Northern Asia 3019: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2871:Nom de guerre 2868: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558:Personal name 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2381: 2377: 2376:The Economist 2373: 2367: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2327:9789401793858 2323: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2295:on 2010-06-22 2294: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2269: 2255:on 2015-02-09 2251: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2225: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2142:on 2012-04-15 2141: 2137: 2135: 2127: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1987:(2), 177-192. 1986: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640:Tynan, Dan. " 1637: 1622: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1546:9780810870673 1542: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1521: 1515: 1497: 1490: 1484: 1468: 1464: 1463:The Economist 1460: 1454: 1448:, p. 16. 1447: 1442: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184:(2): 141–44. 1183: 1179: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1140: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:The Residents 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 920: 918: 917:open politics 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889: 884: 880: 879: 874: 870: 863: 860:, one of the 859: 854: 845: 843: 839: 829: 826: 822: 818: 808: 804: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 768: 764: 761: 757: 753: 750: 746: 745: 740: 736: 733:The right to 732: 731: 730: 729: 725: 721: 720: 715: 711: 710:James Madison 707: 700:United States 697: 689: 687: 682: 678: 669: 663: 660: 657: 656:cyberbullying 653: 650: 646: 643: 639: 638: 637: 631: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 604: 600: 596: 595: 594: 591: 581: 578: 574: 570: 568: 563: 562:cyberbullying 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 508: 504: 499: 497: 492: 487: 485: 481: 474: 470: 460: 458: 454: 450: 449:The Economist 446: 445:The Economist 442: 438: 434: 432: 431:The Economist 427: 426:news agencies 417: 415: 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Robert Campin 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 361: 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 315: 313: 309: 305: 304:secret ballot 302:, though the 301: 296: 288: 284: 275: 272: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 244: 242: 239:, for use in 238: 234: 229: 218: 216: 211: 209: 206:behavior and 205: 201: 197: 193: 187: 185: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 158: 153: 151: 146: 140: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 94: 85: 83: 79: 75: 70: 67: 65: 60: 57: 51: 49: 44: 37: 33: 28: 19: 5437:Human rights 5381: 4952:Privacy laws 4861:Post-Fordism 4851:Mass society 4820:Transparency 4784: 4766: 4633:Noam Chomsky 4611:Philosophers 4557:Recuperation 4542:Media circus 4532:Dumbing down 4398:Media policy 4372:Social media 4236:Signum manus 4224:Royal cypher 4189: 4174:Nomen nescio 4172: 4168:Nomenclature 4163:Naming taboo 4076: 3975:Professional 3818:of authority 3768:Saint's name 3433:Scandinavian 3055:Muslim world 2893: 2869: 2840: 2692:Occupational 2551:anthroponymy 2482: 2476: 2469:Bibliography 2455:. Retrieved 2451:The Guardian 2450: 2440: 2421: 2410:. Retrieved 2406:the original 2396: 2384:. Retrieved 2375: 2366: 2354:. Retrieved 2340: 2316: 2309: 2297:. Retrieved 2293:the original 2282: 2257:. Retrieved 2250:the original 2237: 2224: 2213:. Retrieved 2199: 2180: 2169:. Retrieved 2155: 2144:. Retrieved 2140:the original 2133: 2126: 2115:. Retrieved 2104: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2051: 2041: 2022: 2005: 2001: 1992: 1984: 1968: 1956:. Retrieved 1942: 1930:. Retrieved 1914: 1901: 1882: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1830: 1826: 1817: 1805:. Retrieved 1793: 1780: 1761: 1748: 1738: 1712:. Retrieved 1703: 1699: 1689: 1677:. Retrieved 1662: 1652: 1636: 1624:. Retrieved 1615: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1568: 1559: 1535: 1528: 1503:. Retrieved 1483: 1471:. Retrieved 1462: 1453: 1441: 1422: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1370:. 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